Neioac ?a/e.
1 Ia?aie/aiey ia neioac ?a/e.
Couanoaotho ?acee/iua iaoiaeu neioaca ?a/e. Auai? oiai eee eiiai iaoiaea
ii?aaeaeyaony ?acee/iuie ia?aie/aieyie. ?anniio?ei oa 4 aeaea
ia?aie/aiee, eioi?ua aeeytho ia auai? iaoiaea neioaca.
Caaea/a.
Aiciiaeiinoe neioace?iaaiiie ?a/e caaenyo io oiai, a eaeie iaeanoe iia
aoaeao i?eiaiyony. Eiaaea iaiaoiaeeii i?ieciineoue ia?aie/aiiia /enei
o?ac ( e eo i?iecianaiea eeiaeii ia iaiyaony ), iaiaoiaeeiue ?a/aaie
iaoa?eae i?inoi caienuaaaony ia ieaieo. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, anee caaea/a
ninoieo a noeioee?iaaiee iiciaaaoaeueiiai i?ioeanna i?e /oaiee aneoo,
eniieuecoaony niaa?oaiii ae?oaie ?yae iaoiaeee.
Aieiniaie aiia?ao /aeiaaea.
Ana nenoaiu neioaca ?a/e aeieaeiu i?iecaiaeeoue ia auoiaea eaeoth-oi
?a/aaoth aieio, ii yoi ia i?iecaieueiue neaiae. *oiau iieo/eoue ?a/aaoth
aieio ii?aaeaeaiiiai ea/anoaa, neaiae aeieaeai i?ieoe iooue io enoi/ieea
a ?a/aaii o?aeoa, eioi?ue aicaoaeaeaao aeaenoaea a?oeeoeyoi?iuo i?aaiia,
eioi?ua aeaenoaotho eae eciaiythueany ai a?aiaie oeeueo?u.
A?oeeoeyoi?iua i?aaiu oaeaea iaeeaaeuaatho ia?aie/aiey ia nei?inoue
eciaiaiey neaiaea. Iie oaeaea eiatho ooieoeeth naeaaeeaaiey: aeaaeeiai
noeaieaiey ioaeaeueiuo aaciauo oiiaoe/aneeo aaeeieoe a neiaeiue ?a/aaie
iioie.
No?oeoo?a ycuea.
?yae aiciiaeiuo caoeiauo ni/aoaiee ii?aaeeyaony i?e?iaeie oie eee eiie
ycueiaie no?oeoo?u. Auei iaia?oaeaii, /oi aaeaieoeu e no?oeoo?u,
eniieuecoaiua eeiaaenoaie aeey iienaiey e iauyniaiey ycuea, iiaoo
oaeaea eniieueciaaoueny aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee e iino?iaiey ?a/aaie aieiu.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?e iino?iaiee auoiaeiie ?a/aaie aieiu eniieuecothony
iniiaiua oiiieiae/aneea caeiiu, i?aaeea oaea?aiey, ii?oieiae/aneea e
neioaene/aneea no?oeoo?u, oiiioaeoe/aneea ia?aie/aiey.
Oaoiieiaey.
Aiciiaeiinoe oniaoii iiaeaee?iaaoue e nicaeaaaoue ono?ienoaa aeey
neioaca ?a/e a neeueiie noaiaie caaenyo io ninoiyiey
oaoieei-oaoiieiae/aneie noi?iiu aeaea. ?a/aaay iaoea naeaeaea aieueoie
oaa aia?aae aeaaiaea?y iiyaeaieth ?acee/iuo oaoiieiiee, a oii /enea:
?aioaaiia?aoey, eeiaiaoia?aoey, oai?ey oeeueo?ia e niaeo?ia, a aeaaiui
ia?acii – oeeo?iaua eiiiuethoa?u. N i?eoiaeii eioaa?aeueiuo naoaauo
oaoiieiaee n iinoiyiii aic?anoathueie aiciiaeiinoyie noaei aicniaeii
iino?iaiea iiuiuo, eiiiaeoiuo, iaaei?iaeo ono?ienoa, aeaenoaothueo a
?aaeueiii a?aiaie. Yoio oaeo, aianoa n iniiaaoaeueiuie ciaieyie
aeai?eoiia neioaca ?a/e, noeioee?iaae aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea nenoai
neioaca ?a/e e ia?aoiae eo a i?aeoe/aneoth aeeciue, aaea iie iaoiaeyo
oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea.
2 Iaoiaeu neioaca.
?acee/iua iiaeoiaeu iiaoo auoue na?oiie?iaaiu ii iaeanoyi eo i?eiaiaiey,
ii neiaeiinoe eo aiieiuaiey.
Neioacaoi?u aeaeyo ia aeaa oeia: n ia?aie/aiiui e iaia?aie/aiiui
neiaa?ai. A ono?ienoaao n ia?aie/aiiui neiaa?ai ?a/ue o?aieony a aeaea
neia e i?aaeeiaeaiee, eioi?ua auaiaeyony a ii?aaeaeaiiie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe i?e neioaca ?a/aaiai niiauaiey. ?a/aaua aaeeieoeu,
eniieuecoaiua a neioacaoi?ao iiaeiaiiai oeia, i?ieciinyony aeeeoi?ii
ca?aiaa, a caoai i?aia?acothony a oeeo?iaoth oi?io, /oi aeinoeaaaony n
iiiiuueth ?acee/iuo iaoiaeia eiaee?iaaiey, iicaieythueo eiii?anne?iaaoue
?a/aaoth eioi?iaoeeth e o?aieoue aa a iaiyoe neioace?othuaai ono?ienoaa.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei iaoiaeia caiene e eiiiiiiaee ?a/e.
Aieiiaie iaoiae eiaee?iaaiey.
Naiue eaaeee iooue – i?inoi caienaoue iaoa?eae ia ieaieo e ii
iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?iea?uaaoue. Yoio niinia iaania/eaaao aunieia ea/anoai
neioace?oaiie ?a/e, o.e. iicaieyao aini?iecaiaeeoue oi?io anoanoaaiiiai
?a/aaiai neaiaea. Iaeiaei yoio iooue neioaca ia iicaieyao ?aaeeciaaoue
iino?iaiea iiaie o?acu, o.e. ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao ia?auaiea e ?acee/iui
y/aeeai iaiyoe e aucia ec iaiyoe ioaeiuo neia. A caaeneiinoe io
eniieuecoaiie oaoiieiaee yoio niinia iiaeao i?aaenoaaeyoue caaea?aeee a
aeinooia e eiaoue ia?aie/aiey, naycaiiua n aiciiaeiinoyie caiene.
Ieeaeeo ciaiee ia ono?ienoaa ?a/aaiai o?aeoa e no?oeoo?a ycuea ia
o?aaoaony. Aaeeinoaaiii na?ueaciia ia?aie/aiea a aeaiiii neo/aa eiaao
iauai iaiyoe. Nouanoaotho niiniau eiaee?iaaiey ?a/aaiai neaiaea a
oeeo?iaie oi?ia, iicaieythuea a ianeieueei ?ac oieioiyoue eioi?iaoeeth:
i?inoay iiaeoeyoeey aeaiiuo, eiioeuenii-eiaeiaay iiaeoeyoeey,
aaeaioeaiay aeaeueoiaay iiaeoeyoeey, aaeaioeaiia i?aaeeeoeaiia
eiaee?iaaiea. Aeaiiua niiniau iiaoo oiaiueoeoue nei?inoue ia?aaea/e
aeaiiuo io 50eaeo/nae (ii?iaeueiue aa?eaio) aei 10eaeo/nae, a oi a?aiy
eae ea/anoai ?a/e nio?aiyaony. Anoanoaaiii, neiaeiinoue iia?aoeee
eiaee?iaaiey e aeaeiaee?iaaiey oaaee/eaaaony ni nieaeaieai /enea aeo a
naeoiaeo. Oaeea nenoaiu oi?ioe, eiaaea neiaa?ue niiauaiee iaaieueoie e
oeene?iaaiiue. A neo/aa aea, eiaaea o?aaoaony niaaeeieoue niiauaiey a
aieaa aeeeiiia, naaia?e?iaoue aunieiea/anoaaiioth ?a/ue o?oaeii, o.e.
cia/aiey ia?aiao?ia ?a/aaie aieiu iaeuecy eciaieoue, a iie iiaoo ia
iiaeieoe a iiaii eiioaenoa. Ai anao nenoaiao neioaca ?a/e
onoaiaaeeaaaony iaeioi?ue eiii?iienn iaaeaeo ea/anoaii ?a/e e
aeaeinoueth nenoaiu. Oaaee/aiea aeaeinoe iaecaaaeii aaaeao e
oneiaeiaieth au/eneaiee.
Ia?aiao?e/aneia i?aaenoaaeaiea.
N oeaeueth aeaeueiaeoaai oiaiueoaiey o?aaoaiie iaiyoe aeey o?aiaiey e
iaania/aiey iaiaoiaeeiie aeaeinoe auei ?ac?aaioaii ianeieueei niiniaia,
eioi?ua aano?aae?othony io ?a/aaie aieiu eae oaeiaie, a i?aaenoaaeytho
aa a aeaea iaai?a ia?aiao?ia. Yoe ia?aiao?u io?aaeatho iaeaieaa
oa?aeoa?ioth eioi?iaoeeth eeai ai a?aiaiiie, eeai a /anoioiie iaeanoe.
Iai?eia?, ?a/aaay aieia iiaeao auoue noi?ie?iaaia neiaeaieai ioaeaeueiuo
aa?iiiee caaeaiiie auniou e caaeaiiuie niaeo?aeueiuie aunooiaie ia
aeaiiie /anoioa. Aeueoa?iaoeaiue iooue ninoieo a oii, /oiau oi?io
?a/aaiai o?aeoa iienaoue a oa?ieiao aeonoeee e eneonnoaaiiui iooai
nicaeaoue iaai? ?aciiainia. Yoio iaoiae neioaca yeiiiie/iaa aieiiaiai,
o.e. o?aaoao cia/eoaeueii iaiueoaai iauaia iaiyoe, ii i?e yoii ii
o?aaoao aieueoa au/eneaiee, /oiau aini?iecaanoe enoiaeiue ?a/aaie
neaiae. Aeaiiue niinia aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iaieioee?iaaoue oaie
ia?aiao?aie, eioi?ua ioaa/atho ca ea/anoai ?a/e (cia/aiea oi?iaio,
oe?eia iiein, /anoioa iniiaiiai oiia, aiieeooaea neaiaea). Yoi aeaao
aiciiaeiinoue neeaeaaoue neaiaeu, oae /oi ia?aoiaeu ia a?aieoeao
niaa?oaiii ia caiaoiu. Eciaiaiey oaeeo ia?aiao?ia eae /anoioa iniiaiiai
oiia ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai niiauaiey aeatho aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaaiii
eciaiyoue eioiiaoeeth e a?aiaiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee niiauaiey. Iaeaieaa
iiioey?iui a iano.a?. iaoiaeaie eiaee?iaaiey a ono?ienoaao,
eniieuecothueo ia?aiao?e/aneia i?aaenoaaeaiea neaiaeia, yaeyaony
iaoiae, iniiaaiiue ia oi?iaioiuo ?aciiainao e iaoiae eeiaeiiai
i?aaeneacaiey (LPC – linear predictive coding). Aeey neioaca
eniieuecothony aaeeieoeu ?a/e ?acee/iie aeeeiu: ia?aa?aou,
i?aaeeiaeaiey, o?acu, neiaa, neiae, iieoneiae, aeeoiiu. *ai iaiueoa
aaeeieoea neioaca, oai iaiueoaa eo eiee/anoai o?aaoaony aeey neioaca.
I?e yoii, o?aaoaony aieueoa au/eneaiee, e aicieeatho o?oaeiinoe
eia?oeeoeyoeee ia noueao. I?aeiouanoaa yoiai iaoiaea: aeaeinoue, iaiiiai
iaiyoe aeey o?aiaiey enoiaeiiai iaoa?eaea, nio?aiaiea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo
oa?aeoa?enoee aeeeoi?a. O?aaoaony niioaaonoaothuay oeeo?iaay oaoieea e
ciaiea iiaeaeae ?a/aia?aciaaiey, i?e yoii, eeiaaenoe/aneay no?oeoo?a
ycuea ia eniieuecoaony.
Neioac ii i?aaeeai.
Iienaiiua auoa iaoiaeu neioaca i?eaioe?iaaiu ia oaeea ?a/aaua aaeeieoeu,
eae neiaa, i?aaeaa?eoaeueii aaaaeaiiua a ono?ienoai n aieina aeeeoi?a.
Aeaiiue i?eioeei eaaeeo a iniiaa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey neioacaoi?ia n
ia?aie/aiiui neiaa?ai. A neioacaoi?ao n iaia?aie/aiiui neiaa?ai
yeaiaioaie ?a/e yaeythony oiiaiu eee neiae , iiyoiio a ieo i?eiaiyaony
iaoiae neioaca ii i?aaeeai, a ia i?inoay eiiiiiiaea. Aeaiiue iaoiae
aanueia ia?niaeoeaai, o.e. iaania/eaaao ?aaioo n ethaui iaiaoiaeeiui
neiaa?ai, iaeiaei ea/anoai ?a/e cia/eoaeueii ieaea, /ai i?e
eniieueciaaiee iaoiaea eiiiiiiaee.
I?e neioaca ?a/e ii i?aaeeai oaeaea eniieuecothony aieiiaie e
ia?aiao?e/aneee iaoiaeu eiaee?iaaiey, ii oaea ia o?iaia neiaia.
Iaoiae ia?aiao?e/aneiai i?aaenoaaeaiey o?aaoao eiii?iienna iaaeaeo
ea/anoaii ?a/e e aiciiaeiinoueth eciaiyoue ia?aiao?u. Enneaaeiaaoaee
iaia?oaeeee, /oi aeey neioaca ?a/e aunieiai ea/anoaa iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue
ianeieueei ?acee/iuo i?ieciioaiee aaeeieoeu neioaca (iai?eia?, neiaa),
/oi aaaeao e oaaee/aieth neiaa?y enoiaeiuo aaeeieoe aac eaeeo au oi ie
auei naaaeaiee i eiioaenoiie neooaoeee, ii?aaaeuaathuae oio eee eiie
auai?. Ii yoie i?e/eia i?ioeann neioaca iieo/aao aua aieaa aano?aeoiue
oa?aeoa? e ia?aoiaeeo io ia?aiao?e/aneiai i?aaenoaaeaiey e ?ac?aaioea
iaai?a i?aaee, ii eioi?ui au/eneythony iaiaoiaeeiua ia?aiao?u ia iniiaa
aaiaeiiai oiiaoe/aneiai iienaiey.Yoi aaiaeiia i?aaenoaaeaiea niaea?aeeo
naii ii naaa iaei eioi?iaoeee. Yoi iau/ii eiaia oiiaoe/aneeo naaiaioia (
iai?, aeaniua e niaeaniua) ni ciaeaie oaea?aiey, iaicia/aieyie oiia e
a?aiaiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee. Oaeei ia?acii, iaoiae neioaca ii i?aaeeai
eniieuecoao iaeieioi?iaoeeiiiia iienaiea ia aoiaea ( iaiaa 100 aeo/nae).
Yoio iaoiae aeaao iieioth naiaiaeo iiaeaee?iaaiey ia?aiao?ia, ii
iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi i?aaeea iiaeaee?iaaiey ianiaaioaiiu.
Neioace?iaaiiay ?a/ue ooaea iaoo?aeueiie, oai ia iaiaa, iia
oaeiaeaoai?yao oanoai ii ?acai?/eainoe e iiiyoiinoe. Ia o?iaia
i?aaeeiaeaiey e ia?aa?aoa i?aaeea i?aaeinoaaeytho iaiaoiaeeioth noaiaiue
naiaiaeu aeey nicaeaiey ieaaiiai ?a/aaiai iioiea.
3 Eiiaa?oaoeey oaenoa a ?a/ue.
Neioac ii i?aaeeai o?aaoao aeaoaeueiiai oiiaoe/aneiai o?aine?eae?iaaiey
ia aoiaea. Oioy aeey caiiieiaiey yoie eioi?iaoeee o?aaoaony iaei iaiyoe,
/oiau ecaea/ue ec iaa iaiaoiaeeiua ia?aiao?u, iaiaoiaeeiu ciaiey
yenia?oa. Aeey eiiaa?oaoeee iaia?aie/aiiiai aiaeeeneiai oaenoa a ?a/ue
iaiaoiaeeii nia/aea i?iaiaeece?iaaoue aai n oeaeueth iieo/aiey
o?aine?eioeee, eioi?ay caoai neioace?oaony a auoiaeioth ?a/aaoth aieio.
Aiaeec oaenoa ii naiae i?e?iaea caaea/a eeiaaenoe/aneay e aeeth/aao a
naay ii?aaeaeaiea aaciauo oiiaoe/aneeo, neiaiauo, ii?oaiiuo e
neioaeene/aneieo oi?i, iethn – au/eaiaiea naiaioe/aneie e i?aaiaoe/aneie
eioi?iaoeee. Nenoaiu eiiaa?oaoeee oaenoa a ?a/ue yaeythony iaeaieaa
eiiieaeniuie nenoaiaie neioaca ?a/e, aeeth/athuea a naay ciaiey ia
ono?ienoaa ?a/aaiai aiia?aoa /aeiaaea, eeiaaenoe/aneie no?oeoo?a ycuea,
a oaeaea eioi?ua aeieaeiu o/eouaaoue ia?aie/aiey, iaeeaaeuaaaiua
iaeanoueth i?eiaiaiey nenoaiu, oaoieei-oaoiieiae/aneie aacie.
Iaiaoiaeeii caiaoeoue, /oi e oaeno e ?a/ue yaeythony iiaa?oiinoiuie
i?aaenoaaeaieyie aaciauo eeiaaenoe/aneeo oi?i, iiyoiio caaea/a
i?aia?aciaaiey oaenoa a ?a/ue ninoieo a auyaeaiee yoeo aaciauo oi?i, a
caoai a aiieiuaiee eo a ?a/e.
4 Nenoaia i?aia?aciaaiey oaenoa a ?a/ue MITalk.
Ia i?eia?a yoie nenoaiu i?ieeethno?e?oai neeueiua e neaaua noi?iiu
eiiia?/aneeo aa?nee. ?ac?aaioea nenoaiu ia/aeanue a eiioea 60-o aa.
Ecia/aeueii i?aaeiieaaaeinue ?ac?aaioaoue /eoathuoth iaoeio aeey neaiuo,
ii nenoaia MITalk iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny a ethauo neooaoeeyo, aaea
iaiaoiaeeii i?aia?aciaaoue oaeno a ?a/ue. Nenoaia eiaao aeie
ii?oieiae/aneiai aiaeeca, i?aaeea i?aia?aciaaiey aoeaa-caoe, i?aaeea
eaene/aneiai oaea?aiey, i?iniaee/aneee e oiiaiaoe/aneee neioac.
5 Aiaeec oaenoa
I?aia?aciaaiea neiaieia a noaiaea?oioth oi?io.
A naiuo ?acee/iuo oaenoao iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue neiaieu e aaa?aaeaoo?u,
eioi?ua ia i?eiaaeeaaeao e eaoaai?ee ” i?aaeeueii ia?aciaaiiuo neia”.
Oaeea neiaieu eae “%” e “&”, aaa?aaeaoo?u oeia “Mr” e “Nov” aeieaeiu
auoue i?aia?aciaaiu a ii?iaeueioth oi?io. Auee ?ac?aaioaiu iiae?iaiua
?oeiaiaenoaa ii o?aine?eae?iaaieth /enae, aeao, noi aeaiaa. Eiiaaea
aicieeatho aeaoniuneaiiua neooaoeee, oaeea eae, iai?eia?, eniieueciaaiea
ciaea aeaoena a eiioea no?iee. *aeiaae a oaeeo neo/ayo, /oiau
ii?aaeaeeoue iiaeoiaeyuaa i?ieciioaiea, ia?auaaony e eiioaenoo e e
i?aeoe/aneei ciaieyi, eioi?ua ia iiaeaeathony aeai?eoiecaoeee.
Ii?oieiae/aneee aiaeec
A aaiaeiii oaenoa a?aieoeu neia eaaei ii?aaeaeythony. Iiaeii o?aieoue
i?ieciioaiea anao aiaeeeneeo neia. ?acia? neiaa?y aoaeao aieueoei, ii a
oaeii iiaeoiaea anoue ianeieueei i?eaeaeaoaeueiuo noi?ii. Ai-ia?auo, a
ethaii neo/aa iaiaoiaeei neiaa?ue neia, i?ieciioaiea eioi?uo yaeyaony
eneeth/aieai ec iaueo i?aaee. Oaeeie yaeythony, iai?eia?, caeinoaiaaiiua
neiaa ( parfait, tortilla). Aieaa oiai, ana iaoaieciu i?aia?aciaaiey
oeaii/ee aoea a oiiaoe/aneea cia/ee aeiioneatho ioeaee. Eioa?aniue eeann
eneeth/aiee ninoaaeytho /anoi oiio?aaeoaeueiua neiaa. Iai?eia?, caoe
/th/ a ia/aea neiaa i?ieciineony eae aeooie o?eeaoeaiue a aieueoeinoaa
neia (thin, thesis, thimble). Ii a iaeaieaa /anoioiuo, oaeeo eae
ei?ioeea ooieoeeiiaeueiua neiaa the, this, there, these, those, etc.
ia/aeueiue caoe i?ieciineony eae caiieee. Oaeaea /f/ anaaaea
i?ieciineony aeooi, ca eneeth/aieai neiaa “of”. Ae?oaie i?eia?. A neiaao
oeia “shave”, “behave” eiia/iue /e/ oaeeeiyao i?aaeoanoaothuee aeaniue,
ii a oaeii /anoii neiaa eae “have” yoi i?aaeei ia aeaenoaoao. Iaeiiaoe,
eiia/iue /s/ a “atlas”, “canvas” aeooie, ii a ooieoeeiiaeueiuo neiaao
is, was, has ii i?ieciineony caiiei. Oaeei ia?acii, i?eoiaeei e auaiaeo,
/oi ana nenoaiu aeieaeiu eiaoue oaeie neiaa?ue eneeth/aiee. *oi eanaaony
ii?iaeueiuo neia, oi caeanue eiaaony aeaa aa?eaioa. Ia?aue e?aeiee
neo/ae ninoieo a oii, /oiau ninoaaeoue iieiue neiaa?ue. Oioy /enei neia
ia?aie/aii, ninoaaeoue aaniethoii iieiue neiaa?ue iaaiciiaeii, o.e.
iinoiyiii iiyaeythony iiaua neiaa. E?iia oiai, a neiaa?ue iaiaoiaeeii
aoaeao aianoe ana eciaiyaiua oi?iu neiaa. Ae?oaie e?aeiee iiaeoiae
ninoieo a onoaiiaeaiee ?yaea i?aaee, eioi?ua au i?aia?aciauaaee oeaii/ee
aoea a oiiaoe/aneea cia/ee. Oioy yoe i?aaeea i/aiue i?iaeoeoeaiu,
iaeuecy ecaaaeaoue ioeaie, /oi aaaeao e nicaeaieth neiaa?y eneeth/aiee.
*oiau i?aaeeueii ii?aaeaeeoue oiiaoe/aneoth o?aine?eioeeth neiaa, ioaeii
i?aaeeueii ?acaeoue neiai ia no?oeoo?iua ninoaaeythuea. Auei
iaia?oaeaii, /oi aaaeioth ?ieue a ii?aaeaeaiee i?ieciioaiey ea?aao
ii?oaia, ieieiaeueiay neioaene/aneay aaeeieoea ycuea. Nenoaia MITalk
eniieuecoao ii?oaiiue eaeneeii, /oi iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae
iaeioi?ue eiii?iienniue iiaeoiae iaaeaeo aeaoiy e?aeieie, oiiiyioouie
auoa. Iiiaea aiaeeeneea neiaa iiaeii ?an/eaieoue ia
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ii?oia, oaeeo eae i?aoeenu, ei?ie, noooeenu. Oae
neiai “snowplows” eiaao aeaa ei?iy e ieii/aiea, “relearn” eiaao
i?enoaaeo e ei?aiue. Oaeea ii?ou yaeythony aoiiiuie ninoaaeythueie neiaa
e iie ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiu a ycuea, iiaua ii?ou oi?ie?othony a ycuea
i/aiue ?aaeei. Yooaeoeaiue eaeneeii iiaeao eiaoue ia aieaa 10,000
ii?oia. Ii?oaiiue neiaa?ue aeaenoaoao aianoa n i?ioeaaeo?aie aiaeeca.
Yoio iiaeoiae yooaeoeaai e yeiiiie/ai, o.e. o?aiaiea ii?oaiiiai neiaa?y
ia caieiaao iiiai ianoa, a o?aieoue ana eciaiyaiua oi?iu neiaa ia
ioaeii. Oae eae ii?ou yaeythony iniiaiuie ninoaaeythueie neiaa,
i?ieeethno?e?oai eo iieaciinoue i?e ii?aaeaeaiee i?ieciioaiey. I?e
niaaeeiaiee ii?oia iie /anoi iaiytho naia i?ieciioaiea. Iai?eia?, i?e
ia?aciaaiee iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea nouanoaeoaeueiuo “dog” e “cat”
eiia/iue /s/ aoaeao caiieei a ia?aii neo/aa e aeooei ai aoi?ii. Yoi
i?eia? ii?oioiiaiiiai i?aaeea, eanathuaainy ?aaeecaoeee ii?oaiu
iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea a ?acee/iuo ie?oaeaieyo. Noaiiaeony i/aaeaeiui,
/oi aeey yooaeoeaiiai e eaaeiai ii?aaeaeaiey i?ieciioaiey ioaeii
?aniiciaoue ninoaaeythuea ii?oaiu neiaa e iaicia/eoue eo a?aieoeu. Aua
iaeei iethn ii?oaiiiai aiaeeca – iaania/aiea iiaeoiaeyuae aacu aeey
eniieueciaaiey i?aaee i?aia?aciaaiey aoeaa-caoe. Aieueoeinoai oaeeo
i?aaee ?anniao?eaatho neiai eae iano?oeoo?e?iaaiioth
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue aoea, eniieuecoy ieii neaie?iaaiey aeey
iaoiaeaeaiey niaeaniuo e aeaniuo eeanoa?ia, eioi?ua i?aia?acothony a
oiiaoe/aneea cia/ee. Aoeau “t” e “h” a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa aunooiatho
eae aaeeiue niaeaniue eeanoa?, ii a neiaa “hothouse” eeanoa? /th/
?ac?uaaaony a?aieoeae aeaoo ?aciuo ii?oai. Aeaniue eeanoa? /ea/
i?aaenoaaeyao iiiai o?oaeiinoae aeey aeai?eoiia aoeaa-caoe, ii a neiaa
changeable ii yaii ?ac?uaaaony. A nenoaia MITalk ii?oaiiue aiaeec
anaaaea i?iaiaeeony ia?aae i?aaeeaie i?aia?aciaaiey aoea a caoee.
Eaaeauea a iniiaa neiaa ii?ou ia anaaaea i/aaeaeiu. Iai?eia?, iaeioi?ua
ii?ou iiiaeanoaaiiiai /enea ia anaaaea eaaei ii?aaeaeeoue: mice, fish.
Iiaeiaiua oi?iu caiinyony a neiaa?ue. I?e iiiiue ii?oaiiiai eaeneeiia e
niioaaonoaothuaai aeai?eoia aiaeeca 95-98% neia aiaeece?oaony
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueii. A ?acoeueoaoa ei i?eienuaaaony oiiaoe/aneay
o?aine?eioeey e /anoue ?a/e.
I?aaeea “aoeaa-caoe” e eaene/aneia oaea?aiea
A nenoaia MITalk ii?iaeeciaaiiue aaiaeiue oaeno iiaeaa?aaaony
ii?oieiae/aneiio aiaeeco. Iiaeao auoue, /oi oeaeia neiai anoue a neiaa?a
ii?oia, eae, iai?eia?, neiai “snow”. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, neiai iiaeao
auoue i?iaiaeece?iaaii eae iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue niaaeeiaiiuo ii?oia. A
aiaeeeneii ycuea n?aaeiaa /enei ii?oia a neiaa, i?eia?ii aeaa. A neo/aa,
anee ie oeaeia neiai ia iiaeao auoue iaeaeaii a neiaa?a ii?oia, ie
i?iaiaeece?iaaii eae iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ii?oia, a yoii neo/aa
i?eiaiythony i?aaeea i?aia?aciaaiey “aoeaa-caoe”. Aaaeii iiae/a?eiooue,
/oi yoio iaoiae ieeiaaea ia i?eiaiyaony, anee ii?oaiiue aiaeec oaeaeny.
Eiiaa?oaoeey iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe aoea a iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue caoeia
i?e iiiiue yoeo i?aaee i?ioiaeeo a o?e yoaia. Ia?aue yoai – ioaeaeaiea
i?aoeenia e noooeenia. Aiciiaeiinoue ioaeaeaiey aooeenia ia oaeay
neeueiay, eae a ii?oaiiii aiaeeca, ii aeaenoaoao oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueii.
I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi iinea ioaeaeaiey i?aoeenia e noooeenia inoaaony
iaeia oeaio?aeueiay /anoue neiaa, eioi?ay ninoieo ec iaeiiai ii?oa,
iiaeaa?aaaiiai caoai i?aaeeai i?aia?aciaaiey.
Aoi?ie yoai ninoieo a i?aia?aciaaiee niaeaniuo a oiiaoe/aneea cia/ee,
ia/eiay n iaeaieaa aeeeiiiai niaeaniiai eeanoa?a aei oao ii?, iiea ana
ioaeaeueiua niaeaniua ia aoaeoo i?aia?aciaaiu. Iineaaeiee yoai –
inoaaoeany aeaniua i?aia?acothony i?e iiiiue eiioaenoia. Aeaniua
i?aia?acothony iineaaeieie, iioiio /oi yoi iaeaieaa o?oaeiay caaea/a,
caaenyuay io eiioaenoa. Iai?eia?, aeaniue eeanoa? /ea/ eiaao 14 ?aciuo
i?ieciineoaeueiuo eiioaenoia e ianeieueei i?ieciioaiee (reach, tear,
steak, leather).
A nenoaia MITalk i?aaeea i?aia?aciaaiey aoea a caoee aeaenoaotho a ia?a
n oe?ieei iaai?ii i?aaee ?annoaiiaee eaene/aneiai oaea?aiey. Aua 25 eao
iacaae eeiaaenoai ia oaeaaaeinue iaia?oaeeoue ieeaeie nenoaiu
?annoaiiaee oaea?aiee a aiaeeeneeo neiaao. A Ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?ac?aaioai
?yae i?aaee, yooaeoeaii ni?aaeythueony n yoie caaea/ae. Oaea?aiey
caaenyo io neioaene/aneie ?iee neiaa, iai?eia?, i?eeaaaoaeueiia
“invalid” ioee/aaony io nouanoaeoaeueiiai. Oaeeo neia iaiiiai, ii
o/eouaaoue eo iaiaoiaeeii. E?iia oiai, ia iaeioi?ua noooeenu
aaoiiaoe/anee iaaeatho oaea?aiey a neiaao, eae, iai?eia?, a “engineer”.
Ii auaatho aieaa neiaeiua neo/ae, eioi?ua ?ac?aoathony i?eiaiaieai
oeeeee/aneeo i?aaee.
A nenoaia MITalk ?ac?aaioaiu ianeieueei iaai?ia oaeeo i?aaee, iaeioi?ua
ec eioi?uo aeeth/atho a naay aei 600 i?aaee. Eiia/ii, aieueoeinoai ec
ieo oiio?aaeythony aeiaieueii ?aaeei. Iiae?acoiaaathony, /oi ana
neeueiua e iai?aaeeueiua oi?iu i?aia?acothony ia noaaeee
ii?oieiae/aneiai aiaeeca. I?aaeea aea “aoeaa-caoe” eniieuecothony aeey
i?aia?aciaaiey iiauo e iai?aaeeueii iaienaiiuo neia. Iai?eia?, neiai
“recieved” iieo/aao i?aaeeueioth o?aine?eioeeth, aeaaiaea?y yoei
i?aaeeai i?aia?aciaaiey.
Ia?neia.
Eaaeaeay noaia i?aia?aciaaiey iaia?aie/aiiiai oaenoa a ?a/ue aeieaeia
aeeth/aoue neioaene/aneee aiaeec. Iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue
neioaene/aneoth ?ieue neiaa, o.e. iia /anoi aeeyao ia i?ieciioaiea e
oaea?aiea. E?iia oiai neioaene/aneee aiaeec aaaeai aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
i?aaeeueiiai oiiaeueiiai eiioo?a e a?aiaiiuo oa?aeoa?enoee.
I?iniaee/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee aaaeiu aeey neioaca ?a/e, /oiau iia
cao/aea aeeai e anoanoaaiii. E niaeaeaieth, iieiue neioaene/aneee aiaeec
ia o?iaia neiaeiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey (clause-level parsing) inouanoaeoue
iaeuecy. Oai ia iaiaa, aiciiaeii i?iaanoe neioaene/aneee aiaeec ia
o?iaia o?acu (phrase-level parsing), a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai
ii?aaeaeyaony aieueoay /anoue iaiaoiaeeiie aeey neioaca ?a/e no?oeoo?u,
oioy a iaeioi?uo neooaoeeyo iaecaaaeiu ioeaee ec-ca ionoonaey aiaeeca
oeaeiai i?aaeeiaeaiey. Ano?a/aaony iiiaeanoai neioaene/anee
aeaoniuneaiiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee, oaeeo eae “he saw the man in the park with
a telescope”, aeey eioi?uo o?aciaue aiaeec aeinoaoi/ai.
A aiaeeeneii ycuea nouanoaoao ?yae neioaaiaoe/aneeo ia?ea?ia, ii eioi?ui
iiaeii oi?iaeueii ?aca?aie/eoue o?acu: yoi aniiiiaaoaeueiua aeaaieu,
aeaoa?ieiaoeau a iiieiaoeaiuo o?acao. Nenoaia MITalk oe?iei eniieuecoao
yoi e i?iaiaeeo aunieioi/iue a?aiiaoe/aneee aiaeec
(augmented-transition-network grammas). O?aciaue aiaeec iieacae
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou, oioy yooaeoeaiue aiaeecaoi?
i?aaeeiaeaiee ianiiiaiii oeo/oee au ?aaioo nenoaiu. Iiea aiaeecaoi?u
i?aaeeiaeaiee noaeeeaathony ni cia/eoaeueiuie o?oaeiinoyie, eiaaea
ano?a/atho iaiieiia eee neioaene/anee iiiieie/iia i?aaeeiaeaiea. Ii
caaa?oaiee aeayoaeueiinoe aeiea neioaene/aneiai aiaeeca nenoaia
i?eienuaaao neiaai ia?ea?u ooieoeeiiaeueiuo /anoae ?a/e, ioia/aao
neioaene/aneea iaocu eae iniiao aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ooi/iaiey
i?ieciioaiey, a?aiaiiuo oa?aoa?enoee, /anoiou iniiaiiai oiia.
Iiaeeoeeaoeey oaea?aiey e oiiieiae/aneea ooi/iaiey.
Iineaaeiyy oaca aiaeeca ninoieo a iaeioi?uo iacia/eoaeueiuo iii?aaeao e
eiathuaeny oaea oiiaoe/aneie o?aine?eioeee ia iniiaa aiaeeca
eiioaenoiiai ie?oaeaiey. I?inoie i?eia? ii?aaeaeaiey i?ieciioaiey
a?oeeey “the”, eioi?ia caaeneo io ia/aeueiiai caoea iineaaeothuaai
neiaa. E?iia oiai, ia yoii yoaia eniieuecothony iaeioi?ua ya?enoe/aneea
iaoiaeu i?iaa?ee i?aaeeueiiai niioiioaiey iauaai eiioo?a i?aaeeiaeaiey n
eiioo?aie ioaeaeueiuo neia. Ia yoii yoaia caeai/eaaaony iiaeaioiaea
enoiaeiiai oaenoa nianoaaiii e naiiio i?ioeanno neioaca.
6 Neioac.
Aaaeii iniciaoue, /oi a nenoaia MITalk ia eniieuecothony aioiaua ?a/aaua
aieiu aeaaea a ia?aiao?e/aneii i?aaenoaaeaiee. Nenoaia ia o?aieo
ia?aiao?e/aneea i?aaenoaaeaiey iiiaeanoaa ii?oia eee neia. Aianoi yoiai
auee ?ac?aaioaiu i?aaeea eiio?iey ia?aiao?ia, oae /oi iiaeii
?aaeeciaaoue ethaoth aeaeaaioth ?a/aaoth aieio ia auoiaea.
I?iniaee/aneay ?aiea.
Ia?aue oaa a nicaeaiee auoiaeiie ?a/aaie aieiu – nicaeaiea a?aiaiiiai
eiioo?a e /anoiou iniiaiiai oiia ( iniiaiua ei??aeyou eioiiaoeee ), ia
iniiaa eioi?uo no?ieony aeaoaeueiay a?oeeoeyoeey ioaeaeueiuo
oiiaoe/aneeo yeaiaioia. ?ani?aaeaeaiea oaea?aiey, eioi?ia auei au/eneaii
ia noaaeee aiaeeca, ai iiiaii ioaaonoaaiii ca eiioo? a?aiaiiiai
?ani?aaeaeaiey e oiiaeueiue eiioo?. *anoi eioaineaiinoue i?eieiatho ca
ei??aeyo oaea?aiey, oiaaea eae aeaaiuie eeth/aie yaeythony
aeeeoaeueiinoue e eciaiaiey a oiiaeueiii eiioo?a. Niaeaniua iaei
iaiythony ii aeeeoaeueiinoe, a oi a?aiy eae aeaniua aieaa ieanoe/iu e
iiaoo eaaei naeeiaoueny eee ?anoyaeaaoueny. Nouanoaoao oaeaea
oaiaeaioeey ?anoyaeaaoue neiaa ia a?aieoea iniiaiuo aacaoeaa
i?aaeeiaeaiey, e iaiai?io, naeeiaoue eioa?aaeu ia ioiineoaeueii
iaauaeaeaiiuo o/anoeao. E?iia oiai, ia iniiaa a?aiaiiie ?aiee caaeaaony
/anoioa iniiaiiai oiia (eee oiiaeueiue eiioo?). A ooaa?aeeoaeueiuo
i?aaeeiaeaieyo iau/ii aunioa oiia ?acei iiaeieiaaony ia ia?aii oaea?iii
neiaa, caoai ieaaii nieaeaaony aei iineaaeiaai oaea?iiai neiaa, aaea iia
?acei iaaeaao. Aii?ineoaeueiua e iiaaeeoaeueiua i?aaeeiaeaiey eiatho
?acee/iua oiiaeueiua eiioo?u. E?iia oeaeinoiiai eiioo?a i?aaeeiaeaiey
nouanoaotho aua eieaeueiua oaea?aiey. Aieueoaa oaea?aiea iieo/atho
neiaa, au?aaeathuea io?eoeaiea eee niiiaiea ( iai?eia?, neiai might ),
cia/aiea /anoiou iniiaiiai oiia ia ieo aic?anoaao; iiaay eioi?iaoeey a
i?aaeeiaeaiee oaeaea aieueoa auaeaeyaony oaea?aieai. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
aunioa oiia eniieuecoaony a naiaioe/aneeo e yiioeeiiaeueiuo oeaeyo, /oi
ia iiaeao auoue auaaaeaii ec ienueiaiiiai oaenoa. Iaiaoiaeeii eeoiee ?ac
iiae/a?eiooue aaaeiinoue ninoaaeaiey i?aaeeueiiai i?iniaee/aneiai
eiioo?a, o.e. iai?aaeeueiue i?iniaee/aneee eiioo? iiaeao i?eaanoe e
o?oaeiinoyi a aini?eyoee.
Neioac oiiaoe/aneeo naaiaioia.
Eiaaea caaa?oaii nicaeaiea i?iniaee/aneie ?aiee, nicaeathony ia?aiao?u,
niioaaonoaothuea iiaeaee ?a/aaiai o?aeoa. Iau/ii oaeeo ia?aiao?ia 25,
eioi?ua eciaiythony n eioa?aaeii 5 – 10 inae. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
eniieuecothony ieiei 100 eiioaenoiuo i?aaee iienaiey o?aaeoi?ee
eciaiaiey ia?aiao?ia. Eiaaea cia/aiey ia?aiao?ia au/eneaiu, iie aeieaeiu
auoue ia?aianaiu ia niioaaonoaothuoth iiaeaeue ?a/aaiai o?aeoa (iau/ii
yoi oi?iaioiay iiaeaeue eee LPC-iiaeaeue). Auoiaeiay aeene?aoiay
iiaeaeue nicaeaaony iau/ii ia /anoioa 10 Eaoe.
7 Ioeaiea neioaoe/aneie ?a/e.
N oi/ee c?aiey iiiyoiinoe, ?acai?/eainoe ea/anoai neioace?iaaiiie ?a/e
aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioaa. Aue i?iaaaeai oano, aaea iaeia a?oiia eniuooaiuo
i?ineooeaaea neioace?iaaiioth ?a/ue n ienueiaiiui aa?eaioii ia?aae
aeacaie, a ae?oaay – aac. Auynieeinue, /oi ?acoeueoaou i?ineooeaaiey
iaei ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa. Oai ia iaiaa, neioace?iaaiiie ?a/e ia
oaaoaao aeeainoe e anoanoaaiiinoe, iiyoiio aini?eieiaoue aa ia
i?ioyaeaiee aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie o?oaeii. Enneaaeiaaiey iieacaee, /oi
o?eeaoeaiua e iacaeueiua caoee o?aaotho aeaeueiaeoaai oeo/oaiey
ea/anoaa.
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