NAIAIOE*ANEEA NAOE.
Naiaioe/aneay naoue – no?oeoo?a aeey i?aaenoaaeaiey ciaiee a aeaea
oceia, niaaeeiaiiuo aeoaaie. Naiua ia?aua naiaioe/aneea naoe auee
?ac?aaioaiu a ea/anoaa ycuea-iin?aaeieea aeey nenoai iaoeiiiai
ia?aaiaea, a iiiaea nia?aiaiiua aa?nee aei neo ii? noiaeiu ii naiei
oa?aeoa?enoeeai n anoanoaaiiui ycueii. Iaeiaei iineaaeiea aa?nee
naiaioe/aneeo naoae noaee aieaa iiuiuie e aeaeeie e ninoaaeytho
eiieo?aioeeth o?aeiiaui nenoaiai, eiae/aneiio i?ia?aiie?iaaieth e
ae?oaei ycueai i?aaenoaaeaiey.
Ia/eiay n eiioea 50-uo aiaeia auee nicaeaii e i?eiaiaiu ia i?aeoeea
aeanyoee aa?eaioia naiaioe/aneeo naoae. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi oa?ieiieiaey
e eo no?oeoo?a ?acee/athony, nouanoaotho noiaenoaa, i?enouea i?aeoe/anee
anai naiaioe/aneei naoyi:
1. oceu naiaioe/aneeo naoae i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eiioeaiou i?aaeiaoia,
niauoee, ninoiyiee;
2. ?acee/iua oceu iaeiiai eiioeaioa ioiinyony e ?acee/iui cia/aieyi,
anee iie ia iiia/aii, /oi iie ioiinyony e iaeiiio eiioeaioo;
3. aeoae naiaioe/aneeo naoae nicaeatho ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
oceaie-eiioeaioaie (iiiaoee iaae aeoaaie oeacuaatho ia oei ioiioaiey);
4. iaeioi?ua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eiioeaioaie i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
eeiaaenoe/aneea iaaeaaee, oaeea eae aaaio, iauaeo, ?aoeeieaio e
eino?oiaio (ae?oaea icia/atho a?aiaiiua, i?ino?ainoaaiiua, eiae/aneea
ioiioaiey e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie i?aaeeiaeaieyie;
5. eiioeaiou i?aaieciaaiu ii o?iaiyi a niioaaonoaee ni noaiaiueth
iaiauaiiinoe oae eae, iai?eia?, nouiinoue, aeeaia nouanoai, aeeaioiia,
ieioiyaeiia,;
Iaeiaei nouanoaotho e ?acee/ey: iiiyoea cia/aiey n oi/ee c?aiey
oeeinioee; iaoiaeu i?aaenoaaeaiey eaaioi?ia iauiinoe e nouanoaiaaiey e
eiae/aneeo iia?aoi?ia; niiniau iaieioee?iaaiey naoyie e i?aaeea auaiaea,
oa?ieiieiaey. Ana yoi aa?uee?oaony io aaoi?a e aaoi?o. Ianiio?y ia
iaeioi?ua ?acee/ey, naoe oaeiaiu aeey /oaiey e ia?aaioee eiiiuethoa?ii,
a oaeaea aeinoaoi/ii iiuiu, /oiau i?aaenoaaeoue naiaioeeo anoanoaaiiiai
ycuea.
ENOI?E*ANEAss NI?AAEA.
O?aa i?aaenoaaee eiae/aneea oi?ioeu a aeaea aea?aaueaa, eioi?ua iaeiaei
iaei iaiiieiatho nia?aiaiiua naiaioe/aneea naoe. Aua iaeiei ieiia?ii
noae *a?euec Naiaea?c I?en, eioi?ue eniieueciaae a?aoe/aneea caiene a
i?aaie/aneie oeiee.
Ii noi?ioee?iaae i?aaeea auaiaeu n eniieueciaaieai yecenoaioeeiiaeueiuo
a?aoia.
A ineoieiaee Caeueoe eniieueciaae a?aou aeey i?aaenoaaeaiey
ianeaaenoaaiiinoe iaeioi?uo oa?aeoa?enoee a ea?a?oee eiioeaioia. Iao/iua
ecuneaiey Caeueoea eiaee ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia eco/aiea oaeoeee a
oaoiaoao, eioi?ue a naith i/a?aaeue iiaeeye ia oaeeo oai?aoeeia, eae
Naeiii e Iuethyee.
*oi eanaaony eeiaaenoeee, oi ia?aui o/aiui, caieiaaoeiny ?ac?aaioeie
a?aoe/aneeo iienaiee, noae Oaiuea?. Ii eniieueciaae a?aoe/aneoth caienue
aeey naiae a?aiiaoeee caaeneiinoae. Oaiuea? ieacae ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia
?acaeoea eeiaaenoeee a Aa?iia.
Aia?aua naiaioe/aneea naoe auee eniieueciaaiu a nenoaiao iaoeiiiai
ia?aaiaea a eiioea 50-o – ia/aea 60-o aiaeia. Ia?aay oaeay nenoaia,
eioi?oth nicaeaea Ianoa?iai, aeeth/aea a naay 100 i?eieoeaiuo eiioeaioia
oaeeo, eae, iai?eia?, IA?IAe, AAUUe, AeAEAOUe, AUOUe. N iiiiuueth yoeo
eiioeaioia iia iienaea neiaa?ue iauaiii 15000 aaeeieoe, a eioi?ii oaeaea
eiaeny iaoaieci ia?aiina oa?aeoa?enoee n aeia?oeia ia iiaeoei. Iaeioi?ua
nenoaiu iaoeiiiai ia?aaiaea aace?iaaeenue ia ei??aeyoeeiiiuo naoyo
Oeaeeaoi, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeyee niaie iaai? 56 ?acee/iuo ioiioaiee,
iaeioi?ua ec eioi?uo – iaaeaaeiua ioiioaiey, ioiioaiey iiaeoeia, /eaia,
/anoe e oeaeiai. Ii eniieueciaae naoe, ninoiyuea ec eiioeaioia e
ioiioaiee aeey ?oeiaiaenoaa aeaenoaeyie ia?na?a e ?ac?aoaiey
iaiaeiicia/iinoae.
A nenoaiao eneonnoaaiiiai eioaeeaeoa naiaioe/aneea naoe eniieuecothony
aeey ioaaoa ia ?acee/iua aii?inu, eco/aiea i?ioeannia iao/aiey,
caiiieiaiey e ?annoaeaeaiee. A eiioea 70-o naoe iieo/eee oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea. A 80-o aiaeao a?aieoeu iaaeaeo naoyie, o?aeiiauie
no?oeoo?aie e eeiaeiuie oi?iaie caiene iinoaiaiii noe?aeenue.
Au?aceoaeueiay neea aieueoa ia yaeyaony ?aoathuei a?aoiaioii a iieueco
auai?a naoae eee eeiaeiuo oi?i caiene, iineieueeo eaeae caienaiiua n
iiiiuueth iaeiie oi?iu caiene iiaoo auoue eaaei ia?aaaaeaiu a ae?oaoth.
E iaiai?io, iniai aaaeiia cia/aiea iieo/eee aoi?inoaiaiiua oaeoi?u, eae
/eoaaiinoue, yooaeoeaiinoue, iaeneonnoaaiiinoue e oai?aoe/aneay
yeaaaioiinoue, oaeaea o/eouaathony eaaeinoue aaaaeaiey a eiiiuethoa?,
?aaeaeoe?iaaiea e ?ania/aoea.
?AEssOeEIIIUA A?AOU.
Naiua i?inoua naoe, eioi?ua eniieuecothony a nenoaiao eneonnoaaiiiai
eioaeeaeoa, – ?aeyoeeiiiua a?aou. Iie ninoiyo ec oceia, niaaeeiaiiuo
aeoaaie. Eaaeaeue ocae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iiiyoea, a eaaeaeay aeoaa –
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie iiiyoeyie. Ia ?enoiea 1 i?aaenoaaeaii
i?aaeeiaeaiea “Niaaea aeaaeii aeiaeao einoue”. *aou?a i?yiioaieueieea
i?aaenoaaeytho iiiyoey niaaee, i?ioeanna aeiaeaiey, einoe e oaeie
oa?aeoa?enoeee, eae aeaaeiinoue. Iaaeiene iaae aeoaaie icia/atho, /oi
niaaea yaeyaony aaaioia aeiaeaiey, einoue yaeyaony iauaeoii aeiaeaiey, a
aeaaeiinoue – yoi iaia?a aeiaeaiey.
Oa?ieiieiaey, eniieuecothuayny a yoie iaeanoe ?acee/ia. *oiau aeiaeoueny
iaeioi?ie iaeii?iaeiinoe, oceu, niaaeeiaiiua aeoaaie, i?eiyoi iacuaaoue
a?aoaie, a no?oeoo?o, aaea eiaaony oeaeia aiacaei ec oceia eee aaea
nouanoaotho ioiioaiey ?acee/iiai ii?yaeea iaaeaeo a?aoaie, iacuaaaony
naoueth. Iiieii oa?ieiieiaee, eniieuecothuaeny aeey iiyniaiey, oaeaea
?acee/athony niiniau ecia?aaeaiey. Iaeioi?ua eniieuecotho e?oaeee aianoi
i?yiioaieueieeia; iaeioi?ua ieooo oeiu ioiioaiee i?yii iaae aeoaaie, ia
caeeth/ay eo a iaaeu; iaeioi?ua eniieuecotho aaa?aaeaoo?u, iai?eia? I
eee A aeey iaicia/aiey aaaioa eee iauaeoa; iaeioi?ua eniieuecotho
?acee/iua oeiu no?aeie. Ia ?enoiea 2 ecia?aaeai a?ao eiioeaiooaeueiuo
caaeneiinoae Oaiea. icia/aao aaaioa. INGEST (iiaeiuaoue) – iaeei ec
i?eieoeaia Oaiea: ANOUe – IIAEIUAOUe oaa?aeue iauaeo; IEOUe – IIAEIUAOUe
aeeaeeee iauaeo; AeUOAOUe – IIAEIUAOUe aaciia?aciue iauaeo.
Aeiiieieoaeueiay noaeea neaaa iieacuaaao, /oi einoue ia?aoiae ec
iaoeacaiiiai ianoa e niaaea.
Iineieueeo aeiaieueii neiaeii aaanoe a eiiiuethoa? iaeioi?ua aeeaa?aiiu
e i?e yoii iie caieiatho iiiai ianoa i?e ia/aoe, iiiaea o/aiua
caienuaatho naie a?aou a aieaa eiiiaeoiii aa?eaioa. Iai?eia?, oi aea
i?aaeeiaeaiea Niaa i?aaeeiaeee caienaoue a eeiaeiii aeaea n
eniieueciaaieai iaeioi?uo yeaiaioia ec ?enoiea 1:
[ANOUe]-
(AGNT) -> [NIAAEA]
(OBJ) -> [EINOUe]
(MANR) -> [AEAAeIINOUe]
A yoii aa?eaioa caiene eaaae?aoiua neiaee iaicia/atho iiiyoey, a e?oaeua
neiaee niaea?aeao a naaa iacaaiey ioiioaiee. Ana eeiaeiua oi?iu caiene
i/aiue iioiaee ia o?aeiiaua no?oeoo?u.
A?AOU N OeAIO?II A AEAAIEA.
Aeaaieu niaaeeiythony n a?oiiie nouanoaeoaeueiiai n eniieueciaaieai
iaaeaaeiuo ioiioaiee. Iai?eia?, n i?aaeeiaeaiee “Mary gave a book to
Fred”, Mary aaaio aeaaaiey, book iauaeo yoiai i?ioeanna, a Fred
?aoeeieaio aeaaiea “aeaaaoue”. Iiieii iaaeaaeiuo ioiioaiee a
i?aaeeiaeaiee a anoanoaaiiii ycuea oaeaea eiathony n?aaenoaa aeey nayce
ioaeaeueiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee. Oaeea ioiioaiey iaiaoiaeeiu aeey
neaaeothuaai:
Nithcu. Naiue i?inoie niinia niaaeeieoue i?aaeeiaeaiey – yoi iinoaaeoue
iaaeaeo ieie nithc. Iaeioi?ua nithcu, eae iai?eia? “e”, “eee”, “anee”
iaicia/atho eiae/aneoth naycue; iaeioi?ua, oaeea eae “iinea oiai, eae”,
“eiaaea”, “iiea”, “n oao ii?, eae” e “iioiio /oi”, au?aaeatho a?aiaiiua
ioiioaiey e i?e/eio.
Aeaaieu, o?aaothuea iiae/eiaiiia i?aaeeiaeaiea. Iaaeaaeiua o?aeiu iiiaeo
aeaaieia o?aaotho iiae/eiaiiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey, yaeythuaainy iau/ii
i?yiui aeiiieiaieai. E oaeiio oeio ioiinyony aeaaieu “aiai?eoue”,
“n/eoaoue”, “aeoiaoue”, “ciaoue”, “auoue oaaaeaeaiiui”, “oa?iaeaoue”,
“iuoaoueny” e ae?.
Ii?aaeaeeoaee, ioiinyueany e oeaeiio i?aaeeiaeaieth. Iiiaea ia?a/ey e
i?iiiceoeeiiiua o?acu ioiinyony oieueei e aeaaieo, ii iaeioi?ua
ii?aaeaeytho oeaeia i?aaeeiaeaiea. Oaeea ia?a/ey, eae “iau/ii”,
“aa?iyoii”, a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa noaayony a ia/aea i?aaeeiaeaiey. A
iai?eia?, neiai “iaeiaaeaeu” ii?aaeaeyao aanue ?anneac, neaaeothuee
iinea iaai.
Iiaeaeueiua aeaaieu e a?aiaia. Oaeea aeaaieu, eae “may”, “can”, “must”,
“should”, “would” e “could” eiatho iiaeaeueiia cia/aiea e ioiinyony ei
anaio i?aaeeiaeaieth, aaea iie ano?a/athony. A?aiaiiia ioiioaiea iiaeao
auoue au?aaeaii eae oi?iie i?ioaaeoaai a?aiaie aeaaieia, oae e
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie “nae/an”, “caao?a” eee “iaeiaaeaeu” e ae?oaeie.
Naycaiiue aeeneo?n. Iiieii ioiioaiee, au?aaeaiiuo a iaeiii
i?aaeeiaeaiee, nouanoaotho oaeaea ioiioaiey aieaa aunieiai ii?yaeea
iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie i?aaeeiaeaieyie ?anneaca eee eaeiai-eeai ae?oaiai
iiaanoaiaaiey. Iiiaea ec ieo ia au?aaeaiu yenieeoeeoii: a?aiaiiua
ioiioaiey e neaaeiaaiea a?aoiaioia iiaeao auoue, iai?eia?, eiieeoeeoii
au?aaeaii ii?yaeeii neaaeiaaiey i?aaeeiaeaiey ae?oa ca ae?oaii a oaenoa.
Eiaiii iioiio, /oi aeaaie ioaiaeeony oaeay aaaeiay ?ieue a
i?aaeeiaeaiee, iiiaea oai?ey aeaeatho aai naiei oeaio?aeueiui naycothuei
caaiii. Yoio iiaeoiae aa?ao naia ia/aei ec Eiaei-Aa?iiaeneie ycueiaie
naiuee, aaea iiaeaeueiinoue e a?aiaiiua ioiioaiey au?aaeathony
eciaiaieai aeaaieueiie oi?iu. ?anniio?ei neaaeothuee i?eia?: “While a
dog was eating a bone, a cat passed by unnoticed”. A yoii i?aaeeiaeaiee
niiauaii, /oi, eiaaea i?aaeeiaeaiea “While a dog was eating a bone”
yaeyeinue enoeiiui, aoi?ia i?aaeeiaeaiea “A cat passed unnoticed”
oaeaea yaeyaony enoeiiui. Ia ?enoiea 3 ecia?aaeai a?ao n oeaio?ii a
aeaaiea. Nithc “while” (WHL) niaaeeiyao ocae PASS-BY n oceii EAT. Ia
?enoiea 3 iieacaii, /oi niaaea yaeyaony aaaioii iacaia/aiey (not
noticing).
A?aou n oeaio?ii a aeaaiea – yoi ?aeyoeeiiiua a?aou, aaea aeaaie
n/eoaaony oeaio?aeueiui caaiii ethaiai i?aaeeiaeaiey. Ia?ea?u a?aiaie e
ioiioaiey ieooony i?yii ?yaeii n eiioeaioaie, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho
aeaaieu. A?aou eiioeaiooaeueiuo caaeneiinoae ?iaeaea?a Oaiea oaeaea
eniieuecotho yoio iiaeoiae.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi a?aou n oeaio?ii a aeaaiea aeiaieueii aeaeea ii
naiae no?oeoo?a, iie iaeaaeatho ?yaeii ia?aie/aiee. Iaeii ec ieo
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi iie ia i?iaiaeyo ?aca?aie/aiea iaaeaeo
ii?aaeaeeoaeyie, eioi?ua ioiinyony oieueei e aeaaieo, e ii?aaeaeeoaeyie,
ioiinyueieny e i?aaeeiaeaieth oeaeeeii. ?anniio?ei neaaeothuea i?eia?u:
The dog greedily ate the bone.
Greedily, the dog ate the bone.
Yoe a?aou oaeaea ieioi ni?aaeythony n i?aaeeiaeaieyie, iaoiaeyueieny
aioo?e ae?oaeo i?aaeeiaeaiee.
I?e ?aaioa n ?aeyoeeiiiuie a?aoaie aicieeatho i?iaeaiu n ia?aaea/ae
anaai iiiaiia?acey a?aiaiiuo ioiioaiee e ioiioaiee iiaeaeueiinoe.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi iiiaea o/aiea eniieuecotho yoe a?aou aeey ?aoaiey
neiaeiuo i?iaeai, iie oae aei neo ii? e ia ?ac?aaioaee iauaai iaoiaea
aeey eo ?ac?aoaiey. A auoa i?eaaaeaiiii i?eia?a iiiaoea PAST aeieaeia
ioiineony ei anaio i?aaeeiaeaieth, eioi?ia aiai?eo i oii, /oi niaaea ano
einoue, a ia oieueei e aeaaieo EAT, iineieueeo i/aaeaeii, /oi einoue
iicaea auea nuaaeaia niaaeie oeaeeeii. Oaeaea aeieaeii auoue oeacaii,
/oi i?ioeann i?ioiaeaeaiey eioee e i?ioeann ia caia/aiey aa niaaeie
i?ienoiaeeee a iaeii e oi aea a?aiy.
I?IIICEOeEIIIUA NAOE.
A i?iiiceoeeiiiuo naoyo oceu i?aaenoaaeytho oeaeua i?aaeeiaeaiey. Yoe
oceu yaeythony oi/eaie nii?eeiniiaaiey aeey ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
ioaeaeueiuie i?aaeeiaeaieyie naycaiiiai oaenoa. N ae?oaie noi?iiu iie
ii?aaeaeytho a?aiy e iiaeaeueiinoue aeey anaai eiioaenoa.
I?aaenoaaeaiiua ieaea i?eia?u eeethno?e?otho ioiioaiey, aeey caiene
eioi?uo iaiaoiaeeiu i?iiiceoeeiiiua oceu:
Sue thinks that Bob believes that a dog is eating a bone.
If a dog is eating a bone, it is unwise to try to take it away from him.
A ia?aii i?aaeeiaeaiee aeey aeaaieia “think” e “believe” oeaeia
i?aaeeiaeaiea yaeyaony aeiiieiaieai: Aia n/eoaao, /oi “A dog is eating a
bone”, oi, /oi aeoiaao Nueth i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aieaa neiaeiia
i?aaeeiaeaiea-“Bob believes that a dog is eating a bone”. Oaeia
aiacaeiaaiea i?aaeeiaeaiee aioo?e ae?oaeo i?aaeeiaeaiee iiaeao
iiaoi?yony neieue oaiaeii aieueoia eiee/anoai ?ac. *oiau ecia?aceoue
oaeia i?aaeeiaeaiea, iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue i?iiiceoeeiiiua oceu,
eioi?ua niaea?aeao aiacaeyueany a?aou. Ia ?enoiea 4 ecia?aaeaia
i?iiiceoeeiiiay naoue aeey yoiai i?aaeeiaeaiey. Ioiaoei, /oi (EXP) –
experiencer, oi anoue oio eoi eniuouaaao, niaaeeiyao THINK n Nueth, a
BELIEVE n Aiaii, iaeiaei EAT e DOG niaaeeiaiu iaaeaeo niaie aaaioeaiui
ioiioaieai (AGNT). I?e/eiie ?aciiai oeia ioiioaiee yaeyaony oio oaeo,
/oi aeoiaoue e n/eoaoue-yoi ninoiyiey, eniuouaaaiua ethaeueie, a
iiaaeaiea-yoi aeaenoaea inouanoaeyaiia aaaioii.
Ai aoi?ii i?eia?a i?aaenoaaeaiu aeaa i?aaeeiaeaiey, iaoiaeyueany a
ioiioaiee oneiaey. Aioaoeaaeaioii yaeyaony i?aaeeiaeaiea “A dog is
eating a bone”, a eiinaeaaioii i?aaeeiaeaiea “It is unwise to try to
take it away from him”. Eioeieoeau “to try” e “to take” oeacuaatho ia
ae?oaea, aiacaeyueany i?aaeeiaeaiey. Ia aiacaeyueany i?aaeeiaeaiey
oaeaea oeacuaaao iai?io “it is unwise”. Aeey yoiai i?aaeeiaeaiey oaeaea
iaiaoiaeeii oeacaoue niioaaonoaea iaaeaeo “it”, “him” e “bone” e “dog”.
Nayce niioaaonoaey iaicia/aiu ioieoe?ii. Aeey oi?iaeueiie caiene yoiai
i?aaeeiaeaiey oaeaea eniieuecothony eaaioi?u iauiinoe e nouanoaiaaiey e
iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou eiaeee.
Ana ?aeyoeeiiiua a?aou e a?aou n oeaio?ii a aeaaiea eiatho iiiai iauaai.
Iaeiaei n?aaee ieo nouanoaotho oaeaea e ioee/ey:
1. Aeeth/aiea eiioaenoa eee anaai eeoue aai oneiaiia iaicia/aiea n
ionueeie ia noaia.
2. No?iaia aiacaeiaaiea: iaeei e oio aea eiioeaio iiaeao eee ia iiaeao
ano?a/aoueny a aeaoo ?aciuo eiioaenoao, ie iaeei ec eioi?uo ia
aiacaeeoueny a ae?oaii.
3. Oeacaiea naycae niioaaonoaey. I?e ia?ae?aueaathuainy eiioaenoa, oi
anoue eiaaea iie iaeei e oio aea eiioeaio ano?a/aaony a aeaoo ?aciuo
eiioaenoao, yoe nayce ia oeacuaathony.
Iaeiaei yoi anaai eeoue noeeenoe/aneea ?anoiaeaeaiey, eioi?ua ia
aeeytho nouanoaaiii ia eiaeeo iino?iaiey.
EA?A?OEss OEIIA.
Ea?a?oey oeiia e iiaeoeiia yaeyaony noaiaea?oiie oa?aeoa?enoeeie
naiaioe/aneeo naoae. Ea?a?oey iiaeao aeeth/aoue nouiinoe:
OAENA
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