?aoa?ao
I?eioeeiu i?iaeoe?iaaiey e eniieueciaaiey iiiaiia?iuo aac aeaiiuo
Aaaaeaiea
Naaiaeiy ana aieueoaa /enei i?aaiecaoeee i?eoiaeeo e iiieiaieth oiai,
/oi aac iaee/ey naiaa?aiaiiie e iauaeoeaiie eioi?iaoeee i ninoiyiee
?uiea, i?iaiice?iaaiey aai ia?niaeoea, iinoiyiiie ioeaiee yooaeoeaiinoe
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey nianoaaiiuo no?oeoo? e aiaeeca acaeiiioiioaiee n
aecian-ia?oia?aie e eiieo?aioaie eo aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea noaiiaeony
i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeiui. Iiyoiio ia oaeeaeoaeueii oi aieiaiea, eioi?ia
naaiaeiy oaeaeyaony n?aaenoaai ?aaeecaoeee e eiioeaioeeyi iino?iaiey
eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoai, i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia aiaeeoe/aneoth ia?aaioeo
aeaiiuo. E a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue yoi eanaaony nenoai oi?aaeaiey aacaie
aeaiiuo, iniiaaiiuie ia iiiaiia?iii iiaeoiaea – INOAAe.
Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi INOAAe ia yaeythony ecia?aoaieai aeaayiinouo
aiaeia, a nai iiiaiia?iue iiaeoiae aiciee i?aeoe/anee iaeiia?aiaiii e
ia?aeeaeueii n ?aeyoeeiiiui. Iaeiaei, oieueei ia/eiay n na?aaeeiu
aeaayiinouo aiaeia, a oi/iaa n 1993 a., eioa?an e INOAAe ia/ae
i?eia?aoaoue anaiauee oa?aeoa?. Eiaiii a yoii aiaeo iiyaeeanue iiaay
i?ia?aiiiay noaouey iaeiiai ec iniiaiiieiaeieeia ?aeyoeeiiiiai iiaeoiaea
Y. Eiaeaea [1], a eioi?ie ii noi?ioee?iaae 12 iniiaiuo o?aaiaaiee e
n?aaenoaai ?aaeecaoeee OLAP (oaae. 1) e i?iecaae aiaeec iaeioi?uo eae
noauaeoeaiuo, oae e aiieia iauaeoeaiuo iaaeinoaoeia ?aeyoeeiiiiai
iiaeoiaea, cao?oaeiythueo aai eniieueciaaiea a caaea/ao, o?aaothueo
neiaeiie aiaeeoe/aneie ia?aaioee aeaiiuo.
1 Iiiaiia?iia i?aaenoaaeaiea aeaiiuo N?aaenoaa aeieaeiu iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
iiiaiia?iue ia eiioeaiooaeueiii o?iaia acaeyae ia aeaiiua.
2 I?ic?a/iinoue Iieueciaaoaeue ia aeieaeai ciaoue i oii, eaeea
eiie?aoiua n?aaenoaa eniieuecothony aeey o?aiaiey e ia?aaioee aeaiiuo,
eae aeaiiua i?aaieciaaiu e ioeoaea iie aa?oony.
3 Aeinooiiinoue N?aaenoaa aeieaeiu naie auae?aoue e naycuaaoueny n
iaeeo/oei aeey oi?ie?iaaiey ioaaoa ia aeaiiue cai?in enoi/ieeii aeaiiuo.
N?aaenoaa aeieaeiu iaania/eaaoue aaoiiaoe/aneia ioia?aaeaiea eo
nianoaaiiie eiae/aneie noaiu a ?acee/iua aaoa?iaaiiua enoi/ieee aeaiiuo.
4 Niaeaniaaiiay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue i?aeoe/anee
ia aeieaeia caaenaoue io eiee/anoaa Ecia?aiee a cai?ina.
5 Iiaeaea?aeea a?oeoaeoo?u eeeaio-na?aa? N?aaenoaa aeieaeiu ?aaioaoue a
a?oeoaeoo?a eeeaio-na?aa?.
6 ?aaiii?aaiinoue anao ecia?aiee Ie iaeii ec ecia?aiee ia aeieaeii auoue
aaciaui, ana iie aeieaeiu auoue ?aaiii?aaiuie (neiiao?e/iuie).
7 Aeeiaie/aneay ia?aaioea ?ac?aaeaiiuo iao?eoe Iaii?aaeaeaiiua cia/aiey
aeieaeiu o?aieoueny e ia?aaaouaaoueny iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiui niiniaii.
8 Iiaeaea?aeea iiiaiiieueciaaoaeueneiai ?aaeeia ?aaiou n aeaiiuie
N?aaenoaa aeieaeiu iaania/eaaoue aiciiaeiinoue ?aaioaoue aieaa /ai
iaeiiio iieueciaaoaeth.
9 Iiaeaea?aeea iia?aoeee ia iniiaa ?acee/iuo ecia?aiee Ana iiiaiia?iua
iia?aoeee (iai?eia? Aa?aaaoeey) aeieaeiu aaeeiiia?acii e niaeaniaaiii
i?eiaiyoueny e ethaiio /eneo ethauo ecia?aiee.
10 I?inoioa iaieioee?iaaiey aeaiiuie N?aaenoaa aeieaeiu eiaoue
iaeneiaeueii oaeiaiue, anoanoaaiiue e eiioi?oiue iieueciaaoaeueneee
eioa?oaen.
11 ?acaeoua n?aaenoaa i?aaenoaaeaiey aeaiiuo N?aaenoaa aeieaeiu
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ?acee/iua niiniau aecoaeecaoeee (i?aaenoaaeaiey)
aeaiiuo.
12 Iaia?aie/aiiia /enei ecia?aiee e o?iaiae aa?aaaoeee aeaiiuo Ia
aeieaeii auoue ia?aie/aiee ia /enei iiaeaea?aeeaaaiuo Ecia?aiee.
Oaaeeoea 1. (12 i?aaee ioeaiee n?aaenoa aeey OLAP).
Iaai? yoeo o?aaiaaiee, iineoaeeaoeo aea-oaeoi ii?aaeaeaieai OLAP,
aeinoaoi/ii /anoi aucuaaao ?acee/iua ia?aeaiey, oae eae caeanue niaoaiu:
nianoaaiii o?aaiaaiey, iai?eia? i.i. 1, 2, 3, 6;
ia oi?iaeecoaiua iiaeaeaiey, iai?eia? i.i. 10, 11;
o?aaiaaiey e eiiiuethoa?iie a?oeoaeoo?a, a ia e i?ia?aiiiui n?aaenoaai,
iai?eia?, iaiiiyoii, ii/aio aiaeeoe/aneay nenoaia ioaa/athuay 11
o?aaiaaieyi ec 12, ii ?aaeeciaaiiay ia iniiaa Unix-noaioeee n
oa?ieiaeaie, ia yaeyaony OLAP – i.i. 5. Oai aieaa, /oi oaea anoue i. 2
(I?ic?a/iinoue) e i. 3 (Aeinooiiinoue).
Iiiaiia?iia i?aaenoaaeaiea aeaiiuo e OLAP oaea noaee naaiaeiy iaeieie ec
iaeaieaa oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo eiioeaioeee iino?iaiey aiaeeoe/aneeo
nenoai.
O?aaiaaiey e n?aaenoaai ?aaeecaoeee nenoai iia?aoeaiie e aiaeeoe/aneie
ia?aaioee aeaiiuo
I?e ia?aii ciaeiinoaa n iiiaiia?iui iiaeoiaeii e i?aaiecaoeee aeaiiuo
aeinoaoi/ii /anoi aicieeatho aeaa i?ioeai?a/eauo aii?ina.
Aeey /aai nianoaaiii ioaeiu INOAAe e ioaeii ee o?aoeoue a?aiy e
n?aaenoaa ia eo inaiaiea e i?eia?aoaiea, anee ana oa aea caaea/e iiaeii
?aoeoue e n?aaenoaaie o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ?NOAAe?
E ia?aoiue:
Ii/aio INOAAe ia?aie/eaatho naay eneeth/eoaeueii i?eeiaeaieyie,
i?eaioe?iaaiiuie ia aiaeec aeaiiuo e ii/aio au ia eo iniiaa ia
?aaeeciauaaoue o?aaeeoeeiiiua nenoaiu iia?aoeaiie ia?aaioee aeaiiuo?
E ianiio?y ia oi, /oi yoe aii?inu au?aaeatho aeinoaoi/ii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiua oi/ee c?aiey, ioaao ia ieo cao/eo i?eaeeceoaeueii
iaeeiaeiai: “Aeaaiia aeinoieinoai INOAAe ninoieo eiaiii a oii, /oi iie
ocei niaoeeaeece?iaaiiu e iaeanoue eo i?eiaiaiey – eioa?aeoeaiay
aiaeeoe/aneay ia?aaioea aa?aae?iaaiiuo enoi?e/aneeo e i?iaiice?oaiuo
aeaiiuo”.
Aa?aae?iaaiiua aeaiiua. Iieueciaaoaey, caieiathuaainy aiaeecii, ?aaeei
eioa?anotho aeaoaeece?iaaiiua aeaiiua. Aieaa oiai, /ai auoa o?iaaiue
iieueciaaoaey (?oeiaiaeeoaey, oi?aaeythuaai, aiaeeoeea), oai auoa
o?iaaiue aa?aaaoeee aeaiiuo, eniieuecoaiuo ei aeey i?eiyoey ?aoaiey.
?anniio?ei a ea/anoaa i?eia?a oe?io ii i?iaeaaea aaoiiiaeeae.
Eiiia?/aneiai aee?aeoi?a oaeie oe?iu iaei eioa?anoao aii?in: “Eaeiai
oeaaoa “AEeaoee” oniaoiaa anaai i?iaeaao iaeei ec aa iaiaaeaea?ia –
Iao?ia: aaeiai eee e?aniiai?” Aeey iaai aaaeii, eaeea iiaeaee e eaeea
oeaaoa i?aaeii/eoatho a aeaiiii ?aaeiia. Aai oaeaea iaei eioa?anoao
aeaoaeecaoeey ia o?iaia eiio?aeoa, /ana eee aeaaea aeiy. Iai?eia?, anee
auynieony, /oi “AAC2108 E?aniiai oeaaoa” /aua iieoiatho a oo?aiiea /anu,
yoio oaeo nei?aa caeioa?anoao ineoeao?a, a ia eiiia?/aneiai aiaeeoeea.
Aeey i?aaeeueiiai oi?ie?iaaiey neeaaea aio aaaeia e iaiaoiaeeia
eioi?iaoeey ia o?iaia aeaeaaeu, ianyoea eee aeaaea eaa?oaea.
Enoi?e/aneea aeaiiua. Aaaeiaeoei naienoaii aeaiiuo a aiaeeoe/aneeo
caaea/ao yaeyaony eo Enoi?e/aneee oa?aeoa?. Iinea oiai eae
caoeene?iaaii, /oi Iao?ia a ethia 1996 a. i?iaeae 2 aaoiiiaeey “Aieaa” e
12 aaoiiiaeeae “AEeaoee”, aeaiiua ia yoii niauoee noaiiayony
enoi?e/aneei (naa?oeaoeiny) oaeoii. E iinea oiai, eae eioi?iaoeey ia
yoii oaeoa iieo/aia, aa?eoeoee?iaaia e caaaaeaia a AAe, iia iiaeao auoue
neieueei oaiaeii ?ac n/eoaia ioooaea, ii oaea ia iiaeao e ia aeieaeia
auoue eciaiaia. Enoi?e/iinoue aeaiiuo i?aaeiieaaaao ia oieueei aunieee
o?iaaiue noaoe/iinoe (iaeciaiiinoe) eae nianoaaiii aeaiiuo (iai?eia?:
Iao?ia i?iaeae a 1995 a. 51 aaoiiiaeeue “AEeaoee AAC2105”), oae e eo
acaeiinaycae (iai?eia?: a 1995 a. Iao?ia ?aaioae a Ainoi/iii ?aaeiia; a
1995 a. i?iaeaaaeenue aaoiiiaeee iiaeaee AAC2105). A yoi, a naith
i/a?aaeue, aeaao aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaoue niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua,
iniiaaiiua ia i?aaeiieiaeaiee i noaoe/iinoe aeaiiuo e eo acaeiinaycae
iaoiaeu caa?ocee, o?aiaiey, eiaeaenaoeee e auai?ee.
Ae?oaei iaiouaieaiui naienoaii Enoi?e/aneeo aeaiiuo yaeyaony
iaycaoaeueiay niaoeeoeeaoeey A?aiaie, eioi?iio yoe aeaiiua
niioaaonoaotho. I?e/ai A?aiy yaeyaony ia oieueei iaeaieaa /anoi
eniieuecoaiui e?eoa?eai auai?ee, ii e iaeiei ec iniiaiuo e?eoa?eaa, ii
eioi?iio aeaiiua oii?yaei/eaathony a i?ioeanna ia?aaioee e
i?aaenoaaeaiey iieueciaaoaeth. A yoi iaeeaaeuaaao niioaaonoaothuea
o?aaiaaiey eae ia eniieuecoaiua iaoaieciu o?aiaiey e aeinooia:
aeey oiaiueoaiey a?aiaie ia?aaioee cai?inia aeaeaoaeueii, /oiau oaea a
AAe aeaiiua o?aieeenue (auee i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ioni?oe?iaaiu) a oii
ii?yaeea, a eioi?ii iie iaeaieaa /anoi cai?aoeaathony;
oae e ia ycuee iienaiey e iaieioee?iaaiey aeaiiuie, iai?eia?:
ai iiiaeo i?aaiecaoeeyo eniieuecothony eae iauai?eiyoua, oae e
nianoaaiiua eaeaiaea?iua oeeeeu (oeiainiaue aiae iiaeao ia/eiaoueny ia a
yiaa?a eae eaeaiaea?iue, a, iai?eia?, a ethia);
a?aiy yaeyaony noaiaea?oiui ia?aiao?ii i?aeoe/anee ethaie aiaeeoe/aneie,
noaoenoe/aneie eee oeiainiaie ooieoeee (i?iaiic, ia?anoathuee eoia,
ia?aoiaeyuee caian, neieuecyuaa n?aaeiaa e o.ae.).
I?iaiice?oaiua aeaiiua. Eiaaea aiai?eony i iaeciaiiinoe e noaoe/iinoe
aeaiiuo a aiaeeoe/aneeo nenoaiao, eiaaony a aeaeo iaeciaiiinoue
eneeth/eoaeueii Enoi?e/aneeo aeaiiuo (aeaiiuo, iienuaathueo oaea
i?iecioaaeoea niauoey). Oaeia i?aaeiieiaeaiea ie a eiai neo/aa ia
?ani?ino?aiyaony ia I?iaiice?oaiua aeaiiua (aeaiiua i niauoee, eioi?ia
aua ia i?ienoiaeeei). E yoio iiiaio yaeyaony aanueia nouanoaaiiui.
Iai?eia?, anee iu no?iei i?iaiic ia iauaia i?iaeaae ia ethiue 1997 a.
aeey iaiaaeaea?a Iao?iaa, oi, ii ia?a iinooieaiey oaeoe/aneeo
(Enoi?e/aneeo) aeaiiuo ca 1996 a., yoa oeeo?a iiaeao e aoaeao
iiiaie?aoii eciaiyoueny e ooi/iyoueny. Aieaa oiai, aeinoaoi/ii /anoi
i?iaiice?iaaiea e iiaeaee?iaaiea cao?aaeaaao ia oieueei aoaeouea, aua ia
i?iecioaaeoea, ii e i?ioeua, oaea naa?oeaoeany niauoey. Iai?eia?,
aiaeec: “a, /oi aoaeao (auei au)… anee (au)..?”, no?ieony ia
i?aaeiieiaeaiee i oii, /oi cia/aiey iaeioi?uo aeaiiuo, a oii /enea e ec
i?ioeiai, ioee/iu io ?aaeueiuo. E aeey ioaaoa ia aii?in:
“Eaeie aue au I?iaiic ii iauaio i?iaeaae aaoiiiaeeae “Aieaa” aeey
iaiaaeaea?a Iao?iaa ia ethiue 1997 a., anee au iauai i?iaeaae “Aiea” a
ethia 1996 a. o iaai aic?in ia oio aea i?ioeaio, /oi iauai i?iaeaae
“AEeaoeae”?”
iio?aaoaony ia oieueei au/eneeoue iiaia, aua ia nouanoaothuaa cia/aiea
Iauaia I?iaeaae, aeey aua ia ianooieaoaai ethiy 1997 a., ii e
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii au/eneeoue aeiioaoe/aneia cia/aiea Iauaia i?iaeaae, ca
oaea i?ioaaeoee ethiue 1996 a.
Ia ia?aue acaeyae, iu naie i?ioeai?a/ei naaa, aiai?y i iaeciaiiinoe
aeaiiuo, eae iniiaiiieaaathuai naienoaa aiaeeoe/aneie nenoaiu. Ii yoi ia
oae. Yoi eaaeouaany i?ioeai?a/ea iaiai?io iiae/a?eeaaao e oneeeaaao
cia/eiinoue o?aaiaaiee e iaeciaiiinoe Enoi?e/aneeo aeaiiuo. Neieueei au
iu ia oi?aaeiyeenue (iai?eia?, i?e aiaeeca: “a /oi… anee..?”) ni
cia/aieai iauaia i?iaeaae ca ethiue 1996 a., cia/aiey Enoi?e/aneeo
(?aaeueiuo) aeaiiuo aeieaeiu inoaaaoueny iaeciaiiuie. Eiia/ii,
i?aaeiieiaeaiea i iaeciaiiinoe ia icia/aao iaaiciiaeiinoe eni?aaeaiey
ioeaie, anee iie auee iaia?oaeaiu a Enoi?e/aneeo aeaiiuo.
A naith i/a?aaeue, e iia?aoeaiui aeaiiui, io?aaeathuei ninoiyiea
iaeioi?ie i?aaeiaoiie iaeanoe a aeaiiue oaeouee iiiaio a?aiaie, ia
i?eiaieiu oaeea iiiyoey, eae i?ioeia eee aoaeouaa. Aeey ieo nouanoaoao
aaeeinoaaiiia iiiyoea – nae/an, a eo iniiaiia iacia/aiea – aaeaeaaoiia
aeaoaeece?iaaiiia ioia?aaeaiea oaeoueo niauoee (eciaiaiee),
i?ienoiaeyueo a ?aaeueiii ie?a. Iai?eia?:
iaiaaeaea? Iao?ia i?iaeae aua iaeie “AEeaoee AAC2106”;
iaiaaeaea?a Iao?iaa ia?aaaee ec Ainoi/iiai oeeeaea oe?iu a Caiaaeiue.
Aianoa n oai eciai/eainoue Iia?aoeaiuo aeaiiuo ie a eiai neo/aa ia
iiae?acoiaaaao eo aeecinoue ii naienoaai e I?iaiice?oaiui aeaiiui.
Iaaeaeo ieie nouanoaoao ei?aiiia ?acee/ea. Iia?aoeaiui aeaiiui, a
ioee/ea io I?iaiice?oaiuo, i?enoua naienoai iauacia/eiinoe, e iau/ii ana
iieueciaaoaee ?aaioatho n iaeiei e oai aea yecaiiey?ii aeaiiuo. Iinea
oiai eae a iia?aoeaioth nenoaio caaaaeaiu aeaiiua i oii, /oi Iao?ia
i?iaeae aua iaeei aaoiiiaeeue, yoa eioi?iaoeey n?aco aea aeieaeia noaoue
aeinooiiie anai caeioa?aniaaiiui a iae iieueciaaoaeyi. I?e/ai aei oao
ii?, iiea yoi eciaiaiea ia caoeene?iaaii, ie eaeie ae?oaie
iieueciaaoaeue ia eiaao i?aaa eciaiyoue no?ieo n eioi?iaoeeae i
i?iaeaaeao Iao?iaa.
Nouanoaaiii eiay neooaoeey n I?iaiice?oaiuie aeaiiuie. Iie iinyo,
nei?aa, ee/iinoiue (eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue) oa?aeoa?. Aiieia ?aaeueia
neooaoeey, eiaaea eiiia?/aneee aee?aeoi? oe?iu e oi?aaeythuee
?aaeiiaeueiui ioaeaeaieai iaeiia?aiaiii ?aoeee iieo/eoue i?iaiic
aiciiaeiiai iauaia i?iaeaae ia 1997 a. aeey Iao?iaa. Iaeiaei eaaeaeue ec
ieo aeaeaao nianoaaiiue i?iaiic. Eaaeaeue ec ieo iiaeao eniieueciaaoue
naie ooieoeee i?iaiice?iaaiey, e, aeaaea anee i?eiaiyaony iaeei e oio
aea iaoiae (eee ooieoeey), i?iaiic iiaeao iniiauaaoueny ia ?acee/iuo
enoi?e/aneeo eioa?aaeao, e ?acoeueoaou, ii anae aa?iyoiinoe, aoaeoo
?acee/iu. Iiyoiio eaaeaeue ec ieo ?aaioaao n nianoaaiiui yecaiiey?ii
I?iaiice?oaiuo aeaiiuo (oioy yoe aeaiiua e ioiinyony oi?iaeueii e iaeiie
e oie aea ee/iinoe, aeaeo aeayoaeueiinoe e a?aiaie), e yoe aeaiiua ia
aeieaeiu niaoeaaoueny. Eiia/ii, aiieia aa?iyoii, /oi iaeei ec yoeo
aa?eaioia aoaeao i?eiyo a ea/anoaa ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae aeey Iao?iaa. Ii
iinea oiai, eae I?iaiic ooaa?aeaeai a ea/anoaa Ieaia, aeaiiua i?inoi
ia?aeaeoo a ae?oaoth eaoaai?eth e noaioo Enoi?e/aneeie.
Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi a iaeanoe eioi?iaoeeiiiuo oaoiieiaee anaaaea
nouanoaiaaei aeaa acaeiiaeiiieiythueo ae?oa ae?oaa iai?aaeaiey ?acaeoey:
nenoaiu, i?eaioe?iaaiiua ia iia?aoeaioth (o?aicaeoeeiiioth eee
iia?aoeeiiioth) ia?aaioeo aeaiiuo;
nenoaiu, i?eaioe?iaaiiua ia aiaeec aeaiiuo – nenoaiu iiaeaea?aeee
i?eiyoey ?aoaiee (DSS).
E i?aeoe/anee aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie, eiaaea aiai?eeinue i
no?aieoaeueiii ?inoa /enea ?aaeecaoeee eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoai, i?aaeaea
anaai eiaeenue a aeaeo nenoaiu, i?aaeiacia/aiiua eneeth/eoaeueii aeey
iia?aoeaiie ia?aaioee aeaiiuo. Eiaiii aeey yoiai ecia/aeueii e
nicaeaaaeenue e ia yoi auee i?eaioe?iaaiu ?NOAAe, eioi?ua naaiaeiy noaee
iniiaiui n?aaenoaii iino?iaiey eioi?iaoeeiiiuo nenoai naiiai ?acee/iiai
ianooaaa e iacia/aiey. Ii, yaeyynue aunieiyooaeoeaiui n?aaenoaii
?aaeecaoeee nenoai iia?aoeaiie ia?aaioee aeaiiuo, ?NOAAe ieacaeenue
iaiaa yooaeoeaiuie a caaea/ao aiaeeoe/aneie ia?aaioee.
Eiia/ii, n?aaenoaaie o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ?NOAAe e ia iniiaaiee aeaiiuo,
o?aiyueony a ?aeyoeeiiiie AAe, iiaeii iino?ieoue ca?aiaa
?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiue aiaeeoe/aneee io/ao (oaae. 2) e aeaaea I?iaiic ia
iaeeaeaaiii iauaia i?iaeaae aaoiiiaeeae ia neaaeothuee aiae.
Oa?aeoa?enoeea Noaoe/aneee aiaeec Aeeiaie/aneee aiaeec
Oeiu aii?inia Neieueei? Eae? Eiaaea? Ii/aio? *oi aoaeao anee?
A?aiy ioeeeea Ia ?aaeaiaioe?oaony Naeoiaeu
Oeie/iua iia?aoeee ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiue io/ao, aeeaa?aiia
Iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue eioa?aeoeaiuo io/aoia, aeeaa?aii, ye?aiiuo oi?i;
aeeiaie/aneia eciaiaiea o?iaiae aa?aaaoeee e n?acia aeaiiuo
O?iaaiue aiaeeoe/aneeo o?aaiaaiee N?aaeiee Aunieee
Oei ye?aiiuo oi?i A iniiaiii ii?aaeaeaiiue ca?aiaa, ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiue
Ii?aaeaeyaiue iieueciaaoaeai
O?iaaiue aa?aaaoeee aeaiiuo Aeaoaeece?iaaiiua e noiia?iua A iniiaiii
noiia?iua
Aic?ano aeaiiuo Enoi?e/aneea e oaeouea Enoi?e/aneea, oaeouea e
i?iaiice?oaiua
Oeiu cai?inia A iniiaiii i?aaeneacoaiua Iai?aaeneacoaiua, io neo/ath e
neo/ath
Iacia/aiea ?aaioa n enoi?e/aneeie e oaeoueie aeaiiuie,
?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiay aiaeeoe/aneay ia?aaioea e iino?iaiea i?iaiicia ?aaioa
n enoi?e/aneeie, oaeoueie e i?iaiice?oaiuie aeaiiuie. Iiiaii?ioiaeiue
aiaeec, iiaeaee?iaaiea
Oaaeeoea 2. (N?aaiaiea oa?aeoa?enoee noaoe/aneiai (?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiiai)
e aeeiaie/aneiai aiaeeca).
Ii, eae i?aaeei, iinea i?iniio?a oaeiai io/aoa o iieueciaaoaey
(aiaeeoeea) iiyaeony ia aioiaue ioaao, a iiaay na?ey aii?inia. Iaeiaei,
anee au aio caoioaeinue iieo/eoue ioaao ia iiaue aii?in, ii iiaeao
aeaeaoue aai /anu, a eiiaaea e aeie. Iau/ii eaaeaeue iiaue
iai?aaeoniio?aiiue ca?aiaa cai?in aeieaeai auoue nia/aea oi?iaeueii
iienai, ia?aaeai i?ia?aiienoo, cai?ia?aiie?iaai e, iaeiiaoe, auiieiai.
Ii iinea oiai, eae aiaeeoee iieo/eo aeieaiaeaeaiiue ioaao, aeinoaoi/ii
/anoi ieacuaaaony, /oi ?aoaiea ia iiaei aeaeaoue e iii oaea i?eiyoi, eee
/oi neo/aaony aua /aua, i?iecioei acaeiiia iaiiieiaiea e iieo/ai ioaao
ia ia nianai oio aii?in. Ai?i/ai, ia iaiiiai iaiueoaa a?aiy
cao?a/eaaaony e ia iieo/aiea ioaaoa e ia ca?aiaa iienaiiue e
cai?ia?aiie?iaaiiue cai?in.
Aieaa oiai, aeey ?aoaiey aieueoeinoaa aiaeeoe/aneeo caaea/, nei?aa
anaai, iio?aaoaony eniieueciaaiea aiaoieo ii ioiioaieth e ?NOAAe,
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo eino?oiaioaeueiuo n?aaenoa. Auiieiaiea aieueoeinoaa
aiaeeoe/aneeo ooieoeee (iai?eia? iino?iaiea i?iaiica) iaaiciiaeii aac
i?aaeiieiaeaiey ia oii?yaei/aiiinoe aeaiiuo. Ii a ?NOAAe
i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi aeaiiua a AAe ia oii?yaei/aiu (eee, aieaa oi/ii,
oii?yaei/aiu neo/aeiui ia?acii). Anoanoaaiii, caeanue eiaaony
aiciiaeiinoue iinea auai?ee aeaiiuo ec AAe auiieieoue eo ni?oe?iaeo e
caoai aiaeeoe/aneoth ooieoeeth. Ii yoi iio?aaoao aeiiieieoaeueiuo cao?ao
a?aiaie ia ni?oe?iaeo. Ni?oe?iaea aeieaeia aoaeao i?iaiaeeoueny eaaeaeue
?ac i?e ia?auaiee e yoie ooieoeee, e, naiia aeaaiia, oaeay ooieoeey
iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaia e eniieueciaaia oieueei ai aiaoiai ii
ioiioaieth e ?NOAAe iieueciaaoaeueneii i?eeiaeaiee e ia iiaeao auoue
ano?iaiiie ooieoeeae ycuea SQL.
Ia iaiaa aaaeii e oi, /oi iiiaea e?eoe/anee iaiaoiaeeiua aeey
iia?aoeaiuo nenoai ooieoeeiiaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe, ?aaeecoaiua a ?NOAAe,
yaeythony ecauoi/iuie aeey aiaeeoe/aneeo caaea/. Iai?eia?, a
aiaeeoe/aneeo nenoaiao (oaae. 3) aeaiiua iau/ii caa?oaeathony
aeinoaoi/ii aieueoeie ii?oeeyie ec ?acee/iuo aiaoieo enoi/ieeia
(iia?aoeaiuo AAe, ca?aiaa iiaeaioiaeaiiuo ieineeo oaeeia, yeaeo?iiiuo
oaaeeoe). E, eae i?aaeei, a?aiy e iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ?aaio ii
caa?ocea, ?aca?ae?iaaieth e iaiiaeaieth aeaiiuo iiaoo auoue nieaie?iaaiu
ca?aiaa. Iiyoiio a oaeeo nenoaiao iau/ii ia o?aaothony e,
niioaaonoaaiii, ia i?aaeoniao?eaathony, iai?eia?, ?acaeoua n?aaenoaa
iaania/aiey oeaeinoiinoe, ainnoaiiaeaiey e ono?aiaiey acaeiiuo
aeiee?iaie e o.ae. A yoi ia oieueei nouanoaaiii iaeaa/aao e oi?iuaao
naie n?aaenoaa ?aaeecaoeee, ii e cia/eoaeueii nieaeaao aioo?aiiea
iaeeaaeiua ?anoiaeu e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiauoaao i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue
i?e auiieiaiee eo iniiaiie oeaeaaie ooieoeee – iienea e auai?ea aeaiiuo.
Oa?aeoa?enoeea Iia?aoeaiua Aiaeeoe/aneea
*anoioa iaiiaeaiey Aunieay /anoioa, iaeaiueeeie ii?oeeyie Iaeay /anoioa,
aieueoeie ii?oeeyie
Enoi/ieee aeaiiuo A iniiaiii aioo?aiiea A iniiaiii aiaoiea (ii
ioiioaieth e aiaeeoe/aneie nenoaia)
Aic?ano aeaiiuo Oaeouea (ca ia?eiae io ianeieueeeo ianyoeaa aei iaeiiai
aiaea) A iniiaiii enoi?e/aneea (ca ia?eiae a ianeieueei eao, aeanyoee
eao) e i?iaiice?oaiua
O?iaaiue aa?aaaoeee aeaiiuo Aeaoaeece?iaaiiua aeaiiua A iniiaiii
aa?aae?iaaiiua aeaiiua
Iacia/aiea Oeenaoeey, iia?aoeaiue iiene e ia?aaioea aeaiiuo ?aaioa n
enoi?e/aneeie aeaiiuie, aiaeeoe/aneay ia?aaioea, i?iaiice?iaaiea e
iiaeaee?iaaiea
Oaaeeoea 3. (Oa?aeoa?enoeee aeaiiuo a nenoaiao, i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia
iia?aoeaioth e aiaeeoe/aneoth ia?aaioeo aeaiiuo).
Iiiaiia?iay iiaeaeue aeaiiuo
“Iiiaiia?iue acaeyae ia aeaiiua iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?ai aeey iieueciaaoaey,
caieiathuaainy aiaeecii aeaiiuo” – yoi ooaa?aeaeaiea naaiaeiy noaei oaea
ii/oe aeneiiie. Iaeiaei, /oi oaeia iiiaiia?iia i?aaenoaaeaiea, ioeoaea
iiyaeyaony iiiaiia?iinoue a o?aoia?iii ie?a, /ai iii ioee/aaony e /ai
iii eo/oa noaaoaai oaea i?eau/iui ?aeyoeeiiiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey? E
iaeiiaoe, ioeoaea n?aaee ian iiyaeeenue ethaee, iuneyuea a /aou?ao e
aieaa ecia?aieyo, e eae yoi ei oaeaaony – eiaiii yoe aii?inu aicieeatho
i?aeoe/anee o ethaiai, aia?aua i?i/eoaaoaai yoi ooaa?aeaeaiea.
Ia naiii aeaea ana neacaiiia a yoii ooaa?aeaeaiee – /enoay i?aaaea, e
iieueciaaoaeth, caieiathuaiony aiaeecii, aeaenoaeoaeueii i?enoua
iiiaiia?iinoue iuoeaiey. Aanue aii?in a oii, /oi iiieiaoue iiae
Ecia?aieai.
Aeaooia?iia i?aaenoaaeaiea aeaiiuo eiia/iiio iieueciaaoaeth
Aeinoaoi/ii i/aaeaeii, /oi aeaaea i?e iaaieueoeo iauaiao aeaiiuo io/ao,
i?aaenoaaeaiiue a aeaea aeaooia?iie oaaeeoeu (Iiaeaee aaoiiiaeey ii ine
Y e A?aiy ii ine X), iaaeyaeiaa e eioi?iaoeaiaa io/aoa n ?aeyoeeiiiie
iino?i/iie oi?iie i?aaiecaoeee (?en. 1).
?aeyoeeiiiay iiaeaeue
Iiaeaeue Ianyoe Iauai
“AEeaoee” Ethiue 12
“AEeaoee” Etheue 24
“AEeaoee” Aaaono 5
“Iineae/” Ethiue 2
“Iineae/” Etheue 18
“Aieaa” Etheue 19
Iiiaiia?iay iiaeaeue
Ethiue Etheue Aaaono
“AEeaoee” 12 24 5
“Iineae/” 2 18 No
“Aieaa” No 19 No
?enoiie 1. (?aeyoeeiiiay e iiiaiia?iay iiaeaee i?aaenoaaeaiey aeaiiuo).
A oaia?ue i?aaenoaaei, /oi o ian ia o?e iiaeaee, a 30 e ia o?e, a 12
?acee/iuo ianyoeaa. A neo/aa iino?i/iiai (?aeyoeeiiiiai) i?aaenoaaeaiey
iu iieo/ei io/ao a 360 no?ie (30o12), eioi?ue caeiao ia iaiaa 5-6
no?aieoe. A neo/aa aea iiiaiia?iiai (a iaoai neo/aa aeaooia?iiai)
i?aaenoaaeaiey iu iieo/ei aeinoaoi/ii eiiiaeoioth oaaeeoeo 12 ia 30,
eioi?ay aiieia oianoeony ia iaeiie no?aieoea e eioi?oth, aeaaea i?e
oaeii iauaia aeaiiuo, iiaeii ?aaeueii ioeaieaaoue e aiaeece?iaaoue.
E eiaaea aiai?eony i iiiaiia?iie i?aaiecaoeee aeaiiuo, aiana ia
iiae?acoiaaaaony oi, /oi aeaiiua i?aaenoaaeythony eiia/iiio
iieueciaaoaeth (aecoaeece?othony) a aeaea /aou?ao eee iyoeia?iuo
aeia?eoaia. Yoi iaaiciiaeii, aea e iieueciaaoaeth aieaa i?eau/ii e
eiioi?oii eiaoue aeaei n aeaooia?iui oaaee/iui i?aaenoaaeaieai e
aeaooia?iie aecian-a?aoeeie.
Caeiiiia?ai aii?in: “Aaea aea caeanue iiiaiia?iinoue, ioeoaea iia
aa?aony e eoaea en/acaao?” Ioaao i?ino. Eiaaea aiai?eony i
iiiaiia?iinoe, eiaaony a aeaeo ia iiiaiia?iinoue aecoaeecaoeee, a
iiiaiia?iia i?aaenoaaeaiea i?e iienaiee no?oeoo? aeaiiuo e iiaeaea?aeea
iiiaiia?iinoe a ycueao iaieioee?iaaiey aeaiiuie.
Iiiaiia?iia i?aaenoaaeaiea i?e iienaiee no?oeoo? aeaiiuo
Iniiaiuie iiiyoeyie, n eioi?uie iia?e?oao iieueciaaoaeue e i?iaeoe?iauee
a iiiaiia?iie iiaeaee aeaiiuo, yaeythony:
ecia?aiea (Dimension);
y/aeea (Cell).
Eiiaaea aianoi oa?ieia “ss/aeea” eniieuecoaony oa?iei “Iieacaoaeue”
(Measure).
Ecia?aiea – yoi iiiaeanoai iaeiioeiiuo aeaiiuo, ia?acothueo iaeio ec
a?aiae aeia?eoaa. Iai?eia? – Aeie, Ianyoeu, Eaa?oaeu, Aiaeu – yoi
iaeaieaa /anoi eniieuecoaiua a aiaeeca a?aiaiiua Ecia?aiey. I?eia?aie
aaia?aoe/aneeo ecia?aiee yaeythony: Ai?iaea, ?aeiiu, ?aaeiiu, No?aiu e
o.ae.
A iiiaiia?iie iiaeaee aeaiiuo Ecia?aiey ea?atho ?ieue eiaeaenia,
eniieuecoaiuo aeey eaeaioeoeeaoeee eiie?aoiuo cia/aiee (Iieacaoaeae),
iaoiaeyueony a ss/aeeao aeia?eoaa.
A naith i/a?aaeue, Iieacaoaeue – yoi iiea (iau/ii oeeo?iaia), cia/aiey
eioi?iai iaeiicia/ii ii?aaeaeythony oeene?iaaiiui iaai?ii Ecia?aiee. A
caaeneiinoe io oiai, eae oi?ie?othony aai cia/aiey, Iieacaoaeue iiaeao
auoue ii?aaeaeai, eae:
Ia?aiaiiay (Variable) – cia/aiey oaeeo Iieacaoaeae iaeei ?ac aaiaeyony
ec eaeiai-eeai aiaoiaai enoi/ieea eee oi?ie?othony i?ia?aiiii e caoai a
yaiii aeaea o?aiyony a iiiaiia?iie aaca aeaiiuo (IAAe);
Oi?ioea (Formula) – cia/aiey oaeeo Iieacaoaeae au/eneythony ii iaeioi?ie
ca?aiaa niaoeeoeoee?iaaiiie oi?ioea. Oi anoue aeey Iieacaoaey, eiathuaai
oei Oi?ioea, a AAe o?aieony ia aai cia/aiey, a oi?ioea, ii eioi?ie yoe
cia/aiey iiaoo auoue au/eneaiu.
Caiaoei, /oi yoi ?acee/ea nouanoaoao oieueei ia yoaia i?iaeoe?iaaiey e
iieiinoueth ne?uoi io eiia/iuo iieueciaaoaeae.
A i?eia?a ia ?en. 1 eaaeaeia cia/aiea iiey Iauai i?iaeaae iaeiicia/ii
ii?aaeaeyaony eiiaeiaoeeae iieae:
Iiaeaeue aaoiiiaeey;
Ianyoe i?iaeaae.
Ii a ?aaeueiie neooaoeee aeey iaeiicia/iie eaeaioeoeeaoeee cia/aiey
Iieacaoaey, nei?aa anaai, iio?aaoaony aieueoaa /enei ecia?aiee,
iai?eia?:
Iiaeaeue aaoiiiaeey;
Iaiaaeaea?;
A?aiy (iai?eia? Aiae).
Ecia?aiey:
A?aiy (Aiae) – 1994, 1995, 1995
Iaiaaeaea? – Iao?ia, Nie?iia, sseiaeaa
Iieacaoaeue:
Iauai I?iaeaae
E a oa?ieiao iiiaiia?iie iiaeaee ?a/ue aoaeao eaeoe oaea ia i
aeaooia?iie oaaeeoea, a i o?aoia?iii aeia?eoaa:
ia?aia Ecia?aiea – Iiaeaeue aaoiiiaeey;
aoi?ia Ecia?aiea – Iaiaaeaea?, i?iaeaaoee aaoiiiaeeue;
o?aouea Ecia?aiea – A?aiy (Aiae);
ia ia?ana/aiee a?aiae eioi?iai iaoiaeyony cia/aiey Iieacaoaey Iauai
i?iaeaae.
Caiaoei, /oi, a ioee/ea io Ecia?aiee, ia ana cia/aiey Iieacaoaeae
aeieaeiu eiaoue e eiatho ?aaeueiua cia/aiey. Iai?eia?, Iaiaaeaea? Iao?ia
a 1994 a. iia aua ia ?aaioaoue a oe?ia, e a yoii neo/aa ana cia/aiey
Iieacaoaey Iauai i?iaeaae ca yoio aiae aoaeoo eiaoue iaii?aaeaeaiiua
cia/aiey.
Aeia?eoae/aneea e iieeeoae/aneea iiaeaee aeaiiuo
A ?acee/iuo INOAAe eniieuecothony aeaa iniiaiuo aa?eaioa i?aaiecaoeee
aeaiiuo:
Aeia?eoae/aneay iiaeaeue;
Iieeeoae/aneay iiaeaeue.
A /ai ninoieo ?acieoea? Nenoaiu, iiaeaea?aeeaathuea Iieeeoae/aneoth
iiaeaeue (i?eia?ii yaeyaony Oracle Express Server), i?aaeiieaaatho, /oi
a IAAe iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaii ianeieueei aeia?eoaia n ?acee/iie
?acia?iinoueth e n ?acee/iuie Ecia?aieyie a ea/anoaa eo a?aiae.
Iai?eia?, cia/aiea Iieacaoaey ?aai/aa A?aiy Iaiaaeaea?a, nei?aa anaai,
ia caaeneo io Ecia?aiey Iiaeaeue Aaoiiiaeey e iaeiicia/ii ii?aaeaeyaony
aeaoiy Ecia?aieyie: Aeaiue e Iaiaaeaea?. A Iieeeoae/aneie iiaeaee a yoii
neo/aa iiaeao auoue iauyaeaii aeaa ?acee/iuo aeia?eoaa:
Aeaooia?iue – aeey Iieacaoaey ?aai/aa A?aiy Iaiaaeaea?a;
O?aoia?iue – aeey Iieacaoaey Iauai I?iaeaae.
A neo/aa aea Aeia?eoae/aneie iiaeaee i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi ana Iieacaoaee
aeieaeiu ii?aaeaeyoueny iaeiei e oai aea iaai?ii Ecia?aiee. Oi anoue
oieueei ec-ca oiai, /oi Iauai I?iaeaae ii?aaeaeyaony o?aiy Ecia?aieyie,
i?e iienaiee Iieacaoaey ?aai/aa A?aiy Iaiaaeaea?a i?eaeaony oaeaea
eniieueciaaoue o?e Ecia?aiey e aaiaeeoue ecauoi/iia aeey yoiai
Iieacaoaey Ecia?aiea Iiaeaeue Aaoiiiaeey.
Iia?aoeee iaieioee?iaaiey Ecia?aieyie
Oi?ie?iaaiea “N?aca”. Iieueciaaoaey ?aaeei eioa?anotho ana
iioaioeeaeueii aiciiaeiua eiiaeiaoeee cia/aiee Ecia?aiee. Aieaa oiai, ii
i?aeoe/anee ieeiaaea ia ?aaioaao iaeiia?aiaiii n?aco ni anai aeia?eoaii
aeaiiuo. Iiaeiiiaeanoai aeia?eoaa, iieo/eaoaany a ?acoeueoaoa oeenaoeee
cia/aiey iaeiiai eee aieaa Ecia?aiee, iacuaaaony N?acii (Slice).
Iai?eia?, anee iu ia?aie/ei cia/aiea Ecia?aiey Iiaeaeue Aaoiiiaeey =
“AAC2108”, oi iieo/ei iiaeiiiaeanoai aeia?eoaa (a iaoai neo/aa –
aeaooia?ioth oaaeeoeo), niaea?aeauaa eioi?iaoeeth ia enoi?ee i?iaeaae
yoie iiaeaee ?acee/iuie iaiaaeaea?aie a ?acee/iua aiaeu.
Iia?aoeey “A?auaiea”. Eciaiaiea ii?yaeea i?aaenoaaeaiey (aecoaeecaoeee)
Ecia?aiee (iau/ii i?eiaiyaony i?e aeaooia?iii i?aaenoaaeaiee aeaiiuo)
iacuaaaony A?auaieai (Rotate). Yoa iia?aoeey iaania/eaaao aiciiaeiinoue
aecoaeecaoeee aeaiiuo a oi?ia, iaeaieaa eiioi?oiie aeey eo aini?eyoey.
Iai?eia?, anee iaiaaeaea? ia?aiia/aeueii auaae io/ao, a eioi?ii Iiaeaee
aaoiiiaeeae auee ia?a/eneaiu ii ine X, a Iaiaaeaea?u ii ine Y, ii iiaeao
?aoeoue, /oi oaeia i?aaenoaaeaiea iaei iaaeyaeii, e iiiaiyoue ianoaie
eii?aeeiaou (auiieieoue A?auaiea ia 90 a?aaeonia).
Ioiioaiey e Ea?a?oe/aneea Ioiioaiey. A iaoai i?eia?a cia/aiey
Iieacaoaeae ii?aaeaeythony oieueei o?aiy ecia?aieyie. Ia naiii aeaea eo
iiaeao auoue ai?acaei aieueoa e iaaeaeo eo cia/aieyie iau/ii nouanoaotho
iiiaeanoai ?acee/iuo Ioiioaiee (Relation) oeia “iaeei ei iiiaei”.
Iai?eia?, eaaeaeue Iaiaaeaea? iiaeao ?aaioaoue oieueei a iaeiii
iiae?acaeaeaiee, a eaaeaeie iiaeaee aaoiiiaeey iaeiicia/ii niioaaonoaoao
oe?ia, eioi?ay aa auioneaao:
Iaiaaeaea? ->Iiae?acaeaeaiea;
Iiaeaeue Aaoiiiaeey ->Oe?ia-I?iecaiaeeoaeue.
Caiaoei, /oi aeey Ecia?aiee, eiathueo oei A?aiy (oaeeo eae Aeaiue,
Ianyoe, Eaa?oae, Aiae), ana Ioiioaiey onoaiaaeeaathony aaoiiaoe/anee, e
eo ia o?aaoaony iienuaaoue.
A naith i/a?aaeue, iiiaeanoai Ioiioaiee iiaeao eiaoue ea?a?oe/aneoth
no?oeoo?o – Ea?a?oe/aneea Ioiioaiey (Hierarchical Relationships). Aio
oieueei ianeieueei i?eia?ia oaeeo Ea?a?oe/aneeo Ioiioaiee:
Aeaiue -> Ianyoe -> Eaa?oae -> Aiae;
Iaiaaeaea? -> Iiae?acaeaeaiea -> ?aaeii -> Oe?ia -> No?aia;
Iiaeaeue Aaoiiiaeey -> Caaiae-I?iecaiaeeoaeue -> No?aia.
E /anoi aieaa oaeiaii ia iauyaeyoue iiaua Ecia?aiey e caoai
onoaiaaeeaaoue iaaeaeo ieie iiiaeanoai Ioiioaiee, a eniieueciaaoue
iaoaieci Ea?a?oe/aneeo Ioiioaiee. A yoii neo/aa ana iioaioeeaeueii
aiciiaeiua cia/aiey ec ?acee/iuo Ecia?aiee iauaaeeiythony a iaeii
iiiaeanoai. Iai?eia?, iu iiaeai aeiaaaeoue e iiiaeanoao cia/aiee
Ecia?aiey Iaiaaeaea? (“Iao?ia”, “Neaei?ia”, “Eaaiia”, “Nie?iia”),
cia/aiey Ecia?aiey Iiae?acaeaeaiea (“Oeeeae 1”, “Oeeeae 2”, “Oeeeae 3”)
e Ecia?aiey ?aaeii (“Ainoie”, “Caiaae”) e caoai ii?aaeaeeoue iaaeaeo
yoeie cia/aieyie Ioiioaiea Ea?a?oee.
Iia?aoeey Aa?aaaoeee. N oi/ee c?aiey iieueciaaoaey, Iiae?acaeaeaiea,
?aaeii, Oe?ia, No?aia yaeythony oi/ii oaeeie aea Ecia?aieyie, eae e
Iaiaaeaea?. Ii eaaeaeia ec ieo niioaaonoaoao iiaiio, aieaa aunieiio
o?iaith aa?aaaoeee cia/aiee Iieacaoaey Iauai i?iaeaae. A i?ioeanna
aiaeeca iieueciaaoaeue ia oieueei ?aaioaao n ?acee/iuie N?acaie aeaiiuo
e auiieiyao eo A?auaiea, ii e ia?aoiaeeo io aeaoaeece?iaaiiuo aeaiiuo e
aa?aae?iaaiiui, o.a. i?iecaiaeeo iia?aoeeth Aa?aaaoeee (Drill Up).
Iai?eia?, iiniio?aa, ianeieueei oniaoii a 1995 a. Iao?ia i?iaeaaae
iiaeaee “AEeaoee” e “Aieaa”, oi?aaeythuee iiaeao caoioaoue ociaoue, eae
auaeyaeeo niioiioaiea i?iaeaae yoeo iiaeaeae ia o?iaia Iiae?acaeaeaiey,
aaea Iao?ia ?aaioaao. A caoai iieo/eoue aiaeiae/ioth ni?aaeo ii ?aaeiio
eee Oe?ia.
Iia?aoeey Aeaoaeecaoeee. Ia?aoiae io aieaa aa?aae?iaaiiuo e aieaa
aeaoaeece?iaaiiui aeaiiui iacuaaaony iia?aoeeae Aeaoaeecaoeee (Drill
Down). Iai?eia?, ia/aa aiaeec ia o?iaia ?aaeiia, iieueciaaoaeue iiaeao
caoioaoue iieo/eoue aieaa oi/ioth eioi?iaoeeth i ?aaioa eiie?aoiiai
Iiae?acaeaeaiey eee Iaiaaeaea?a.
I?iaeoe?iaaiea iiiaiia?iie AAe
Aeaiiay ?aaioa ie a eiai neo/aa ia iinayuaia ?anniio?aieth iaoiaeieiaee
i?iaeoe?iaaiey IAAe, e caeanue eceaaathony oieueei naiua iauea yeaiaiou
iiaeoiaea e i?ioeanno e niiniaai i?iaeoe?iaaiey. Oai ia iaiaa eceaaaaiue
iiaeoiae ia oieueei iicaieeo iaeaieaa iieii iiiyoue eae aeinoieinoaa,
oae e ia?aie/aiey iiiaiia?iiai iiaeoiaea, ii e iineoaeeo oi?ioae iniiaie
aeey auno?iai iino?iaiey nenoai.
Ii?aaeaeaiea aii?inia
Iniiaiia iacia/aiea INOAAe – ?aaeecaoeey nenoai, i?eaioe?iaaiiuo ia
aeeiaie/aneee, iiiaiia?iue aiaeec enoi?e/aneeo e oaeoueo aeaiiuo, aiaeec
oaiaeaioeee, iiaeaee?iaaiea e i?iaiice?iaaiea aoaeouaai. I?e/ai oaeea
nenoaiu a aieueoie noaiaie i?eaioe?iaaiu ia ia?aaioeo i?iecaieueiuo,
ca?aiaa ia ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiuo cai?inia, e i?e eo ?ac?aaioea oaeoe/anee
ionoonoaoao yoai i?iaeoe?iaaiey ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiuo iieueciaaoaeueneeo
i?eeiaeaiee (iaeaieaa ioaaonoaaiiue e o?oaeiaieee a o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
iia?aoeaiuo nenoaiao).
I?iaeoe?iaaiea IAAe iau/ii ia/eiaaony n ii?aaeaeaiey aii?inia (oaae. 4),
n eioi?uie eiia/iua iieueciaaoaee oioaee au ia?aoeoueny e nenoaia.
I?e/ai ia yoii yoaia eioa?an i?aaenoaaeytho aeaaea ia naie oaenou
aii?inia, a iiieiaiea oiai, i eaeeo ee/iinoyo, ianoao, niauoeyo e
iauaeoao a ieo ni?aoeaaaony.
Iiae?acaeaeaiea Iaiaaeaea? A?aiaiiie eioa?aae Aii?in
Ioaeae Iao?ia 3 aiaea Ia neieueei i?ioeaioia oaaee/eeenue i?iaeaaee
“AEeaoeae” a Caiaaeiii ?aaeiia iinea yiaa?neie ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee a
aaeaiaaeaeueieea “Caiaaeiue Aanoiee”?
Oeiainiaue ioaeae Nie?iia 5 eao Eaeea ?aaeiiaeueiua iiae?acaeaeaiey
i?aauneee a o?aoueai eaa?oaea caieaie?iaaiiua ?anoiaeu ia eiiaiaee?iaee
e eae yoi niioiineony n ?inoii eo i?eauee (a aaniethoiuo e
ioiineoaeueiuo aaee/eiao)?
Eiiia?/aneee ioaeae Eaaoei 10 eao Eaeea aeaa aa?eaioa neeaeie iaeaieaa
yooaeoeaiu a Caiaaeiii ?aaeiia a eaoiee ia?eiae i?e i?iaeaaea
aaoiiiaeeae “AEeaoee”, ia iniiaa aeaiiuo ca iineaaeiea 10 eao?
Ioaeae ?acaeoey aeciana Aaneeueaaa 5 eao Eae iiaeeyei ia iauaiu i?iaeaae
ioe?uoea aeaoo iiauo ioaeaeaiee a THaeiii ?aaeiia e ia eaeie i?ioeaio
iiaoo oaaee/eoueny i?iaeaaee a Naaa?iii ?aaeiia, anee a yoii aiaeo oai
aoaeao ioe?uoi 3 iiauo ioena?
Oaaeeoea 4. (Nienie iioaioeeaeueiuo aii?inia iaiaaeaea?ia oe?iu).
?anniio?ei a ea/anoaa i?eia?a aii?in nio?oaeieea eiiia?/aneiai ioaeaea
(“Eaeea aeaa aa?eaioa neeaeie iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiu a Caiaaeiii ?aaeiia a
eaoiee ia?eiae i?e i?iaeaaea aaoiiiaeeae “AEeaoee”, ia iniiaa aeaiiuo ca
iineaaeiea 10 eao?”). Eae auei neacaii auoa, ia yoii yoaia iu ia
niae?aainy i?ia?aiie?iaaoue yoio aii?in, oai aieaa, /oi
eino?oiaioaeueiua n?aaenoaa eiia/iiai iieueciaaoaey iicaieyo eaaei
noi?ioee?iaaoue aai a eioa?aeoeaiii ?aaeeia, aac iaienaiey no?ie eiaea.
Nae/an iai aaaeiaa iiiyoue, eaeea aeaiiua aeieaeiu auoue a IAAe,
ioeaieoue a?aiaiiua eioa?aaeu, eioi?ua aeieaeiu io?aaeaoueny, iiiyoue
o?oaeiaieinoue e ?aaeueiinoue iiaeaioiaee e caa?ocee yoeo aeaiiuo.
Iinea oiai eae ia?ae/iue aiaeec aii?inia auiieiai, e iieo/aii
i?aaenoaaeaiea i oii, eaeea aeaiiua iioaioeeaeueii iiaoo aunooiaoue a
ea/anoaa Iieacaoaeae e Ecia?aiee (oaae. 5), iiaeii ia?aoiaeeoue e
i?iaeoe?iaaieth aa no?oeoo?u – ii?aaeaeaieth eiie?aoiuo Ecia?aiee, eo
acaeiinaycae e o?iaiae aa?aaaoeee o?aieiuo aeaiiuo.
Iaeiaiiaaiea eioi?iaoeee A?aiaiiie eioa?aae Eiee/anoai no?ie Oei
Enoi/iee
Ianyoe 10 eao 12 * 10 Ecia?aiea Iia?aoeaiay nenoaia “I?iaeaaee”, a?oea
?aaeii 10 eao 5 Ecia?aiea – “” –
Iiaeaeue aaoiiiaeey 10 eao 200 Ecia?aiea – “” –
Oeiu neeaeie 10 eao 4 Ecia?aiea – “” –
Iauai i?iaeaae a USD 10 eao 200 * 12 * 10 * 5 * 4 Iieacaoaeue – “” –
Oaaeeoea 5. (Aeaiiua, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ioaaoa ia aii?in aiaeeoeea
eiiia?/aneiai ioaeaea).
E?eoa?ee auai?a o?iaiy aa?aaaoeee
Anee ni?ineoue iieueciaaoaey, eaeie o?iaaiue aeaoaeecaoeee aio
aeaeaoaeai, ii ia caaeoiuaaynue ioaaoeo – iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeiue.
Iaeiaei noieo ioeaieoue, neieueei oaeia ?aoaiea iiaeao noieoue, e
iiiuoaoueny ii?aaeaeeoue aiciiaeiue yeiiiie/aneee yooaeo io iaee/ey
aeaiiuo ia eaaeaeii iiaii o?iaia aeaoaeecaoeee.
Iai?eia?, aua?aa a ea/anoaa o?iaiy aa?aaaoeee Aiae, au iieo/eoa
aiciiaeiinoue i?iaiaeece?iaaoue iauea oaiaeaioeee aaoiiiaeeueiiai ?uiea
e ni?iaiice?iaaoue aeeiaieeo aai ?acaeoey. Aua?aa aea a ea/anoaa o?iaiy
aa?aaaoeee Ianyoe eee Iaaeaeth, au, e?iia oiai, niiaeaoa
ni?iaiice?iaaoue ni?in ia eiie?aoiua iiaeaee a eiie?aoiua iiiaiou
a?aiaie. E oioy aaoiiiaeee – oiaa? ia naciiiue, nei?aa anaai, aaniie e
eaoii eo iieoiatho aieueoa, /ai inaiueth e ceiie. Yoi iicaieeo
ioneaaeeoue aiciiaeiua naciiiua eieaaaiey, ?aoeeiiaeueiaa oi?ie?iaaoue
naie neeaae e aieaa yooaeoeaii i?iaiaeeoue iieeoeeo oi?ie?iaaiey
naciiiuo neeaeie e ?ani?iaeaae. A anee a nenoaio aaaaeaia eioi?iaoeey i
cao?aoao ia ia?eaoeia, iiyaeony aiciiaeiinoue i?ineaaeeoue yooaeo io
eaaeaeiai eiie?aoiiai ia?eaoeiaiaiai ia?ii?eyoey.
Auai? a ea/anoaa o?iaiy aa?aaaoeee Iiia? Eiio?aeoa/N/aoa iicaieeo
ia?aeoe ia ea/anoaaiii iiaue o?iaaiue aiaeeca. Ia yoii o?iaia iiaeii
aoaeao o/eouaaoue acaeiinayce iaaeaeo eiie?aoiui Aaoiiiaeeai,
Iaiaaeaea?ii e Iieoiaoaeai. A iineieueeo i?e iieoiea aaoiiiaeey
caiieiyaony iiiaeanoai aeieoiaioia, oi aeinooiia aeinoaoi/ii aeaoaeueiay
eioi?iaoeey i eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii Iieoiaoaea (Aic?ano, Iie, Ianoi
aeeoaeuenoaa, Aeae iieaou e o.ae.). Oaia?ue au niiaeaoa
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue ia oieueei ?uiie, ii e caaeyiooue aioo?ue naiae oe?iu
e ananoi?iiia i?iaiaeece?iaaoue yooaeoeaiinoue ?aaiou eaaeaeiai
Iaiaaeaea?a e Iiae?acaeaeaiey. Ii iaeaieaa oeaiiia, /oi au iieo/aaoa, –
yoi eioi?iaoeey i ?aaeiiao e Iieoiaoaeyo. Iai?eia?, au ia oieueei
niiaeaoa ioeaieoue, eaeea Iiaeaee aaoiiiaeeae iieuecothony iaeaieueoei
ni?inii a eiie?aoiii ?aaeiia naaiaeiy, ii ia iniiaa aiaeeca enoi?ee e
no?oeoo?u aaoiiiaeeueiiai ?uiea a aieaa ?acaeouo, n oi/ee c?aiey
aaoiiiaeeecaoeee, ?aaeiiao iiiuoaoueny ioeaieoue aeeiaieeo ni?ina e
ia?niaeoeau ?acee/iuo Iiaeaeae a inoaeueiuo ?aaeiiao.
Iaeiaei ia?aoiae ia eaaeaeue neaaeothuee o?iaaiue aeaoaeecaoeee e
aeiaaaeaiea iiauo enoi/ieeia aeaiiuo iiaoo i?eaanoe e oaaee/aieth,
eiiaaea aieaa /ai ia ii?yaeie, ?acia?a oeaeaaie IAAe e niioaaonoaothuaio
oaei?iaeaieth e oneiaeiaieth aiia?aoiiai ?aoaiey.
?anniio?ei a ea/anoaa i?eia?a Iieacaoaeue Iauai i?iaeaae. Aiaeec
i?aaeiaoiie iaeanoe iieacuaaao, /oi ii iaeiicia/ii ii?aaeaeyaony
eiiaeiaoeeae /aou?ao Ecia?aiee:
1. {Aiae | Iieoaiaeea | Eaa?oae | Ianyoe | Iaaeaey | Aeaiue | N/ao}
2. {No?aia | ?aaeii | Oeeeae | Iaiaaeaea?}
3. {Oe?ia-I?iecaiaeeoaeue | Caaiae-I?iecaiaeeoaeue | Iiaeaeue
Aaoiiiaeey}
4. {Oei neeaeee}
Aua?aa o?iaaiue aeaoaeecaoeee:
1. Aeaiue (365 * 10 = 3650 ?acee/iuo cia/aiee),
2. Iaiaaeaea? (300 ?acee/iuo cia/aiee),
3. Iiaeaeue Aaoiiiaeey (100 ?acee/iuo cia/aiee),
4. Oei Neeaeee (4 ?acee/iuo cia/aiey),
iieo/ei eoa, ninoiyuee ec 438000000 y/aae. Ii a iniiaa eniieuecoaiiai a
INOAAe niiniaa o?aiaiey aeaiiuo eaaeeo i?aaeiieiaeaiea i oii, /oi
aioo?e, a aeaiiii neo/aa /aou?aoia?iiai aeia?eoaa, iao ionoio. Aeaiiua a
INOAAe i?aaenoaaeaiu a aeaea ?ac?aaeaiiuo iao?eoe n ca?aiaa
oeene?iaaiiie ?acia?iinoueth. I?e yoii cia/aiey Iieacaoaeae o?aiyony a
aeaea iiiaeanoaa eiae/anee oii?yaei/aiiuo aeieia (ianneaia), eiathueo
oeene?iaaiioth aeeeio, i?e/ai eiaiii aeie yaeyaony ieieiaeueiie
eiaeaene?oaiie aaeeieoeae.
Oaeei ia?acii, a iaoae AAe aoaeao n?aco aea ca?aca?ae?iaaii ianoi aeey
anao 438 iei. cia/aiee Iieacaoaey Iauai I?iaeaae. I?e/ai oeeo?u “300
iaiaaeaea?ia” e “100 iiaeaeae aaoiiiaeeae” aiana ia icia/atho oiai, /oi
naaiaeiyoiyy iiiaieeaoo?a oe?iu – 100 ?acee/iuo iiaeaeae, eioi?ua
i?iaeatho 300 /aeiaae. Oeeo?a 300 aiai?eo i oii, /oi a oe?ia ca 10 eao
aa nouanoaiaaiey ?aaioaei 300 ?acee/iuo iaiaaeaea?ia. Naaiaeiy aea eo
iiaeao auoue, iai?eia?, anaai 30.
Iii?iaoai ioeaieoue, eaeie i?ioeaio y/aae a iaoai neo/aa aoaeao
niaea?aeaoue ?aaeueiua cia/aiey. I?aaeiieiaeei, /oi a n?aaeiai a oe?ia
iinoiyiii ?aaioaao ieiei 30 iaiaaeaea?ia, iaiaaeaea? i?iaeaao a aeaiue
10 ?acee/iuo iiaeaeae e i?e i?iaeaaea eaaeaeiai aaoiiiaeey iiaeao auoue
eniieueciaai oieueei iaeei aa?eaio neeaeee. Oiaaea 3650 * 30 * 10 * 1 =
1095000. Oi anoue oieueei 0,25% y/aae eoaa aoaeao niaea?aeaoue ?aaeueiua
cia/aiey aeaiiuo. E oioy a INOAAe iau/ii i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi aeiee,
iieiinoueth caiieiaiiua iaii?aaeaeaiiuie cia/aieyie, ia o?aiyony, eae
i?aaeei, yoi ia iaania/eaaao iieiiai ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu.
Caa?ocea aeaiiuo
Eae oaea auei neacaii auoa, iniiaiia iacia/aiea INOAAe – ?aaioa n
aeinoaoi/ii noaaeeueiuie ai a?aiaie aeaiiuie, e aeaiiua a oaeeo nenoaiao
aeinoaoi/ii ?aaeei aaiaeyony a eioa?aeoeaiii ?aaeeia. Iau/ii caa?ocea
auiieiyaony ec aiaoieo enoi/ieeia: iia?aoeaiuo AAe, yeaeo?iiiuo oaaeeoe
eee ec ca?aiaa iiaeaioiaeaiiuo ieineeo oaeeia.
A OLAP nenoaiao caa?ocea aeaiiuo iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny i?aeoe/anee ec
?acee/iuo aiaoieo enoi/ieeia aeaiiuo, aeeth/ay:
?acee/iua ?NOAAe;
ieineea oaeeu n oeene?iaaiiie no?oeoo?ie caienae;
yeaeo?iiiuo oaaeeoe (Lotus 1-2-3, Ecxell e o.ae.);
a eioa?aeoeaiii ?aaeeia /a?ac niaoeeaeueii iaienaiiua iieueciaaoaeueneea
i?eeiaeaiey.
Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi a aeaiiua iiaoo o?aieoueny eae ia iinoiyiiie
iniiaa, oae e caa?oaeaoueny aeeiaie/anee, a oio iiiaio, eiaaea e iei
ia?aoeony iieueciaaoaey. Oaeei ia?acii, eiaaony aiciiaeiinoue iinoiyiii
o?aieoue a IAAe oieueei oo eioi?iaoeeth, eioi?ay iaeaieaa /anoi
cai?aoeaaaony iieueciaaoaeyie. Aeey anao inoaeueiuo aeaiiuo o?aiyony
oieueei iienaiey eo no?oeoo?u e i?ia?aiiu eo aua?ocee ec oeaio?aeueiie
(iau/ii ?aeyoeeiiiie) AAe. E oioy i?e ia?ae/iii ia?auaiee e oaeei
ae?ooaeueiui aeaiiui, a?aiy ioeeeea iiaeao ieacaoueny aeinoaoi/ii
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiui, oaeia ?aoaiea iaania/eaaao aunieoth aeaeinoue e
o?aaoao aieaa aeaoaauo aiia?aoiuo n?aaenoa. A anee aiineaaenoaee
ieacuaaaony, /oi eioaineaiinoue ia?auaiey e aeaiiui, eiathuei noaoon
a?aiaiiuo, auniea, eo noaoon iiaeao auoue eaaei eciaiai.
Caeeth/aiea
A caeeth/aiea iaiaoiaeeii neacaoue, /oi auei au ia nianai i?aaeeueii
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoue eee aiai?eoue i eaeie-eeai na?ueaciie acaeiiie
eiieo?aioeee ?aeyoeeiiiiai e iiiaiia?iiai iiaeoiaeia. I?aaeeueiaa
neacaoue, /oi yoe aeaa iiaeoiaea acaeiii aeiiieiytho ae?oa ae?oaa. Eae
ioiaoee Y. Eiaeae [1], ?aeyoeeiiiue iiaeoiae ieeiaaea ia i?aaeiacia/aeny
aeey ?aoaiey ia aai iniiaa caaea/, o?aaothueo neioaca, aiaeeca e
eiinieeaeaoeee aeaiiuo. E ecia/aeueii i?aaeiieaaaeinue, /oi oaeiai ?iaea
ooieoeee aeieaeiu ?aaeeciauaaoueny n iiiiuueth aiaoieo ii ioiioaieth e
?NOAAe, eino?oiaioaeueiuo n?aaenoa.
Ii eiaiii ia ?aoaiea oaeeo caaea/ e i?eaioe?iaaiu INOAAe. Iaeanoue, aaea
iie iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiu, yoi o?aiaiea e ia?aaioea auniei aa?aae?iaaiiuo
e noaaeeueiuo ai a?aiaie aeaiiuo. E eo i?eiaiaiea ii?aaaeaii oieueei i?e
auiieiaiee aeaoo o?aaiaaiee.
O?iaaiue aa?aaaoeee aeaiiuo a AAe aeinoaoi/ii aunie, e, niioaaonoaaiii,
iauai AAe ia i/aiue aaeee (ia aieaa ianeieueeeo aeaaaaeo).
A ea/anoaa a?aiae aeia?eoaa aua?aiu aeinoaoi/ii noaaeeueiua ai a?aiaie
Ecia?aiey (n oi/ee c?aiey iaeciaiiinoe eo acaeiinaycae), e,
niioaaonoaaiii, /enei ianouanoaothueo cia/aiee a y/aeeao aei?aeoaa
ioiineoaeueii iaaaeeei.
Iiyoiio oaea naaiaeiy INOAAe ana /aua eniieuecothony ia oieueei eae
naiinoiyoaeueiue i?ia?aiiiue i?iaeoeo, ii e eae aiaeeoe/aneea n?aaenoaa
ia?aaeiaai ieaia, e nenoaiai O?aieeeu Aeaiiuo eee o?aaeeoeeiiiui
iia?aoeaiui nenoaiai, ?aaeecoaiui n?aaenoaaie ?NOAAe.
?enoiie 1.(Iiiaio?iaiaaay a?oeoaeoo?a).
I?e/ai oaeia ?aoaiea iicaieyao iaeaieaa iieii ?aaeeciaaoue e
eniieueciaaoue aeinoieinoaa eaaeaeiai ec iiaeoiaeia: eiiiaeoiia o?aiaiea
aeaoaeece?iaaiiuo aeaiiuo e iiaeaea?aeea i/aiue aieueoeo AAe,
iaania/eaaaiua ?NOAAe e i?inoioa iano?ieee e oi?ioea a?aiaia ioeeeea,
i?e ?aaioa n aa?aae?iaaiiuie aeaiiuie, iaania/eaaaiua INOAAe.
Eeoa?aoo?a
Codd, S.B. Codd, C.T. Salley. Providing OLAP (On-Line Analytical
Processing) to User-Analysts: An IT Mandate. – E.F.Codd & Associates,
1993.
Guide to OLAP Terminology. – Kenan Systems Corporation, 1995
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