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Принципы реализации машин БД

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Iniiau nia?aiaiiie eioi?iaoeeiiiie oaoiieiaee ninoaaeytho aacu aeaiiuo
(AAe) e nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey aacaie aeaiiuo (NOAAe), ?ieue eioi?uo eae
aaeeiiai n?aaenoaa o?aiaiey, ia?aaioee e aeinooia e aieueoei iauaiai
eioi?iaoeee iinoiyiii aic?anoaao. I?e yoii nouanoaaiiui yaeyaony
iinoiyiiia iiauoaiea iauaiia eioi?iaoeee, o?aieiie a AAe, /oi aea/ao ca
niaie o?aaiaaiea oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe oaeeo nenoai. ?acei
aic?anoaao oaeaea a ?aciiia?aciuo i?eiaiaieyo ni?in ia eioaeeaeooaeueiue
aeinooi e eioi?iaoeee. Yoi iniaaiii i?iyaeyaony i?e i?aaiecaoeee
eiae/aneie ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee a nenoaiao aac ciaiee, ia iniiaa
eioi?uo nicaeathony nia?aiaiiua yenia?oiua nenoaiu.

Auno?ia ?acaeoea iio?aaiinoae i?eiaiaiee AAe auaeaeaaao iiaua o?aaiaaiey
e NOAAe:

iiaeaea?aeea oe?ieiai niaeo?a oeiia i?aaenoaaeyaiuo aeaiiuo e iia?aoeee
iaae ieie (aeeth/ay oaeoia?aoe/aneea, aeieoiaioaeueiua,
ea?oeiii-a?aoe/aneea aeaiiua) ;

anoanoaaiiua e yooaeoeaiua i?aaenoaaeaiey a AAe ?aciiia?aciuo ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo iauaeoaie i?aaeiaoiuo iaeanoae (iai?eia?,
i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiuo n iaania/aieai aecoaeecaoeee aeaiiuo);

iiaeaea?aeea iai?ioeai?a/eainoe aeaiiuo e ?aaeecaoeey aeaaeoeoeaiuo AAe;

iaania/aiea oeaeinoiinoe AAe a oe?ieii aeeaiaciia ?aciiia?aciuo
i?aaeiaoiuo iaeanoae e iia?aoeeiiiuo ianoaiiaie;

oi?aaeaiea ?ani?aaeaeaiiuie AAe, eioaa?aoeey iaiaeii?iaeiuo aac aeaiiuo;

nouanoaaiiia iiauoaiea iaaeaaeiinoe ooieoeeiie?iaaiey AAe. Aianoa n oai
o?aaeeoeeiiiay i?ia?aiiiay ?aaeecaoeey iiiai/eneaiiuo ooieoeee
nia?aiaiiuo NOAAe ia YAI iauaai iacia/aiey i?eaiaeeo e a?iiicaeeei e
iai?iecaiaeeoaeueiui nenoaiai n iaaeinoaoi/ii aunieie iaaeaaeiinoueth.
Oai aieaa cao?oaeieoaeueiui ieacuaaaony ia?aueaaiea i?ia?aiiiuo
n?aaenoa, iaania/eaathueo ia?a/eneaiiua auoa o?aaiaaiey. Yoi iaoneiaeaii
?yaeii i?e/ei:

oii-iaeiaiianeay a?oeoaeoo?a YAI iaaaeaeaaoia o?aaiaaieyi NOAAe, a
/anoiinoe ?aaeecaoeee iienea, iaiiaeaiey, caueou aeaiiuo, ia?aaioee
o?aicaeoia oieueei i?ia?aiiiui niiniaii iayooaeoeaiu eae ii
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe, oae e ii noieiinoe;

iiiaio?iaiaaia e neiaeiia i?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea NOAAe nieaeaao
yooaeoeaiinoue e iaaeaaeiinoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiey AAe;

oieaa?naeueiay YAI ieacuaaaony ia?aa?oaeaiiie ooieoeeyie oi?aaeaieyie
aacaie aeaiiuo, /oi nieaeaao yooaeoeaiinoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiey nianoaaiii
i?eeeaaeiuo nenoai;

oeaio?aeecaoeey e eioaa?aoeey aeaiiuo a naoyo ia?niiaeueiuo e
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo YAI ia?aaeecoaia n i?eaieaiie noieiinoueth aac
aeeth/aiey a ninoaa naoae niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo YAI aeey iiaeaea?aeee
ooieoeee NOAAe.

Yoe niia?aaeaiey i?eaiaeyo e iunee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe nicaeaiey
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo aaoiiiiiuo eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoai, i?eaioe?iaaiiuo
eneeth/eoaeueii ia ?aaeecaoeeth ooieoeee NOAAe. Iaeiaei nenoaiu,
?aaeeciaaiiua ia iau/iie oieaa?naeueiie ieie- eee iee?iyai, ia niiniaiu
iieiinoueth ?aoeoue oeacaiiua i?iaeaiu. Iaiaoiaeei iiene iiauo
a?oeoaeoo?iuo e aiia?aoiuo ?aoaiee. Enneaaeiaaiey a yoii iai?aaeaiee
i?eaaee e iiyaeaieth-i?iaeoia e aeaenoaothueo i?ioioeiia iaoei aac
aeaiiuo, eioi?ua ia?yaeo n naiinoiyoaeueiui iacia/aieai ninoaaeytho
oaeaea iniiao au/eneeoaeueiuo nenoai 5-ai iieieaiey. Iaoeiie aac aeaiiuo
(IAAe) i?eiyoi iacuaaoue aiia?aoii-i?ia?aiiiue ioeueoeiee?ii?ioeanni?iue
eiiieaen, i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey auiieiaiey anao eee iaeioi?uo ooieoeee
NOAAe.

Oaeea naienoaa ?aeyoeeiiiie iiaeaee aeaiiuo, eae aiciiaeiinoue
?an/eaiaiey ioiioaiee ia iaia?anaeathueany a?oiiu, aiciiaeiinoue
ianniaie e ia?aeeaeueiie ia?aaioee, i?inoioa e iacaaeneiinoue aeaiiuo a
yoie iiaeaee, a oaeaea iaee/ea ?acaeoie oai?ee ?aeyoeeiiiuo aac aeaiiuo
e aiia?aoa naaaeaiey e ?aeyoeeiiiie ae?oaeo iiaeaeae aeaiiuo iaoneiaeee
?ac?aaioeo IAAe, i?eaioe?iaaiiuo a iniiaiii ia iiaeaea?aeeo ?aeyoeeiiiuo
aac aeaiiuo. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i/aaeaeia i?aaeeueiinoue oaeiai auai?a a
nayce n onoaiiaeaieai aiciiaeiinoe iia?e?iaaoue iauaeoaie aac ciaiee ia
?aeyoeeiiiii eiioeaiooaeueiii o?iaia iin?aaenoaii iia?aoeee ?aeyoeeiiiie
aeaaa?u.

Ia?aua ioaeeeaoeee ii IAAe iiyaeeenue a 1974 a., nae/an iiaeii iacaaoue
aieaa 50 i?iaeoia, iaeioi?ua oaea ?aaeeciaaiu a aeaea i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?ioioeiia e yaeythony eiiia?/aneeie ecaeaeeyie. Enneaaeiaaiey ii
aiia?aoo?iie iiaeaea?aeea iia?aoeee iaae aacaie aeaiiuo i?iaiaeyony e a
iaoae no?aia. Iniiaiuie e?eoa?eyie aeey ioeaiee oiai eee eiiai i?iaeoa
yaeythony iieiioa auiieiyaiuo ooieoeee NOAAe e iaeeaeaaiia iiauoaiea
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe i?e eo auiieiaiee. Yoi iaeeiaeiai aaaeii eae aeey
IAAe, ooieoeeiie?othueo niaianoii n aeaaiie YAI a ninoaaa aaeeiie
au/eneeoaeueiie nenoaiu, oae e aeey IAAe, yaeythuaeny oceii eieaeueiie
naoe (data computer). Ai anao nia?aiaiiuo i?iaeoao e eiiia?/aneeo IAAe
?aaeeciaai iieiue iauai ooieoeee NOAAe. Iiauneoue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue,
o/eouaay ia?aie/aiiua nei?inoiua oa?aeoa?enoeee nia?aiaiiie yeaiaioiie
aacu, iiaeii oieueei no?oeoo?iuie iaoiaeaie (ca n/ao no?oeoo?iiai
?ania?aeeaeeaaiey). A neeo yoiai IAAe yaeythony niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie
ia?aeeaeueiuie au/eneeoaeueiuie nenoaiaie, e i?e eo i?iaeoe?iaaiee
o?aaothony aaeeiay iaoiaeieiaey n?aaiaiey e /aoeea e?eoa?ee ioeaiee
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aaaeoony eioaineaiua
enneaaeiaaiey a yoie iaeanoe.

Iniiaiuie oaoie/aneeie i?eaiaie, i?eiaiyaiuie a no?oeoo?iuo iaoiaeao
iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe IAAe, yaeythony neaaeothuea:

eniieueciaaiea iiiaieaiaeueiuo ono?ienoa ianniaie iaiyoe (OII) ni
ano?iaiiuie a aiia?aoo?o eaiaeia i?ioeanni?aie iienea e oeeueo?aoeee
aeey oiaiueoaiey iauaiia ia?aea/eaaaiuo aeaiiuo ec OII a ia?aaaouaathuea
iiaenenoaiu;

eniieueciaaiea aooa?ecaoeee iaaeaeo iniiaiie iaiyoueth ia?aaaouaathueo
i?ioeanni?ia e OII, eioi?ay ia oieueei naeaaeeaaao ?acieoeo a nei?inoyo
ia?aaioee aeaiiuo e /oaiey eo a OII, ii e oiaiueoaao /anoioo ia?auaiey e
OII;

naaiaioaoeey aeaiiuo a OII, eioi?ay oaaee/eaaao eieaeueiinoue aeinooia e
oeo/oaao yooaeo aeaoo i?aaeuaeoueo iaoiaeia; n yoie oeaeueth
i?aaeiieaaaaony ?acaeoea ioeueoeao?eaooiie eeanoa?ecaoeee e eiaeaenaoeee
aeaiiuo a OII e aiia?aoiay eo iiaeaea?aeea;

eniieueciaaiea annioeeaoeaiie iaiyoe a ea/anoaa aooa?iie e
niioaaonoaothueo aeai?eoiia ia?aaioee aeaiiuo;

?acaeoea iiaenenoai iia?aaeathuae auai?ee aeaiiuo a aooa?ioth iaiyoue
(noaaee?iaaiea aeaiiuo) e iioeiecaoeey aeai?eoiia oi?aaeaiey
ae?ooaeueiui i?ino?ainoaii aeaiiuo;

?aaeecaoeey ?aaeeiia ia?aeeaeueiie eioa?i?aoaoeee eaaeaeie iia?aoeee
iaae AAe (ai?eciioaeueiue ia?aeeaeeci oeia SIMD) e ?aaeeiia eiiaaea?iie
e iioieiaie ia?aaioee ia oieueei iia?aoeee, ii e o?aicaeoeee a oeaeii;

ooieoeeiiaeueiay niaoeeaeecaoeey i?ioeanni?ia ia?aaioee e eo aiia?aoiay
?aaeecaoeey a aeaea NAEN.

Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey ?acaeoey no?oeoo? IAAe:

Iiaeii auaeaeeoue aeaa iaiauaiiuo iai?aaeaiey, a eioi?uo aaaeoony
enneaaeiaaiey ii no?oeoo?iui iaoiaeai iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
IAAe: iiiaii?ioeanni?iua iaiaeii?iaeiua (II) e naoaaua IAAe. Ia ?en. 1
i?eaaaeaiu iaiauaiiua oiiieiae/aneea noaiu oaeeo IAAe. *anoiui neo/aai
II IAAe iiaeii n/eoaoue eiiia?/aneea IAAe IDM-500, RS-310, iDBP 86/440,
oiiieiae/aneay noaia eioi?uo i?eaaaeaia ia ?en. 2.

?en. 1. Oiiieiaey aeaoo eeannia IAAe:

a – iiiaii?ioeanni?iua iaiaeii?iaeiua IAAe n ianeieueeeie o?iaiyie
ia?aaioee

a – naoaaua IAAe

E II IAAe iiaeii ioianoe aieueoeinoai nia?aiaiiuo i?iaeoia IAAe, oaeeo
eae DELTA, GRACE, DSDBS, MPDC, SABRE e ae?. Iniiaiuie iniaaiiinoyie II
IAAe yaeythony neaaeothuea.

1. Iaee/ea ianeieueeeo o?iaiae ia?aaioee aeaiiuo, a /anoiinoe, o?ao
iniiaiuo:

naeaeoeey e ia?ae/iay oeeueo?aoeey aeaiiuo iaiin?aaenoaaiii a
eiio?ieueiuo ono?ienoaao ianniaie iaiyoe;

aoi?e/iay ia?aaioea, caeeth/athuayny a ?aaeecaoeee iia?aoeee
?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u iaae aniiiiaaoaeueiuie ioiioaieyie, iieo/aiiuie ia
ia?aii yoaia;

/\ – oieaa?naeueiue ia?aaaouaathuee /__/ -eiiioieeaoeeiiiue
i?ioeanni?

i?ioeanni? (na?eeiue iee?ii?ioeanni?)

– niaoeeaeece?iaaiiue –
eiiiooe?othuaa ono?ienoai (iauay

ia?aaaouaathuee i?ioeanni? oeia,
ia?aeeth/aoaeueiay iao?eoea,

I – eieaeueiay iieoi?iaiaeieeiaay iaiyoue eieueoeaaay
eiiiooe?othuay oeia,

eiiiooe?othuay naoue)

– aooa?iay iauaaeinooiiay iaiyoue – Oi?aaeythuee
i?ioeanni? (iiaenenoaia)

– ono?ienoai ianniaie iaiyoe

n eiio?ieea?ii (IIAe n eiio?ieea?ii)

?en. 2. Oiiieiaey eiiia?/aneeo IAAe

no?oeoo?iay ia?aaioea eee ia?aaioea iaoaaeaiiuo, caeeth/athuayny a
iiaeaea?aeea aniiiiaaoaeueiuo no?oeoo? aeaiiuo (eiaeaenaoeey,
ioeueoeao?eaooiay eeanoa?ecaoeey) .

2. Iaee/ea nenoaiiie aooa?iie iaiyoe (NAI) iaaeaeo ia?auie aeaoiy
o?iaiyie ia?aaioee, a eioi?ie iiiauathony ioiioaiey eee aniiiiaaoaeueiua
no?oeoo?u aeaiiuo, iieo/aiiua ia ia?aii o?iaia ia?aaioee. Oaeay
a?oeoaeoo?a i?aaeiieaaaao iaee/ea iia?aaeathuae auai?ee e iiaeea/ee
aeaiiuo ec o?iaiy ia?ae/iie ia?aaioee (noaaee?iaaiea). NAI i?e yoii
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeia auoue aeaoo eee aieaa ii?oiaie.

3. Iaee/ea ooieoeeiiaeueiiai ia?aeeaeecia, i?e eioi?ii ?acee/iua
ooieoeee ia?ae/iie e aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee ?aaeecothony ia oece/anee
?ani?aaeaeaiiie aiia?aoo?a. I?e yoii /anoue ooieoeeiiaeueiuo ono?ienoa
?aaeecoaony ia oieaa?naeueiuo iee?ii?ioeanni?ao, /anoue a aeaea
niaoeaiia?aoo?u (iai?eia?, caeaciuo NAEN). Ooieoeeiiaeueiue ia?aeeaeeci
iicaieyao ?aaeeciaaoue eiiaaea?iia auiieiaiea o?aicaeoeee e ioaeaeueiuo
cai?inia. A aieaa iaueo neo/ayo aeey oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
aeiioneaaony aeoaee?iaaiea ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?ioeanni?ia ia iaeaieaa
o?oaeiaieeo iia?aoeeyo.

A ea/anoaa iaeaieaa oeie/iuo i?eia?ia oaeeo II IAAe iiaeii ?anniio?aoue
DELTA e GRACE. ssiiineee i?iaeo IAAe (?en. 3) eaaeeo a iniiaa
au/eneeoaeueiie nenoaiu 5-ai iieieaiey. Aeaenoaothuee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
i?ioioei ninoieo ec aeaoo iiaenenoai:

iiaenenoaiu aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee a ninoaaa /aou?ao ?aeyoeeiiiuo
i?ioeanni?ia (?I), iaeiiai i?ioeanni?a oi?aaeaiey (OI), iaeiiai
eiiioieeaoeeiiiiai i?ioeanni?a (EI) e iaeiiai i?ioeanni?a oaoie/aneiai
ianeoaeeaaiey (IOI), auiieiythuaai ooieoeee aeeaaiinoeee nenoaiu,
iiaeaea?aeee AAe, nayce n iia?aoi?ai e o. i.;

iiaenenoaiu ea?a?oe/aneie iaiyoe (EE), niaea?aeauae nenoaiioth aooa?ioth
iaiyoue (yeaeo?iiiue eyo-aeene aieinoueth 128 Iaaeo), ianniaoth iaiyoue
n ainaiueth IIAe (n eiio?ieea?ii iaaieoiiai aeenea EIAe) iauae
aieinoueth 20 Aaaeo e /aou?ueiy IIE (n eiio?ieea?ii iaaieoiie eaiou –
EIE) , a oaeaea oieaa?naeueioth iee?iyai a ea/anoaa oi?aaeythuaai
i?ioeanni?a ea?a?oe/aneie iaiyoe (OIEI) e i?ioeanni?a aaiaea-auaiaea
(IAA). Naycue iaaeaeo iiaenenoaiaie inouanoaeyaony aunieinei?inoiui
eaiaeii ni noaiaea?oiui eioa?oaenii ni nei?inoueth ia?aaea/e aei 3
Iaaeo/n. Ana i?ioeanni?u iiaenenoaiu aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee iiaeeeth/athony
e yoiio eaiaeo iin?aaenoaii IAA /a?ac niaoeeaeueiua aaeaioa?u
ea?a?oe/aneie iaiyoe (AEI).

Iniiaiui ooieoeeiiaeueiui oceii IAAe DELTA yaeyaony ?aeyoeeiiiue
i?ioeanni? (?I) aac aeaiiuo, iacia/aiea eioi?iai-auiieiaiea iia?aoeee
?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u iaae ioiioaieyie i?iecaieueiiai iauaia n aunieie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth. Eaaeaeue ec /aou?ao ?I iiaeao auiieiyoue
ioaeaeueioth iia?aoeee:

i?ioeanni?a (EI) e iaeiiai i?ioeanni?a oaoie/aneiai ianeoaeeaaiey (IOI),
auiieiythuaai ooieoeee aeeaaiinoeee nenoaiu, iiaeaea?aeee AAe, nayce n
iia?aoi?ii e o. i.;

iiaenenoaiu ea?a?oe/aneie iaiyoe (EE), niaea?aeauae nenoaiioth aooa?ioth
iaiyoue (yeaeo?iiiue eyo-aeene aieinoueth 128 Iaaeo), ianniaoth iaiyoue

n ainaiueth IIAe (n eiio?ieea?ii iaaieoiiai aeenea EIAe) iauae
aieinoueth

20 Aaaeo e /aou?ueiy IIE (n eiio?ieea?ii iaaieoiie eaiou – EIE) , a oae

aea oieaa?naeueioth iee?iyai a ea/anoaa oi?aaeythuaai i?ioeanni?a
ea?a?oe/aneie iaiyoe (OAeEE) e i?ioeanni?a aaiaea-auaiaea (IAA). Naycue
iaaeaeo iiaenenoaiaie inouanoaeyaony aunieinei?inoiui eaiaeii ni
noaiaea?oiui eioa?oaenii ni nei?inoueth ia?aaea/e aei 3 Iaaeo/n. Ana
i?ioeanni?u iiaenenoaiu aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee iiaeeeth/athony e yoiio
eaiaeo iin?aaenoaii IAA /a?ac niaoeeaeueiua aaeaioa?u ea?a?oe/aneie
iaiyoe (AEI).

Iniiaiui ooieoeeiiaeueiui oceii IAAe DELTA yaeyaony ?aeyoeeiiiue

i?ioeanni? (?I) aac aeaiiuo, iacia/aiea eioi?iai-auiieiaiea iia?aoeee
?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u iaae ioiioaieyie i?iecaieueiiai iauaia n aunieie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth. Eaaeaeue ec /aou?ao ?I iiaeao auiieiyoue
ioaeaeueioth iia?aoeeth ?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u iacaaeneii io ae?oaeo eee
ana iie iiaoo auiieiyoue iaeio iia?aoeeth ia?aeeaeueii (iai?eia?,
ni?oe?iaeo ioiioaiee a EE). ?I eiaao ?aaoey?ioth no?oeoo?o (ni. ?en. 3)
aeey iaeaa/aiey aai ?aaeecaoeee a aeaea NAEN. E?iia yoiai ii a naiai
ninoaaa eiaao oeaio?aeueiue i?ioeanni? (OeI) n iaiyoueth 512 Eaaeo aeey
?aaeecaoeee iia?aoeee n iaoe?iie eiaeeie (iai?eia?, aa?aaaoiuo ooieoeee
oeia min, mao e o. i.). Aeey iaeaa/aiey aoiaeiiai (AI) e auoiaeiiai
(AUI) iioiea aeaiiuo ?I niaea?aeeo aeaa aaeaioa?a ea?a?oe/aneie iaiyoe
(AEI), a oaeaea aoiaeiie iiaeoeue aeey iiaeaioiaee ei?oaaeae ioiioaiee
(iai?eia?, ia?anoaiiaee cia/aiee ao?eaooia). Nianoaaiii iia?aoeey
?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u ?aaeecoaony a ?I. I?ioeanni? neeyiey (INE)
ni?oe?iaaiiuo naaiaioia ioiioaiee i?aaeiacia/ai aeey neeyiey
ni?oe?iaaiiuo naaiaioia ioiioaiee, a oaeaea a iai ?aaeecothony iia?aoeee
anoanoaaiiiai niaaeeiaiey aeaoo ioiioaiee e naeaeoeee ioiioaiey.
Aeaaiaaeoeaoue i?ioeanni?ia ni?oe?iaee (INI) i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey
?aaeecaoeee eiiaaea?iie iaeiii?ioiaeiaie ni?oe?iaee naaiaioa ioiioaiey
iauaiii 64 Eaaeo. INI e INE ?aaeeciaaiu iieiinoueth aiia?aoii.

Ea?a?oe/aneay iaiyoue a DELTA yaeyaony iaeaieaa neiaeiie iiaenenoaiie, a
ooieoeee eioi?ie aoiaeyo:

oi?aaeaiea NAE e OII;

noaaee?iaaiea aeaiiuo (a aeaea naaiaioia ioiioaiee) ec OII a NAI a
niioaaonoaee n cayaeaie ?I;

naeaeoeey e aa?oeeaeueiay oeeueo?aoeey ioiioaiee i?e iiiauaiee eo a NAI
n i?eaea/aieai niaoeeaeueiiai (ao?eaooiiai) iaoiaea o?aiaiey ioiioaiee a
OII;

iiaeaea?aeea eiaeaeniuo no?oeoo?, eeanoa?ecaoeey ioiioaiee a OII e
i?aaiecaoeey n eo iiiiuueth auno?iai iienea a OII.

?en. 4. No?oeoo?iay noaia IAAe GRACE

Aoi?ui i?eia?ii II IAAe yaeyaony oaeaea yiiineee i?iaeo GRACE,
no?oeoo?iay noaia eioi?iai i?eaaaeaia ia ?en. 4. NAI ?aaeeciaaia caeanue
iaai?ii yeaeo?iiiuo aeeneia ia oeeeeiae?e/aneeo iaaieoiuo aeiiaiao. A
ea/anoaa OII eniieueciaaiu iiiaieaiaeueiua IIAe, a eaaeaeue eaiae
eioi?uo ano?iaiu, e?iia ono?ienoa /oaiey-caiene (O//c), i?ioeanni?u
ia?ae/iie ia?aaioee, iacaaiiua oeeueo?aie iioiea ei?oaaeae (OIE).
Eaaeaeue OIE niaea?aeeo:

i?ioeanni? oeeueo?aoeee (IO), inouanoaeythuee a i?aaeaeao aei?iaeee IAe
nianoaaiii inaaaeiannioeeaoeaiue iiene ei?oaaeae, oaeiaeaoai?ythueo
caaeaiiiio oneiaeth;

i?ioeanni? i?iaeoeee (II) e i?aia?aciaaiey ei?oaaeae;

i?ioeanni? oyoe?iaaiey (IO), ?aaeecothuee aeeiaie/aneoth naaiaioaoeeth

ei?oaaeae /eoaaiiai ioiioaiey.

Oeeueo? iioiea ei?oaaeae ?aaioaao a eiiaaea?iii ?aaeeia e iicaieyao
ia?aaaouaaoue iinooiathuea ec OII ei?oaaee ni nei?inoueth eo /oaiey
(ia?aaioea «a iieaoa»).

Ia o?iaia aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee i?eiaiythony i?ioeanni?u aoi?e/iie
ia?aaioee (IAI) e OIE. Iacia/aiea OIE – auiieiyoue iienaiioth auoa
ia?aaioeo ei?oaaeae ?acoeueoe?othueo ioiioaiee, iinooiathueo ec IAI a
NAE. IAI niaea?aeeo ia?yaeo n i?ioeanni?ii ?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u (I?A),
?aaeeciaaiiui ia iniiaa oieaa?naeueiiai iee?ii?ioeanni?a ni naiae
eieaeueiie iaiyoueth, oaeaea aiia?aoiue i?ioeanni? ni?oe?iaee ioiioaiee
(INI) e i?ioeanni? auaea/e ?acoeueoaoa (IA?) a eaiae aeaaiie YAI. INI
inouanoaeyao iioieiaoth ni?oe?iaeo naaiaioa ioiioaiey, iinooiathuaai ec
aaiea NAE a i?ioeanni? ?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u. Aeaooii?oiaua aaiee NAE
iiaeniaaeeiythony e i?ioeanni?ai ia?aaioee iaieo o?iaiae iin?aaenoaii
niaoeeaeueiuo iaoeaauo oei (NIO). Yoe iiiaieaiaeueiua oeiu n
?acaeaeaieai a?aiaie inouanoaeytho ia eaaeaeii o?iaia ia?aaioee
eiiiooaoeeth ethaiai i?ioeanni?a ia?aaioee e ethaiio aaieo iaiyoe e
iaeiia?aiaiioth ia?aaioeo ianeieueeeo aaieia iaiyoe.

Ioee/eoaeueiuie iniaaiiinoyie aeaiiiai i?iaeoa yaeythony neaaeothuea
no?oeoo?iua ?aoaiey.

1. Iaoiae iia?aaeathuae iiaeea/ee ei?oaaeae ec OII a NAI ni/aoaao
caeanue ia oieueei n ia?ae/iie oeeueo?aoeeae, ii e ni niaoeeaeueiui
?ani?aaeaeaieai ei?oaaeae ii aaieai NAE. Yoa oae iacuaaaiay
aeeiaie/aneay oyo-naaiaioaoeey iicaieyao auiieiyoue iia?aoeee
?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u ia o?iaia aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee ia?aeeaeueii e aac
iaiaiia ianeieueeeie IPA, oae /oi eaaeaeue I?A ?aaeecoao aeia?ioth
iia?aoeeth iaae ia?ie niioaaonoaothueo naaiaioia ioiioaiee-iia?aiaeia.
Yoi yaeyaony iaeiei ec enoi/ieeia iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe IAAe
i?e auiieiaiee iia?aoeee ?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u.

2. Aeeth/aiea a oeeee aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee oeeueo?ia iioiea ei?oaaeae,
eniieuecoaiuo a oeeeea ia?ae/iie ia?aaioee, iicaieyao ia?aaaouaaoue
i?iiaaeooi/iua ioiioaiey a NAI, oae aea eae e enoiaeiua ioiioaiey AAe,
aaeeiiia?acii eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue iia?aoeee
?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u. Oaeei ia?acii, auiieiaiea o?aicaeoeee,
niioaaonoaothuae neiaeiiio cai?ino e ?aeyoeeiiiie AAe, caeeth/aaony a
iiiaie?aoiii auiieiaiee oeeeeia ia?ae/iie e aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee.

3. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiay e ia?aeeaeueiay oeeueo?aoeey aeaiiuo ni nei?inoueth
eo iinooieaiey ec OII iicaieyao nieceoue iauai ia?aiauaaiuo ec OII a NAI
aeaiiuo, /oi yaeyaony nouanoaaiiui enoi/ieeii iiauoaiey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe IAAe a oeaeii. Yoio iaoaieci eniieuecoaony ai
iiiaeo (anee ia ai anao) i?iaeoao II IAAe e n/eoaaony i?eciaiiui
?aoaieai.

Eae iieacaee iiiai/eneaiiua enneaaeiaaiey, NOAAe ia iiaeao auoue
yooaeoeaiie, anee aieueoay /anoue aa ?aaioaao iiae oi?aaeaieai
iia?aoeeiiiie nenoaiu iauaai iacia/aiey. Iiyoiio iiauoaiea yooaeoeaiinoe
IAAe naycaii n iieiie ecieyoeeae NOAAe a ?aieao IAAe, o. a. ?aaeecaoeeae
ooieoeeiiaeii-iieiuo IAAe, auiieiythueo ana ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey
o?aicaeoeeyie. O/eouaay neiaeiinoue niioaaonoaothuae iia?aoeeiiiie
nenoaiu IAAe, ?aaeeciaaoue ooieoeeiiaeueii iieioth e
aunieiia?aeeaeueioth II IAAe neiaeii.

Aoi?ay iniiaiay i?iaeaia a nicaeaiee aunieiia?aeeaeueiuo II IAAe,
iacaaiiay «aeeneiaui ia?aaeienii», caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi nei?inoue
aaiaea-auaiaea nia?aiaiiuo OII (iaeiieaiaeueiua e iiiaieaiaeueiua IIAe n
ia?aiauathueieny aieiaeaie) yaeyaony oceei ianoii e ia?aie/eaaao
aeinoeaeaiea aunieiai ia?aeeaeecia a ia?aaioea. A II IAAe aeey ?aoaiey
yoie i?iaeaiu a ea/anoaa eyo-aeenea i?eiaiyaony aieueoay
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaay aooa?iay iaiyoue.

Aeey ?aoaiey yoie i?iaeaiu iaeioi?ua aaoi?u i?aaeeaaatho naoaaua IAAe a
eioi?uo ?ani?aaeaeaiiia o?aiaiea aieueoeo AAe inouanoaeyaony ia aieueoai
eiee/anoaa IIAe.

Naoaaua IAAe (ni. ?en. 1,a) aiieiuatho i?eioeeiu iaeii?iaeiinoe
no?oeoo?u, naaiaioaoeee aeaiiuo a ono?ienoaao ianniaie iaiyoe e
?ani?aaeaeaiey i?ioeanni?ia ia?aaioee ii OII. Oaeei ia?acii, iniiaiay
eaeay naoaauo MBAe – i?eaeeaeaiea aeaoaaie ia?aaaouaathuae eiaeee (a
aeaea oieaa?naeueiuo iee?ii?ioeanni?ia) e OII e naycuaaiea oaeeo
«ia?aaaouaathueo o?aieeeu» a naoue. O/eouaay auno?i nieaeathuothny
noieiinoue i?ioeanni?ia oa?aaioee e aeanoeeo IIAe e oniaoe a oaoieea
eiiioieeaoeee i?ioeanni?ia, a aa ninoaaa oaeie naoe iiaeao auoue nioie
OII, n eaaeaeui ec eioi?uo niaaeeiai naie ia?aaaouaathuee i?ioeanni?.
I?eia?aie oaeeo i?iaeoia yaeythony IAI; GAMMA. A ia?niaeoeaa ?acaeoey
naoaauo MB.Ae iaeioi?ua aaoi?u aeaeyo nicaeaiea IAAe ia iniiaa
au/eneeoaeueiie nenoiee/aneie n?aaeu. Oae, i?iaeo NODD, noaia eioi?iai
ecia?aaeaia ia ?en. 5, ?aaeeciaai a aeaea ?aaoey?iie ?aoaoee, a oceao
eioi?ie ?aciauaiu i?ioeanni?iua yeaiaiou (IY). N eaaeaeui IY naycaiu
naiy eieaeueiay iaiyoue (EI) e ono?ienoai ianniaie iaiyoe (OII) a aeaea
aeanoeiai IIAe.

I?aaeiieaaaaony oaeaea caiaia OII yia?aiiacaaeneiie iieoi?iaiaeieeiaie
iaiyoueth niioaaonoaothuae aieinoe («neeeeiiiaay» nenoiee/aneay IAAe).
Iacia/aiea EI a eaaeaeii ocea-o?aiaiea i?ia?aii ia?aaioee, eiiee
oi?aaeythuae i?ia?aiiu, aooa?a aeey iaiaia niiauaieyie e eyo-iaiyoe aeey
naiaai OII (3% eaaeaeiai eieaeueiiai OII iaoiaeeony a yoie eieaeueiie
eyo-iaiyoe). Aeey oeaeae iaaeaaeiinoe i?ino?ainoai ia eaaeaeii OII
?acaeaeaii ia /anoe: iaeia /anoue aeey o?aiaiey /anoe AAe,
i?eiaaeeaaeauae naiaio oceo, ae?oaay-aeoaee?oao aeaiiua /aou?ao
ninaaeieo oceia. Iniaaiiinoueth yaeyaony e oi, /oi oi?aaeaiea
auiieiaieai o?aicaeoeee a oaeeo naoaauo IAAe iieiinoueth ?ani?aaeaeaii,
oae /oi eaaeaeue i?ioeanni? iiaeao acyoue ia naay ?ieue oi?aaeythuaai.

Iniaue eioa?an i?eia?aoaao nicaeaiea nenoiee/aneeo IAAe a nayce n
iiyaeaieai na?eeiuo iaeiie?enoaeueiuo o?ainiuethoa?ia, niaea?aeaueo
ia?yaeo n i?ioeanni?ii e iaiyoueth eaiaeu (ii?ou aaiaea-auaiaea).
Iai?eia?, i?iiuoeaiiue o?ainiuethoa? oe?iu INMOS IMS O414 eiaao
neaaeothuea oa?aeoa?enoeee. A iaeiii e?enoaeea ?aaeeciaai 32-?ac?yaeiue
i?ioeanni? auno?iaeaenoaeai aei 10 iei. iia?./n, noaoe/aneia ICO ia 2
Eaaeo, /aou?a eaiaea nayce, 32-?ac?yaeiue eioa?oaen iaiyoe e eiio?ieea?
aeeiaie/aneiai ICO. Eiino?oeoeaii o?ainiuethoa?iay iao?eoea, yaeythuayny
iniiaiui yeaiaioii nenoiee/aneeo o?ainiuethoa?iuo IAAe (ni. ?en. 5),
iiaeao auoue ?aaeeciaaia iin?aaenoaii na?eeiuo o?ainiuethoa?iuo ieao IMS
AIIIC oie aea oe?iu. Yoa aeaieiay aa?iieaoa niaea?aeeo /aou?a
o?ainiuethoa?a O414, naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie ii?oaie nayce, /aou?a
ono?ienoaa aeeiaie/aneie iaiyoe ii 256 Eaaeo eaaeaeia e /aou?a aiaoieo
ii?oa aaiaea-auaiaea. Aiciiaeii, a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy i?eiaiaiea oaeeo
o?ainiuethoa?iuo ieao ia?aaaaeao i?iaeou nenoiee/aneeo IAAe ec iaeanoe
oai?aoe/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee a iaeanoue i?aeoe/aneie ?aaeecaoeee.

Iniiaiie i?iaeaiie a ?ani?aaeaeaiiuo (naoaauo) IAAe yaeyaony
iioeiaeueiay eeanoa?ecaoeey aeaiiuo ii eieaeueiui OII e iiaeaea?aeea
niioaaonoaothuae ?ani?aaeaeaiiie eiaeaenaoeee. A GAMMA, iai?eia?,
i?aaeeaaaaony eeanoa?ecaoeey eaaeaeiai ioiioaiey ii anai OII (a
niioaaonoaee n oaoe?iaaieai cia/aieeeeth/aauo ao?eaooia e nicaeaieai
?ani?aaeaeaiiiai ii OII eiaeaena yoeo cia/aiee). A NODD i?aaeeaaaaony
?aaiiia?iia ?ani?aaeaeaiea ioiioaiee ii oceai ?aoaoee. Iaaeaeo
eiie?aoiuie ei?oaaeaie ?aciuo ioiioaiee, aeey eioi?uo aeaenoaotho
naiaioe/aneea nayce, nouanoaotho oeacaoaee, caaeathuea ?aniieiaeaiea
naycaiiuo ei?oaaeae (iiia?a oceia e eo aae?ana a OII). Oaeei ia?acii,
cai?in a AAe aicaoaeaeaao nayce iaaeaeo ei?oaaeaie a oceao ?aoaoee e
ii?iaeaeaao iioie aeaiiuo iaaeaeo ieie. Yoi iicaieyao ?aaeeciaaoue a
oaeie IAAe iioieiaoth ia?aaioeo neiaeiuo cai?inia ia iniiaa iiaeaee
«aeoeaiiai a?aoa»

E eeanno naoaauo ioiineony eiiia?/aneay IAAe oe?iu Teradata DBC 1012,
eioi?ay eioaineaii ?ani?ino?aiyaony e iaoiaeeo oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea a
?aceeiuo eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoaiao. Ia ?en. 6 ecia?aaeaia eiioeao?aoeey
DBC 1012 n ainaiueth ia?aaaouaathueie i?ioeanni?aie IIAe (ia aaca
i80386), eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo eiaao IIAe e iiaeeeth/aaony e
eiiioieeaoeeiiiie naoe oeia aeaie/iiai aea?aaa (Y-naoue). A oceu yoie
naoe ano?iaiu naoaaua aunieinei?inoiua i?ioeanni?u e i?ia?aiie?oaiua
eiae/aneea iao?eoeu, ?aaeecothuea ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey naoueth. Y-naoue
iicaieyao inouanoaeyoue aeoieaeniue iaiaiu iaaeaeo ia?aaaouaathueie
i?ioeanni?aie. A yoo aea naoue iiaeeeth/athony eiiioieeaoeeiiiua
i?ioeanni?u (EE) aeey inouanoaeaiey eioa?oaena n aeaaiie YAI. Eaaeaeue
ia?aaaouaathuee i?ioeanni? iaania/eaaao iiaeaea?aeeo anao iia?aoeee
?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u, aeinoaoi/iuo aeey auiieiaiey iia?aoi?ia SQL,
iiaeaea?aeeo naiae /anoe AAe, a oaeaea auiieiaiea anao ooieoeee
oi?aaeaiey o?aicaeoeeyie iaae naiae /anoueth AAe, a oii /enea caueoo
oeaeinoiinoe, ainnoaiiaeaiey e o. ae. Ia?acoeu DBC 1012 aeeth/atho aei
128 i?ioeanni?ia e eiatho ?ani?aaeaeaiioth ii ia?aaaouaathuei
i?ioeanni?ai iieoi?iaiaeieeiaoth iaiyoue aieinoueth 412 Iaaeo ia iaeei
i?ioeanni?. Iauay aieinoue ianniaie iaiyoe ninoaaeyao aei 1000 Aaaeo e
iauaa auno?iaeaenoaea – aei 10^9 iia?./n.

Aeaa naienoaa DBC 1012 oa?aeoa?iu aeey anao naoaauo IAAe:

iaania/aiea aiciiaeiinoe oaaee/aiey iiuiinoe ia?aueaaieai /enea
ia?aaaouaathueo i?ioeanni?ia, oae /oi i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue i?e yoii
?anoao eeiaeii (iieacaoaeue eeiaeiinoe ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe DBC
1012 io /enea i?ioeanni?ia ninoaaeyao 97%);

iaania/aiea iaaeaaeiinoe ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ca n/ao aeoaee?iaaiey aeaiiuo
a eieaeueiuo OII (o. a. iaania/eaaaony ?aaioa aac e?aoa nenoaiu i?e
auoiaea ec no?iy ioaeaeueiuo i?ioeanni?ia eee OII).

O?aouea iai?aaeaiea enneaaeiaaiee a iaeanoe IAAe caeeth/aaony a
nicaeaiee iaaei?iaeo eiiia?/aneeo ono?ienoa ia na?eeiuo i?ioeanni?iuo
yeaiaioao n oeiiui eioa?oaenii (oiiieiaey oaeeo IAAe ecia?aaeaia ia ?en.
2,a). A ea/anoaa i?eia?a ?anniio?ei IAAe oe?iu Britton Lee IDM 500,
no?oeoo?iay noaia eioi?ie ecia?aaeaia ia ?en. 7. Oioy yoe ecaeaeey ia
i?eaioe?iaaiu ia aunieiia?aeeaeueioth ia?aaioeo e niaea?aeao
ia?aie/aiiia /enei ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?ioeanni?ia, iie oaeiaeaoai?ytho
noi?ioee?iaaiiui auoa i?eioeeiai II IAAe e iieiinoueth ?aaeecotho ana
iniiaiua ooieoeee IAAe. No?oeoo?iay noaia eiiia?/aneeo IAAe yaeyaony
/anoiui neo/aai II IAAe (ni. ?en. 2,a). ?ieue NAI auiieiyao
iieoi?iaiaeieeiaay iaiyoue, e eioi?ie /a?ac iauoth oeio iiaeeeth/athony
ia?eoa?eeiua eiio?ieea?u IIAe ni ano?iaiiuie iee?ii?ioeanni?aie AMD
2901, i?ioeanni? ia?aaioee (i?ioeanni? AAe) ia iniiaa Z8002 e aei 8
eaiaeueiuo i?ioeanni?ia aeey iiaeeeth/aiey e aeaaiie YAI (eaiae IBM 370,
eioa?oaen n VAX 750) eee iiaeeeth/aiey e eieaeueiie naoe (Ethernet).
E?iia oiai, e iauae oeia iiaeao iiaeeeth/aoueny iniaue ooieoeeiiaeueiue
i?ioeanni? (aenaea?aoi? AAe) aeey auiieiaiey oao iia?aoeee, eioi?ua
yaeythony oceei ianoii (iai?eia?, ni?oe?iaea ioiioaiee). Noa?oay
iiaeaeue IDM SOO/XL n aieinoueth aiaoiae iaiyoe aieaa 1 Aaaeo ia
aeanoeeo IAe e 500 Iaaeo ia IE eiaao i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue 1000
o?aicaeoeee/iei e iaeiia?aiaiii ianeoaeeaaao aei 400 iieueciaaoaeae.

?acaeoeai yoiai iai?aaeaiey a ?ac?aaioeao oe?iu Britton Lee yaeeny
?aeyoeeiiiue oaeena?aa? (data/file server) RS310 – aaoiiiiiia
ono?ienoai, iiaeeeth/aaiia e eieaeueiie naoe Ethernet eee
iaiin?aaenoaaiii e aeaaiie YAI ii eioa?oaeno RS232. Ii aeeth/aao:

nianoaaiii i?ioeanni? aacu aeaiiuo (1 ieaoa) ia iniiaa 28000 (10
Iaoe); niaaeeiaiioth n yoei i?ioeanni?ii iia?aoeaioth iaiyoue aieinoueth
1 Iaaeo ia iaeiie ieaoa;

aeaa aeanoeeo aeenea oeia aei/anoa? (5 1/4 aetheia) ii 80 Iaaeo eaaeaeue
n niioaaonoaothuei eiio?ieea?ii;

eiio?ieea? eannaoiie IE n 60 Iaaeo ia eannaoa (Streaming tape 1/4
aetheia);

aei /aou?ao eioa?oaeniuo ieao aeaoo oeiia (eioa?oaen RS232 n ainaiueth
auoiaeaie eee eioa?oaen eieaeueiie naoe Ethernet).

Eaaeaeay eioa?oaeniay ieaoa niaea?aeeo i?ioeanni? 28000 e naith
eieaeueioth iaiyoue. ,RS310 iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai eee eae aaoiiiiiay
NOAAe n auoiaeiui ycueii SQL, iiaeaea?aeeaay i?e yoii ana ooieoeee
NOAAe, ca eneeth/aieai ia?aiai yoaia o?aineyoeee n SQL (oi?aaeaiea
o?aicaeoeeyie, ia?aeeaeueiia auiieiaiea cai?inia, ioeaou e
ainnoaiiaeaiey, aaoiiaoe/aneoth iioeiecaoeeth cai?inia e o. i.), eee eae
eioaa?e?iaaiiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey oaeeaie. I?e yoii RS310 aunooiaao
aeey aeaaiie YAI a ea/anoaa eioaeeaeooaeueiiai eiio?ieea?a n
aooa?ecaoeeae e oaeiaeaoai?yao eioa?oaeno SCSI (Small Computer System
Interface). RS310 iaania/eaaao iaeiia?aiaiioth ?aaioo aei 50
iieueciaaoaeae e auiieiyao iaeiia?aiaiii aei 10 cai?inia. Aeeaeaeoay
ia?niaeoeaa ?acaeoey RS310 – oaaee/aiea aiaoiae iaiyoe aei ainueie IIAe
aieinoueth 478 Iaaeo e IE aieinoueth 300 Iaaeo.

?en. 8. Niaoeeaeece?iaaiiay iaoeia aeey AAe PYRAMID S 9810 (9820)

Aeaeueiaeoei ?acaeoeai oaeiai iiaeoiaea e nicaeaieth eiiia?/aneeo IAAe
yaeyaony eo ?aaeecaoeey ia iiaeoeueiie ia?aeeaeueiie
ioeueoeiee?ii?ioeanni?iie nenoaia oeia nenoai S27 e S81 oe?iu Sequent e
nenoai na?ee 9000 (9810, 9820) oe?iu Pyramid-Sybase. Ia ?en. 8
ecia?aaeaia no?oeoo?iay noaia iiaiai ecaeaeey oe?iu Pyramid–nenoaia
9810(9820), yaeythuayny niaoeeaeece?iaaiiie YAI aeey AAe. Yoa
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiay iaoeia i?aaeiacia/aia aeey aaoiiiiiie iiaeaea?aeee
NOAAe Sybase n aoiaeiui ycueii SQL, a oaeaea aeey iiaeaea?aeee
i?eeeaaeiuo eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoai ia iniiaa yoie NOAAe aeey
aaoiiaoecaoeee eiioi?neie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?ac?aaioee i?ia?aiiiiai
iaania/aiey e o. i. Nenoaia ?aaioaao eae data computer a naoe YAI e
eiaao eioa?oaen ia oieueei n eieaeueiie naoueth Ethernet, ii e O25,
telenet, darpa. Iauay aeeneiaay iaiyoue aeinoeaaao 15 Aaaeo. Iniiaiay
iaiyoue, iiaeeeth/aaiay e ono?ienoao oi?aaeaiey iaiyoueth a aeaea ieao
aei 4 e 16 Iaaeo, iiaeao ia?aueaaoueny aei 128 Iaaeo. A nenoaia
iiaeaea?aeeaaaony ae?ooaeueiia aae?aniia i?ino?ainoai 4 Aaaeo ni
no?aieoeaie a 2048 aaeo. A ea/anoaa i?ioeanni?ia ia?aaioee aunooiatho
iaeei eee aeaa niaoei?ioeanni?a (CPU), ?aaeeciaaiiua a aeaea
32-?ac?yaeiuo i?ioeanni?ia n RISC-a?oeoaeoo?ie. CPU eiaao neaaeothuea
oa?aeoa?enoeee:

a?aiy oeeeea- 100 in;

/enei 32-?ac?yaeiuo ?aaeno?ia – 528;

eyo-iaiyoue eino?oeoeee- 16 Eaaeo;

eyo-iaiyoue – 64 Eaaeo.

A RISC-i?ioeanni?ao ?aaeeciaai eiiaaea?iue ?aaeei auiieiaiey
eino?oeoeee.

Iniiaie nenoaiu yaeyaony nianoaaiiay naa?oauno?ay oeia xtend

(40 Iaaeo/n), ?aaioathuay ii i?eioeeio eiiiooaoeee niiauaiee.
Eioaeeaeooaeueiue i?ioeanni? aaiaea-auaiaea (IAA) ?aaeeciaai ia aaca
iee?ii?ioeanni?a AMD 29116 n auno?iaeaenoaeai 5 iei. iia?./n e
niaea?aeeo 14 ia?aeeaeueiuo IIA-eiio?ieea?ia, iauay i?iioneiay
niiniaiinoue eioi?uo 11 Iaaeo/n. IAA ianeoaeeaaao ia?eoa?eeiua
ono?ienoaa, eiio?ieea?u IIAe (nei?inoue ia?aaea/e a eioi?uo aei 2,5
Iaaeo/n) e eiio?ieea?u eieaeueiie naoe (EEN).

E iauae oeia iiaeeeth/aaony aei 16 ii?oia n eioa?oaenii RS232 aeey
ianeoaeeaaiey eioaeeaeooaeueiuo oa?ieiaeueiuo i?ioeanni?ia, n iiiiuueth
eioi?uo e nenoaia iiaoo iiaeeeth/aoueny oa?ieiaeueiua iieueciaaoaee.
Iiaeeeth/aiea e oeia aaeaioa?a oeiu MULTIBUS ioe?uaaao oe?ieea
aiciiaeiinoe aeey iiaeeeth/aiey aniiiiaaoaeueiuo aiaoieo ono?ienoa, a
eioi?uo ?aaeeciaai eioa?oaen yoie oeiu.

Oi?aaeaiea nenoaiie inouanoaeyaony i?ioeanni?ii iiaeaea?aeee nenoaiu, a
ooieoeee eioi?iai aoiaeyo oaeaea aeeaaiinoeea anao ono?ienoa e nenoaiu a
oeaeii, na?aeniay neoaeaa nenoaiu e o. i. A yoii i?ioeanni?a
ooieoeeiie?oao oae iacuaaaiay aeaooii?oiaay iiiaii?ioeanni?iay
iia?aoeeiiiay nenoaia, eioi?ay niaaeeiyao a naaa aeaa aa?nee UNIX IN:
System V. AT&T e 4.0 Berkly.

Ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey IAAe

Nicaeaiea aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo IAAe naycuaaaony n ?aoaieai
neaaeothueo i?iaeai, ii eioi?ui aaaeoony eioaineaiua enneaaeiaaiey.

1. Nicaeaiea niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo a?oeoaeoo? IAAe, ni/aoathueo
aeinoieinoaa ai?eciioaeueiiai ia?aeeaeecia i?e auiieiaiee iaeiie
iia?aoeee n ooieoeeiiaeueiui ia?aeeaeeciii i?e auiieiaiee
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe iia?aoeee e o?aicaeoeee. Iniaoth ?ieue caeanue
ea?aao ?aaeecaoeey eiiaaea?iie iioieiaie ia?aaioee (data flow)
i?eiaieoaeueii e iia?aoeeyi ?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u.

?en. 5.9. No?oeoo?a iiaenenoaiu iioieiaie ia?aaioee a IAAe DFRU

Oi?aaeaiea auiieiaieai cai?inia i?e yoii aeieaeii i?ienoiaeeoue
nianoaaiii iioieaie aeaiiuo, /oi iaeaa/aao caaea/o i?ia?aiiiiai eiio?iey
auiieiaieai iia?aoeee, neio?iiecaoeee eo e o. i. Iai?eia?, a i?iaeoa
DFRU i?aaei?eiyoa iiiuoea aiia?aoii ?aaeeciaaoue iioieiaoth ia?aaioeo a
?aaoey?iie no?oeoo?a ia?aaaouaathueo i?ioeanni?ia (?en. 9). Iniiaiui
ia?aaaouaathuei yeaiaioii yaeyaony oieaa?naeueiue eiiia?aoi? ei?oaaeae
(E). A iao?eoea eiiia?aoi?ia ei?oaaeae, niaaeeiyaiuo eiiiooe?othueie
naoyie, aiciiaeia aeeiaie/aneay eiiiooaoeey auoiaeia i?ioeanni?ia
ia?aaioee i-ai o?iaiy ni aoiaeaie i?ioeanni?ia (i+1)-ai o?iaiy. A
eaaeaeie no?iea iao?eoeu ii iaeiiio a?eoiaoe/aneiio i?ioeanni?o (AI)
aeey ?aaeecaoeee aa?aaaoiuo ooieoeee. Nayce iaaeaeo i?ioeanni?aie
onoaiaaeeaathony a niioaaonoaee n aeoaaie aea?aaa cai?ina (aea?aaa
?aeyoeeiiiuo iia?aoeee). Yoi iicaieyao ioia?aaeaoue aea?aaa cai?ina a
aea?aai i?ioeanni?ia, au?acaaiuo a aeaiiie iao?eoea, oae /oi eaaeaeie
iia?aoeee iacia/aaony iaeei i?ioeanni? ia?aaioee. Iinea yoiai enoiaeiua
ioiioaiey a iioiea /eoathony ec iiaenenoaiu ianniaie iaiyoe e
ia?aaaouaathony eiiaaea?ii a iano?iaiiii aea?aaa i?ioeanni?ia, oae /oi
ei?oaaee, ia?aciaaiiua a iia?aoeee i-ai o?iaiy, /a?ac eiiiooe?othuoth
naoue iiiaaeatho a niioaaonoaothuee i?ioeanni? (i+l)-ai o?iaiy. Ia ?en.
10 i?ieeethno?e?iaai yoio i?ioeann aeey neaaeothuaai cai?ina: «Auaeaoue
eiaia iinoaaueeia, eioi?ua iinoaaeytho aieaa 100 aeaoaeae oeia I»
i?eiaieoaeueii e o?ai enoiaeiui ioiioaieyi:

(RI) IINOAAUEE (EIAe IINOAAUEEA, eiy);

(R2) AeAOAEUe (EIAe-AeAOAEE, OEI-AeAOAEE, IAEIAIIAAIEA);

(R3) IINOAAEA (EIAe-AeAOAEE, EIAe-IINOAAUEEA, EIEE*ANOAI).

?en. 10. ?aaeecaoeey aea?aaa iia?aoeee a iao?eoea i?ioeanni?ia

Iiyaeaiea ia aoiaea eiiia?aoi?a ei?oaaea enoiaeiiai ioiioaiey aeey
iia?aoeee naeaeoeee (select) eee aeaoo enoiaeiuo ei?oaaeae aeey
iia?aoeee niaaeeiaiey (join) aeoeaece?oao aai, e iinea auiieiaiey
iia?aoeee e auaea/e ?acoeueoe?othuaai ei?oaaea ii ia?aoiaeeo a ninoiyiea
iaeeaeaiey. I?ioeanni?u ni?oe?iaee ioiioaiee iiaeeeth/athony ia?aae
aeia?iuie iia?aoeeyie eee ia?aae iia?aoeeae oaeaeaiey aeoaeae.
I?iiaaeooi/iay iaiyoue eniieuecoaony aeey caoeeeeeaaiey iioiea
ei?oaaeae, anee aeeeia aea?aaa cai?ina aieueoa /enea no?ie a
ia?aaaouaathuae iao?eoea, eee aeey ia?aaea/e i?iiaaeooi/iuo ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo aeaoiy aea?aaueyie cai?inia.

A iao?eoea i?ioeanni?ia aiciiaeii iaeiia?aiaiiia auiieiaiea
ianeieueeeo cai?inia, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo ioia?aaeai a naia aea?aai
i?ioeanni?ia.

Iaiaoiaeeiinoue a ni?oe?iaea iauyniyaony oai, /oi ?aaeecaoeey
aeia?iuo iia?aoeee ?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u (n iaeeiaeiie neiaeiinoueth
0(n^2), aaea n-ea?aeeiaeueiinoue ioiioaiee) a iioieiaii ?aaeeia, eiaaea
aaeeieoeae iaiaia iaaeaeo iia?aoeeyie yaeythony ei?oaaee eee no?aieoeu
ioiioaiee, aiciiaeia, oieueei anee ioiioaiey iaeeiaeiai oii?yaei/aiu.
Iiyoiio iia?aoeey ni?oe?iaee a eiiaaea?iii e iioieiaii ?aaeeiao
ia?aaioee yaeyaony oceei ianoii, e o?aaoaony aa aiia?aoiay ?aaeecaoeey,
oaeiaeaoai?ythuay neaaeothuei o?aaiaaieyi:

aunieay nei?inoue e aeeceay e eeiaeiie caaeneiinoue a?aiaie ni?oe?iaee
io iauaia ioiioaiey;

iaeei i?ioiae i?e ?aaeecaoeee ni?oe?iaee;

eiiaaea?iue ?aaeei ia?aaioee iioiea aeaiiuo;

iaee/ea aioo?aiieo aooa?ia iauaiii ia iaiaa no?aieoeu ioiioaiey (64,
128, 256 Eaaeo);

aiciiaeiinoue eneeth/aiey aeoaeeeaoia ei?oaaeae i?e ni?oe?iaea
ioiioaiey

?en. 11. Aeeyiea caaea?aeee i?e ni?oe?iaea ia iioieiaue ?aaeei ia?aaioee
ei?oaaeae

Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi aeaaea i?eiaiaiea aiia?aoiuo iioieiauo
ni?oe?iaueeia ia ?aoaao iieiinoueth i?iaeaio iioieiaiai auiieiaiey
aeia?iuo iia?aoeee. Ni?oe?iauee iiaeao ia/aoue auaea/o ei?oaaeae
ni?oe?iaaiiiai ioiioaiey oieueei iinea iieo/aiey ia aoiaea iineaaeiaai
ei?oaaea enoiaeiiai ioiioaiey, aea e oi n caaea?aeeie. Iai?eia?,
i?ioeanni? ni?oe?iaee a Delta eiaao caaea?aeeo (2lm+N-1)t, aaea l-aeeeia
ei?oaaea a aaeoao, t=CCI in-a?aiy ia?anueee aaeoa iaaeaeo ni?oe?othueie
yeaiaioaie, m-/enei ni?oe?oaiuo ei?oaaeae, N – /enei ni?oe?othueo
yeaiaioia. Oaeei ia?acii, iaee/ea aeaaea aiia?aoiie iioieiaie ni?oe?iaee
i?a?uaaao e caiaaeeyao iauee iioie ei?oaaeae iaaeaeo ?aeyoeeiiiuie
iia?aoeeyie. A ethaia caiaaeeaiea aoiaeiiai iioiea iaeiiai
ioiioaiey-iia?aiaea o?aaoao aeey ae?oaiai iia?aiaea aeia?iie iia?aoeee
iaee/ey i?iiaaeooi/iiai aooa?a. Iiyoiio eiiaaea? ei?oaaeae i?e iioieiaie
ia?aaioea aeieaeai eiaoue aeae «?anoyaeaaaiuo ?oeaaia» (?en. 11). Ana
yoi iiaeao naanoe e ieieioio i?aeiouanoaa iioieiaie ia?aaioee.

2. Nicaeaiea annioeeaoeaiie iaiyoe aieueoie aieinoe aeey nenoaiiiai
aooa?a IAAe. Eae ecaanoii, eniieueciaaiea annioeeaoeaiie iaiyoe a
ea/anoaa NAI iicaieyao nouanoaaiii iiauneoue yooaeoeaiinoue iieneiauo e
iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo iia?aoeee a IAAe ia o?iaia aoi?e/iie ia?aaioee.
Eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao aea?eaeiay annioeeaoeaiay iaiyoue, eioi?ay eiaao
iaeei ii?o-iau/iue aeey iiaeeeth/aiey iaiyoe e iauae oeia, a
aoi?ie-annioeeaoeaiue aeey iiaeeeth/aiey e niioaaonoaothuaio
eiio?ieea?o.

I?eia?ii oaeie iaiyoe yaeyaony ecaeaeea oe?iu Neiain, no?oeoo?iay noaia
iiaeeeth/aiey eioi?iai e iauae oeia i?aaenoaaeaia ia ?en. 12.a., Iaee/ea
ii?oa iau/iie aae?anaoeee iicaieyao inouanoaeyoue iiaeea/eo aeaiiuo a
annioeeaoeaioth iaiyoue /a?ac iauoth oeio ec OII. Annioeeaoeaiay iaiyoue
a yoii ecaeaeee niaea?aeeo 64 ia?aeeaeueiua eeiee ia?aaioee (oe?eiie 8
?ac?yaeia eaaeaeay), oae /oi eioi?iaoeey ec iaiyoe iinooiaao a eaaeaeue
ec 64 i?ioeanni?iuo yeaiaioia iiaaeoii (a aeaea noieaoea aaeoia aeeeiie
256 E). Aeeeia ia?aaaouaaaiiai neiaa 256E, iauay aieinoue annioeeaoeaiie
iaiyoe 16 Iaaeo. Iiaeoeue iaiyoe, ia?aaaouaaaiie eaaeaeui i?ioeanni?iui
yeaiaioii, 256 Eaaeo. Eaaeaeue iiaeoeue iaiyoe eiaao aae?an ia iauae
oeia, e eioi?iaoeey a iaai iiaeao caienuaaoueny aaoiiiiii ii ia?aiio
ii?oo. E?iia oiai, aioo?e noieaoea-naiy aae?anaoeey a i?aaeaeao 256E,
aeinooiiay eiio?ieea?o annioeeaoeaiie iaiyoe. Annioeeaoeaiue iiene
inouanoaeyaony neio?iiii anaie (eee /anoe/ii) i?ioeanni?iuie yeaiaioaie.

No?oeoo?a eaaeaeiai i?ioeanni?iiai yeaiaioa ecia?aaeaia ia ?en. 12.a.
Eaaeaeue i?ioeanni?iue yeaiaio niaea?aeeo AEO e oano-ono?ienoai, aeaa
aoiaeiuo ?aaeno?a A e A, ?aaeno? ianee I e aeie ?aaeno?ia N. Ana yoe
ono?ienoaa auoiaeyo ia aioo?aiithth oeio iaiyoe (I-oeio). I?ioeanni?iue
yeaiaio e iiaeoeue iaiyoe ?aaeeciaaiu aeaoiy e?enoaeeaie. Iauee
eiio?ieea? oi?aaeyao neio?iiiie ?aaioie anao i?ioeanni?iuo yeaiaioia,
aini?eieiaao ?acoeueoao e i?e iienea iinoiyiii oeene?oao oaeouee aae?an
a i?aaeaeao 256E, n eioi?ui 8 aeaiiue iiiaio ?aaioatho i?ioeanni?iua
yeaiaiou. Oaeo iaoiaeaeaiey ?aeaaaioiie eioi?iaoeee a eaaeaeii
i?ioeanni?iii yeaiaioa oeene?oaony a eiio?ieea?a Aeey iineaaeothuaai
ecaea/aiey eioi?iaoeee. A oaeie annioeeaoeaiie iaiyoe iaeaieaa
yooaeoeaii ?aaeecoaony iia?aoeey iienea aoiaeaeaiee ii caaeaiiiio
ia?acoeo. Iniaue eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao eniieueciaaiea oaeie iaiyoe a
iaoeiao aac ciaiee, aaea iia?aoeey iienea aoiaeaeaiee ii ia?acoeo
yaeyaony iniiaiie.

?en. 12. Aea?eaeiay aeaooii?oiaay annioeeaoeaiay iaiyoue:

a – iauay noaia; a – noaia i?ioeanni?iiai yeaiaioa

3. Eniieueciaaiea i?ioeanni?a iioieiaie ni?oe?iaee ioiioaiee aeey
neeyiey ioiioaiee. Iai?eia?, a i?iaeoa Delta ii i?aaeiacia/ai aeey
iioieiaiai neeyiey aeaoo ni?oe?iaaiiuo no?aieoe ioiioaiey ni nei?inoueth
iinooieaiey ei?oaaeae aoi?ie no?aieoeu. Ia aaca oaeiai aeaooaoiaeiaiai
i?ioeanni?a neeyiey iiaeao auoue ?aaeeciaaii ono?ienoai niaaeeiaiey
aeaoo ioiioaiee (Delta).

Ai iiiaeo i?iaeoao i?aaeeaaaaony aiia?aoiay ?aaeecaoeey iia?aoeee
?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u ia iniiaa oieaa?naeueiuo eiiia?aoi?iuo i?ioeanni?ia
(eiiia?aoi?ia). I?eia? oaeiai eiiia?aoi?a (i?iaeo DFRU) i?aaenoaaeai ia
?en.13. Eiiia?aoi? (E) i?aaeiacia/ai aeey ?aaeecaoeee iia?aoeee
naeaeoeee, i?iaeoeee, noaeaiey e niaaeeiaiey ioiioaiee e eniieuecoaony a
i?ioeanni?iie iao?eoea (?en. 9). Ii eiaao aeaa aooa?a iauaiii,
aeinoaoi/iui aeey iiiauaiey iaeiiai ei?oaaea, e oi?aaeyaony iioieii
ei?oaaeae, iinooiathueo ii aeaoi aoiaeiui eeieyi iiaaeoii. Eiiia?aoi?
iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny a ?aciuo ninoiyieyo, oi?aaeyaiuo o?aiy aioo?aiieie
eeieyie. Ii oi?aaeyaony iee?ii?ia?aiiie, caioneaaiie aoiaeiuie
ei?oaaeaie. ?aaeei ?aaiou iee?ii?ia?aiiu ii?aaeaeyaony oaeouei
ninoiyieai eiiia?aoi?a. Eiiia?aoi? niaea?aeeo o?e iee?ii?ia?aiiiuo
i?ioeanni?a (iiaeoey); aaiaea, n?aaiaiey e auoiaea, e iaai? aioo?aiieo
?aaeno?ia (Aeii. ?, A?). Aoiaeiie iiaeoeue /eoaao ei?oaaee ia naieo
aoiaeiuo eeieyo e iai?aaeyao eaaeaeue ei?oaae iiaaeoii a aooa? eee/e a
eiiia?aoi? (a caaeneiinoe io naiaai aioo?aiiaai ninoiyiey).
Aeiiieieoaeueiua eiiia?aoi?u iaiaoiaeeiu aeey aiaeeca oi?aaeythueo aeoia
(oeaaia), oaeeo eae i?eciae ieii/aiey ioiioaiey, eioi?ue ieai/eaaao
ia?aaioeo. A oeaio?aeueiii eiiia?aoi?a i?ienoiaeeo n?aaiaiea cia/aiee
caaeaiiuo ao?eaooia ec aoiaeiuo ei?oaaeae (iiaaeoii). A eiiia?aoi?
iinooiaao ia aanue ei?oaae, a oieueei n?aaieaaaiua cia/aiey. Yoei
oi?aaeyao aoiaeiie iiaeoeue ii naiae iee?ii?ia?aiia, neio?iiece?oynue ii
caaeaiiiio ?aniieiaeaieth yoeo n?aaieaaaiuo cia/aiee. Aanue ei?oaae
iaoiaeeony a aooa?a, e iinea n?aaiaiey caaeaiiuo ao?eaooia eiiia?aoi?
caaeaao auoiaeiiio iiaeoeth eiiaiaeo ia auaiae ei?oaaeae ec
niioaaonoaothueo aooa?ia. Auaiae iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny:

ia auoiaeioth oeio, anee n?aaiaiea auei oniaoiui;

a eeieth ia?aoiie nayce (EIN), anee, iai?eia?, ec aoiaeiiai
iiaeoey ii oeia oi?aaeaiey i?eoea eiiaiaea i oii, /oi a neaaeothuai
ei?oaaea aoi?iai ioiioaiey oi aea cia/aiea ao?eaooa niaaeeiaiey (aeey
iia?aoeee niaaeeiaiey) e yoio auaiaeeiue ei?oaae iaaei iiaoi?ii n iei
n?aaieoue. I?e yoii niioaaonoaothuay aoiaeiay eeiey ia?ae?uaaaony e
caiueaaony ia EIN, iiea ia aoiaea ia iiyaeony ei?oaae aoi?iai ioiioaiey
n iiaui cia/aieai ao?eaooa niaaeeiaiey;

oaeaeaiea oaeouaai ei?oaaea ec auoiaeiie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe i?e
iaoniaoiii n?aaiaiee (auoiaeiay eeiey caiueaaony ia «caieth»). Aeey
iia?aoeee niaaeeiaiey a auoiaeiii iiaeoea iiaeao auiieiyoueny noeaieaiea
auoiaeiuo ei?oaaeae. ?aaeei iioieiaie ia?aaioee caeanue iaania/eaaaony
oai, /oi iee?ii?ia?aiiiua i?ioeanni?u (aoiaeiie, eiiia?aoi?iue e
auoiaeiie) oi?aaeythony aoiaeiuie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoyie ei?oaaeae /a?ac
eciaiaiea aioo?aiieo ninoiyiee. I?e yoii ii?aaeaeaiiay iee?ii?ia?aiia
auiieiyaony, anee iiaeoeue iaoiaeeony a niioaaonoaothuai ninoiyiee,
caaenyuai io iinooieaiey aoiaeiuo ei?oaaeae.

?en. 13. Oieaa?naeueiue eiiia?aoi?iue i?ioeanni? aeey ?aeyoeeiiiuo
iia?aoeee:

A?-a-?ac?yaeiua aooa?iue ?aaeno?; Aeii. ? – aeiiieieoaeueiue ?aaeno?; E
– eiiia?aoi?;

EIN – eeiee ia?aoiie nayce

I?e auiieiaiee iia?aoeee naeaeoeee a Aooa? 2 caa?oaeaaony
«inaaaeiei?oaae», niioaaonoaothuee caaeaiiiio oneiaeth iienea.
(I/aaeaeii, oaeei ia?acii iiaeii ?aaeeciaaoue naeaeoeeth ii oneiaeth, ia
niaea?aeauaio aeecuthieoeee.) Ei?oaaee ioiioaiey, iinooiathuea ia Ao.1,
i?iioneathony /a?ac eiiia?aoi?, a «inaaaeiei?oaae» oee?eoee?oao ii EIN2,
Aooa? 2 e eiiia?aoi?o. Aoiaeiie iiaeoeue neio?iiece?oao yoio i?ioeann.
I?e oniaoiii n?aaiaiee a eiiia?aoi?a ei?oaae ioiioaiey iinueaaony ia
Auo.1, eia/a ia «caieth». Aiaeiae/ii ?anniio?aiiiio ?aaeeciaai
?aeyoeeiiiue i?ioeanni? ?I (ni. ?en. 3) a IAAe Delta, ii n aieueoei
?aciiia?aceai auiieiyaiuo ooieoeee.

4. Aiia?aoiay ?aaeecaoeey iioieiaie oeeueo?aoeee aeaiiuo
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a eaiaeao OII. Oaeay oeeueo?aoeey iicaieyao nieceoue
iauaiu aeaiiuo, ia?aaeaaaaiuo ec ianniaie iaiyoe ia ia?aaioeo, /oi
yaeyaony nouanoaaiiui enoi/ieeii iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe IAAe a
oeaeii. Iioieiaua i?ioeanni?u oeeueo?aoeee (oeeueo?u) aeieaeiu
oaeiaeaoai?youe neaaeothuei o?aaiaaieyi:

nei?inoue ia?aaioee aeieaeia niioaaonoaiaaoue nei?inoe /oaiey IIAe,
/oiau ecaaaeaoue oieinouo iai?ioia IAe;

iaiaoiaeeiinoue eniieueciaaiey aeaoo eiiiooe?oaiuo aooa?ia ia/aaiii a
iaeio aei?iaeeo IAe aeey iaania/aiey iai?a?uaiinoe /oaiey;

aiciiaeiinoue i?iioneaoue a auoiaeiie eaiae oieueei ?aeaaaioiua
iieneiaiio oneiaeth aeaiiua (ai?eciioaeueiay oeeueo?aoeey);

aiciiaeiinoue oi?ie?iaaoue ia auoiaea /anoue aoiaeiie caiene a
niioaaonoaee n caaeaiiui oneiaeai (aa?oeeaeueiay oeeueo?aoeey);

caaeaiea iieneiauo oneiaee a aeaea aeecuthieoeaiie ii?iaeueiie oi?iu
yeaiaioa?iuo iieneiauo oneiaee eee a aeaea iieneiauo ia?acia;

iauai iieneiauo oneiaee aeiieeai ii?aaeaeyoueny aeiionoeiie nei?inoueth
ia?aaioee.

Aeinoaoi/ii iieiue iaci? nouanoaothueo i?ioeanni?ia oeeueo?aoeee.

5. Ono?aiaiea i?aiyonoaey a oaaee/aiee i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
iiiaii?ioeanni?iie IAAe n aeaoiy o?iaiyie ia?aaioee e nenoaiiie aooa?iie
iaiyoueth ca n/ao oeo/oaiey nenoaiu eiiiooaoeee e nayce i?ioeanni?ia
ia?aaioee n NAI e iaaeaeo niaie. Yoi ii?aaeaeyaony eioaineaiinoueth
iaiaia aeaiiuie iaaeaeo i?ioeanni?aie e NAI e iauaiii yoeo aeaiiuo,
eioi?ua, eae i?aaeei, yaeythony /anoyie oaeeia (ioiioaiee AAe). E?iia
yoiai i?aaiecaoeey ia?aeeaeueiie ?aaiou i?ioeanni?ia o?aaoao
eioaineaiiai iaiaia niiauaieyie iaaeaeo i?ioeanni?aie. I?eaioe?iai/iua
o?aaiaaiey e nenoaia eiiiooaoeee a IAAe n aunieie noaiaiueth
ia?aeeaeueiinoe:

nei?inoue ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo – 10-80 Iaaeo/n;

/enei iiaeeeth/aaiuo aaoiiiiiuo aaieia iaiyoe – 100;

/enei iiaeeeth/aaiuo i?ioeanni?ia ia?aaioee – 100;

ionoonoaea eiioeeeoia.

A yoie aea ?aaioa aeaaony ?yae ia?niaeoeaiuo iaoiaeia ?aaeecaoeee
aunieinei?inoiuo naoae eiiiooaoeee (aei 10^3 aoiaeia) e ?aaeecaoeee ia
eo iniiaa iiiaiii?oiaie nenoaiiie aooa?iie iaiyoe aeey IAAe.

Oeeueo?u i?aaenoaaeytho niaie oaoie/aneea eee i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa aeey
auaeaeaiey aeaiiuo, oaeiaeaoai?ythueo eaeei-eeai oneiaeyi. A
?aeyoeeiiiie iiaeaee aeaiiuo auai? ii oneiaeth niioaaonoaoao iia?aoeeyi
i?iaeoeee e naeaeoeee ?aeyoeeiiiie aeaaa?u. A caaea/ao ia?aaioee oaenoa
o?aaoaony, eae i?aaeei, aua?aoue oaeno, niaea?aeauee aeaiiia neiai. Oa
aea caaea/e auai?a aeaiiuo ii oneiaeth iiaoo ?aoaoueny e n iiiiuueth
eniieueciaaiey oeeeeia eee oyoe?iaaiey.

Oeeueo?u, iaeiaei, iicaieytho i?iaa?youe aieaa neiaeiua oneiaey, /ai
«?aaii» (aeey oyoe?iaaiey aiciiaeia oieueei oaeay i?iaa?ea), «ia ?aaii»,
«aieueoa», «iaiueoa». Oeeueo?u ia o?aaotho i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie
no?oeoo?ecaoeee aeaiiuo. Aianoa n oai eniieueciaaiea oeeueo?ia
i?aaeiieaaaao iieiue i?iniio? ioiioaiey (eee, anee a aaca o?aiyony
eiaa?oe?iaaiiua oaeeu, iieiue i?iniio? cia/aiee ao?eaooia, o/anoaothueo
a oneiaee). Oeeueo?u iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny e a eiiaeiaoeee n
eiaeaene?iaaieai e oyoe?iaaieai.

Iauay noaia eniieueciaaiey oeeueo?ia neaaeothuay. I?ioeanni?,
aiaeece?othuee cai?in, auaeaeyao oneiaea naeaeoeee. Auaeaeaiiia oneiaea
ia?aaeaaony a niaoeeaeueiue i?ioeanni? (eee a?oiio i?ioeanni?ia),
eioi?ue yaeyaony i?ia?aiie?oaiui oeeueo?ii. Yoio i?ioeanni? iiaeao auoue
eae niaoeeaeece?iaaiiui, oae e i?ioeanni?ii iauaai iacia/aiey.

Caoai oeeueo? /eoaao iineaaeiaaoaeueii ei?oaaee ioiioaiey, i?iaa?yy ia
ieo caaeaiiia oneiaea e ioae?ay oaeiaeaoai?ythuea yoiio oneiaeth
ei?oaaee. Ioia?aiiua (?aeaaaioiua) ei?oaaee ia?aaeathony ae?oaei
i?ioeanni?ai aeey aeaeueiaeoae ia?aaioee. Ia?aaioea iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny ia?aeeaeueii n ?aaioie oeeueo?a.

A ?yaea i?iaeoia IAAe eniieuecothony oeeueo?u, eioi?ua iiaeaee?otho aeey
i?iaa?ee oneiaee eiia/iua aaoiiaou. I?e oaeie ?aaeecaoeee nei?inoue
i?iaa?ee oneiaey i?aeoe/anee ia caaeneo io aai neiaeiinoe (anee ?acia?
iaiyoe oeeueo?a aeinoaoi/ai aeey iiaeaee?iaaiey eiia/iiai aaoiiaoa,
i?iaa?ythuaai oneiaea)

Aeia?iua iia?aoeee (iauaaeeiaiea, ia?ana/aiea, niaaeeiaiea) iaae
ioni?oe?iaaiiuie ioiioaieyie oaeaea iiaoo auoue ?aaeeciaaiu n iiiiuueth
oeeueo?ia.

Niaoeeaeece?iueaiiue oeeueo? ?aaioaao i?eaeeceoaeueii a aeaa ?aca
auno?aa, /ai i?ienoiaeeo caa?ocea aoiaeiiai aooa?a n aeenea. A i?ioeanna
caa?ocee oeeueo? iiaeao /eoaoue oaea caa?oaeaiioth /anoue iaiyoe.
Eyo-iaiyoue neoaeeo i?iiaaeooi/iie aeey iaiaia iaaeaeo aeeneiaie
iaiyoueth e aooa?aie.

Eiaaea a ea/anoaa oeeueo?othuaai i?ioeanni?a eniieuecoaony i?ioeanni?
iauaai iacia/aiey, aoiaeiie aooa? ?acaeaaaony ia aeaa. Eiio?ieea?
caa?oaeaao aeiee aoiaeiiai oaeea iii/a?aaeii a iaeei ec aeaoo aooa?ia.
Caa?ocea aaaeaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii n aeenea, oae eae oeeueo?aoeey eaeao
i?eaeeceoaeueii a o?e ?aca iaaeeaiiaa /oaiey. Eyo-iaiyoue a yoii neo/aa
ia ioaeia. ?acoeueoao oeeueo?aoeee caienuaaaony a iaeei ec aeaoo
auoiaeiuo aooa?ia. Ii caiieiaiee aooa?a aai niaea?aeeiia na?anuaaaony ia
aeene.

E iaaeinoaoeai oeeueo?ia, iiaeaee?othueo eiia/iua aaoiiaou, neaaeoao
ioianoe aunieea o?aaiaaiey e ?acia?ai iaiyoe oeeueo?a.

Ae?oaie niinia i?iaa?ee Oneiaee inouanoaeyaony i?yiui oeeueo?ii,
no?oeoo?a eioi?iai niioaaonoaoao no?oeoo?a i?iaa?yaiiai oneiaey.
Iniiaiuie aeieaie oeeueo?a yaeythony eiiia?aoi?, oi?aaeythuaa ono?ienoai
e eiae/aneia ono?ienoai. Eiiia?aoi?u i?iaa?ytho enoeiiinoue i?inouo
oneiaee. Eo /enei ia?aie/aii e oeene?iaaii a aiia?aoo?a. Nia?aiaiiay
oaoiieiaey NAEN iicaieyao no?ieoue i?yiua oeeueo?u n /eneii eiiia?aoi?ia
ii?yaeea 100. Oi?aaeythuaa ono?ienoai i?aaiecoao ?aaioo oeeueo?a,
eiae/aneia ono?ienoai ia?aaaouaaao iieo/aiiua cia/aiey e aaia?e?oao
ieii/aoaeueiia cia/aiea enoeiiinoe neiaeiiai oneiaey. Ia aoiae
eiiia?aoi?a iiaeaaony caienue aeaea

eee

aaea -iaeii ec oneiaee n?aaiaiey. ?acoeueoaoii ?aaiou
eiiia?aoi?a yaeyaony i?eciae ENOEIA eee EIAEUe.

Ia?aaeaaaaiia a oeeueo? oi?iaeeciaaiiia oneiaea i?aaenoaaeaii a
aeecuthieoeaiie eee eiiuthieoeaiie ii?iaeueiie oi?ia. Aeey
ii?aaeaeaiiinoe aoaeai aiai?eoue aeaeaa i aeecuthieoeaiie ii?iaeueiie
oi?ia. A yoii neo/aa oneiaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeecuthieoeeth iiiiiia.
Eaaeaeue iiiii anoue eiiuthieoeey i?inouo oneiaee. Ia eaaeaeii oaaa
eiiia?aoi? i?iaa?yao i/a?aaeiia i?inoia oneiaea, e iinoaiaiii
oi?ie?oaony ieii/aoaeueiue ?acoeueoao i?iaa?ee anaai neiaeiiai oneiaey.

N eaaeaeui eiiia?aoi?ii niaaeeiai eiae/aneee aeie, eioi?ue au/eneyao
i/a?aaeiia i?iiaaeooi/iia cia/aiea ieii/aoaeueiiai ?acoeueoaoa ii
?acoeueoaoo ?aaiou eiiia?aoi?a, i?aaeuaeouaio i?iiaaeooi/iiio cia/aieth
e eiae/aneie naycea. Ia eaaeaeie ieaoa ?aciauai eiio?ieea? e iaai?
niaaeeiaiiuo eiiia?aoi?ia e eiae/aneeo aeieia.

Oi?aaeythuaa ono?ienoai auiieiyao neaaeothuea ooieoeee:

aeaeiaee?iaaiea, au/eneaiea aeeeiu iia?aiaeia e iiaeaioiaea aeaiiuo e
au/eneaieyi;

ii?aaeaeaiea eiioeia iia?aiaeia e onoaiiaea niioaaonoaothueo i?eciaeia;

oi?aaeaiea aoiaeiui e auoiaeiui aooa?aie. Aoiaeiie aooa? ia yaeyaony
iaiaoiaeeiui aaeaeo aiciiaeiinoe i?yiiai aeinooia oi?aaeythuaai
ono?ienoaa e iniiaiie iaiyoe.

Iia?aiaeu i?iua anaai ?aciauaoue ai aiaoiae iaiyoe, iauae aeey anao
eiiia?aoi?ia. A?aiy ia?auaiey e iauae iaiyoe iaeaaaao a yoii neo/aa
ia?aie/aiey ia /enei eiiia?aoi?ia a oeeueo?a. Anee a?aiy aaiaea iaeiie
caiene 100 ia, a a?aiy ?aaiou eiiia?aoi?a 400 ia, oi iao niunea eiaoue
aieaa /aou?ao eiiia?aoi?ia. Eniieueciaaiea NAEN-oaoiieiaee iicaieyao
iaania/eoue eaaeaeiio eiiia?aoi?o aeinoaoi/ioth aioo?aiithth iaiyoue
(ii?yaeea 256 aaeo).

Nouanoaoao ?yae i?iaeai, eioi?ua iaoiaeyony iiea ca ?aieaie
enneaaeiaaiee ii IAAe.

1. Iiauoaiea yooaeoeaiinoe o?aiaiey aeaiiuo a aieueoeo AAe /anoi
naycuaatho ni naeaoeai aeaiiuo, niaoeeaeueiui eiaee?iaaieai aeaiiuo e o.
i. Ii inaaaeiannioeeaoeaiue iiene e oeeueo?aoeey aeaiiuo
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a OII o?oaeii ?aaeecoaiu, anee aeaiiua a OII o?aiyony a
naeaoii e caeiaee?iaaiiii aeaea. Iiea oieueei a aaeeinoaaiiii i?iaeoa DS
DBS i?aaei?eiyoa iiiuoea ?aoeoue yoo i?iaeaio.

2. I?e ?ac?aaioea IAAe nianai ia ?anniao?eaaaony i?iaeaia iaania/aiey
eioa?aeoeaiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey iieueciaaoaey n AAe iin?aaenoaii
a?aoe/aneiai aeenieay. Anee oa?ieiaeu ?aaioatho iiae oi?aaeaieai IAAe,
oi neiaeiinoue IN IAAe nouanoaaiii aic?anoaao, /oi iiaeao i?eaanoe e
aeaa?aaeaoeee iauae i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe IAAe. Anee oa?ieiaeu
iieueciaaoaey ?aaioatho iiae oi?aaeaieai aeaaiie YAI, oi ?anoao iauai
aeaiiuo, ia?aaeaaaaiuo io IAAe a aeaaioth YAI e iaiai?io.

3. Iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe IAAe iau/ii naycuaaaony ni nei?inoueth
auiieiaiey iia?aoeee, aea?aaueaa cai?inia, ioaeaeueiuo o?aicaeoeee e
niane oaeeo o?aicaeoeee. I?e yoii auaea/a aeaiiuo oa?ieiaeueiiio
iieueciaaoaeth ia/eiaao inouanoaeyoueny oieueei iinea auiieiaiey
iineaaeiae ?aeyoeeiiiie iia?aoeee a iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe iia?aoeee,
niioaaonoaothueo cai?ino. Eiiaaea aeey i?eiyoey ?aoaiey aeinoaoi/ii
ianeieueeeo ei?oaaeae, yaeythueony ?acoeueoaoii yoie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe (aea?aaa cai?ina). Oaaee/aiea ?aaeoeaiinoe IAAe i?e
auaea/a yoeo ianeieueeeo ei?oaaeae, oaeiaeaoai?ythueo cai?ino, /anoi
i?ioeai?a/eo oaaee/aieth o?aaeeoeeiiiie i?iioneiie niiniaiinoe IAAe.
?aoeoue yoo i?iaeaio iiaeii oieueei ?aaeecaoeeae a IAAe oaeiai ?aaeeia
iioieiaie ia?aaioee ioiioaiee, i?e eioi?ii ?aeyoeeiiiay iia?aoeey ia/iao
auaeaaaoue ?acoeueoe?othuea ei?oaaee, ia iaeeaeay iiyaeaiey oeaeeeii
noi?ie?iaaiiuo ioiioaiee-iia?aiaeia. Aeey ?yaea iia?aoeee ?aeyoeeiiiie
aeaaa?u neiaeiinoe 0(n^2) (aaea n-ea?aeeiaeueiinoue
ioiioaiee-iia?aiaeia) ?aaeecaoeey oaeiai ?aaeeia o?oaeii ?ac?aoeia,
iai?eia? aeey iia?aoeee ni?oe?iaee ioiioaiee.

4. Iaania/aiea oeaeinoiinoe AAe i?e ia?aeeaeueiuo iaiiaeaieyo a IAAe n
aunieie noaiaiueth aioo?aiiaai ia?aeeaeecia, a oaeaea aeeao/anoe oaeeo
nenoai e eo iaaeaaeiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey-oaeaea na?ueaciay i?iaeaia.

5. ?ac?aaioea aaeeiie iaoiaeieiaee i?iaeoe?iaaiey IAAe enoiaey ec
caaeaiiiai iaai?a o?aaiaaiee (iauai e oei AAe, oeiu e /anoioa cai?inia,
noa?a i?eiaiaiey e o. i.). A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?iaeoe?iaaiea IAAe
iniiaaii ia eiooeoeaiuo niia?aaeaieyo, e ionoonoaotho iaoaieciu
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie ioeaiee i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe, oaeea eae aeey
ia?aeeaeueiuo nenoai au/eneeoaeueiiai oeia.

Iaee/ea oeacaiiuo i?iaeai a i?iaeoe?iaaiee IAAe canoaaeyao iaeioi?uo
aaoi?ia ia aii?in «Nouanoaoao ee eaeaaeueiay IAAe?» ioaaoeoue
neaaeothuei ia?acii: «Eaeaaeueiay IAAe, anee iia nouanoaoao, aeieaeia
auoue, i/aaeaeii, neeoeii aei?iainoiyuae e neeoeii neiaeiie, /oiau aa
iiaeii auei eniieueciaaoue oieaa?naeueii a eaaeaeie iaeanoe i?eiaiaiee».

Eo/oae ?aeiiaiaeaoeeae a aeaiiii neo/aa yaeyaony ?ac?aaioea naiaenoaa
IAAe, iicaieythuay inouanoaeoue iaiaoiaeeiue auai? aeey eaaeaeiai
niaoeeoe/aneiai i?eiaiaiey. Iai?eia?, ioeueoei?ioeanni?iay iaoeia
inaaaeiannioeeaoeaiiai iienea a aieueoeo oaeeao aeaeeia?aoe/aneeo nenoai
eee iiiaii?ioeanni?iua IAAe aeey iiaeaea?aeee ?aeyoeeiiiuo iia?aoeee eae
ninoaaiay /anoue nenoai aac ciaiee e eiae/aneiai auaiaea, eee
ooieoeeiiaeueii iieiua IAAe eiiia?/aneiai oeia aeey yeiiiie/aneeo
i?eeiaeaiee a caaea/ao oi?aaeaiey, aaea inouanoaeyaony aeinooi e
no?oeoo?e?iaaiiui aeaiiui ec i?eeeaaeiie i?ia?aiiu, ooieoeeiie?othuae a
aeaaiie YAI.

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