Iniiaiua iiiyoey eioi?iaoeee
Aieueoeinoai o/aiuo a iaoe aeie ioeacuaathony io iiiuoie aeaoue no?iaia
ii?aaeaeaiea eioi?iaoeee e n/eoatho, /oi eioi?iaoeeth neaaeoao
?anniao?eaaoue eae ia?ae/iia, iaii?aaeaeeiia iiiyoea iiaeiaii iiiaeanoaa
a iaoaiaoeea. Iaeioi?ua aaoi?u o/aaieeia i?aaeeaaatho neaaeothuea
ii?aaeaeaiey eioi?iaoeee:
Eioi?iaoeey – yoi ciaiey eee naaaeaiey i eii-eeai eee i /ai-eeai.
Eioi?iaoeey – yoi naaaeaiey, eioi?ua iiaeii niae?aoue, o?aieoue,
ia?aaeaaaoue, ia?aaaouaaoue, eniieueciaaoue.
Eioi?iaoeea – iaoea ia eioi?iaoeee eee
– yoi iaoea i no?oeoo?a e naienoaao eioi?iaoeee,
– niiniaao nai?a, ia?aaioee e ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee eee
– eioi?iaoeea, eco/aao oaoiieiaeth nai?a, o?aiaiey e
ia?a?aaioee eioi?iaoeee, a eiiiuethoa? iniiaiie
eino?oiaio a yoie oaoiieiaee.
Eioi?iaoeey – io eaoeineiai information – naaaeaiey, ?acuyniaiey,
eceiaeaiea.
A auoo iiae eioi?iaoeeae iiieiatho naaaeaiey ia ie?oaeathuai ie?a e
i?ioaeathueo a iai i?ioeannao.
A oai?ee eioi?iaoeee iiae eioi?iaoeeae iiieiatho ia ethaua naaaeaiey, a
eeoue oa, eioi?ua nieiatho iieiinoueth eee oiaiueoatho nouanoaothuoth
aei eo iieo/aiey iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue. Ii ii?aaeaeaieth E.Oaiiiia,
eioi?iaoeey – yoi niyoay iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue.
Eioi?iaoeey – yoi io?aaeaiea aiaoiaai ie?a n iiiiuueth ciaeia eee
neaiaeia.
Eioi?iaoeeiiiay oeaiiinoue niiauaiey caeeth/aaony a iiauo naaaeaieyo,
eioi?ua a iai niaea?aeaony ( a oiaiueoaiee iaciaiey).
Naienoaa eioi?iaoeee 1)iieiioa, 2)aeinoiaa?iinoue, 3)oeaiiinoue,
4)aeooaeueiinoue, 5)yniinoue.
Caaeaiea: i?eaaaeeoa i?eia?u eioi?iaoeee:
a iaaeeaie i?e?iaea (iai?eia?, a aaieiaee eee a?oaieiaee);
a aeieiae/aneeo nenoaiao (iai?eia?, ec aeecie aeeaioiuo e ?anoaiee);
a oaoie/aneeo ono?ienoaao (iai?eia?, oaeaaeaeaiea, oaeaa?aoiua
niiauaiey);
a aeecie iauanoaa (iai?eia?, enoi?e/aneea naaaeaiey, ?aeeaia, n?aaenoaa
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, iauaiea ethaeae).
Eioi?iaoeey anaaaea naycaia n iaoa?eaeueiui iineoaeai. Iineoaeai
eioi?iaoeee iiaeao auoue:
ethaie iaoa?eaeueiue i?aaeiao (aoiaaa, eaiaiue e o.ae.);
aieiu ?acee/iie i?e?iaeu: aeonoe/aneay (caoe), yeaeo?iiaaieoiay (naao,
?aaeeiaieia) e o.ae.;
aauanoai a ?acee/iii ninoiyiee: eiioeaio?aoeey iieaeoe a aeeaeeii
?anoai?a, oaiia?aoo?a e o.ae.
Iaoeiiua iineoaee eioi?iaoeee: ia?oieaiou, ia?oiea?ou, iaaieoiua eaiou,
e o.ae.
Neaiae – niinia ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee. Yoi oece/aneee i?ioeann,
eiathuee eioi?iaoeeiiiia cia/aiea. Ii iiaeao auoue iai?a?uaiui eee
aeene?aoiui.
Neaiae iacuaaaony aeene?aoiui, anee ii iiaeao i?eieiaoue eeoue eiia/iia
/enei cia/aiee a eiia/iii /enea iiiaioia a?aiaie.
Aiaeiaiaue neaiae – neaiae, iai?a?uaii eciaiythueeny ii aiieeooaea e ai
a?aiaie.
Neaiaeu, ianouea oaenoiaoth, neiaiee/aneoth eioi?iaoeeth, aeene?aoiu.
Aiaeiaiaua neaiaeu eniieuecotho a oaeaoiiiie nayce, ?aaeeiaauaiee,
oaeaaeaeaiee.
Caaeaiey:
I?eaaaeeoa i?eia?u eioi?iaoeee n oeacaieai aa iineoaey. Eaeiai oeia
neaiae ia?aaeaao yoo eioi?iaoeeth?
I?eaaaeeoa i?eia?u iai?a?uaiuo neaiaeia.
I?eaaaeeoa i?eia?u aeene?aoiuo neaiaeia.
Aiai?eoue ia eioi?iaoeee aiiaua, a ia i?eiaieoaeueii e eaeiio- oi aa
eiie?aoiiio aeaeo aani?aaeiaoii. Eeanneoeoee?iaaoue aa iiaeii:
ii niiniaai aini?eyoey ( aecoaeueiay, oaeoeeueiay e o.ae.);
ii oi?ia i?aaenoaaeaiey ( oaenoiaay, /eneiaay, a?aoe/aneay e o. ae.);
ii iauanoaaiiiio cia/aieth( ianniaay, niaoeeaeueiay, ee/iay).
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey a eioi?iaoeea: eeaa?iaoeea, i?ia?aiie?iaaiea,
au/eneeoaeueiay oaoieea, eneonnoaaiiue eioaeeaeo, oai?aoe/aneay
eioi?iaoeea, eioi?iaoeeiiiua nenoaiu.
Ia?niiaeueiue eiiiuethoa? – yoi ono?ienoai aeey o?aiaiey e ia?a?aaioee
eioi?iaoeee eee i?ia?aiiii-oi?aaeyaiia ono?ienoai, i?aaeiacia/aiiia aeey
i?eaia, ia?a?aaioee, o?aiaiey e auaea/e eioi?iaoeee.
Nenoaiiue aeie, eeaaeaoo?a, iiieoi? (aeenieae)- iniiaiua /anoe ethaiai
ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a.
A ei?iona nenoaiiiai aeiea ?aniieaaathony: ICO, ICO, aeie ieoaiey,
oeaio?aeueiue i?ioeanni? (iica YAI, eioi?ue ia?a?aaaouaaao
eioi?iaoeeth).
IAUAss NOAIA YAI
OA -ono?ienoaa aaiaea eioi?iaoeee a YAI (eeaaeaoo?a, iuoue, ACO, neaia?)
OAUA -ono?ienoaa auaiaea eioi?iaoeee (aeenieae, i?eioa?, ACO,
a?aoiiino?ieoaeue)
ICO (II eee RAM) -iia?aoeaiia caiiieiathuaa ono?ienoai (iia?aoeaiay
iaiyoue) auno?ay iaiyoue, eioi?ay ninoieo ec y/aae, eiathueo naie
aae?an.
I?eioeeieaeueiie iniaaiiinoueth ICO yaeyaony aai niiniaiinoue o?aieoue
eioi?iaoeeth oieueei ai a?aiy ?aaiou iaoeiu. Eiaaea au aeeth/aaoa
eiiiuethoa?, a iia?aoeaioth iaiyoue caiinyony (caa?oaeathony) oeaii/ee
aaeoia a eioi?uo o?aieony iia?aoeeiiiay nenoaia. Eiaaea au aueeth/aaoa
eiiiuethoa?, oi niaea?aeeiia ICO noe?aaony.
ACO – (aiaoiea caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa) i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey iinoiyiiiai
o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee, (aeeneaoa, aeanoeee aeene, eiiiaeo-aeene)
ICO (ROM) – iaiyoue, i?aaeiacia/aiiay oieueei aeey /oaiey.
Nia?aiaiiua eiiiuethoa?u iaeaaeatho i?eioeeiii ioe?uoie a?oeoaeoo?u.
I?eioeei ioe?uoie a?oeoaeoo?u icia/aao, /oi aiciiaeia e?aeay caiaia
onoa?aaoeo /anoae YAI, iiaay aeaoaeue (aeie) aoaeao niaianoeia ni anai
oai iai?oaeiaaieai, eioi?ia eniieueciaaeinue ?aiaa.
Aiciiaeiinoue iaiaia aeaiiuie iaaeaeo eiiiuethoa?aie ii iau/iie
oaeaoiiiie nayce iaania/eaatho iiaeaiu, oaen-iiaeaiu, eioi?ua
i?aia?acotho oaeaoiiiua neaiaeu a eiiiuethoa?iua e iaiai?io.
E?aoeay enoi?ey au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee
A XIX aaea oneeeyie o/aiuo ?aciuo no?ai (*aauoaa – ?inney, Aaaaeaeae-
Aiaeey) auee nicaeaiu iaoaie/aneea a?eoiiiao?u e ia?aua iaoeiu n
i?ia?aiiiui oi?aaeaieai. Eioa?anii, /oi ia?aui i?ia?aiienoii ie?a noaea
aei/ue ecaanoiiai iiyoa Aae?iia Aaea Eaaeaen.
A 1642 a. Aeac Ianeaeue nicaeae noiie?othuoth iaoeio. ?acaeoea
yeaeo?iiiie au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee a NNN? oanii naycaii n eiaiai
aeaaeaieea N.A. Eaaaaeaaa, iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii eioi?iai auee nicaeaiu
ia?aua ioa/anoaaiiua YAI: a 1951 aiaeo a Eeaaa – IYNI (Iaeay Yeaeo?iiiay
N/aoiay Iaoeia) e a 1952 aiaeo a Iineaa – AYNI (Auno?iaeaenoaothuay
Yeaeo?iiiay N/aoiay Iaoeia). Enoi?ey au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee oieeaeueia
oaioanoe/aneeie oaiiaie ?acaeoey aiia?aoiuo e i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa.
iieieaiey aiaeu yeaiaiou ?acia?u i?eia?u
I 40-50 eaiiu Iao.cae Ieine, IYNI
O?ae , AYNI
II 50-60 o?aicenoi?u eiiiaoa “Ieine-2”
“Ieine-22”, Ieine-32
III 60-70 iee?inoaiu, iaeua eioaa?aeueiua noaiu oeao IBM-360,IBM-370,
EC-1022, 1035…
IV 70-80 eioaa?aeueiua
noaiu noie “Apple”, ana ia?niiaeueiua eiiiuethoa?u
I?iaeo iyoiai iieieaiey
V 80-90 iioe/aneea n?aaeu “aeinea”
I?aaenoaaeaiea eioi?iaoeee a YAI.
Nenoaiu n/eneaiey: aeaie/iay, ainueia?e/iay,
oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/iay. Ia?aaiae oeaeuo /enae.
Ia?aaioea eioi?iaoeee a YAI iniiaaia ia iaiaia yeaeo?e/aneeie neaiaeaie
iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie ono?ienoaaie iaoeiu. Yoe neaiaeu aicieeatho a
ii?aaeaeaiiie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe. I?eciae iaee/ey neaiaea iiaeii
iaicia/eoue oeeo?ie 1, i?eciae ionoonoaey – oeeo?ie 0. Oaeei ia?acii, a
YAI ?aaeecothony aeaa onoie/eauo ninoiyiey. N iiiiuueth ii?aaeaeaiiuo
iaai?ia oeeo? 0 e 1 iiaeii caeiaee?iaaoue ethaoth eioi?iaoeeth. Eaaeaeue
oaeie iaai? ioeae e aaeeieoe iacuaaaony aeaie/iui eiaeii. Eiee/anoai
eioi?iaoeee, eiaee?oaiia aeaie/iie oeeo?ie – 0 eee 1 – iacuaaaony aeoii.
N iiiiuueth iaai?a aeoia, iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue ethaia /enei e ethaie
ciae. Ciaee i?aaenoaaeythony ainueie?ac?yaeiuie eiiaeiaoeeyie aeoia-
aaeoaie (o.a. 1 aaeo = 8 aeo). Iai?eia?, ?onneay aoeaa A – aaeo
10000000. Ethaoth eiiaeiaoeeth aeoia iiaeii eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue eae /enei.
Iai?eia?, 110 icia/aao /enei 6, a 01101100 – /enei 108. *enei iiaeao
auoue i?aaenoaaeaii ianeieueeeie aaeoaie.
Oaeei ia?acii, a YAI eioi?iaoeey eiaee?oaony aeaoiy aeaeaie neiaieia.
Oaeiio i?aaenoaaeaieth niioaaonoaoao nenoaia n/eneaiey, a eioi?ie
eniieuecoaony anaai aeaa oeeo?iauo ciaea – 0 e 1. Aeaaeei ii?aaeaeaiea
nenoaiu n/eneaiey (n/n): nenoaia n/eneaiey – yoi niaieoiiinoue i?aaee e
i?eaiia caiene /enae n iiiiuueth iaai?a oeeo?iauo ciaeia (aeoaaeoa).
Eiee/anoai oeeo?iauo ciaeia iacuaatho iniiaaieai nenoaiu n/eneaiey.
?acee/atho aeaa oeia nenoai n/eneaiey:
iiceoeeiiiua, eiaaea cia/aiea eaaeaeie oeeo?u /enea ii?aaeaeyaony aa
ianoii (iiceoeeae) a caiene /enea;
iaiiceoeeiiiua, eiaaea cia/aiea oeeo?u a /enea ia caaeneo io aa ianoa a
caiene /enea.
I?eia?ii iaiiceoeeiiiie nenoaiu n/eneaiey yaeyaony ?eineay :IX, IV, XV e
o.ae.
I?eia?ii iiceoeeiiiie nenoaiu n/eneaiey iiaeii iacaaoue aeanyoe/ioth
nenoaio, eniieuecoaioth iianaaeiaaii.
Ethaia oeaeia /enei a iiceoeeiiiie nenoaia iiaeii caienaoue a oi?ia
iiiai/eaia
Xs={AnAn-1…A1A0}s=An(Sn+An-1(Sn-1+…+A1(S1+A0(S0
aaea s – iniiaaiea n/n;
A- cia/auea oeeo?u /enea, caienaiiua a aeaiiie n/n;
n – eiee/anoai ?ac?yaeia /enea
I?eia? 1. *enei 534110 caieoai a oi?ia iiiai/eaia:
534110=5(103+3(102+4(101+1(100
I?eia? 2. *enei 32110 caieoai a aeaie/iie nenoaia n/eneaiey. Aeey yoiai
iaiaoiaeeii ?aceiaeeoue /enei a aeaea noiiu ii noaiaiyi 2 .
32110=1(28+1(26+1(20
Caoai, caienuaaai eiyooeoeeaiou i?e noaiaiyo aeaieee (io ieieiaeueiie
ioeaaie noaiaie e iaeneiaeueiie) ni?aaa iaeaai. Iiyoiio aeaiiia /enei a
aeaie/iie nenoaia n/eneaiey aoaeao eiaoue aeae: 1010000012
Aeey oiai, /oiau ?aoeoue ia?aoioth caaea/o: ia?aaanoe /enei ec aeaie/iie
nenoaiu n/eneaiey a aeanyoe/ioth, iaiaoiaeeii ainiieueciaaoueny oi?ioeie
* e i?iecaanoe au/eneaiey a 10-ie nenoaia n/eneaiey.
I?eia? 3. *enei 101001012 ia?aaanoe a 10-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey.
101001012=1(20+1(22+1(25+1(27=16510
Oi?aaeiaiey
1.Ia?aaanoe /enea ec 10-ie n/n a 2-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey:
1/ 165 2/ 198 3/ 541 4/ 849 5/
127
6/ 195 7/ 289 8/ 513 9/ 600 10/
720
2.Ia?aaanoe /enea ec 2-ie a 10-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey:
1/ 110101 2/ 100111 3/ 1101100 4/ 1011101
5/ 11011101 6/ 10010100 7/ 111001010 8/ 110001011
A?eoiaoe/aneea aeaenoaey iaae oeaeuie /eneaie a 2-ie nenoaia n/eneaiey :
1.Iia?aoeey neiaeaiey auiieiyaony n eniieueciaaieai oaaeeoeu aeaie/iiai
neiaeaiey a iaeiii ?ac?yaea:
I?eia? 4.
10012 11012 111112
10102 10112 12
100112 110002 1000002
2.Iia?aoeey au/eoaiey auiieiyaony n eniieueciaaieai oaaeeoeu au/eoaiey,
a eioi?ie 1 iaicia/aaony caai a noa?oai ?ac?yaea.
I?eia? 5.
1011100112 1101011012
1000110112 1010111112
0010110002 0010011102
3.Iia?aoeey oiiiaeaiey auiieiyaony ii iau/iie noaia, i?eiaiyaiie a
aeanyoe/iie n/n n iineaaeiaaoaeueiui oiiiaeaieai iiiaeeiiai ia
i/a?aaeioth oeeo?o iiiaeeoaey.
I?eia? 6.
o 110012 o 1012
11012 112
11001 101
11001 101
11001 11112
1010001012
4.Iia?aoeey aeaeaiey auiieiyaony ii aeai?eoio, iiaeiaiiio aeai?eoio
auiieiaiey iia?aoeee aeaeaiey a 10-ie n/n.
I?eia? 7.
1010001012 11012 1000110002 11112
1101 11012 1111 100102
1110 0010100
1101 1111
1101 10102 -inoaoie
1101
0 + 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 10
– 0 1
0 0 11
1 1 0
o 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1
Oi?aaeiaiey.
1.I?iecaanoe 1/ 100100112 2/ 10111012
3/ 101100112
neiaeaiea a 2 1011011 11101101
1010101
nenoaia n/eneaiey
2.I?iecaanoe 1/ 1000010002 2/ 1101011102 3/
111011102
au/eoaiea a 2 10110011 10111111
1011011
nenoaia n/eneaiey
3.I?iecaanoe 1/ 1000012 2/ 1001012
3/ 1111012
oiiiaeaiea a 2 111111 111011
111101
nenoaia n/eneaiey
4.I?iecaanoe 1/ 111010001001 : 1111012
aeaeaiea a 2 2/ 100011011100 : 1101102
nenoaia n/eneaiey 3/ 10000001111 : 1111112
Ainueia?e/iay, oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/iay nenoaiu n/eneaiey.
I?e iaeaaeea aiia?aoiuo n?aaenoa YBM eee nicaeaiee iiaie i?ia?aiiu
/anoi aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue caaeyiooue aioo?ue iaiyoe YAI, /oiau
ioeaieoue aa oaeouaa ninoiyiea. Ii oai ana caiieiaii aeeeiiuie
iineaaeiaaoaeyie ioeae e aaeeieoe – aeaie/iuie /eneaie. Yoe
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe i/aiue iaoaeiaiu aeey aini?eyoey. A nayce n yoei
aeaie/iua /enea noaee ?acaeaaoue ia a?oiiu ii o?e eee /aou?a ?ac?yaea.
Ec o?ao ioeae e aaeeieoe iiaeii ninoaaeoue ainaiue ?acee/iuo aeaie/iuo
/enae, a ec /aou?ao – oanoiaaeoeaoue. Aeey eiaee?iaaiey 3 aeo o?aaoaony
8 oeeo?, iiyoiio acyee oeeo?u io 0 aei 7 aeanyoe/iie nenoaiu n/eneaiey,
o.a. iieo/eee aeoaaeo ainueia?e/iie nenoaiu n/eneaiey. (ni.oaae.1)
Oaaeeoea 1.
Ainueia?e/iay
caienue Aeaie/iay caienue Ainueia?e/iay
caienue Aeaie/iay caienue
0
1
2
3 006
001
010
011 4
5
6
7 100
101
110
111
O?ao?ac?yaeiia /enei, niioaaonoaothuaa oeeo?a ainueia?e/iiai /enea,
iacuaaaony aeaie/iie o?eaaeie.
A nayce n yoei i?ino ia?aoiae io aeaie/iiai i?aaenoaaeaiey /enea e
ainueia?e/iiio: aeaie/ioth caienue /enea ni?aaa iaeaai ?acaeaeytho ia
o?eaaeu (a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe o?eaaeo iiaeii neaaa aeiiieieoue
ioeyie) e caiaiytho eaaeaeoth o?eaaeo niioaaonoaothuae ainueia?e/iie
oeeo?ie.
I?eia? 8.
11110102=0011110102=1728
Ia?aoiue ia?aoiae inouanoaeyaony oaeaea i?inoi: eaaeaeoth oeeo?o
ainueia?e/iie caiene caiaiytho aa aeaie/iui i?aaenoaaeaieai.
I?eia? 9.
5138=1010010112, 3178=0110011112
A nayce n yoei iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue aeaa niiniaa ia?aaiaea /enae ec
10-ie nenoaiu n/eneaiey a 8-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey: 1 niinia –
ainiieueciaaoueny oi?ioeie * ?aceiaeeoue /enei ii noaiaiyi 8 e 2 –
ia?aaanoe /enei nia/aea a aeaie/ioth nenoaio n/eneaiey, a caoai a 8-oth
nenoaio n/eneaiey.
I?eia?10. Ia?aaanoe /enei 12510 a 8-oth n/n.
1 niinia: 12510=5(80+7(81+1(82=1758
2 niinia: 12510= 20+22+23+24+25(26=11111012=1758
Ia?aaiae ec 8-ie nenoaiu n/eneaiey a 10-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey
i?iecaiaeeony aiaeiae/ii ia?aaiaeo /enae ec 2 nenoaiu n/eneaiey a 10-oth
nenoaio n/eneaiey ii oi?ioea *.
I?eia? 11. Ia?aaanoe /enei 2738 a 10-oth n/n
2738=3(80+7(81+2(82=18710
Aeey eiaee?iaaiey 4 aeo iaiaoiaeeii 16 ciaeia, aeey /aai eniieuecoaony
10 oeeo? aeanyoe/iie nenoaiu e 6 aoea eaoeineiai aeoaaeoa (ni. oaae. 2)
Oaaeeoea 2.
Oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/iay
caienue Aeaie/iay caienue Oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/iay
caienue Aeaie/iay caienue
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111 8
9
A
A
N
Ae
A
F 1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
*aou?aocia/iia aeaie/iia /enei, niioaaonoaothuaa oeeo?a
oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/iiai /enea, iacuaaaony aeaie/iie oao?aaeie.
Ia?aoiae io oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/iie nenoaiu e aeaie/iie (e ia?aoii) oae aea
i?ino, eae io ainueia?e/iie e aeaie/iie, oieueei caiaiythony oao?aaeu
aeaie/iuo oeeo? ia oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/ioth caienue.
I?eia? 12. *enei A316 ia?aaanoe a 2-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey
A316=101100112
I?eia? 13. *enei 11110011102 ia?aaanoe a 16-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey
11110011102=3NA16
Oaeei ia?acii, /oiau ia?aaanoe /enei ec 10-ie nenoaiu n/eneaiey a 16-oth
iiaeii ainiieueciaaoueny aeaoiy niiniaaie: ii oi?ioea * , (?aciiiaeeoue
/enei ii noaiaiyi /enea 16) eee i?iecaanoe iineaaeiaaoaeueii ia?aaiae a
2-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey, a caoai a 16-oth nenoaio n/eneaiey.
I?eia? 14. *enei 36510 ia?aaanoe a 16-oth n/n
1 niinia 36510=13(160+6(161+1(162=16A16
2 niinia 36510=1(20+1(22+1(23+1(25+1(26+1(28=1011011012=16A16
Oi?aaeiaiey
1.Ia?aaaaeeoa /enea ec 2-ie n/n a 8-oth ,16-oth n/n
1/ 1001011102 2/ 1000001112 3/
1110010112
4/ 10001110112 5/ 10110010112 6/
1100110010112
2.Ia?aaaaeeoa /enea ec 10-ie n/n a 8-oth, 16-oth n/n
1/6910 2/ 7310 3/ 11310 4/ 20310 5/ 35110
6/ 64110
3.Ia?aaaaeeoa /enea ec 8-ie n/n a 10-oth n/n
1/ 358 2/ 658 3/ 2158 4/ 3278 5/ 5328
6/ 7518
4.Ia?aaaaeeoa /enea ec 16-ie n/n a 10-oth n/n
1/ D816 2/ 1AE16 3/ E5716 4/ 8E516 5/
FAD16 6/ADC16
Neiaeaiea e au/eoaiea a 8-ie n/n.
I?e auiieiaiee neiaeaiey e au/eoaiey a 8-ie n/n iaiaoiaeeii niaethaeaoue
neaaeothuea i?aaeea:
a caiene ?acoeueoaoia neiaeaiey e au/eoaiey iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu
oieueei oeeo?u ainueia?e/iiai aeoaaeoa;
aeanyoie ainueia?e/iie nenoaiu n/eneaiey ?aaai 8, o.a. ia?aiieiaiea
?ac?yaea ianooiaao, eiaaea ?acoeueoao neiaeaiey aieueoa eee ?aaai 8.
A yoii neo/aa aeey caiene ?acoeueoaoa iaaei au/anoue 8, caienaoue
inoaoie, a e noa?oaio ?ac?yaeo i?eaaaeoue aaeeieoeo ia?aiieiaiey;
3)anee i?e au/eoaiee i?eoiaeeony caieiaoue aaeeieoeo a noa?oai ?ac?yaea,
yoa aaeeieoea ia?aiineony a ieaaeoee ?ac?yae a aeaea ainueie aaeeieoe.
I?eia? 15. 7708 7508
236 236
12268 5128
Neiaeaiea e au/eoaiea a 16-ie n/n.
I?e auiieiaiee yoeo aeaenoaee a 16-ie n/n iaiaoiaeeii niaethaeaoue
neaaeothuea i?aaeea:
1)i?e caiene ?acoeueoaoia neiaeaiey e au/eoaiey iaaei eniieueciaaoue
oeeo?u oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/iiai aeoaaeoa: oeeo?u, iaicia/athuea /enea io 10
aei 15 caienuaathony eaoeineeie aoeaaie, iiyoiio , anee ?acoeueoao
yaeyaony /eneii ec yoiai i?iiaaeooea, aai iaaei caienuaaoue
niioaaonoaothuae eaoeineie aoeaie;
2)aeanyoie oanoiaaeoeaoa?e/iie nenoaiu n/eneaiey ?aaai 16, o.a.
ia?aiieiaiea ?ac?yaea iinooiaao, anee ?acoeueoao neiaeaiey aieueoa eee
?aaai 16, e a yoii neo/aa aeey caiene ?acoeueoaoa iaaei au/anoue 16,
caienaoue inoaoie, a e noa?oaio ?ac?yaeo i?eaaaeoue aaeeieoeo
ia?aiieiaiey;
3)anee i?eoiaeeony caieiaoue aaeeieoeo a noa?oai ?ac?yaea, yoa aaeeieoea
ia?aiineony a ieaaeoee a aeaea oanoiaaeoeaoe aaeeieoe.
I?eia?u 16. A0916 A0916
TFA 7FA
1A0316 30F16
Oi?aaeiaiey
1.Auiieieoa neiaeaiea 8-uo /enae
1) 7158 2) 5248 3) 7128 4) 3218
5) 57318 6) 63518
373 57 763 765
1376 737
2.Auiieieoa au/eoaiea 8-uo /enae
1) 1378 2) 4368 3) 7058 4) 5388 5)
72138 6) 71358
72 137 76 57
537 756
3.I?iecaanoe neiaeaiea 16-uo /enae
1) A1316 2) FOB16 3) 2EA16 4) ABC16 5) A2B16
6) E2D816
16F 1DA FCE C7C
7F2 2CA3
4.I?iecaanoe au/eoaiea 16-uo /enae
1) A1716 2) DFA16 3) FO516 4) DE516 5)
D3C116 6) F1C516
1FN 1AE AD AF
D1F DEB
Eae auei ioia/aii auoa, eiiiuethoa? niiniaai ?aniiciaaaoue oieueei
cia/aiey aeoa: 0 eee 1. Iaeiaei /aua ii ?aaioaao n aaeoaie ( 1 aaeo= 8
aeo). Any ?aaioa eiiiuethoa?a – yoi oi?aaeaiea iioieaie aaeoia, eioi?ua
ono?aieythony a iaoeio n eeaaeaoo?u eee aeeneia, i?aia?aciauaathony ii
eiiaiaeai i?ia?aii, a?aiaiii caiieiythony eee caienuaathony ia
iinoiyiiia o?aiaiea, a oaeaea iiyaeythony ia ye?aia aeenieay eee aoiaaa
i?eioa?a a aeaea ciaeiiuo aoea, oeeo?, neoaeaaiuo ciaeia.
Aieueoea iaai?u aaeoia oaeiaiaa ecia?youe aieaa e?oiiuie aaeeieoeaie:
1024 aaeo=1 Eaaeo (eeeiaaeo)
1024 aaeo (1048576 aaeo)= 1 Iaaeo (iaaaaaeo)
Eaeia aea oeaeia iieiaeeoaeueiia /enei iiaeii caienaoue a 1 aaeoa?
Iaeneiaeueiia aeaie/iia /enei a ainueie?ac?yaeiii aaeoa 111111112=25510.
Anee aea iio?aaoaony caienaoue aieueoaa /enei, oi iio?aaoaony ianeieueei
aaeo. Ionthaea aeaeii, /oi aianoa n 0 a iaeiii aaeoa iiaeii caienaoue
256 ?acee/iuo aeanyoe/iuo /enae.
Yoi naienoai aaeoa iiiiaaao eioa?i?aoe?iaaoue iaaeaoea ethaie eeaaeoe,
o.a. eiiaeiaoeeth ioeae e aaeeieoeo (iaeei aaeo) eae aeanyoe/iia /enei
io 0 aei 255. Aeey iaoeiu yoi /enei iiaeao neoaeeoue iiia?ii «eeoa?u» n
ecia?aaeaieai iaaeaoie eeaaeoe, eioi?ay o?aieony a iaiyoe iaoeiu.
Niaoeeaeueiua yeaeo?iiiua noaiu iiyoiio iiia?o iaoiaeyo «eeoa?o» e
«ia/aoatho» aa ia ye?aia. Eaaeaeie aoeaa, oeeo?a, neoaeaaiiio ciaeo
i?enaiai eaeie-eeai eiae – aeanyoe/iia /enei a aeeaiaciia io 0 aei 255.
Yoe eiaeu o?aiyony a niaoeeaeueiie eiaeiaie oaaeeoea, eioi?ay aeaeeony
ia aeaa iieiaeiu ( n eiaeaie io 0 aei 127 e io 128 aei 255).
Ai anai ie?a a ea/anoaa noaiaea?oa i?eiyoa oaaeeoea ASCII, eioi?ay
eiaee?oao iieiaeio aiciiaeiuo neiaieia – io 0 aei 127.
Aoi?ay iieiaeia eiaeiaie oaaeeoeu (eiaeu io 128 aei 255) i?aaeiacia/aia
aeey ?aciauaiey neiaieia iaoeeiiaeueiuo aeoaaeoia, inaaaeia?aoe/aneeo
neiaieia, iaeioi?uo iaoaiaoe/aneeo ciaeia.
Neaaeoao ciaoue, /oi i?iieniua e no?i/iua aoeau eiatho ?aciua eiaeu, a
iiiaea eaoeineea e ?onneea aoeau eiatho aecoaeueii ia?acee/eiua
ia/a?oaiey, ii ?aciua eiaeu (iai?eia? A, N).
I?eia? 17.
Neiai YAI a eiaeao aoaeao auaeyaeaoue eae 157 130 140, a neiai
Eiiiuethoa? – 138 174 172 175 236 238 226 165 224
Oi?aaeiaiey
1.Neieueei aeo a neiaa:
a) «eiiiuethoa?» a) «aaee/eia»
2.Neieueei aeo eioi?iaoeee niaea?aeeony a niiauaiee iauaiii 1 Eaaeo, 1,5
Eaaeo?
3.Eaeiaa nei?inoue ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeeiiiiai niiauaiey a aeo/nae
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeeiiiiai niiauaiey iauaiii 3 Eaaeoa, ia?aaeaiiiai ca 2
iei?
4.*oi caoeo?iaaii n iiiiuueth iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe eiaeia, anee:
a)eiae aoeau «I» a oaaeeoea eiaee?iaee ?aaai 151:
151 128 151 128
a)eiae aoeau «I» a oaaeeoea ?aaai 142:
145 142 144 146
Iii?iue eiiniaeo ii oaia «Aeai?eoiecaoeey»
Neiai aeai?eoi aicieeei io algorithm- eaoeineie oi?iu eiaie aaeeeiai
iaoaiaoeea IX aaea aeue- Oi?acie, eioi?ue noi?ioee?iaae i?aaeea
auiieiaiey 4 a?eoiaoe/aneeo aeaenoaee iaae iiiaicia/iuie /eneaie.
Aeai?eoi – yoi i?aaieciaaiiay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue aeaenoaee, iiiyoiuo
aeey iaeioi?iai eniieieoaey, aaaeouay e ?aoaieth iinoaaeaiiie caaea/e.
Aeai?eoi – yoi eiia/iay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue iaeiicia/iuo i?aaeienaiee,
eniieiaiea eioi?uo iicaieyao n iiiiuueth eiia/iiai /enea oaaia
iieo/eoue ?aoaiea caaea/e, iaeiicia/ii ii?aaeaeyaiia enoiaeiuie
aeaiiuie.
Aeai?eoi iiaeao auoue i?aaeiacia/ai aeey auiieiaiey aai /aeiaaeii eee
eiiiuethoa?ii.
Naienoaa aeai?eoia:
1. Ianniainoue – aeai?eoi aeieaeai auoue i?eiaiai aeey eeanna iiaeiaiuo
caaea/.
2. Aeene?aoiinoue – aeai?eoi ninoieo ec ?yaea oaaia.
3. Ii?aaeaeaiiinoue – eaaeaeue oaa aeai?eoia aeieaeai iiieiaoueny
iaeiicia/ii e ia aeiioneaoue i?iecaiea.
4. ?acoeueoaoeaiinoue – aeai?eoi aeieaeai i?eaiaeeoue e ?aoaieth
iinoaaeaiiie caaea/e ca eiia/iia /enei oaaia
Aeaeu aeai?eoia:
1. Eeiaeiue – aeai?eoi, a eioi?ii ana i?aaeienaiey (oaae) auiieiythony
oae, eae caienaiu, aac eciaiaiey ii?yaeea neaaeiaaiey, no?iai ae?oa ca
ae?oaii.
2. ?acaaoaeythueeny – aeai?eoi, a eioi?ii auiieiaiea oiai eee eiiai
aeaenoaey (oaaa) caaeneo io auiieiaiey eee ia auiieiaiey eaeiai-eeai
oneiaey.
3. Oeeeee/aneee – aeai?eoi, a eioi?ii iaeioi?ay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue
aeaenoaee iiaoi?yaony ianeieueei ?ac.
Eaaeaeue eniieieoaeue aeai?eoia eiaao naith nenoaio eiiaiae (iaai?
aeaenoaee) e naith n?aaeo, (iaai? iauaeoia, iaae eioi?uie niaa?oathony
aeaenoaey), a eioi?ie, e oieueei a iae, ii ?aaioaao.
I?eia?: Eniieieoaeue /a?oaaeiee eiaao naith nenoaio eiiaiae: aia?aae (1
ni), iai?aai 90 a?aaeonia (ii /aniaie no?aeea) e naith n?aaeo –
/a?oaaeioth aeineo. ?acoeueoaoii eniieiaiey neaaeothuaai aeai?eoia
aoaeao ?enoiie.
Aia?aae (1 ni), iai?aai 90, aia?aae (1 ni),
iai?aai 90, iai?aai 90, iai?aai 90,
aia?aae (1 ni), iai?aai 90, aia?aae (1 ni)
Niiniau caiene aeai?eoia:
1. Neiaanii-oi?ioeueiia iienaiea (ia anoanoaaiiii ycuea n
eniieueciaaieai iaoaiaoe/aneeo oi?ioe).
2. A?aoe/aneia iienaiea a aeaea aeie-noaiu (iaai? naycaiiuo iaaeaeo
niaie aaiiao?e/aneeo oeao?).
Iienaiea ia eaeii-eeai ycuea i?ia?aiie?iaaiey (i?ia?aiia).
I?ia?aiia – yoi iaai? iaoeiiuo eiiaiae, eioi?ue neaaeoao auiieieoue
eiiiuethoa?o aeey ?aaeecaoeee oiai eee eiiai aeai?eoia.
I?ia?aiia – yoi oi?ia i?aaenoaaeaiey aeai?eoia aeey eniieiaiey aai
iaoeiie.
Oeao?u, eniieuecoaiua a aeie-noaiao.
Iniiaiua yoaiu ?aoaiey caaea/ ia YAI:
1. Iaoaiaoe/aneay iinoaiiaea caaea/e – yoi oi?ioee?iaea caaea/e eae
caaea/e iaeioi?iai ?acaeaea iaoaiaoeee.
2. Iino?iaiea iaoaiaoe/aneie iiaeaee.
Iiaeaeue – Yoi caiauaiea eco/aaiiai iauaeoa ae?oaei iauaeoii, eioi?ue
io?aaeaao nouanoaaiiua noi?iiu aeaiiiai iauaeoa. Eco/aaiue iauaeo iiaeao
eiaoue ianeieueei iiaeaeae a caaeneiinoe io o?aaoaiie oi/iinoe
?acoeueoaoia au/eneaiee.
I?eia?. Ii?aaeaeeoue ia?eiao? e?uoee noiea.
?enoiie 1 ?enoiie 2
Caeanue ian eioa?anotho eeoue ?acia?u e?uoee noiea, iiyoiio caiaiei
?aaeueiue iauaeo – “noie” ieineie aaiiao?e/aneie oeao?ie, ?acia?u e
eiioeao?aoeey eioi?ie niioaaonoaotho iiaa?oiinoe e?uoee. Yoi iiaeao
auoue oaeay oeao?a (?en.1)
Iaeiaei i?aaeaa?eoaeueii neaaeoao aeieacaoue, /oi ?aaeeonu cae?oaeaiey
anao oaeia e?uoee noiea, n oi/ee c?aiey o?aaoaiie oi/iinoe au/eneaiey
?acoeueoaoia, iiaeii n/eoaoue ?aaiuie, e oieueei iinea oiai oeao?a ia
?en.1 iiaeao n/eoaoueny iiaeaeueth e?uoee noiea.
Anee yoi aeieacaii, oi iaoaiaoe/aneay iinoaiiaea caaea/e eiaao oaeie
aeae:
enoiaeiua aeaiiua: r- ?aaeeon cae?oaeaiey,
a, b, c, d- ?acia?u i?yiieeiaeiuo
/anoae oeao?u;
?acoeueoao: ? (ia?eiao?);
Au/eneeoue cia/aiea ?: ?= 2Ir+a+b+c+d.
Anee aaee/eia r oaeiaa, /oi i?e o?aaoaiie oi/iinoe au/eneaiey
?acoeueoaoia cae?oaeaieai oaeia iiaeii i?aiaa?a/ue, oi a ea/anoaa
iiaeaee iauaeoa iiaeii acyoue /aou?aooaieueiee iauaai aeaea (?en.2). A
yoii neo/aa i?eoiaeei e oaeie caaea/a:
enoiaeiua aeaiiua: a, b, n, d- ?acia?u i?yiieeiaeiie /anoe oeao?u;
?acoeueoao: ? (ia?eiao?).
Au/eneeoue cia/aiea ?: ?=a+b+c+d.
A ea/anoaa iiaeaee iauaeoa caaea/e iiaeii acyoue i?yiioaieueiee ni
noi?iiaie a e b. Anee ieaaeaony, /oi i?e caaeaiiie oi/iinoe au/eneaiey
i?ioeaiiieiaeaiiua noi?iiu e?uoee iiaeii n/eoaoue ?aaiuie, eae e
aeeaaiiaee aa, IIC eiaao oaeie aeae:
enoiaeiua aeaiiua: a, b – ?acia?u i?yiioaieueieea;
?acoeueoao: P (ia?eiao?)
Au/eneeoue cia/aiea ?:
P=2(a+b).
3. Auai? iaoiaea ?aoaiey.
4. Iino?iaiea aeai?eoia.
5. Caienue aeai?eoia ia ycuea i?ia?aiie?iaaiey.
6. Ioeaaeea i?ia?aiiu ia YAI.
I?eia? ?aoaiey caaea/e. Ninoaaeoue i?ia?aiio ia/eneaiey ca?ieaou
niaeanii neaaeothuaio i?aaeeo:
anee noaae nio?oaeieea iaiaa 5 eao, oi ca?ieaoa 130 ?oa., i?e noaaea
?aaiou io 5 aei 15 eao – 180 ?oa., i?e noaaea nauoa 15 eao ca?ieaoa
iiauoaaony n eaaeaeui aiaeii ia 10 ?oa.
Noi?ioee?oai caaea/o a iaoaiaoe/aneii aeaea: Au/eneeoue
130, anee ST oaeouee aeene A:. Ei?iaaie eaoaeia;
C:\WORK\FORM10E\> oaeouee aeene N:. Eaoaeia WORK\FORM10E.
No?iea ye?aia, a eioi?ie au aeaeeoa i?eaeaoaiea, iacuaaaony
eiiaiaeiie no?ieie. Ethaay eiiaiaea eiaao iauee aeae.
[]
INIIAIUA EIIAIAeU MS DOS
DIR – auaiae niaea?aeeiiai eaoaeiaa (oaeeia e iiaeeaoaeiaia).
COPY eiy oaeea ioeoaea eiy oaeea eoaea – eiie?iaaiea iaeiiai eee
eee ono?ienoai. eee ono?ienoai. ianeieueeeo
oaeeia ia iiaia
ianoi.
DEL eiy oaeea eee a?oiiiaay- oaeaeaiea iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo
niaoeeoeeaoeey. oaeeia. oaeeia.
EDIT eiy oaeea nicaeaiea e ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea oaeea
CD eiy ono?ienoaa eee auaiae ia ye?ai oaeouaai eaoaeiaa
eiy eaoaeiaa. eee aai niaia.
MD eiy iiaeeaoaeiaa. nicaeaiea iiaeeaoaeiaa n oeacaiiui
eiaiai.
RD eiy iiaeeaoaeiaa. oaeaeaiea oeacaiiiai iiaeeaoaeiaa.
CLS i/enoea ye?aia.
REN noa?ia eiy iiaia eiy eciaiaiea eiaie oaeea.
oaeea. oaeea.
COMP eiy oaeea 1 eiy oaeea 2 n?aaiaiea niaea?aeeiiai aeaoo oaeeia.
DATA auaiae ia ye?ai eee onoaiiaea aeaou.
FORMAT eiy ono?ienoaa. oi?iaoe?iaaiea aeenea aeey eniieue-
ciaaiey a MS-DOS.
TIME auaiae e onoaiiaea nenoaiiiai a?aiaie.
TYPE eiy oaeea. auaiae ia ye?ai niaea?aeeiiai oaeea.
MOVE – eiy oaeea eiy oaeea ia?aiauaiea oaeea a ae?oaie eaoaeia
IAI auaiae eioi?iaoeee i ?ani?aaeaeaiee iaiyoe.
VER auaiae aa?nee MS-DOS.
NORTON COMMANDER
?aaioaoue iai?yioth n MS-DOS ia i/aiue oaeiaii: iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue
oi?iaou anao eiiaiae, aanue neioaenen eiiaiae, iaeuecy ioeaeoueny ie a
iaeiii neiaiea. Aeaeeii iiyoiio Ieoa? Ii?oii ia?aue nicaeae i?eeeaaeioth
i?ia?aiio, eioi?ay iaeaa/aao iauaiea iieueciaaoaey n ia?niiaeueiui
eiiiuethoa?ii.
E?AOEAss NI?AAEA I EIIAIAeAO
Ia?aoiae a ae?oaie eaoaeia – auaeaeeoue yoio eaoaeia e iaaeaoue eeaaeoo
(Enter);
Ia?aoiae ia ae?oaoth iaiaeue – iaaeaoue eeaaeoo (TAB);
AUAI? A?OIIU OAEEIA
Aeeth/eoue/eneeth/eoue oaee a a?oiio – iaaeaoue eeaaeoo (INS);
Aeeth/eoue a a?oiio oaee ii ianea – iaaeaoue eeaaeoo (+) ia
ooieoeeiiaeueiie eeaaeaoo?a e aaanoe ianeo.
Eneeth/eoue ec a?oiiu oaeeia ii ianea – iaaeaoue eeaaeoo (-) ia
ooieoeeiiaeueiie eeaaeaoo?a e aaanoe ianeo.
AUA?AIIOTH A?OIIO OAEEIA IIAEII:
(F5) – neiie?iaaoue.
(F6) – ia?aeiaiiaaoue eee ia?aianoeoue a ae?oaie eaoaeia.
(F8) – oaeaeeoue.
OI?AAEAIEA IAIAEssIE NORTON COMMANDER
(Ctrl-O) – oa?aoue iaa iaiaee n ye?aia / auaanoe iaiaee ia ye?ai.
(Ctrl-P) – oa?aoue iaeio ec iaiaeae (ia oaeouoth) n ye?aia/auaanoe
iaiaeue ia ye?ai.
(Ctrl-U) – iiiaiyoue iaiaee ianoaie.
(Ctrl-F1) – oa?aoue eaaoth iaiaeue n ye?aia / auaanoe eaaoth iaiaeue ia
ye?ai.
(Ntrl-F2) – oa?aoue i?aaoth iaiaeue n ye?aia / auaanoe i?aaoth iaiaeue
ia ye?ai.
(Alt-F1) – auaanoe a eaaie iaiaee iaeaaeaiea ae?oaiai aeenea.
(Alt-F2) – auaanoe a i?aaie iaiaee iaeaaeaiea ae?oaiai aeenea.
IACIA*AIEA OOIEOeEIIAEUeIUO EEAAEO
(F1) – HELP – e?aoeay eioi?iaoeey i iacia/aiee eeaaeo.
(F2) – USER – auaiae iaith eiiaiae iieueciaaoaey.
(F3) – VIEW – i?iniio? oaeea.
(F4) – EDIT – ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea oaeea.
(F5) – COPY – eiie?iaaiea oaeea eee a?oiiu oaeeia.
(F6) – RENMOV – ia?aeiaiiaaiea oaeea eee eaoaeiaa, ia?anueea oaeea a
ae?oaie eaoaeia.
(F7) – MKDIR – nicaeaiea iiaeeaoaeiaa.
(F8) – DELETE – oie/oiaeaiea oaeea, a?oiiu oaeeia eee eaoaeiaia.
(F9) – MENU – iaith Norton Commander.
(F10) – QUIT – auoiae ec Norton Commander.
(SHIFT-F3) – (SHIFT-F9) – auiieiaiea ooieoeee n cai?inaie eiai oaeeia.
(Alt-F7) – iiene oaeea ia aeenea.
(Alt-F8) – i?iniio? e iiaoi?iia auiieiaiea ?aiaa aaaaeaiiuo eiiaiae.
(Alt-F9) – ia?aeeth/aiea n 25 ia 43 no?iee ye?aia.
(Alt-F10) – auno?ue ia?aoiae a ae?oaie eaoaeia.
AA?OIAA IAITH NORTON COMMANDER
IOIEOU IAITH “LEFT” E “RIGHT”
Ioieou iaith “Left” e “Right” caaeatho ?aaeeiu auaiaea eioi?iaoeee
niioaaonoaaiii a eaaie e i?aaie iaiaeyo Norton Commander. Aeaenoaothuea
?aaeeiu ioia/aiu aaei/eie neaaa io eiiaiaeu. *oiau onoaiiaeoue eee
ioiaieoue ?aaeei, iaaei auaeaeeoue aai eeaaeoaie ia?aiauaiey eo?ni?a e
iaaeaoue Enter. Iiaeiaith, niioaaonoaothuea “Left” e “Right” niaea?aeao
neaaeothuea ioieou:
Brief – a iaiaee ecia?aaeaaony e?aoeay eioi?iaoeey i oaeeao (auaiaeeony
oieueei eiy);
Full – a iaiaee ecia?aaeaaony iieiay eioi?iaoeey i oaeeao (auaiaeeony
eiy, ?acia?, aeaoa nicaeaiey eee iineaaeiae iiaeeoeeaoeee);
Info – a iaiaee ecia?aaeaaony naiaeiay eioi?iaoeey i eaoaeiaa e aeenea
ia ae?oaie iaiaee;
Tree – a iaiaee ecia?aaeaaony aea?aai eaoaeiaia ia aeenea;
quik View – a iaiaee ecia?aaeaaony niaea?aeeiia oaeea, oeacaiiiai
eo?ni?ii ia ae?oaie iaiaee;
Compressed file – a iaiaee ecia?aaeaaony iaeaaeaiea a?oeaiiai oaeea;
linK – onoaiaaeeaaaony eee ioiaiyaony ?aaeei nayce iaaeaeo
eiiiuethoa?aie;
On/Off – auaiaeeony eee ia auaiaeeony ia ye?ai aeaiiay iaiaeue;
Name – eiaia oaeeu auaiaeyony a aeoaaeoiii ii?yaeea;
eXtension – oaeeu auaiaeyony oae, /oi ?anoe?aiey eiai oaeeia
ieacuaathony a aeoaaeoiii ii?yaeea;
tiMe – oaeeu auaiaeyony a ii?yaeea oauaaiey aeaou iineaaeiae
iiaeeoeeaoeee: aieaa iiaua oaeeu auaiaeyony ia?auie;
Size – oaeeu auaiaeyony a ii?yaeea oauaaiey eo ?acia?a;
Unsorted – oaeeu e eaoaeiae auaiaeyony a oii ii?yaeea, a eioi?ii iie
caienaiu a eaoaeiaa;
Re-read – iiaoi?iia /oaiea iaeaaeaiey eaoaeiaa;
fiLter – ?aaeei ecia?aaeaiey a iaiaee oieueei /anoe oaeeia eaoaeiaa;
Drive – ia?aoiae ia ae?oaie aeeneiaiae.
IOIEO IAITH “FILES”
Ioieo iaith “Files” aeaao aiciiaeiinoue i?iecaiaeeoue ?acee/iua
iia?aoeee n oaeeaie. Iiiaea ec yoeo iia?aoeee cae?aieaiu ca
ooieoeeiiaeueiuie eeaaeoaie.
Help – iieo/aiea ni?aaee (“iiiiue”);
User Menu – auaiae iaith eiiaiae iieueciaaoaey;
View – i?iniio? oaeea;
Edit – ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea oaeea;
Copy – eiie?iaaiea oaeea eee a?oiiu oaeeia;
Renmov – ia?aeiaiiaaiea oaeea (oaeeia) eee eaoaeiaa, ia?anueea oaeea
(oaeeia) a ae?oaie eaoaeia;
MkDir – cicaeaiea iiaeeaoaeiaa;
Delete – oie/oiaeaiea oaeea, a?oiiu oaeeia eee eaoaeiaa;
file Attributes – onoaiiaea ao?eaooia oaeea;
select Group – auaeaeaiea a?oiiu oaeeia ii ianea (oi aea, /oi eeaaeoa
“+” ia i?aaie /anoe eeaaeaoo?u;
Deselect group – ioiaia auaeaeaiey a?oiiu oaeeia ii ianea (oi aea, /oi
eeaaeoa “-” ia i?aaie /anoe eeaaeaoo?u);
Invert selection – ia?auaiea auaeaeaiey oaeeia: iaauaeaeaiiua oaeeu
noaiiayony auaeaeaiiuie, a auaeaeaiiua oaeeu e ana iiaeeaoaeiae –
iaauaeaeaiiuie (oi aea, /oi eeaaeoa “*” a i?aaie /anoe eeaaeaoo?u);
Restore selection – ainnoaiiaeaiea auaeaeaiey, “niyoiai” Norton
Commander
(yoi iiaeao auoue iieacii aeey iiaoi?iiai auiieiaiey aeaenoaey iaae oie
aea
a?oiiie oaeeia);
Quit – auoiae ec Norton Commander.
IOIEO IAITH “COMMANDS”
Ioieo iaith “Nommands” iicaieyao auiieiyoue ?acee/iua eiiaiaeu Norton
Commander.
NC tree – auaiae ia ye?ai aea?aaa eaoaeiaia ia aeenea aeey auno?iai
ia?aoiaea a ae?oaie eaoaeia (oi aea, /oi eiiaiaea Alt F10);
Find file – iiene oaeea ia aeenea (oi aea, /oi eiiaiaea Alt F7);
History – i?iniio? eiiaiae, aaaaeaiiuo a eiiaiaeiie no?iea DOS.
Eeaaeoaie ia?aiauaiey eo?ni?a ( e ( iiaeii auaeaeeoue iaeio ec yoeo
eiiaiae. Iaaeaa eeaaeoo Enter, iiaeii caoai auiieieoue auaeaeaiioth
eiiaiaeo, a iaaeaa F4 – auaanoe aa a eiiaiaeioth no?ieo aeey
?aaeaeoe?iaaiey. Nienie auiieiaiiuo eiiaiae iiaeii auaanoe ia ye?ai e
iaaeaoeai Alt F8;
EGA lines – ia?aeeth/aiea a ?aaeei auaiaea 43 (aeey iiieoi?a oeia EGA)
eee 50 (aeey VGA) no?ie ia ye?aia e ia?aoii, a ?aaeei auaiaea 25 no?ie
ia ye?aia. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi i?e auaiaea 43 eee 50 no?ie ia ye?ai
aeaca ooiieythony cia/eoaeueii auno?aa. Yoi ia?aeeth/aiea iiaeii
auiieieoue oaeaea, iaaeaa Alt F9;
System information – auaiae eioi?iaoeee i eiiiuethoa?a e eniieueciaaiee
iia?aoeaiie iaiyoe. Nia/aei auaiaeeony ye?ai n eioi?iaoeeae i
eiiiuethoa?a, aiaeiae/iue ia?aiio ye?aio i?ia?aiiu SysInfo ec eiiieaena
Norton Utilities. Anee Aai yoiai aeinoaoi/ii, iaaeieoa Esc. Iaaeaa
Enter, Au iiaeaoa i?iniio?aoue naaaeaiey ia eniieueciaaiee iia?aoeaiie
iaiyoe, auaiaeeiua i?ia?aiiie Mem. Aeey ia?aiauaiey ii io/aoo yoie
i?ia?aiiu eniieuecoeoa eeaaeoe ( , ( , ( , ( , PgUp, PgDn, aeey
auoiaea ec i?iniio?a iaaeieoa aeaa ?aca Esc;
Swap panels – iaiaee Norton Commander “iaiythony ianoaie” – oi, /oi auei
ecia?aaeaii ia iaeiie iaiaee, ecia?aaeaaony ia ae?oaie. Yoi aeaenoaea
iiaeii auiieieoue, iaaeaa Ctrl U;
Panels on/off – oaeaeaiea iaiaeae Norton Commander n ye?aia eee
ainnoaiiaeaiea eo ia ye?aia (oi aea, /oi Ctrl O);
Compare directories – n?aaiaiea eaoaeiaia, ecia?aaeaiiuo ia iaiaeyo
Norton Commander. A eaaeaeii eaoaeiaa auaeaeythony oaeeu, ionoonoaothuea
a ae?oaii eaoaeiaa eee eiathuea oai aieaa ?aithth aeaoo iineaaeiaai
iaiiaeaiey;
Terminal Emulation – caione i?ia?aii TERM 90, iicaieythuae iaiaieaaoueny
oaeeaie e niiauaieyie /a?ac iiaeai, eieaeueioth naoue eee
ioeue-iiaeaiiia niaaeeiaiea eiiiuethoa?ia;
Menu file edit – ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea nienea eiiaiae, auaiaeeiiai i?e
iaaeaoee iieueciaaoaeai eeaaeoe F2;
eXtension file edit – ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea oaeea NC.EXT, caaeathuaai
aeaenoaea Norton Commander i?e iaaeaoee iieueciaaoaeai eeaaeoe Enter a
caaeneiinoe io ?anoe?aiey eiaie auaeaeaiiiai oaeea.
IOIEO IAITH “OPTIONS”
Ioieo iaith “Iptions” iicaieyao caaeaaaoue eiioeao?aoeeth e ?aaeeiu
?aaiou Norton Commander e oeacuaaoue, eaeie ?aaeaeoi? aoaeao
eniieueciaaoueny i?e ?aaeaeoe?iaaiee oaeeia. Aeeth/aiiua ?aaeeiu neaaa
ioia/aiu aaei/eie. *oiau onoaiiaeoue eee ioiaieoue ?aaeei, iaaei
auaeaeeoue aai eeaaeoaie ia?aiauaiey eo?ni?a e iaaeaoue Enter.
Iiaeiaith,niioaaonoaothuaa ioieoo “Options”,niaea?aeeo neaaeothuea
ioieou:
Configuration – onoaiiaea eiioeao?aoeee Norton Commander (ni. ieaea);
Editor – oeacaiea ?aaeaeoi?a, aucuaaaiiai i?e iaaeaoee eeaaeoe F4
(“Edit”);
Confirmation – onoaiiaea eee ioiaia auaea/e cai?inia ia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea
eiie?iaaiey (Nopy), ia?anueee (Move) e oaeaeaiey (Delete) oaeeia e
eaoaeiaia, oaeaeaiea eaoaeiaa ni anaie iiaeeaoaeiaie (Delete
subdirectories) e auoiaea ec Norton Commamder (Exit));
Compression – auai? iaoiaea naeaoey i?e iiiauaiea oaeeia a a?oea:
i?eieiaaiiai ii oiie/aieth (Automatically select best method), n
iaeneiaeueiie noaiaiueth naeaoey (Create smallest file) eee naiiai
auno?iai (Use fastest method), a oaeaea onoaiiaea eee ioiaia cai?ina
ia?iey i?e ?aaioa n a?oeaiuie oaeeaie (Confirm with password);
Auto menus – i?e caionea Norton Commander ia ye?aia auaiaeeony
iieueciaaoaeueneia iaith; a iinea auiieiaiey eiiaiaeu
iieueciaaoaeueneiai iaith (auaiaeeiiai i?e iaaeaoee eeaaeoe F2) ia ye?ai
iiyoue auaiaeeony iieueciaaoaeueneia iaith. A yoii ?aaeeia aeey auoiaea
ec iieueciaaoaeueneiai iaith neaaeoao F10 eee Esc.
Path prompt – eiaaea yoio ?aaeei aeeth/ai, oi i?eaeaoaiea aieco ye?aia
aeeth/aao eioi?iaoeeth i oaeouai aeenea e oaeouai eaoaeiaa, a anee ii
aueeth/ai, oi oieueei i oaeouai aeenea;
Key bar – eiaaea yoio ?aaeei aeeth/ai, a iineaaeiae no?iea ye?aia
auaiaeeony iaiiieiaiea i cia/aieyo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo eeaaeo. Aeeth/eoue e
aueeth/eoue yoio ?aaeei iiaeii oaeaea, iaaeaa eeaaeoe Ctrl B;
Full screen – auaiaeeoue iaiaee Norton Commander ?acia?ii a iieiue ye?ai
(?aaeei aeeth/ai) eee a iieiaeio ye?aia (?aaeei aueeth/ai);
Mini status – eiaaea yoio ?aaeei aeeth/ai, a ieaeiae /anoe eaaeaeie
iaiaee auaiaeeony no?iea n eioi?iaoeeae i oaeouai oaeea (eiy, ?acia?,
aeaoa e a?aiy nicaeaiey eee iineaaeiae iiaeeoeeaoeee) eee i iiia/aiiuo
ia iaiaee oaeeao (eo eiee/anoaa e iauai ?acia?a);
Clock – auaiaeeoue a i?aaii aa?oiai oaeo ye?aia oaeouaa a?aiy;
Save setup – nio?aieoue onoaiiaeaiiua ?aaeeiu ?aaiou Norton Commander.
I?e neaaeothuai caionea Norton Commander ana aai ?aaeeiu
(onoaiaaeeaaa-iua a ioieoao iaith “Left”, “Right” e “Options”) aoaeoo
oaeeie aea, eae a iiiaio auiieiaiey eiiaiaeu “Save setup”. E?iia oiai,
anee a iiiaio auiieiaiey eiiaiaeu “Save setup” iaa iaiaee niaea?aeao
iaeaaeaiea eaoaeiaia, oi i?e neaaeothuai caionea iaeia ec iaiaeae aoaeao
niaea?aeaoue iaeaaeaiea oaeouaai eaoaeiaa, a ae?oaay – iaeaaeaiea oiai
eaoaeiaa, eioi?ue aue oaeouei a iiiaio auiieiaiey eiiaiaeu “Save setup”.
Nio?aieoue onoaiiaeaiiua ?aaeeiu ?aaiou Norton Commander iiaeii oaeaea,
iaaeaa Shift F9.
Iia?aoeeiiiay nenoaia Windows’95
Windows’95 – yoi a?aoe/aneay, 32-?ac?yaeiay, iiiaicaaea/iay, naoaaay
nenoaia. Iia niaea?aeeo:
iia?aoeeiiioth nenoaio;
oaeeiaoth nenoaio aeey i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiou n oaeeaie e iaieaie;
i?eeeaaeiua i?ia?aiiu, oaeea eae oaenoiaua e a?aoe/aneea ?aaeaeoi?u,
n?aaenoaa nayce, eaeueeoeyoi?, ioeueoeiaaeeeiua n?aaenoaa e i?.
Windows iicaieyao i?aaieciaaoue ia/aoue, iaiai oaenaie, niaea?aeeo
ano?iaiioth ii/oo, iiaeaea?aeeo naoe, iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue
iiiaicaaea/iue ?aaeei, aeeeiiua eiaia oaeeia.
Aeey ii?iaeueiie ?aaiou Windows’95 iau/ii ?aeiiaiaeoaony eiiiuethoa? ia
ooaea Intel 486 DX2 n /anoioie 66 IAoe e 8 Ia iia?aoeaiie iaiyoe.
1. Iniiaiua oaoiieiae/aneea i?eioeeiu iino?iaiey Windows
I?eioeei Plug and Play (“aeeth/e e ?aaioae”), aeaaiaea?y eioi?iio ia
o?aaoaony niaoeeaeueiay iano?ieea eiathuaainy iai?oaeiaaiey
eiiiuethoa?a.
I?eioeei Point and Click (oeacaoue e uaeeiooue) eniieuecoaony aeey
auai?a ioieoa iaith, eiiaiaeu, auaeaeaiey iauaeoia e i?. Auiieiyaony:
oeacaoaeue iuoe ia?aiauaaony ia yeaiaio e iaaeeaaaony eaaay eiiiea iuoe.
I?eioeei Drag and Drop (ia?aianoeoue e inoaaeoue) eniieuecoaony aeey
eiie?iaaiey eee ia?aiauaiey iauaeoia. Auiieiyaony: auaeaeeoue iauaeo,
iaaeaoue eaaoth eiiieo, ia ioioneay aa, ia?aoaueoue iauaeo ia iiaia
ianoi, ioionoeoue eiiieo.
I?eioeei WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get – *oi aeaeeoa, oi
iieo/eoa). I?eioeei eniieuecoaony a i?eeiaeaieyo, iaienaiiuo aeey
nenoaiu. YI icia/aao, /oi no?aieoea aeieoiaioa auaeyaeeo oae, eae iia
aoaeao iaia/aoaia ia aoiaaa.
Oaoiieiaey OLE (naycuaaiea e ano?aeaaiea iauaeoia). Iicaieyao
ano?aeaaoue e ?aaeaeoe?iaaoue niaianoii aeieoiaiou ?aciuo oeiia.
2. Iniiaiua iauaeou
A nenoaia Windows’95 nouanoaoao aieueoia eiee/anoai iauaeoia. Ethaie
iauaeo eiaao eiy, a?aoe/aneia iaicia/aiea (ieeoia?aiia, eeiiea, cia/ie)
e naienoaa. Eiy e cia/ie iicaieytho ioee/aoue aeaiiue iauaeo io ae?oaeo.
Naienoaa ii?aaeaeytho oa?aeoa?enoeee iauaeoa, aai aiciiaeiinoe e
iiaaaeaiea. Iieueciaaoaeue iiaeao aeeyoue ia ninoiyiea iauaeoa, eciaiyy
aai naienoaa.
Iauaeou, n eioi?uie ?aaioaao Windows’95, neaaeothuea:
aeieoiaio – yoi iauaeou, niaea?aeauea ethaoth eioi?iaoeeth: oaenou,
?enoiee, caoee e o.ae.. ?acaeoea ioeueoeiaaeeeiuo aiciiaeiinoae
eiiiuethoa?a i?eaaei e oiio, /oi a iaeioi?uo aeieoiaioao iiaoo
niaea?aeaoueny, iai?eia?, aeaeaeoueany ecia?aaeaiey e caoe. Cia/ie
aeieoiaiou – eenoi/ee aoiaae n caaiooui oaieeii;
i?ia?aiia – neoaeeo aeey ia?aaioee aeieoiaioia, /anoi i?ia?aiio
iacuaatho i?eeiaeaieai. I?eeiaeaiey, auiieiyaiua iiae Windows’95,
aeaeyony ia aeaa eeanna: 1) ?ac?aaioaiiua niaoeeaeueii iiae Windows; 2)
?ac?aaioaiiua iiae MS DOS. Aieueoeinoai ec ieo ?aaioatho a n?aaea
Windows eee iaiin?aaenoaaiii eee a ?aaeeia yioeyoeee DOS. Iaaeaeo
ioaeaeueiuie i?ia?aiiaie e aeieoiaioaie nouanoaoao naycue, iai?eia?,
?aaeaeoi? Pad ?aaioaao n oaenoiauie aeieoiaioaie; ?aaeaeoi? Paint
ia?aaaouaaao a?aoe/aneea aeieoiaiou. Eaaeaeia i?eeiaeaiea eiaao naie
cia/ie;
iaiee niaea?aeao a?oiiu iaeiioeiiuo aeieoiaioia eee i?eeiaeaiee. Iaiee
iiaoo niaea?aeaoue ae?oaea iaiee, a oaeaea iiaoo auoue ionouie;
y?euee naycaiu n auiieiyaiuie i?eeiaeaieyie. Cia/ie y?euea niaea?aeeo a
ieaeiai oaeo no?aeeo.
E aieaa e?oiiui iauaeoai, eioi?ua iiaoo niaea?aeaoue iaiee,
i?eeiaeaiey, aeieoiaiou, y?euee ioiinyony ?aai/ee noie, Ei?ceia,
Ii?ooaeue e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea.
Ia ?aai/ai noiea, eioi?ue iiyaeyaony iinea caionea Windiws’95,
?aciauathony ana iauaeou. Iiaa?oiinoue noiea iiaeii ioi?ieoue a
niioaaonoaee ni naiei aeonii, iai?eia?, eciaiyy aai oeaao, iaie,
?aniieiaeaiea e ninoaa iauaeoia.
A Ei?ceio iiiauatho noaaoea iaioaeiuie iauaeou. I?e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe eo iiaeii ecaea/ue ioooaea. Iinea i/enoee Ei?ceiu
iiiauaiiua ooaea iauaeou noaiiayony iaaeinooiiuie.
Ii?ooaeue neoaeeo aeey ia?aiinee aeieoiaioia ia ae?oaie
eiiiuethoa?.
?anniio?aiiua iauaeou yaeythony eiae/aneeie, o.e. ia
niioaaonoaotho ieeaeie ioaeaeueiie aiia?aoiie /anoe eiiiuethoa?a. A
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue eiae/aneei iauaeou, oece/aneea naycaiu n ?aaeueii
nouanoaothueie ono?ienoaaie. Yoi aeeneiaiaeu, i?eioa?, oaen, eeaaeaoo?a,
iiieoi?, CD-ROM e ae?oaea.
Ana oece/aneea iauaeou iauaaeeiythony a iaeei iauaeo, iacaaiiue
“Iie eiiiuethoa?”.
Iauaeo “Iie eiiiuethoa?” niaea?aeeo oaeaea niaoeeoe/aneoth
eiae/aneoth eiiiiiaioo – Ioeueo oi?aaeaiey, Ioeueo ioi?ieai eae iaiea, a
eioi?ie o?aiyony iano?ieee eiiiuethoa?a.
A ieaeiae /anoe ?aai/aai noiea iaoiaeeony Iaiaeue caaea/. Ia
iaiaee caaea/ eiaaony eiiiea Ione, eioi?ay niaea?aeeo aeaaiia iaith.
Anee iaecaanoii iacia/aiea eaeiai-eeai cia/ea, iaiaoiaeeii
uaeeiooue ia iai i?aaie eiiieie e ec eiioaenoiiai iaith aua?aoue ioieo
Naienoaa.
3. ?aaioa n iuoueth.
Oeacaoaeue iuoe eiaao ?aciue aeae a caaeneiinoe io ?aaeeia ?aaiou.
Aeae oeacaoaee Iacaaiea ?aaeeia Aeaenoaey
( Iniiaiie ?aaeei Windows aeaeao uae/ea
( ( Eciaiaiea aa?oeeaeueiuo e ai?eciioaeueiuo ?acia?ia Oaaee/aiea eee
oiaiueoaiea ?acia?ia ieia
( Nenoaia iaaeinooiia ?aaeei iaeeaeaiey ieii/aiey ?aaiou i?ia?aiiu
(( Oiiiaue ?aaeei I?ia?aiia ?aaioaao, iiaeii auiieiyoue aua /oi-ieaoaeue
I Oi/ea aaiaea Iiaeii ia/aoaoue oaeno
( Iia?aoeey iaaiciiaeia
?( Ni?aaea Uae/ie aeey iieo/aiey ni?aaee
4, Iia?aoeee n iuoueth
Auai? iauaeoa (oeacaoue iauaeo) – onoaiiaeoue oeacaoaeue iuoe ia
iauaeoa.
Uae/ie. Ii?yaeie auiieiaiey: oeacaoue iauaeo, uaeeiooue eaaie eiiieie
iuoe.
3. Ia?aoaueoue e inoaaeoue. Ii?yaeie auiieiaiey: oeacaoue iauaeo;
uaeeiooue eaaie eiiieie iuoe; oaea?aeeaay aa iaaeaoie, ia?aoaueoue
iauaeo; ioionoeoue eiiieo.
4. Auaeaeaiea iauaeoia.
– auaeaeaiea iaeiiai iauaeoa: oeacaoue iauaeo; uaeeiooue;
– auaeaeaiea a?oiiu ?yaeii noiyueo iauaeoia: oeacaoue eaaue oaie
?aiee, ?anoyiooue aa aie?oa iauaeoia;
eee iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Shift] e auaeaeeoue ia?aue e iineaaeiee iauaeou
– auaeaeaiea a?oiiu iauaeoia, iaoiaeyueony ia ?yaeii: iaaeaoue
eeaaeoo [Ctrl] e uaeeiooue ii eaaeaeiio auaeaeyaiiio iauaeoo.
5.N?aaenoaa aeeaeiaa n Windows’95
Iaith e ieia – iniiaiua n?aaenoaa aeeaeiaa n Windows’95. Nouanoaotho
neaaeothuea oeiu iaith.
Aeaaiia iaith. Aucuaaaony i?e iaaeaoee eiiiee Ione. Niaea?aeeo eae
i?aaeei 7 ioieoia:
I?ia?aiiu – niaea?aeeo ia?a/aiue i?eeiaeaiee, eiathueony a
eiiiuethoa?a;
Aeieoiaiou – niaea?aeeo ia?a/aiue anao iaaeaaii ioe?uouo aeieoiaioia;
Iano?ieea – niaea?aeeo iiaeiaith aeey iano?ieee ia?eoa?eeiuo
ono?ienoa;
Iiene – neoaeeo aeey iienea oaeeia e iaiie;
Ni?aaea – niaea?aeeo iieioth ni?aai/ioth eioi?iaoeeth;
Auiieieoue – iicaieyao auno?i caionoeoue i?ia?aiio aeey auiieiaiey;
Caaa?oaiea ?aaiou – niaea?aeeo iiaeiaith auai?a oneiaee ieii/aiey
?aaiou.
Iaeioi?ua ioieou iaith niaea?aeao eaneaaeiia iaith, eioi?ia
yaeyaony en/acathuei iaith e iiyaeyaony iinea caaea?aeee ia iaeioi?uo
ioieoao aeaaiiai iaith.
Eiioaenoiia iaith iiyaeyaony i?e uae/ea i?aaie eiiieie ia eaeii-eeai
iauaeoa. Ioieou iaith caaenyo io oeia iauaeoa.
Nioneathuaany iaith aucuaaaony ec no?iee iaith, eioi?ay
?aniieaaaaony a ethaii ieia. Iaith yaeyaony oeene?iaaiiui, o.a. aai
ioieou iau/ii ia caaenyo io oeia ieia. Iniaaiiinoe ioieoia iaith:
– na?ue oeaao ioieoa iaith icia/aao, /oi ii iaaeinooiai a aeaiiue
iiiaio;
– iiae/a?eiooay aoeaa – yoi “ai?y/ay eeaaeoa”, aeey auai?a ioieoa
aeinoaoi/ii iaaeaoue ai?y/oth eeaaeoo. Iai?eia?, aeey auai?a ioieoa
iaith “Cae?uoue” aeinoaoi/ii iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [C];
– iiiaioi/ea iinea ioieoa iaith icia/aao, /oi iiyaeony ieii aeey aaiaea
aeiiieieoaeueiie eioi?iaoeee;
– iacaaiea eeaaeoe eee eiiaeiaoeee eeaaeo ni?aaa io ioieoa – yoi
eeaaeoe auno?iai auciaa. Iai?eia?, /oiau aua?aoue ioieo Oaee/Nio?aieoue,
aeinoaoi/ii iaaeaoue eeaaeoe [Shift+F12];
– anee ia?aae ioieoii iaith anoue “aaei/ea” ((), oi ii yaeyaony
ia?aeeth/aoaeai. Uae/ie ia ioieoa aueeth/aao/aeeth/aao eiiaiaeo,
i?aaenoaaeaiioth ioieoii iaith;
– anee ia?aae ioieoii iaith noieo neiaie ( , oi ioieo aoiaeeo a a?oiio
iieae auai?a. E?oaeie iiia/aao aua?aiiue aa?eaio.
Niiniau auai?a ioieoia iaith:
uaeeiooue ia iacaaiee;
aua?aoue ioieo e iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Enter];
iaaeaoue ai?y/oth eeaaeoo;
iaaeaoue eeaaeoo auno?iai auciaa.
Auoiae ec iaith: iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Esc]; eee uaeeiooue aia iaith.
Aaaeiaeoae iniaaiiinoueth Windows yaeyaony iaee/ea ieii. Ieia – yoi
auaeaeaiiua o/anoee ye?aia, a eaaeaeii ec eioi?uo iiaeao auiieiyoueny
naiinoiyoaeueiay caaea/a. Iaee/ea nenoaiu ieii iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue
ianeieueei i?ia?aii iaeiia?aiaiii. Ia?aeeth/aiea iaaeaeo caaea/aie
i?iecaiaeeony uae/eii iuoe a niioaaonoaothuai ieia eee i?e iaaeaoee
eeaaeo [Alt+Tab].
?acee/atho o?e oeia ieii: ieii i?ia?aiiu; ieii aeieoiaioa; aeeaeiaiaia
ieii.
Eaaeaeia ieii niaaaeaii caaieiaeii. Caaieiaie aeoeaiiai ieia –
neiee. Ieia ioe?uaathony aeaieiui uae/eii ia niioaaonoaothuai iauaeoa.
Ieia i?eeiaeaiey e aeieoiaioa eiatho 3 aa?eaioa i?aaenoaaeaiey:
iieiiye?aiiia; ii?iaeueiia ( ieii caieiaao /anoue ye?aia); ieeoia?aiia
(a aeaea cia/ea). Aeey eciaiaiey aa?eaioa i?aaenoaaeaiey ieii
eniieuecothony eiiiee ni?aaa a ciia caaieiaea.
Aeeaeiaiaua ieia neoaeao aeey aaiaea aeiiieieoaeueiie eioi?iaoeee.
Iie eiatho iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe. Nouanoaotho 3 oeia aeeaeiaiauo ieii:
ieia-niiauaiey, a eioi?uo i?inoi auaiaeyony niiauaiey nenoaiu;
ieii-auai? aeey auai?a ia?aiao?ia; ieii aaiaea.
A aeaoo iineaaeieo ieiao eniieuecothony neaaeothuea n?aaenoaa
aaaeaiey aeeaeiaa:
Eiiaiaeiua eiiiee: IE – auiieieoue eiiaiaeo; Ioiaia; Ni?aaea.
Iiea aaiaea oaenoiauo eee /eneiauo cia/aiee. Aeey aaiaea iaiaoiaeeii
uaeeiooue a iiea, iieo/ea eo?ni? I.
Iacaaeneiue ia?aeeth/aoaeue. Iicaieyao naeaeaoue auai? iaaeaeo aee/auee
(aea/iao). ( – ?aaeei aeeth/ai; ( – ?aaeei aueeth/ai.
Caaeneiue ia?aeeth/aoaeue. Iicaieyao naeaeaoue auai? ec aeaoo eee aieaa
aa?eaioia eniieiaiey eaeie-eeai ooieoeee eee aiciiaeiuo cia/aiee
eaeiai-eeai ia?aiao?a. Aua?aiiue aa?eaio iiia/aaony (.
Aeaiiino?aoeeiiiia ieii iicaieyao i?iniio?aoue niaea?aeeiia aeieoiaioia.
Aeeaeiaiaua ieia n eciaeeeai ooieoeee niaaaeatho ( aeeaaeeaie )
iiaeieiaie. Auai? aeeaaeee i?iecaiaeeony uae/eii.
6.Iia?aoeee n ieiaie
ioe?uoea ieia i?iecaiaeeony aeaieiui uae/eii ia iauaeoa;
eciaiaiea ?acia?ia ieia: iioyiooue ca i?aaue ieaeiee oaie ieia;
eciaiaiea oe?eiu eee auniou: oeacaoue ia aa?oeeaeueioth eee
ai?eciioaeueioth a?aieoeo ieia, iieo/ea eo?ni? ( eee ( niioaaonoaaiii,
iioyiooue;
aeey ia?aiauaiey ieia auaeaeeoue caaieiaie e iioyiooue;
/oiau naa?iooue ieii ia Iaiaeue caaea/ neaaeoao iaaeaoue eiiieo (.
I?ia?aiia eee aeieoiaio, naycaiiua n ieiii inoathony aeoeaiuie;
/oiau ?acaa?iooue ieii ia aanue ye?ai, iaaei iaaeaoue eiiieo (;
aeey cae?uoey ieia iaaeaoue eiiieo (;
aeey oii?yaei/eaaiey ieii iaaei uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie ia iaiaee
caaea/, a iaith aua?aoue aa?eaiou ?aniieiaeaiey ieii: eaneaaeii, naa?oo
aiec, neaaa iai?aai.
7.Iia?aoeee n iaieaie
iaiee neoaeao aeey o?aiaiey iaeiioeiiuo aeieoiaioia e i?ia?aii. Aeey
?aaiou n iaieaie eniieuecothony neaaeothuea iia?aoeee:
i?iniio? niaea?aeeiiai iaiee auiieiyaony aeaieiui uae/eii ia cia/ea
iaiee;
aeey nicaeaiey iiaie iaiee neaaeoao uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie ia
naiaiaeiii ianoa ieia e aua?aoue ioieo iaith Nicaeaoue/Iaiea e aaanoe
eiy iaiee;
aeey oaeaeaiey iaiee neaaeoao auaeaeeoue aa e iaaeaoue eeaaeo [Delete ]
eee uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie e aua?aoue ioieo iaith Oaeaeeoue;
/oiau ia?aeiaiiaaoue iaieo aa neaaeoao auaeaeeoue, uaeeiooue i?aaie
eiiieie e aua?aoue ioieo iaith Ia?aeiaiiaaoue;
aeey ia?aiina iaiee aa auaeaeytho, caoai ia?aoaneeaatho ia iiaia ianoi.
Anee aea?aeaoue iaaeaoie eeaaeoo [Ctrl], oi iaiea neiie?oaony.
8.Iia?aoeee n oaeeaie
Niaoeeoeeaoeey oaeea niaea?aeeo eiy e ?anoe?aiea. Eiy yaeyaony
i?iecaieueiui, ?anoe?aiea iau/ii naycaii n o?aaiaaieai ia?aaaouaathuae
i?ia?aiiu. A caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a eioi?iaoeee, niaea?aeauaeny a
oaeea (oaeno, a?aoeea, caoe), eaaeaeay i?ia?aiia i?aaeoniao?eaaao
ii?aaeaeaiiue niinia i?aaiecaoeee aeaiiuo, o.a. oi?iao oaeea. N eaaeaeue
oi?iaoii naycaii ii?aaeaeaiiia ?anoe?aiea eiaie oaeea, iai?eia?,
aeieoiaiou Word eiatho ?anoe?aiea .doc, Excel – .xls. I?eia?u
niaoeeoeeaoeee oaeea: Proba.txt – oaenoiaue aeieoiaio; Primer.doc
aeieoiaio Word. I?e auai?a niaoeeoeeaoeee oaeea i?eaea?aeeaaeoanue
neaaeothueo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee:
i?enaaeaaeoa oaeeo oieueei oi ?anoe?aiea, eioi?ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao
i?ia?aiia, ia?aaaouaathuay oaee;
ia iioneaeoa ?anoe?aiea;
eiy oaeea aeieaeii auoue iiaiiie/aneei, o.a. iaiiieiaoue i niaea?aeeiii
oaeea.
Iniiaiua iia?aoeee n oaeeaie neaaeothuea:
Nicaeaiea oaeeia. Uaeeiooue ia naiaiaeiii ianoa ieia i?aaie eiiieie,
aua?aoue ioieo iaith Nicaeaoue, caoai a caaeneiinoe io oi?iaoa oaeea
ioieo Oaenoiaue aeieoiaio, Aeieoiaio Microsoft Word eee ae?oaie.
Iiyaeony cia/ie oaeea, aeae eioi?iai caaeneo io ?anoe?aiey oaeea.
I?enaieoue oaeeo eiy n ?anoe?aieai, iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Enter].
Ia?aeiaiiaaiea oaeea. Auaeaeeoue eiy oaeea, uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie,
iieo/ea eo?ni? I, aaanoe iiaia eiy, iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Enter].
Oaeaeaiea oaeea. Auaeaeeoue cia/ie oaeea, iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Delete] eee
uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie, aua?aoue ioieo iaith Oaeaeeoue.
Eiie?iaaiea oaeea. Auiieiyaony oae:
ioe?uoue aeaa ieia, naycaiiuo n iaieaie ioeoaea e eoaea eiie?oaony oaee;
auaeaeeoue oaee a ieia ioeoaea;
uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie e a iaith aua?aoue ioieo Eiie?iaaoue;
uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie ia naiaiaeiii ianoa a ieia eoaea;
aua?aoue ioieo iaith Anoaaeoue.
Eee
iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Ctrl] e ia?aoaueoue oaee ec ieia ioeoaea a ieii eoaea.
Ia?aiauaiea oaeea Auiieiyaony oae:
ioe?uoue aeaa ieia, naycaiiuo n iaieaie ioeoaea e eoaea eiie?oaony oaee;
auaeaeeoue oaee a ieia ioeoaea;
uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie e a iaith aua?aoue ioieo Au?acaoue;
uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie ia naiaiaeiii ianoa a ieia eoaea;
aua?aoue ioieo iaith Anoaaeoue.
Eee
ia?aoaueoue oaee ec ieia ioeoaea a ieii eoaea.
Ainnoaiiaeaiea oaeaeaiiiai oaeea. Ioe?ieoa Ei?ceio ia ?aai/ai noiea.
Auaeaeeoa ainnoaiaaeeaaaiue oaee. Uaeeieoa i?aaie eiiieie e auaa?eoa
ioieo iaith Ainnoaiiaeoue.
9.I?iaiaeiee
I?iaiaeiee eniieuecoaony aeey i?iniio?a oaeeiaie no?oeoo?u ia aeeneao,
iienea ioaeiiai oaeea. N?aaenoaaie I?iaiaeieea iiaeii oaeaea auiieiyoue
ana iia?aoeee iaae oaeeaie e iaieaie
Aeey caionea I?iaiaeieea iiaeii
uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie ia cia/ea aeenea eee iaiee; ec iaith aua?aoue
ioieo I?iaiaeiee;
uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie iuoe ia eiiiea Ione, ec iaith aua?aoue ioieo
I?iaiaeiee;
iaaeaoue eiiieo Ione, aua?aoue ioieo I?ia?aiiu/I?iaiaeiee.
Ieii I?iaiaeieea ninoieo ec aeaoo /anoae: eaaay /anoue niaea?aeeo
aea?aai iaiie, a i?aaie iieacaii niaea?aeeiia oie iaiee, eioi?ay
auaeaeaia neaaa. Ia aea?aaa. Ciae + neaaa io iaiee ia aea?aaa icia/aao,
/oi iia niaea?aeeo aeiaeaiiua iaiee. Aeey i?iniio?a niaea?aeeiiai oaeie
iaiee iaaei uaeeiooue ia cia/ea +. Aeey cae?uoey iaiee – uaeeiooue ia
cia/ea –
10.Iiene oaeeia e iaiie
Iiene iiaeii i?aaieciaaoue ?aciuie niiniaaie.
Auaeaeeoue cia/ie “Iie eiiiuethoa?”, uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie, aua?aoue
ioieo iaith Iaeoe; a ieia aaanoe oneiaey iienea: eiy aeenea, eiy oaeea
eee aai oaaeii. Ia aeeaaeea Aeiiieieoaeueii a ieia Oei iiaeii caaeaoue
oei aeieoiaioa, a a ieia Eneaoue oaeno caaeaaony eaeie-eeai oaeno,
ano?a/athueeny a oaeea. Aeey ia/aea iienea iaaeieoa eiiieo Iaeoe.
Iaaeaoue eiiieo Ione, aua?aoue ioieo iaith Iiene/Oaeeu e iaiee. Iiyaeony
oaeia aea ieii, eioi?ia iienaii a i.1.
11.Eniieueciaaiea y?eueia
ss?euee naycaiu n eniieiyaiuie i?ia?aiiaie. Aeaieiie uae/ie ia y?euea
caioneaao naycaiioth n iei i?ia?aiio. ss?euee iiaeii iiianoeoue ia
?aai/ee noie, a ethaie ioieo Aeaaiiai iaith eee a eaeoth-ieaoaeue iaieo.
1) Aeey aeiaaaeaiey y?euea a Aeaaiia iaith iaiaoiaeeii auiieieoue
neaaeothuea aeaenoaey:
uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie ia Iaiaee caaea/, aua?aoue ioieo Naienoaa,
aeeaaeeo Iano?ieea iaith e iaaeaoue eiiieo Aeiaaaeoue a a?oiia iaith
“Ione”;
a ieia “Nicaeaiea y?euea” iaaeaoue eiiieo Iaci? e iaeoe eiy ioaeiie
i?ia?aiiu (oaee i?ia?aiiu n ?anoe?aieai .exe); iiiaoeoue oaee e iaaeaoue
eiiieo Ioe?uoue;
niaoeeoeeaoeey oaeea iiyaeony a Eiiaiaeiie no?iea ieia Nicaeaiea y?euea;
iaaeaoue eiiieo Aeaeaa, iinea /aai aua?aoue ianoi, eoaea aoaeao iiiauai
y?eue e iiyoue iaaeaoue eiiieo Aeaeaa;
a neaaeothuai ieia aua?aoue aeae y?euea, anee n i?ia?aiiie ia naycai
noaiaea?oiue y?eue e iaaeaoue eiiieo Aioiai.
Aeey oaeaeaiey y?euea ec Aeaaiiai iaith neaaeoao uaeeiooue i?aaie
eiiieie ia Iaiaee caaea/, aua?aoue ioieo iaith Naienoaa, aeeaaeeo
Iano?ieea iaith e iaaeaoue eiiieo Oaeaeeoue. A iiyaeaoainy ieia
iiiaoeoue oaeaeyaiue y?eue e iaaeaoue eiiieo Oaeaeeoue.
Aeey aeiaaaeaiey y?euea ia ?aai/ee noie ia?aoaueoa ioaeiue auiieiyaiue
oaee ia ?aai/ee noie, uaeeieoa i?aaie eiiieie ia cia/ea oaeea, auaa?eoa
ioieo iaith Ia?aeiaiiaaoue e i?enaieoa y?eueo eiy.
Aeey oaeaeaiey y?euea n ?aai/aai noiea uaeeieoa ia y?euea i?aaie
eiiieie, auaa?eoa ioieo Oaeaeeoue eee iiiaoueoa y?eue e iaaeieoa eeaaeoo
[Delete].
12.Caione i?ia?aiiu ia auiieiaiea
Caionoeoue i?ia?aiio ia auiieiaiea iiaeii ianeieueeeie niiniaaie.
Anee i?ia?aiia niaaaeaia y?eueii, iaaei aeaaaeaeu uaeeiooue ia y?euea.
Caione i?ia?aiiu ec Aeaaiiai iaith. Iaaeaoue eiiieo Ione; aua?aoue ioieo
iaith I?ia?aiiu, iaeoe a ioe?uaoainy eaneaaeiii iaith i?ia?aiio n
ioaeiui eiaiai, aeaaaeaeu uaeeiooue;
eee
aua?aoue ioieo iaith Auiieieoue; aaanoe niaoeeoeeaoeeth oaeea, iaaeaoue
eiiieo IE; anee niaoeeoeeaoeey iaecaanoia, iaaeaoue eiiieo Iaci?.
Caione ec ioieoa “Iie eiiiuethoa?”. Aeaieiui uae/eii io?uaaai ioaeiue
aeene iaieo, caioneaai i?ia?aiio.
I?eia/aiea. I?ia?aiia anaaaea caioneaaony aeaieiui uae/eii.
13.Iano?ieea n?aaeu Windows
Iu ia aoaeai ?anniao?eaaoue iieioth iano?ieeo n?aaeu, oae eae aeey yoiai
ioaeiu niaoeeaeueiua ciaiey. ?anniio?ei aieaa i?inoua neo/ae.
I?aia?aciaaiea Iaiaee caaea/.
Oa?aoue Iaiaeue caaea/ n ?aai/aai noiea. Uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie;
aua?aoue ioieo Naienoaa, iiiaoeoue ia?aeeth/aoaeue Aaoiiaoe/anee oa?aoue
n ye?aia; iaaeaoue eiiieo IE. Iaiaeue aoaeao niiaa aeaeia, anee
ia?aianoeoue oeacaoaeue e ieaeiaio e?ath ye?aia.
Oaaee/aiea ?acia?ia Iaiaee caaea/. Iiianoeoa oeacaoaeue ia aa?oithth
a?aieoeo Iaiaee, iieo/ea oeacaoaeue (, iioyieoa a?aieoeo aaa?o.
Ia?aiauaiea Iaiaee Caaea/. Onoaiiaeoa oeacaoaeue ia ethaia ianoi Iaiaee
e ia?aoaueoa aa ia iiaia ianoi.
Eciaiaiea oiiiaiai oci?a e ?enoiea. Uaeeieoa i?aaie eiiieie ia ?aai/ai
noiea, auaa?eoa ioieo iaith Naienoaa, uaeeieoa ii aeeaaeea Oii e
auaa?eoa ioieo Oiiiaue oci? e ?enoiie ec i?aaeeiaeaiiiai nienea.
Iaaeieoa eiiiee I?eiaieoue e IE.
Onoaiiaea oeaaoia. Uaeeieoa i?aaie eiiieie ia ?aai/ai noiea, auaa?eoa
ioieou iaith Naienoaa/Ioi?ieaiea. Auaa?eoa aeeaaeee Oii, Canoaaea,
ioi?ieaiea e o.ae., oeaao eioi?ie oioeoa eciaieoue. Uaeeieoa eiiieie
Oeaao, /oiau iieo/eoue nienie oeaaoia. Auaa?eoa ioaeiue oeaao, uaeeieoa
eiiieaie I?eiaieoue e IE..
Aacu e aaiee aeaiiuo. Nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey aacaie
aeaiiuo (NOAAe). Yeaeo?iiiua oaaeeoeu.
Aaie aeaiiuo – yoi nenoaia niaoeeaeueiui ia?acii i?aaieciaaiiuo aac
aeaiiuo, i?ia?aiiiuo, oaoie/aneeo, ycueiauo e
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-iaoiaee/aneeo n?aaenoa, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey
iaania/aiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai iaeiieaiey e eieeaeoeaiiai iiiaioeaeaaiai
eniieueciaaiey aeaiiuo.
Iniiaiua ioee/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe aaieia aeaiiuo:
iie nicaeathony aeey iiiaioeaeaaiai eniieueciaaiey ( eioi?iaoeey a ieo
oeene?oaony iaeiie?aoii, a eniieuecotho aa iiiaea iieueciaaoaee);
eiathony niaoeeaeueiua ycueiaua e i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa, iaeaa/athuea
iieueciaaoaeth auiieiaiea iia?aoeee, naycaiiuo n i?aaiecaoeeae o?aiaiey,
eciaiaiey e aeinooia e aeaiiui.
Ninoaa aaiea aeaiiuo:
Aaie aeaiiuo aeeth/aao a naay neaaeothuea eiiiiiaiou:
eioi?iaoeeiiioth (EE) eee aacu aeaiiuo. Aacu aeaiiuo – yoi niaieoiiinoue
iaai?ia aeaiiuo, iauaaeeiaiiuo a oeaeyo nicaeaiey eioi?iaoeeiiiie
iiaeaee iauaeoa, eniieuecoaiie i?e ia?aaioea eioi?iaoeee;
oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa (ON) – eiiiuethoa?u, ono?ienoaa aaiaea e
ioia?aaeaiey auaiaeeiie eioi?iaoeee;
i?aaiecaoeeiiii-iaoiaee/aneea n?aaenoaa (IIN) – eino?oeoeee,
iaoiaee/aneea e ?aaeaiaioe?othuea aeieoiaiou, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey
?acee/iuo iieueciaaoaeae, eiathueo aeinooi e eioi?iaoeee. IIN iaoiaeyony
a aaaeaiee aaeieieno?aoi?a aac aeaiiuo;
i?ia?aiiiua e ycueiaua n?aaenoaa (aianoa iacuaaaiua nenoaiie oi?aaeaiey
aacaie aeaiiuo NOAAe) – neiaeiue eiiieaen, iaania/eaathuee
acaeiiaeaenoaea anao /anoae eioi?iaoeeiiiie nenoaiu i?e aa
ooieoeeiie?iaaiee. Nthaea aoiaeyo i?aaiecaoeey aaiaea, ia?aaioea e
o?aiaiea aeaiiuo, a oaeaea n?aaenoaa iano?ieee nenoaiu e aa
oanoe?iaaiey, sscueiaua n?aaenoaa iaania/eaatho eioa?oaen iieueciaaoaey
n AAe.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei niiniaia eeanneoeeaoeee aac aeaiiuo.
Ii i?aaiecaoeee iiaeaee aeaiiuo (ii nayce iaaeaeo aeaiiuie) ?acee/atho
?aeyoeeiiiua, ea?a?oe/aneea e naoaaua aacu aeaiiuo. ?aeyoeeiiiay aaca
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?inoie e iaeaieaa i?eau/iue niinia o?aiaiey aeaiiuo
a aeaea oaaeeoeu. Aeinoieinoaii oaeie i?aaiecaoeee eioi?iaoeee yaeyaony
i?inoioa eino?oiaioaeueiuo n?aaenoa iiaeaea?aeee, a iaaeinoaoeii –
aeanoeay no?oeoo?a aeaiiuo e caaeneiinoue nei?inoe ?aaiou io ?acia?a
AAe.
Ea?a?oe/aneay e naoaaay iiaeaee i?aaeiieaaatho iaee/ea naycae iaaeaeo
aeaiiuie, eiathueie eaeie-eeai iauee i?eciae. A ea?a?oe/aneie iiaeaee
nayce io?aaeaiu a aeaea aea?aaa, aaea i?ineaaeeaaaony naycue io noa?oeo
aa?oei e ieaaeoei, /oi iaeaa/aao aeinooi e eioi?iaoeee. A naoaaie
iiaeaee aiciiaeiu nayce anao yeaiaioia ni anaie. Eniieueciaaiea naoaaie
e ea?a?oe/aneie iiaeaeae aeaiiuo onei?yao aeinooi e eioi?iaoeee, ii
iineieueeo eaaeaeue yeaiaio aeaiiuo nnueaaony ia ae?oaea yeaiaiou, oi
o?aaothony cia/eoaeueiua ?ano?nu iaiyoe.
Eeanneoeeaoeey ii oeio iiaeaee ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia NOAAe e aaiee aeaiiuo
a oeaeii.
2. Ii i?aaiecaoeee o?aiaiey aeaiiuo e ia?auaiey e iei ?acee/atho
eieaeueiua, naoaaua (eioaa?e?iaaiiua) e ?ani?aaeaeaiiua aacu aeaiiuo.
Eieaeueiua AAe ?aoatho iaaieueoea caaea/e , iai?eia? nenoaia o/aoa
nooaeaioia a aeaeaiaoa einoeoooa; naoaaua AAe i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey
?aoaiey iiiaiiieueciaaoaeueneeo caaea/, iai?eia?, AAe, eniieuecoaiua a
aooaaeoa?ee aeey ia/eneaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou; ?ani?aaeaeaiiua AAe
eniieuecothony aeey ?aoaiey caaea/ aeiaaeueiiai o?aiaiey aeaiiuo,
iai?eia? oaaea?aeueiay nenoaia i?iaeaaee aaeaoeeiiiuo aeeaoia.
Iniiaiui yeaiaioii aacu aeaiiuo yaeyaony caienue-a?oiia naycaiiuo
iaaeaeo niaie yeaiaioia. Aeey ?aeyoeeiiiuo AAe caienue i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie no?ieo oaaeeoeu. Eaaeaeue noieaaoe oaaeeoeu iacuaaaony iieai Iiea
oa?aeoa?ecoaony oieeaeueiui eiaiai a i?aaeaeao oaaeeoeu, oeiii
?aniieiaeaiiuo a iai aeaiiuo e cia/aieai aeaiiuo. Iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou
aeaiiuo iaeaaeatho eioa?aniui naienoaii. Ciay cia/aiea, eioi?ia
i?eieiaao yoio yeaiaio, iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue cia/aiey ae?oaeo iieae
oaaeeoeu. Yeaiaiou aeaiiuo, ii eioi?ui iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ae?oaea
yeaiaiou aeaiiuo, iacuaathony eeth/aauie.
Caiene aeaiiuo i eiie?aoiii iauaeoa ia?acotho oaee aeaiiuo. No?oeoo?a
anao caienae a oaeea aeaiiuo iaeeiaeiaa, a eiee/anoai caienae a oaeea
ia?aiaiii.
NOAAe iiaeaea?aeeaatho 4 iniiaiuo iia?aoeee iaae aacaie aeaiiuo:
aeiaaaeoue a AAe iaeio eee ianeieueei caienae;
oaeaeeoue ec AAe iaeio eee ianeieueei caienae;
iaeoe a AAe caiene, oaeiaeaoai?ythuea caaeaiiiio oneiaey;
iaiiaeoue a AAe cia/aiey iaeioi?uo iieae.
*ai aieueoa aaca aeaiiuo, oai neiaeiaa e aei?iaea aa yenieoaoaoeey e oai
aieueoa o iaa yenieoaoaoeeiiiuo ?aaeeiia, oaeeo, eae:
i?iaa?ea ei??aeoiinoe aacu aeaiiuo;
iiaeaioiaea ?aca?aiie eiiee;
ainnoaiiaeaiea iinea naiy eiiiuethoa?a;
aiaeec i?ioieieia ?aaiou n oeaeueth iaia?oaeaiey iiiuoie
ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia e o.ae.
*anoi eioi?iaoeey a eiiiuethoa?a o?aieony a aeaea oaaeeoe. I?e yoii
/anoue y/aae oaaeeoeu niaea?aeeo enoiaeioth eioi?iaoeeth, a /anoue –
i?iecaiaeioth, eioi?ay yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii ?acee/iuo iia?aoeee,
auiieiaiiuo iaae enoiaeiuie aeaiiuie.
Aeey ?aoaiey caaea/, eioi?ua iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea oaaeeoe,
nicaeaiu yeaeo?iiiua oaaeeoeu eee oaaee/iua i?ioeanni?u
Yeaeo?iiiua oaaeeoeu (oaaee/iue i?ioeanni?)- i?eeeaaeiay i?ia?aiia,
iicaieythuay aaoiiaoece?iaaoue o?oae yeiiiienoia, aooaaeoa?ia e ae?oaeo,
eioi?ui i?eoiaeeony ?aaioaoue n eioi?iaoeeae, i?aaenoaaeaiiie a aeaea
?aciiia?aciuo oaaeeoe.
I?ia?aiia iaania/eaaao: ioi?ieaiea e auaiae ia ye?ai caaioiaee (oi?iu)
oaaeeoeu, ninoiyuae ec E no?ie e I noieaoeia; ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea
oaenoiauo e /eneiauo cia/aiee a ethauo y/aeeao oaaeeoeu; au/eneaiea ii
oi?ioeai; iino?iaiea a?aoeeia e aeeaa?aii; noaoenoe/aneoth ia?aaioeo
eioi?iaoeee; ia/aoue ia aoiaao.
?aai/aa iiea i?ia?aiiu – yeaeo?iiiia ieii, a eioi?ii aeaeia /anoue
oaaeeoeu. Iniiaiui yeaiaioii yeaeo?iiiuo oaaeeoe yaeyaony y/aeea,
eioi?ay iaoiaeeony ia ia?ana/aiee noieaoea e no?iee.
No?oeoo?a yeaeo?iiiie oaaeeoeu ii?aaeaeyaony eiee/anoaii noieaoeia e
oeiii aeaiiuo, iaoiaeyueony a y/aeeao oaaeeoeu.. .
Iaeaieaa ecaanoiu n?aaee iieueciaaoaeae IBM – niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia
yeaeo?iiiua oaaeeoeu Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, SUPERCALC.
I?ioeanni? yeaeo?iiiuo oaaeeoe Microsoft Excel
Ieii i?ia?aiiu Microsoft Excel
Ieii i?ia?aiiu niaea?aeeo ana noaiaea?oiua yeaiaiou Window’s: ciio
caaieiaea, ai?eciioaeueiia iaith, iaiaee eino?oiaioia, iieinu i?ie?ooee,
no?ieo ninoiyiey. Yeaiaiou, niaoeeoe/iua aeey oaaeeoeu MS Excel oaeea:
Aaa?oo iinea iaiaeae eino?oiaioia eiaaony no?iea oi?ioe, a eioi?ie
aaiaeyony e ?aaeaeoe?othony aeaiiua.
Ieaea no?iee ?aniieiaeaiu caaieiaee noieaoeia, neaaa – caaieiaee no?ie,
Ia eo ia?ana/aiee ?aniieiaeaia eiiiea, eioi?ay neoaeeo aeey auaeaeaiey
anae oaaeeoeu.
Aieco ia?aae no?ieie ninoiyiey ?aciauaia no?iea n y?eu/eaie eenoia.
Iniiaiua iiiyoey
Iauaeoii ia?aaioee a i?ia?aiia yaeyaony aeieoiaio, eioi?ue o?aieony a
oaeea n ?anoe?aieai .xls. A oa?ieiao oaaeeoeu Excel oaee iacuaaaony
?aai/ae eieaie. A eieaa ?aciauaaony io 1 aei 155 yeaeo?iiiuo oaaeeoe,
eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo iacuaaaony ?aai/ei eenoii.
Eeno ninoieo ec 16384 no?ie e 256 noieaoeia. No?iee i?iioia?iaaiu
oeaeuie /eneaie io 1 aei 16384, noieaoeu – aoeaaie eaoeineiai aeoaaeoa:
A, B, …, Z, AA, AB,… IV.
Ia ia?ana/aiee no?iee e noieaoea iaoiaeyony y/aeee. A y/aeeo aaiaeyony
/enea, oaeno eee oi?ioeu.
ss/aeee eiatho aae?ana, ninoiyuea ec iaicia/aiey noieaoea e iiia?a
no?iee: A1, B10. Oaeouay y/aeea, a eioi?oth aaiaeeony eioi?iaoeey,
iiia/aia naaoyueiny oeacaoaeai. Niaaeiua y/aeee ia?acotho aeie: yoi eeai
i?yiioaieueiay iaeanoue, eeai /anoue noieaoea, noiee, eeai y/aeea.
Aae?an aeiea ninoieo ec eii?aeeiao i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo oaeia, ?acaeaeaiiuo
aeaiaoi/eai: B13:C19 (i?yiioaieueiay iaeanoue), C1:C10 (noieaaoe), D:F
(no?iea).
Iia?aoeee n eenoii.
Iiaay ?aai/ay eieaa ii oiie/aieth ninoieo ec 16 eenoia. Yoi /enei iiaeii
eciaieoue ia aeeaaeea Iniiaiua eiiaiaeu Na?aen/Ia?aiao?u a iiea nienea
Eenoia a iiaie ?aai/ae eieaa.
Aeey ia?aiauaiey ii eenoai neoaeao /aou?a eiiiee a eaaii ieaeiai oaeo
eenoa. Uaeeioa i?aaie eiiieie ia iaeiie ec ieo, ioe?iai eiioaenoiia
iaith aeey auai?a eenoa ii aai iiia?o.
Aeey oaeaeaiey eenoa neaaeoao uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie ia y?eu/ea eenoa,
aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Oaeaeeoue eee aua?aoue eiiaiaeo iaith I?aaea/Oaeaeeoue
eeno.
Aeey oaeaeaiey ianeieueeeo iiae?yae eaeoueo eenoia iaiaoiaeeii uaeeiooue
iuoueth ia y?eu/ea ia?aiai ec ieo, iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Shift], uaeeiooue
ia y?eu/ea iineaaeiaai, auaeaeea a?oiio eenoia e ainiieueciaaoueny
eiioaenoiui iaith.
Aeey auaeaeaiey eenoia, eaeoueo ia iiae?yae, iaaeaoue [Ctrl], uaeeiooue
ia ioaeiuo y?eu/eao, caoai ainiieueciaaoueny eiioaenoiui iaith.
Ia?aeiaiiaaiea eenoia. Ai aiiaue ioe?uaaaiuo eieaao eenou eiatho eiaia
Eeno1, Eeno2 e o.ae. Iau/ii ei aeatho eiaia, io?aaeathuea eo
niaea?aeaiea. Yoi eiy caoai auaiaeeony i?e ia/aoe eae iacaaiea oaaeeoeu.
Aeey ia?aeiaiiaaiey eenoia auae?aai eiiaiaeo eiioaenoiiai iaith
Ia?aeiaiiaaoue eee eiiaiaeo aeaaiiai iaith Oi?iao/Eeno/Ia?aeiaiiaaoue.
Aeey anoaaee iiaiai eenoa neoaeeo eiiaiaea aeaaiiai iaith
Anoaaea/?aai/ee eeno.
Ia?aiauaiea eenoia i?iecaiaeeony eiiaiaeie iaith I?aaea/Ia?aianoeoue
(eiie?iaaoue). A aeeaeiaiaii ieia eiiaiaeu a iiea A eieao oeacuaaaony
eiy eieae, eoaea ia?aiauaaony eeno. A iiea Ia?aae eenoii caaeaaony
ia?aae eaeei eenoii anoaaeyaony iiaue eeno. Eiie?iaaiea auiieiyaony
aiaeiae/ii, ii aeeth/aaony oeaaeie Nicaeaaaoue eiieth Ia?aiauaaiue
(eiie?oaiue) eeno auaeaeyaony. Iiaeii oaeaea aeey auiieiaiey iia?aoeee
ainiieueciaaoueny eiioaenoiui iaith.
Iia?aoeee ni no?ieaie, noieaoeaie, aeieaie
Auaeaeaiea:
noieaoea – uaeeiooue iuoueth ia aoeaa n eiaiai noieaoea;
ianeieueeeo noieaoeia – uaeeiooue iuoueth ia aoeaa ia?aiai noieaoea e
iioyiooue;
no?iee – uaeeiooue iuoueth ia eiaie no?iee;
ianeieueeeo no?ie – uaeeiooue iuoueth ia eiaie ia?aie no?iee e
iioyiooue;
aeiea – uaeeiooue iuoueth ia ia?aie y/aeea aeiea e iioyiooue aei
iineaaeiae;
ianeieueeeo ianiaaeiuo aeieia – auaeaeeoue ia?aoth y/aeeo, iaaeaoue
eeaaeoo [Ctrl], auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea.
Ioiaia auaeaeaiey – uaeeiooue iuoueth ii ethaiio iaauaeaeaiiiio o/anoeo.
Ia?aiauaiea aeiea: Auaeaeeoue ia?aiauaaiue aeie; iiianoeoue oeacaoaeue
iuoe ia ?aieo auaeaeaiey aeiea (oeacaoaeue i?eiao aeae aaeie no?aeee);
iioyiooue iuoue e ia?aoaueoue aeie ia iiaia ianoi.
Eiie?iaaiea aeiea auiieiyaony aiaeiae/ii ia?aiauaieth, ii iaaeeiaaony
eeaaeoa [Ctrl].
Caiieiaiea. Iia?aoeey icia/aao, /oi niaea?aeeiia aeiea (no?iee,
noieaoea, y/aeee) iiaoi?yaony ianeieueei ?ac. Iia?aoeey auiieiyaony
aiaeiae/ii ia?aiauaieth, ii eo?ni? iuoe iaaiaeeony ia ieaeiee i?aaue
oaie aeiea e eiaao oi?io /a?iiai iethna.
Oaeaeaiea (i/enoea) niaea?aeeiiai aeiea. Aeey oaeaeaiey aeie auaeaeyaony
e iaaeeiaaony eeaaeoa [Delete] eee iiaeii ainiieueciaaoueny eiiaiaeie
Oaeaeeoue eiioaenoiiai iaith. Aeey i/enoee niaea?aeeiiai aeiea aai
neaaeoao auaeaeeoue e aucaaoue eiiaiaeo I/enoeoue eiioaenoiiai iaith.
Aaoicaiieiaiea. Eiiaiaea iicaieyao auno?i aaiaeeoue oeiiaua
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe (aeie iaaeaee, ianyoeu, aiaeu, a?eoiaoe/aneea eee
aaiiao?e/aneea iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe n ethaui oaaii). Iai?eia?, o?aaoaony
caiieieoue y/aeee G10 – M10 iacaaieyie ianyoeaa. Aeey yoiai caienuaaai a
y/aeeo G10 iacaaiea yiaa?ue, a y/aeeo H10 ieoai oaa?aeue; auaeaeyai
y/aeee G10:H10, oeacuaaai ia /a?iue eaaae?ao i?aaii ieaeiai oaeo aeiea
(oeacaoaeue aeieaeai auaeyaeaoue eae /a?iue iethn); uaeeaai iuoeie e, ia
ioioneay eaaie eiiiee, ?anoyaeaaai ?aieo aei y/aeee I10. Aeey oeacaiey
oaaa a?eoiaoe/aneie eee aaiiao?e/aneie i?ia?annee iiaeii
ainiieueciaaoueny eiiaiaeaie iaith Aeey yoiai aaiaeei a ia?aoth y/aeeo
aeiea ia/aeueiia cia/aiea, auae?aai eiiaiaeo iaith I?aaea
/Caiieiaiea/I?ia?anney, Caaeaai cia/aiea Oaa e I?aaeaeueiia cia/aiea.
Iia?aoeee n y/aeeaie
Aae?anaoeey y/aae. Iaicia/aiea y/aeee, ninoaaeaiiia ec iiia?a no?iee e
noieaoea, ia ia?ana/aiee eioi?uo iia ?aniieiaeaia, iacuaaaony
ioiineoaeueiui aae?anii y/aeee. Iai?eia?, A5, D15. I?e iia?aoeeyo
eiie?iaaiey, oaeaeaiey, anoaaee yoio aae?an eciaiyaony aaoiiaoe/anee.
Anee a aae?ana noaaeony ciae $, aae?an iacuaaaony aaniethoiui. Yoio
aae?an ia ec iaiyaony i?e eniieueciaaiee a iia?aoeeyo. Iai?eia?,
$A$10 – ia eciaiyaony iiia? no?iee e iiia? noieaoea;
$A10 – ia eciaiyaony iiia? no?iee;
A$10 – ia eciaiyaony iiia? noieaoea.
ss/aeee n aaniethoiuie aae?anaie eniieuecothony aeey o?aiaiey eiinoaio,
eiyooeoeeaioia, eioi?ua yaeythony enoiaeiuie aeaiiuie; a y/aeeao n
ioiineoaeueiuie aae?anaie o?aiyony ia?aiaiiua.
Auaeaeaiea y/aeee auiieiyaony uae/eii iuoe ia aa niaea?aeeiii.
Oaeaeaiea e i/enoea y/aae. Aeey oaeaeaiey y/aeee neaaeoao aa auaeaeeoue,
aua?aoue eiiaiaeo I?aaea/Oaeaeeoue. Caoai ioaeii oeacaoue, eaeei
niiniaii neaaeoao niieiooue inoaaoeany y/aeee (ni naeaeaii aeaai eee
ai?aai). E?iia oaeaeaiey y/aeee oeaeeeii ni anai niaea?aeeiii
i?aaeoniio?aia iia?aoeey iieiie eee /anoe/iie i/enoee auaeaeaiiie
y/aeee. Aeey yoiai auae?aai eiiaiaeo I?aaea/I/enoeoue. Iiyaeony
iiaeiaith:
Ana – a y/aeea oaeaeyaony niaea?aeeiia, oi?iaou, i?eia/aiey;
Oi?iaou – oaeaeythony oieueei oi?iaou y/aeee;
Niaea?aeeiia– oaeaeythony aeaiiua, caianaiiua a y/aeeo;
I?eia/aiey– oaeaeythony oieueei i?eia/aiey, naycaiiua n y/aeeie.
Aeey oiai, /oiau oaeaeeoue ec auaeaeaiiie y/aeee ana, i?iua anaai
iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Delete].
?aniieiaeaiea niaea?aeeiiai y/aeee a ianeieueei no?ie. Aeeeiiue oaeno
iiaeii ?aniieiaeeoue a ianeieueei no?ie. Aeey yoiai onoaiiaeoa oe?eio
noieaoea oae, /oiau iia oaeiaeaoai?yea aan n oi/ee c?aiey iaic?eiinoe
oaaeeoeu. Auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo iaith Oi?iao/ss/aeee. A aeeaeiaiaii ieia
Oi?iao y/aae ?ane?ieoa aeeaaeeo Au?aaieaaiea, onoaiiaeoa oeaaeie
Ia?aiineoue ii neiaai.
Eiie?iaaiea. Auaeaeeoa y/aeeo. A iaith auaa?eoa ioieo I?aaea
/Eiie?iaaoue. Onoaiiaeoa eo?ni? a oo y/aeeo, eoaea aoaeaoa eiie?iaaoue
niaea?aeeiia e auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo I?aaea/Anoaaeoue. Iiaeii
ainiieueciaaoueny aiaeiae/iuie eiiaiaeaie eiioaenoiiai iaith.
Caiieiaiea y/aae. Naeaeaeoa caiieiyaioth y/aeeo oaeouae e aaiaeeoa
aeaiiua n eeaaeaoo?u iau/iui ia?acii. Iaaeieoa eeaaeoo [Enter]. Aoaeao
aeoeaece?iaaia neaaeothuay y/aeea. Iiaeii oeacaoue, eaeay y/aeea aoaeao
aeoeaiie aeaeaa. Aeey yoiai ?ane?ieoa aeeaaeeo I?aaea eiiaiaeu
Na?aen/Ia?aiao?u. Onoaiiaeoa eiaeeeaoi? Ia?aoiae e ae?oaie y/aeea iinea
aaiaea e a iiea nienea A iai?aaeaiee auaa?eoa y/aeeo, eioi?ay aoaeao
aeoeaece?iaaia : ni?aaa, neaaa, naa?oo eee nieco io enoiaeiie.
Eciaiaiea niaea?aeeiiai y/aae. Nouanoaoao o?e niiniaa ?aaeaeoe?iaaiey
niaea?aeeiiai y/aae.
Ia?aue niinia i?aaeiieaaaao eniieueciaaiea ?aaeeia ?aaeaeoe?iaaiey a
y/aeea. Aeey yoiai iaaeieoa eeaaeoo [F2], onoaiiaeoa eo?ni? a ioaeioth
iiceoeey y/aeee, aaaaeeoa iiaia niaea?aeeiia, iaaeieoa eeaaeoo [Enter].
Aoi?ie niinia. Onoaiiaeoa eo?ni? iuoe a y/aeea, iinea /aai a no?iea
oi?ioe iiyaeony aa niaea?aeeiia. Uaeeieoa a no?iea oi?ioe e aaiaeeoa
aeaiiua.
O?aoee niinia i?aaeiieaaaao aianaiea eciaiaiee iaiin?aaenoaaiii a
y/aeeo, ii ia?aoiae a ?aaeei ?aaeaeoe?iaaiey i?iecaiaeeony aeaieiui
uae/eii i?aaie eiiiee iuoe aioo?e y/aeee. Ia iie acaeyae yoi iaeaieaa
oaeiaiue niinia.
Ioiaieoue eciaiaiea e ainnoaiiaeoue niaea?aeeiia y/aeee iiaeii, iaaeaa
eeaaeoo [Esc].
Aeaiiua
Nouanoaoao o?e oeia aeaiiuo: oaeno, /enei, oi?ioea.
Anee ia?aue neiaie aeaiiuo yaeyaony aoeaie eee neiaieii ‘ (aiino?ioii),
aaiaeeiua aeaiiua aini?eieiathony eae oaeno. Anee ia?aue neiaie – /enei,
oi aeaiiua yaeythony /eneiauie. Oi?ioea eee aae?an y/aeee ia/eiathony ni
ciaea =.
Iniaaiiinoe caaeaiey /eneiauo aeaiiuo. *enea a y/aeeao iiaeii caaeaoue a
?aciii oi?iaoa: iai?eia?, 100 000 ?. – aeaiaaeiue oi?iao; 100% –
i?ioeaioiue oi?iao; 1,24O+2 – iao/iue. Oeacaoue oi?iao i?aaenoaaeaiey
/enae iiaeii eiiaiaeie Oi?iao/ss/aeee/*enei. A ieia eiiaiaeu neaaeoao
aua?aoue ioaeiue oi?iao.
Iniaaiiinoe caaeaiey oi?ioe. Oi?ioea ii?aaeaeyao niinia ia?aaioee
aeaiiuo e o?aieony a y/aeea. A yoie aea y/aeea o?aieony e ?acoeueoao
au/eneaiey ii oi?ioea. Iau/ii a no?iea oi?ioe aeaeia oi?ioea, a a y/aeea
– ?acoeueoao. Aeey iieo/aiey oi?ioeu a y/aeea iaaei aeaaaeaeu ia iae
uaeeiooue iuoeie. A oi?ioeao iiaeii eniieueciaaoue ciaee a?eoiaoe/aneeo
iia?aoeee + (neiaeaiea), – (au/eoaiea), * (oiiiaeaiea), / (aeaeaiea) e ^
(aicaaaeaiea a noaiaiue). I?e caiene oi?ioe neaaeoao iiiieoue i
i?ei?eoaoao iia?aoeee e ii?yaeea eo auiieiaiey. Niaieoue ii?yaeie
auiieiaiey iia?aoeee iiaeii n iiiiuueth e?oaeuo neiaie. Eo eiee/anoai a
oi?ioea ia ia?aie/aii. I?eia? oi?ioeu: = D4 + E4 – E5^2 * (C2 + D4) /
C3.
Aeey ?aaeaeoe?iaaiey oi?ioe ioaeii eniieueciaaoue eeaaeoo [F2] eee
aeaieiie uae/ie iuoe ia y/aeea n oi?ioeie.
Ooieoeee.
A MS Exnel eiaaony ieiei 200 ano?iaiiuo ooieoeee. Eo iieiue nienie
iiaeii iieo/eoue eiiaiaeie Anoaaea/Ooieoeey. Yoio nienie ?acaeo ii
eaoaai?eyi. Ooieoeey eiaao neaaeothuee aeae
= Eiy ooieoeee (Nienie a?aoiaioia)
A ea/anoaa a?aoiaioia eniieuecothony aae?ana y/aae eee eiaia ae?oaeo
ooieoeee.
Aeey iino?iaiey oi?ioe n eniieueciaaieai ooieoeee neaaeoao auaeaeeoue
y/aeeo, eoaea aoaeao anoaaeyoueny oi?ioea e aucaaoue Ianoa? ooieoeee,
iaaeaa eeaaeoo fx ia iaiaee eino?oiaioia eee aua?aoue eiiaiaeo
Anoaaea/Ooieoeey. A nienea Eaoaai?ey aua?aoue eaoaai?eth ooieoeee (anee
eaoaai?ey ia ecaanoia, oi aeey i?iniio?a iieiiai nienea ooieoeee
neaaeoao aua?aoue ioieo Ana). A ieia Ooieoeey iiaeii aua?aoue ioaeiia
ooieoeee. Aeey ia?aoiaea e caaeaieth a?aoiaioia ooieoeee iaaei iaaeaoue
eiiieo Aeaeaa. Ianoa? ooieoeee ?acee/aao a?aoiaiou iaycaoaeueiua e
iaiaycaoaeueiua. A ea/anoaa a?aoiaioia iiaeii eniieueciaaoue eiinoaiou
(aaniethoiua aae?ana y/aae), ia?aiaiiua (ioiineoaeueiua aae?ana y/aae) e
eiaia ae?oaeo ooieoeee.
Nouanoaoao aeaa niiniaa aaiaea a?aoiaioia: 1) aaiae aae?ana a?aoiaioa n
eeaaeaoo?u; 2) aaiae aae?ana, auaeaeyy y/aeee iuoueth (yoio niinia, ia
iie acaeyae, i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa). Iinea aaiaea iaycaoaeueiuo a?aoiaioia
neaaeoao iaaeaoue eiiieo Aioiai.
Aeey ooieoeee noiie?iaaiey cae?aieaia eiiiea ia Iaiaee eino?oiaioia (.
Aeey aa eniieueciaaiey neaaeoao:
aeoeaece?iaaoue y/aeeo, a eioi?ie aeieaeia ?aciauaoueny noiia, uaeeiooue
ia eiiiea ( e iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Enter];
eee
auaeaeeoue iaeanoue, iiaeeaaeauoth noiie?iaaiey, iaaeaoue eiiieo ( e
eeaaeoo Enter].
Anee noiie?oaony niaea?aeeiia ianiaaeiuo y/aae, oi aeoeaece?oeoa y/aeeo,
eoaea aoaeao caienaia noiia, uaeeieoa ia eiiiea (, caoai uaeeieoa ia
ia?aie y/aeea, eioi?ay aeeth/aaony a noiio, iaaeieoa eeaaeoo [Ctrl] e
oeaaeeoa inoaeueiua y/aeee. Ioionoeoa eeaaeoo [Ctrl] e iaaeieoa eeaaeoo
[Enter].
Iniaaiiinoe eniieueciaaiey eiae/aneeo ooieoeee
Niinia au/eneaiey cia/aiey a y/aeea iiaeao caaenaoue io auiieiaiey
eaeiai-eeai oneiaey. Aeey i?aaiecaoeee oaeeo au/eneaiee eniieuecoaony
oneiaiay ooieoeey
ANEE Aa iauee aeae:
ANEE(
cia/aiey, oi?ioeu e ciaee iia?aoeee ioiioaiey > (aieueoa), >= (aieueoa
eee ?aaii), (ia
?aaii). Anee
ENOEIA, eia/a aai cia/aiea – EIAEUe. Anee
cia/aiea enoeia, oi auiieiyaony
I?eia? 1. Ionoue eiaai oeaio (Oe) 1 ea i?iaeoeoa. Eiee/anoai (Q)
i?iaeoeoa caaeaaony a ea eee o. O?aaoaony ii?aaeaeeoue noieiinoue (N)
iaeioi?iai eiee/anoaa i?iaeoeoa, eioi?ay au/eneyaony neaaeothuei ia?acii
anee Oe ?oa/ea, Q ea , oi N = Q * Oe
anee Oe ?oa/ea, Q o , oi N = Q * Oe * 1000
anee Oe ?oa/ea, Q oo , oi N = 0
Noi?ie?oai oaaeeoeo:
A noieaoea A caienai eiae aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey aana:
anee Q ecia?yaony a ea, oi A1 = 1;
anee Q ecia?yaony a o, oi A1 = 2;
anee Q ecia?yaony a oo., oi A1 = 3;
A noieaoea B caienai aan , a a noieaoea C – oeaia i?iaeoeoa. A y/aeea D1
caienaia oi?ioea ANEE(A1=1; B1*C1; ANEE(A1=2;A1*B1*1000;0)).
*enei aeiaeaiiuo ooieoeee ANEE ia aeieaeii i?aauoaoue 7.
Aeey iauaaeeiaiey oneiaee i?eiaiythony ooieoeee E e EEE. Eo iauee aeae:
E(
EEE(
Cia/aiea ooieoeee E enoeiii, anee enoeiiu ana eiae/aneea au?aaeaiey,
yaeythueany aa a?aoiaioaie. A inoaeueiuo neo/ayo cia/aiea ooieoeee E
eiaeii. Cia/aiea ooieoeee EEE eiaeii, anee eiaeiu ana eiae/aneea
au?aaeaiey, yaeythueany aa a?aoiaioaie, a inoaeueiuo neo/ayo cia/aiea
ooieoeee EEE eiaeii.
Ooieoeee iiaoo niaea?aeaoue aei 30 a?aoiaioia.
I?eia? 2. Ionoue caaeaia oeaia (Oe) 1 ea eee 1 oo. i?iaeoeoa. Eiee/anoai
(Q) i?iaeoeoa caaeaaony a ea, oo. eee o. O?aaoaony ii?aaeaeeoue
noieiinoue (N) iaeioi?iai eiee/anoaa i?iaeoeoa, eioi?ay au/eneyaony
neaaeothuei ia?acii
anee Oe ?oa/ea, Q ea , oi N = Q * Oe
anee Oe ?oa/ea, Q o , oi N = Q * Oe * 1000
anee Oe ?oa/ea, Q oo , oi N = Q * Oe
Noi?ie?oai oaaeeoeo:
A noieaoea A caienai eiae aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey aana:
anee Q ecia?yaony a ea, oi A1 = 1;
anee Q ecia?yaony a o, oi A1 = 2;
anee Q ecia?yaony a oo., oi A1 = 3;
A noieaoea B caienai eiae aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey oeaiu:
anee Oe ecia?yaony a ?oa/ea, oi B1 = 1;
anee Oe ecia?yaony a ?oa/oo, oi B1 = 2;
A noieaoea C caienai aan , a a noieaoea D – oeaia i?iaeoeoa. A y/aeea F1
caienaia oi?ioea ANEE(E(A1=1;B1=1); C1*D1; ANEE(E(A1=2;D1=2);
C1*D1*1000;0);
C1*D1; 0))).
10.A?aoe/aneea aiciiaeiinoe MS Excel.
I?ia?aiia iiaeaea?aeeaaao 14 oeiia ?acee/iuo aeaoo- e o?aoia?iuo
aeeaa?aii.
Ii?aaeaeei iaeioi?ua iiiyoey, naycaiiua n aeeaa?aiiaie e a?aoeeaie.
Aeeaa?aiia – yoi niinia a?aoe/aneiai i?aaenoaaeaiey oaaee/iuo aeaiiuo.
I?ia?aiia ?aaeecoao ianeieueei oeiiauo niiniaia i?aaenoaaeaiey
aeeaa?aii: ieineia eee iauaiiia, noiea/aooth, e?oaiaoth eee a aeaea
a?aoeea. Na?ee aeaiiuo – a?oiia aeaiiuo, ?aniieiaeaiiuo aioo?e iaeiie
no?iee eee noieaoea. Ia aeeaa?aiia na?ey iiaeao auoue ioia?aaeaia
iaai?ii iieii (aa?oeeaeueiuo eee ai?eciioaeueiuo), naeoi?ia e?oaa,
oi/eaie a?aoeea. Aeeaa?aiia aeeth/aao iaeio eee ianeieueei na?ee
aeaiiuo. Iaai? anao eiai na?ee, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo ia aeeaa?aiia,
iacuaaaony eaaaiaeie.
Aio iaeioi?ua ec iaeaieaa oiio?aaeoaeueiuo oeiia aeeaa?aii e a?aoeeia:
Oei “N iaeanoyie”. Aeeaa?aiia oi?ie?oaony eae noiia niioaaonoaothueo
cia/aiee aeaiiuo ianeieueeeo na?ee. Ia aeeaa?aiia ioia/athony iaeanoe,
niioaaonoaothuea ?acee/iui na?eyi. Yoi iicaieyao ioia?aceoue ia oieueei
aeeiaieeo eciaiaiey cia/aiee eaaeaeie na?ee, ii oaeaea eo acaeiiua
i?iii?oeee e aeeiaieeo eciaiaiey iauae eoiaiaie noiiu. Aeeaa?aiia
eniieuecoaony aeey ioia?aaeaiey aeeiaie/aneeo i?ioeannia n oeaeueth
ioeaiee aeeyiey ia iauee ?acoeueoao ioaeaeueiuo ninoaaeythueo. Iai?eia?:
aeeiaieea auionea i?iaeoeoeee n o/aoii ?aaiou ioaeaeueiuo oeaoia;
aiaeiaay aeeaa?aiia ?inoa aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia ianaeaiey n o/aoii
?acee/iuo a?oii ianaeaiey.
Oei “Eeiae/aoay”. A ioee/ea io ia?aiai oeia aeeaa?aii iaoee aeaiiuo
ioeeaaeuaathony ia ii aa?oeeaee, a ii ai?eciioaee.
Oei “Aenoia?aiia” (Noiea/aoay aeeaa?aiia). Yoi iaeei ec naiuo iiioey?iuo
aeaeia aeeaa?aii. I?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaieoiiinoue ianeieueeeo
noieaoeia, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo ioia?aaeaao iaeii cia/aiea (eee noiio
cia/aiee) oaaeeoeu aeaiiuo. Aenoia?aiia iau/ii i?eiaiyaony aeey
i?aaenoaaeaiey noaoenoe/aneeo aeaiiuo.
Oei “A?aoee”. Yoi iaeei ec naiuo oaeiaiuo niiniaia i?aaenoaaeaiey
aeaiiuo, eciaiythueony ai a?aiaie. Anee aenoia?aiia /anoi eniieuecoaony
aeey i?aaenoaaeaiey no?oeoo?u e acaeiiuo i?iii?oeee iaeioi?iai
noaoe/iiai iaai?a aeaiiuo, oi a?aoee i?eiaiyaony aeey iienaiey oa?aeoa?a
aeeiaie/anee eciaiythueony aeaiiuo. Eioa?aniie iiaeeoeeaoeeae a?aoeeia
yaeythony ae?aeaaua eee ieieiaeniua a?aoeee. Iie iicaieytho ioia?aceoue
aeeiaieeo nooi/iiai eciaiaiey oeai ia ae?aea n /aoii oeai ioe?uoey,
ieieiaeueiie e iaeneiaeueiie oeaiu e oeai cae?uoey ae?aee.
Oei “E?oaiaay aeeaa?aiia”. Iacia/aiea yoiai a?aoeea ninoieo a
ioia?aaeaiee no?oeoo?u ninoaaeythueo iaeioi?iai iaai?a aeaiiuo e eo
acaeiiua i?iii?oeee. Iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaia, iai?eia?, aeey
ioia?aaeaiey no?oeoo?u cao?ao i?e i?iecaiaenoaa eaeie-eeai i?iaeoeoeee.
Oei “Oi/a/iay XY”. Aeeaa?aiia yoiai oeia eiaao i?eioeeieaeueiia ioee/ea
io anao inoaeueiuo. Ai anao ?anniao?eaaaiuo ?aiaa aeeaa?aiiao /eneiaua
cia/aiey ioia?aaeathony ii iaeiie ine, a iaoee ?acoeueoaoa – ii ae?oaie.
Cia/aiey aeeaa?aiiu oeia XY no?iyony iaeiia?aiaiii ii aeaoi na?eyi. I?e
yoii cia/aiey iaeiie na?ee ion/eouaathony ii ine X, a ae?oaie na?ee – ii
ine Y. Eaaeaeay ia?a cia/aiee ia?acoao iaeio oi/eo aeeaa?aiiu. Oaeie
iiaeoiae iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue ia?aiao?e/aneoth caaeneiinoue
ianeieueeeo /eneiauo na?ee.
Aeeaa?aiiu eiatho iiaeeoeeaoeee, eioi?ua iu ia ?anniao?eaaai.
Aeey iino?iaiey aeeaa?aii eniieuecoaony Ianoa? iino?iaiey aeeaa?aii,
eioi?ue n iiiiuueth 5 ieii iicaieyao iieo/eoue eioi?iaoeeth aeey
aaoiiaoe/aneiai iino?iaiey aeeaa?aiiu eee a?aoeea e aiaae?aiey aai a
?aai/ee eeno.
I?aaeea iino?iaiey aeeaa?aii neaaeothuea:
Uaeeieoa eiiieie Ianoa? aeeaa?aii ia iaiaee eino?oiaioia Noaiaea?oiay e
oeaaeeoa ianoi ia eenoa aeey ?aciauaiey aeeaa?aiiu.
Ia?aue oaa. A ieia Oaa 1 ec 5 auaeaeeoa y/aeee, niaea?aeeiia eioi?uo
aoaeao i?aaenoaaeaii a aeeaa?aiia. Iaaeieoa eiiieo Aeaeaa.
Aoi?ie oaa. A ieia Oaa 2 ec 5 auaa?eoa oei aeeaa?aiiu. Iaaeieoa eiiieo
Aeaeaa.
O?aoee oaa. Niaea?aeeiia ieia Oaa 3 ec 5 caaeneo io oeia aua?aiiie
aeeaa?aiiu ia oaaa 2. A yoii ieia auae?aaony oi?iao i?aaenoaaeaiey
aeeaa?aiiu. Iaaeieoa eiiieo Aeaeaa.
*aoaa?oue oaa. A ieia 4 ec 5 neaaeoao oeacaoue, aaea iaoiaeyony aeaiiua
– a noieaoeao eee no?ieao e oeacaoue eioa?aae, niaea?aeauee iacaaiey
?yaeia aeaiiuo aeey eaaaiaeu. Iaaeieoa eiiieo Aeaeaa.
Iyoue oaa. Ia oaaa 5 ec 5 oeacuaaai, neaaeoao ee aeiaaaeoue e oaenoo
eaaaiaeo n iacaaieyie ia?ea?ia aeaiiuo e aaanoe iacaaiey aeeaa?aiiu,
inae X e Y. Iaaeieoa eiiieo Aioiai.
Ia ethaii oaaa iino?iaiey aeeaa?aiiu iiaeii aa?iooueny e i?aaeuaeouaio
oaao, iaaeaa eiiieo Iacaae eee ioiaieoue iino?iaiea aeeaa?aiiu.. Aeey
?aaeaeoe?iaaiey aeeaa?aiiu eniieuecoaony aeaieiie uae/ie iuoe.
Oaenoiaue e a?aoe/aneee ?aaeaeoi?u
Oaenoiaue ?aaeaeoi? – na?aeniay i?ia?aiia, iicaieythuay naeaeaoue aieaa
oaeiaiie ?aaioo n oaenoiaie eioi?iaoeeae.
Iniiaiua ooieoeee oaenoiauo ?aaeaeoi?ia:
iaania/aiea aaiaea oaenoia a eiiiuethoa?
?aaeaeoe?iaaiea oaenoia
nio?aiaiea ai aiaoiae iaiyoe (ACO) e ia/aoue ia aoiaao.
Aiia?aoiua n?aaenoaa, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ?aaiou n oaenoiaui ?aaeaeoi?ii:
ICO, eeaaeaoo?a, aeenieae, ACO, i?eioa?. A ACO iaoiaeeony naia i?ia?aiia
oaenoiaiai ?aaeaeoi?a e ia?aaaouaaaiue oaeno. Oaeno ia?aiia/aeueii
iaae?aaony ia eeaaeaoo?a, neiaie ca neiaieii, e iiiaaeaao a ICO. Aeey
eiio?iey ca i?aaeeueiinoueth aaiaea e ?aaeaeoe?iaaiey eniieuecoaony
ye?ai aeenieay. I?e ?aaeaeoe?iaaiee ?aiaa iaa?aiiue oaeno /anoe/ii
iaoiaeeony a ICO. A oaenoiaii ?aaeeia ?aaiou iiieoi?a ?ac?aoathuay
niiniaiinoue ye?aia ii?aaeaeyaony eiee/anoaii no?ie e neiaieia a no?iea.
I?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea -yoi nianoaaiii i?ia?aiia oaenoiaiai ?aaeaeoi?a
e ae?aeaa?u ono?ienoa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ?aaiou n oaenoii.
A oaenoiauo ?aaeaeoi?ao oeia «FOTON», «Neiai e aeaei», «LEXICON» eiy e
?anoe?aiea oaenoiaiai oaeea caaeaaony naiei iieueciaaoaeai (iau/ii
?anoe?aiea TXT). A oaenoiaii ?aaeaeoi?a WINWORL ?anoe?aiea (DOC)
caaeaaony aaoiiaoe/anee naiei ?aaeaeoi?ii.
Oaenoiaue i?ioeanni? MS WORD
1.Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea
I?ioeanni? i?aaeiacia/ai aeey nicaeaiey, i?iniio?a, iiaeeoeeaoeee e
ia/aoe oaenoiauo aeieoiaioia.
Aiciiaeiinoe i?ioeanni?a:
1. Word iicaieyao auiieiyoue ana aac eneeth/aiey o?aaeeoeeiiiua
iia?aoeee iaae oaenoii, i?aaeoniio?aiiua nia?aiaiiie oaoiieiaeae:
iaai? e iiaeeoeeaoeey iaoi?iaoe?iaaiiie aeoaaeoii-oeeo?iaie eioi?iaoeee;
oi?iaoe?iaaiea neiaieia n i?eiaiaieai o?eooa TrueType;
oi?iaoe?iaaiea no?aieoe;
oi?iaoe?iaaiea aeieoiaioa a oeaeii;
i?iaa?ea i?aaiienaiey, iiaeai? neiiieiia, aaoiiaoe/aneee ia?aiin neia.
?aaeeciaaiu aiciiaeiinoe oaoiieiaee OLE naycuaaiey e ano?aeaaiey
iauaeoia.
Iicaieyao auiieiyoue iia?aoeee aa?noee e iiaeaioiaee iaeaoia aeey
oe?aaee?iaaiey oeiia?aoneei niiniaii.
Iniiaiui iaaeinoaoeii yaeyaony ieceay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue i?e iaai?a
/a?iiaiai oaenoa.
2.Caione e caaa?oaiea ?aaiou
Caione i?ia?aiiu i?iecaiaeeony eeai uae/eii ii y?eueo i?ia?aiiu eeai
/a?ac iaith, cae?uoea – /a?ac iaith Oaee. I?e cae?uoee aeieoiaio iiaeii
nio?aieoue, ia nio?aiyoue eee i?iaeieaeeoue ?aaioo.
N iiiiuueth eiiaiaeu Na?aen/Iioeee iiaeii oeacaoue i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie,
/a?ac eioi?ue aeieoiaio aoaeao nio?aiyony aaoiiaoe/anee. Nienie
aeieoiaioia, ?aaeaeoe?iaaaoeony iineaaeiaa a?aiy, auaiaeeony a ea/anoaa
eiiaiae iaith Oaee. *enei caiiieiaaiuo oaeeia caaeaaony ia aeeaaeea
Iauea aeeaeiaiaiai ieia Na?aen/Iioeee.
Aeey nicaeaiey iiaiai aeieoiaioa auae?aai eiiaiaeo Oaee/Nicaeaoue. A
aeeaeiaiaii ieia eiiaiaeu Nicaeaoue a nienea Oaaeiiu auae?aai
noaiaea?oiue (Normal) Aeieoiaio.
Yeaiaiou ieia
No?iea caaieiaea iaoiaeeony iaaa?oo ieia. A iae niaea?aeeony iacaaiea
i?ia?aiiu Microsoft Word e eiy oaeea. A no?iea eiaaony o?e eiiiee: Aucia
nenoaiiiai iaith, Naa?iooue, ?acaa?iooue ieia.
Iiae no?ieie caaieiaea ?aniieiaeaii aeaaiia iaith ?aaeaeoi?a.
Caoai neaaeotho ?acee/iua iaiaee eino?oiaioia. Uae/eii iuoe ia eiiiea
iaiaee iiaeii caaeaoue auiieiaiea eiiaiaeu, niioaaonoaothuae eiiiea.
Anee iaiaee ionoonoaotho, auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo Aeae/Iaiaee eino?oiaioia.
Iau/ii o?aaothony aeaa iaiaee: Noaiaea?oiay e Oi?iaoe?iaaiea.
Naa?oo e neaaa ieia ?aniieiaeaiu eeiaeee. Aee/Auee eo iiaeii eiiaiaeie
Aeae/Eeiaeea eee eiiaiaeie Na?aen/Ia?aiao?u/Ieii/Aa?oeeaeueiay eeiaeea.
Ni?aaa e aieco ye?aia eiathony iieinu aa?oeeaeueiie e ai?eciioaeueiie
i?ie?ooee. Anee iieinu ionoonoaotho, ainiieuecoeoanue eiiaiaeie
Na?aen/Ia?aiao?u/Aeae/Ai?eciioaeueiay e aa?oeeaeueiay iieinu i?ie?ooee.
A ieaeiae /anoe ieia iaoiaeeony no?iea ninoiyiey, ia eioi?oth auaiaeeony
eioi?iaoeey i oaeouai iieiaeaiee eo?ni?a, a?aiaie e ?aaeeia
?aaeaeoe?iaaiey. I?e ionoonoaee no?iee auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo
Na?aen/Ia?aiao?u/Aeae/No?iea ninoiyiey.
Aieco neaaa iieacaiu o?e eiiiee auai?a ?aaeeia i?iniio?a aeieoiaioa:
Iau/iue ?aaeei, ?aaeei ?aciaoee, ?aaeei no?oeoo?u aeieoiaioa.
O?aoaieueieee ia ai?eciioaeueiie eeiaeea eniieuecothony neaaeothuei
ia?acii: aa?oiee o?aoaieueiee neaaa i?eiaiyaony aeey onoaiiaee ionooia a
no?iea aacaoea; ieaeiea (neaaa e ni?aaa) i?eiaiythony aeey onoaiiaee
eaaie e i?aaie a?aieoe oaenoa niioaaonoaaiii.
Anee oeacaoue ia ethaoth eiiieo, oi iiaeii iieo/eoue anieuaathuoth
iiaeneaceo i iacia/aiee eiiiee.
4.I?aaeea ?aaiou
?aaioay n aeieoiaioii, eniieuecoeoa ?aaeei Aeae/?aciaoea no?aieoeu,
/oiau aeaeaoue ?aniieiaeaiea oaenoa a ieia.
Onoaiiaeoa ?acia? no?aieoeu eiiaiaeie Oaee/Ia?aiao?u no?aieoeu. Ia
aeeaaeea ?acia? aoiaae oeaaeeoa ?acia? aoiaae A4 210 o 297 ii. Oe?eia 21
ni, Aunioa 29,7 ni, I?eaioaoeey eieaeiay, I?eiaieoue ei anaio
aeieoiaioo. Ia aeeaaeea Iiey oeaaeeoa ?acia?u iieae: Aa?oiaa 1, 5 ni,
Ieaeiaa 2 ni, Eaaia 2, 5 ni, I?aaia 1, 5 ni, Onoaiiaeoa iioeeth
I?eiaieoue ei anaio aeieoiaioo.
Auaa?eoa ianooaa eiiieie Ianooaa ia iaiaee eino?oiaioia Noaiaea?oiay eee
eiiaiaeie Aeae/Ianooaa/Ii oe?eia oae, /oiau ia ye?aia auee iaeiia?aiaiii
aeaeu eaaay e i?aaay a?aieoeu aeieoiaioa.
Onoaiiaeoa ia?aie/eoaeue oaenoa eiiaiaeie
Na?aen/Ia?aiao?u/Aeae/Iieacuaaoue/A?aieoeu iaeanoe oaenoa.
Aeeth/eoa iieac niaoeneiaieia eiiaiaeie
Na?aen/Ia?aiao?u/Aeae/Iaia/aoaaiua neiaieu– Ana eee eniieuecoeoa eiiieo
Iaia/aoaaiua neiaieu ia iaiaee eino?oiaioia Oi?iaoe?iaaiea. A yoii aea
ieia onoaiiaeoa iieac No?iee ninoiyiey, Ai?eciioaeueiuo e Aa?oeeaeueiuo
iiein i?ie?ooee.
Onoaiiaeoa ?aaeei ia?aiina neia eiiaiaeie Na?aen/?annoaiiaea
ia?aiinia/Aaoiiaoe/aneay ?annoaiiaea ia?aiinia – Oe?eia ciiu ia?aiina
neia 0,25.
Ia iaiaee eino?oiaioia Noaiaea?oiay caaeaeoa oei o?eooa e aai ?acia?.
Iau/ii i?eiaiyaony o?eoo Times New Roman Cyr ?acia?ii 14. Oei o?eooa,
aai ?acia? e ?acee/iua yooaeou, naycaiiua n ia/a?oaieai aoea, iiaeii
caaeaoue ia aeeaaeea O?eoo eiiaiaeu Oi?iao/O?eoo.
Eiiaiaeie Oi?iao/Aacaoe ia aeeaaeea Ionooiu oeaaeeoa Iaaeno?i/iue
eioa?aae Iieooi?iue e niinia au?aaieaaiey Ii oe?eia.
5.I?aaenoaaeaiea aeieoiaioa ia ye?aia.
Nouanoaotho o?e niiniaa i?aaenoaaeaiey aeieoiaioa ia ye?aia:
Ii?iaeueiue ?aaeei.
?aaeei ?aciaoee no?aieoeu.
?aaeei no?oeoo?u aeieoiaioa.
Aeey onoaiiaee ?aaeeia iaaei aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Aeae e uaeeiooue ia
ioaeiii ioieoa iaith eee uaeeiooue ia eiiiea ec a?oiiu Auai? ?aaeeia
i?iniio?a.
Iaeaieaa oieaa?naeueiui yaeyaony ?aaeei ?aciaoee no?aieoeu. A yoii
?aaeeia oaeno auaeyaeeo ii/oe oaeei, eae ii aoaeao iaia/aoai. A yoii
?aaeeia aaaeaony oi?iaoe?iaaiea oaenoa. Eieiioeooeu, aoeaeoeu, eaae?u,
?enoiee iiaeii anoaaeoue oieueei a yoii ?aaeeia.
Aeey auno?iai /a?iiaiai iaai?a aieueoiai oaenoa iiaeii eniieueciaaoue
ii?iaeueiue ?aaeei.
?aaeei no?oeoo?u aeieoiaioa eniieuecoaony oieueei i?e oi?iaoe?iaaiee
caaieiaeia.
6.Iniaaiiinoe aaiaea oaenoa.
I?e aaiaea oaenoa aeey ia?aoiaea ia iiaoth no?ieo ia neaaeoao iaaeeiaoue
eeaaeoo [Enter]. Ia?aoiae ia iiaoth no?ieo i?ienoiaeeo aaoiiaoe/anee i?e
aeinoeaeaiee a?aieoeu oaenoa.
Caeii/ea iaai? aacaoea, iaaeieoa eeaaeoo [Enter].
Aeey ia?aoiaea ia iiaoth no?ieo a i?aaeaeao aacaoea neaaeoao iaaeaoue
eeaaeoe [Shift] + [Enter].
*oiau i?e oi?iaoe?iaaiee no?iee ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo neiaaie ia iaiyeinue,
eniieuecoaony ia?anoyaeeiue i?iaae, eioi?ue aaiaeeony iaaeaoeai eeaaeo
[Ctrl] + [Shift] + [i?iaae].
7.Iniiaiua iia?aoeee n oaenoii
Niiniau auaeaeaiey oaenoa.
Aeey auaeaeaiey no?oeoo?iuo yeaiaioia oaenoa eniieuecoaony iieina
auaeaeaiey. Yoi iaaeaeeiay iaeanoue aaeieue eaaie a?aieoeu oaenoa, aaea
oeacaoaeue iuoe i?eieiaao aeae aaeie no?aeee.
Aeaenoaey aeey auaeaeaiey:
Neiaa Oeacaoue ia ethaoth aoeao neiaa e aeaaaeaeu uaeeiooue
I?aaeeiaeaiey Oeacaoue ethaie neiaie, iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Ctrl], uaeeiooue
No?iee Oeacaoue ia iieino auaeaeaiey ?yaeii ni no?ieie, uaeeiooue.
Eee Uaeeiooue ia ia/aea no?iee e i?ioyiooue oeacaoaeue
Aacaoea Oeacaoue ia iieino auaeaeaiey ?yaeii n aacaoeai, aeaaaeaeu
uaeeiooue. Eee Uaeeiooue ia ia/aea aacaoea e i?ioyiooue oeacaoaeue
Aeieoiaioa Oeacaoue ia iieino auaeaeaiey a ia/aea oaenoa e o?eaeaeu
uaeeiooue. Eee Iaaeaoue [Ctrl], uaeeiooue
Oaeaeaiea yeaiaioia
Oaeaeaiea iaeiiai neiaiea – oeacaoue, iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Del] eee
[backspace]
O?aaiaioa oaenoa – auaeaeeoue o?aaiaio, iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Del]
Ia?aiauaiea e eiie?iaaiea o/anoeia oaenoa
Auaeaeeoue o/anoie.
Uaeeiooue i?aaie eiiieie ia auaeaeaiiii o/anoea, ec eiioaenoiiai iaith
aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Au?acaoue (aeey ia?aiauaiey) eee Eiie?iaaoue.
Uaeeiooue ia ianoa anoaaee i?aaie eiiieie, ec eiioaenoiiai iaith
aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Anoaaeoue.
Iiene e caiaia o?aaiaioia oaenoa
Aeey iienea eniieuecoaony eiiaiaea I?aaea/Iaeoe. A iiea *oi iaeoe
aaiaeeony oaeno aeey iienea e iaaeeiaaony eiiiea Iaeoe neaaeothuee.
Iaeaeaiiue o?aaiaio oaenoa iiyaeyaony aia ciiu ieia a eiaa?niii
ioia?aaeaiee. Aeey i?iaeieaeaiey iienea iaiaoiaeeii niiaa iaaeaoue
eiiieo Iaeoe neaaeothuee. Aeey caiaiu – iaaeaoue eiiieo Caiaieoue. A
iiea Caiaieoue ia aaiaeeony oaeno e iaaeeiaaony eiiiea Caiaieoue eee
Caiaieoue ana.
Ia?aiauaiea ii aeieoiaioo
Aeey ia?aiauaiey ii aeieoiaioo iiaeii eniieueciaaoue eeaaeoe ia?aiauaiey
eo?ni?a, eeaaeoe [PageUp], [PageDown], aeey ia?aiauaiey ii no?iea –
eeaaeoe [Home], [End], a oaeaea iieinu i?ie?ooee.
8.Oi?iaoe?iaaiea oaenoa
Aeey auno?iai e i?inoiai oi?iaoe?iaaiey oaenoa iiaeii eniieueciaaoue
iaiaeue eino?oiaioia Oi?iaoe?iaaiea. N iiiiuueth eiiiie Noeeue, O?eoo,
?acia? o?eooa onoaiaaeeaathony ia?aiao?u o?eooa neiaieia. Eiiiee AE, E,
* iicaieytho eniieueciaaoue noeeue iieoaee?iue, eo?nea e iiae/a?eeaaiea,
a oaeaea eo ni/aoaiey.
Aeey aieaa neiaeiiai oi?iaoe?iaaiey ?aeiiaiaeoaony eniieueciaaoue
eiiaiaeo Oi?iao/O?eoo. Ia aeeaaeea O?eoo eiiaiaeu iiaeii caaeaoue oei,
noeeue, ?acia?, oeaao o?eooa, a oaeaea yooaeou, naycaiiua n ia/a?oaieai
neiaieia. A ieia Iiae/a?eeaaiea e Oeaao ec nienea auae?aaony aa?eaio
iiae/a?eeaaiey e oeaao neiaieia. A a?oiia Yooaeou iiaeii onoaiiaeoue
ia?a/a?eeaaiea neiaieia, noaoon aa?oiaai e ieaeiaai eiaeaenia e o.ae.
Ia aeeaaeea Eioa?aae iiaeii eciaieoue ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo neiaieaie
(iau/iue, ?ac?aaeaiiue eee oieioiaiiue), iiaeiyoue eee iionoeoue oaeno.
9.Oi?iaoe?iaaiea aacaoeaa
Neaaeoao onoaiiaeoue neaaeothuea ia?aiao?u aacaoea:
niinia au?aaieaaiey no?ie aacaoea (aeaai, ai?aai, ii oeaio?o, ii
oe?eia);
ionooi a e?aniie no?iea;
oe?eio e iieiaeaiea aacaoea ia no?aieoea;
iaaeno?i/iia ?annoiyiea e ioaeaeo aacaoea (?annoiyiea iaaeaeo niaaeiuie
aacaoeaie).
E?iia oiai aacaoe iiaeii acyoue a ?aieo e nicaeaoue nienie-ia?a/eneaiea.
Aeey auno?iai oi?iaoe?iaaiey aacaoea iiaeii eniieueciaaoue eiiiee ia
iaiaee Oi?iaoe?iaaiea. Aeey au?aaieaaiey no?ie aacaoea ia iaiaee
nouanoaotho /aou?a eiiiee, naycaiiua ni niiniaii au?aaieaaiey. Aeey
onoaiiaee ionooia a e?aniie no?iea neaaeoao iiiaoeoue no?ieo e
ia?aoaueoue aa?oiee o?aoaieueiee ia ai?eciioaeueiie eeiaeea.
Ia?aoaneeaaiea eaaiai e i?aaiai o?aoaieueieeia onoaiaaeeaaao a?aieoeu
aacaoea. Eiiiee Ioia?iaaiiue nienie eee Ia?ee?iaaiiue nienie
eniieuecothony aeey nicaeaiey nieneia, ia/eiathueony n oeeo?u eee
niaoeeaeueiiai neiaiea.
Oieaa?naeueiue niinia, eniieuecothuee eiiaiaeo iaith Oi?iao/Aacaoe
iicaieyao auiieieoue aieaa ea/anoaaiiia oi?iaoe?iaaiea. Ia aeeaaeea
Ionooiu e eioa?aaeu a ieia Au?aaieaaiea auae?aai niinia au?aaieaaiey
no?ie. A ieia Ia?aay no?iea e Neieueei onoaiaaeeaaai ionooi e?aniie
no?iee a ni. A iieyo Ionooi neaaa e Ni?aaa iiaeii aua?aoue eee iaa?aoue
a?aieoeu aacaoea. A iieyo aaiaea Eioa?aaeu ia?aae e Iinea iiaeii
onoaiiaeoue ioaeaeo aacaoea.
Ii oiie/aieth i?aaeiieaaaaony iieooi?iia ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo no?ieaie a
aacaoea. Iiaeii oeacaoue iaeeia?iia, aeaieiia, a oaeaea eiia ?annoiyiea
a ioieoao (1 ioieo = 0, 376 ni).
Aeey nicaeaiey ?aiee aie?oa oaenoa eniieuecoaony iaiaeue eino?oiaioia
Ia?aieaiea. Aacaoe iiaeii caiieieoue eaeie-eeai oo?eoiaeie, eniieuecoy
nienie Oci?ia ia iaiaee Ia?aieaiea.
Aeey aeaeiai nicaeaiey nienea-ia?a/eneaiey eniieuecoaony eiiaiaea
Oi?iao/Nienie. Nienie iiaeii iauyaeoue ianeieueei iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo
aacaoeaa. Aeey nicaeaiey nienea iaiaoiaeeii:
Auaeaeeoue ana yeaiaiou nienea.
Aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Oi?iao/Nienie.
A ieia eiiaiaeu aua?aoue iiaeoiaeyuee aeae nienea e aeeth/eoue iioeeth
Aunooi.
Iaaeaoue eiiieo IE.
I?eia/aiea: I?aaeuaeouea aacaoeu ioi?ieaiu a aeaea nienea.
Aua?aa niioaaonoaothuoth aeeaaeeo, iiaeii nicaeaoue Ioia?iaaiiue eee
Ea?a?oe/aneee (nienie a nienea) nienee.
10.?aaioa n oaaeeoeaie
Nicaeaiea oaaeeoeu
Oaaeeoea ninoieo ec no?ie e noieaoeia, ia ia?ana/aiee eioi?uo iaoiaeyony
y/aeee. Ana eiiaiaeu ?aaiou n oaaeeoeaie nia?aiu a iaith Oaaeeoea.
Ia?aae ?aciaoeie oaaeeoeu iaiaoiaeeii eiiaiaeie Oaaeeoea/Naoea neaaeoao
aeeth/eoue ecia?aaeaiea naoee y/aae oaaeeoeu.
I?aaeoniio?aii aeaa niiniaa nicaeaiey oaaeeoe:
i?aia?aciaaiea a oaaeeoeo oaenoa;
nicaeaiea ionoie oaaeeoeu e aa caiieiaiey.
Ia?aue niinia. Ii?yaeie i?aia?aciaaiey a oaaeeoeo oaenoa neaaeothuee:
Iaaa?eoa oaeno oaaeeoeu iino?i/ii, A eiioea eaaeaeie no?iee iaaeeiaeoa
eeaaeoo [Enter].
Oaeno iaeiie y/aeee io ae?oaie ioaeaeyeoa eeaaeoae [Tab].
Auaeaeeoa oaeno, aeeth/aaiue a oaaeeoeo e auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo
Oaaeeoea/I?aia?aciaaoue a oaaeeoeo e neaaeoeoa aeeaeiaiaiio ieio.
Aoi?ie niinia. Ii?yaeie nicaeaiey ionoie oaaeeoeu.
Onoaiiaeoa eo?ni? a oii ianoa, aaea aoaeao anoaaeaia oaaeeoea.
Auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo Oaaeeoea/Anoaaeoue oaaeeoeo.
Caaeaeoa eiee/anoai no?ie e noieaoeia a oaaeeoea.
Iiaeii eniieueciaaoue eiiieo Anoaaeoue oaaeeoeo ia iaiaee eino?oiaioia
Noaiaea?oiay.
Aeey ioi?ieaiey oaaeeoeu ?aieie auaeaeeoa oaaeeoeo, iaaeieoa eiiieo
Ia?aieaiea eee auaa?eoa ioieo iaith Ia?aieaiea e Caeeaea.
Iia?aoeee n oaaeeoeaie
Auaeaeaiea yeaiaioia oaaeeoeu
Auaeaeaiea
y/aeee – iiianoeoue oeacaoaeue neaaa io ia?aiai neiaiea a y/aeea,
uaeeiooue eee auaeaeeoue ia?ea? eiioea y/aeee;
noieaoea – iiianoeoue oeacaoaeue iaae aa?oiae eeieae noieaoea,
uaeeiooue;
no?iee – onoaiiaeoue oeacaoaeue ia iieino auaeaeaiey, uaeeiooue;
anae oaaeeoeu – aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Oaaeeoea/Auaeaeeoue oaaeeoeo.
Eciaiaiea auniou (oe?eiu) y/aeee oaaeeoeu. Onoaiiaeoue oeacaoaeue ia
naoeo e iioyiooue.
Anoaaeoue no?ieo a eiioea oaaeeoeu. Onoaiiaeoue eo?ni? a iineaaeithth
y/aeeo oaaeeoeu e iaaeaoue eeaaeoo [Tab].
Anoaaeoue no?ieo a ethaia ianoi oaaeeoeu. Onoaiiaeoue eo?ni? a no?ieo,
ia?aae eioi?ie anoaaeyaony iiaay no?iea e aua?aoue eiiaiaeo
Oaaeeoea/Anoaaeoue no?iee.
Anoaaea noieaoea. Auaeaeeoue noieaaoe oaaeeoeu, neaaa io eioi?iai
anoaaeyaony iiaue noieaaoe e aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Oaaeeoea/Anoaaeoue
noieaoeu.
Anoaaea ioaeaeueiie y/aeee. I?e anoaaea y/aae iaiaoiaeeii oeacaoue,
eoaea naeaeaaoue niaea?aeeiia y/aae, ia ianoi eioi?uo aaiaeyony iiaua.
Aeey anoaaee iaiaoiaeeii auiieieoue neaaeothuea aeaenoaey:
auaeaeeoa oa y/aeee, eioi?ua aoaeoo naeaeioou e ia ianoi eioi?uo aoaeoo
anoaaeaiu iiaua y/aeee;
auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo Oaaeeoea/Anoaaeoue y/aeee;
a ieia eiiaiaeu auaa?eoa iioeeth naeaeaaoue y/aeee ai?aai, aiec e o.ae.;
iaaeieoa eiiieo IE.
Oaeaeaiea yeaiaioia oaaeeoeu. I?e oaeaeaiee y/aae oaaeeoeu iaiaoiaeeii
oeacaoue, eoaea aoaeoo naeaeioou inoaaoeany y/aeee. Iaiaoiaeeii
auiieieoue neaaeothuea aeaenoaey:
onoaiiaeoa eo?ni? a oo y/aeeo, eioi?oth oioeoa oaeaeeoue;
auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo Oaaeeoea/Oaeaeeoue y/aeee;
a aeeaeiaiaii ieia eiiaiaeu auaa?eoa ioaeioth iioeeth aeey naeaeaa
niaea?aeeiiai y/aae;
iaaeieoa eiiieo IE.
Aeey oaeaeaiey no?iee eee noieaoea auaeaeeoa no?ieo eee noieaaoe,
iaaeieoa i?aaoth eiiieo e auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo Au?acaoue.
Iiceoeeiie?iaaiea oaaeeoe. Anee o?aaoaony ia?aianoeoue oaaeeoeo ia iiaia
ianoi eae aaeeiia oeaeia, aa iiaeii acyoue a eaae?. Aeey yoiai oaaeeoeo
neaaeoao auaeaeeoue, aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Anoaaea/Eaae?, ?anoyiooue aie?oa
oaaeeoeo iiceoeeiie?othuoth ?aieo, ooaaoeaoenue ca eioi?oth oeacaoaeai
iuoe, oaaeeoeo iiaeii oeaeeeii ia?aianoeoue ia iiaia ianoi.
11. ?aaioa n ?enoieii
Anoaaea ?enoiea a oaeno.
A aeieoiaio iiaeii anoaaeoue ?enoiee a oi?iaoa .bmp, .pcx, .wmf, .tiff e
iaeioi?ua ae?oaea. A iiaeeaoaeiaa ClipArt eiaaony aeaeeioaea ?enoieia
oi?iaoa .bmp e .wmf. Aeey anoaaee ?enoiea a oaeno iaiaoiaeeii:
Onoaiiaeoue eo?ni? a oi/eo anoaaee;
Aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Anoaaea/?enoiie;
A ieia uae/eii aua?aoue ioaeiue oaee, aeeth/ea eiiieo Auaiae
niaea?aeeiiai e iaaeaoue eiiieo IE.
Word i?aaeoniao?eaaao o?e niiniaa nayce ?enoiea n aeieoiaioii, eioi?ue
ii?aaeaeyaony ninoiyieai ia?aeeth/aoaeae Naycaoue n oaeeii e O?aieoue
?enoiie a aeieoiaioa:
Naycaoue n oaeeii O?aieoue a aeieoiaioa Iiyniaiea
auee. aee. ?enoiie iaiin?aaenoaaiii iiiauai a aeieoiaio. Naycue n oaeeii
ia onoaiaaeeaaaony
aee. auee. A aeieoiaio iiiauaaony nnueea ia enoiaeiue oaee
aee. aee. ?enoiie iiiauaaony a aeieoiaio. Iaeiia?aiaiii onoaiaaeeaaaony
naycue n oaeeii
I?eiaiaiea oiai eee eiiai niiniaa nayce n ?enoieii caaeneo io ?acia?a e
eiee/anoaa ?enoieia a aeieoiaioa.
Anee ?enoieia iaiiiai e eo iiaeii ?aaeaeoe?iaaoue a aeieoiaioa, oi
eniieuecoaony ia?aue niinia. Anee ?enoieia iiiai , eniieuecoaony aoi?ie
niinia, ii ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea ?enoiea a eaoaeiaa oaeeia ia aeieaeii
iaiyoueny.
Iia?aoeee n ?enoieii
Ia?aae auiieiaieai ethaie iia?aoeee ?enoiie auaeaeyaony uae/eii iuoe.
Auaeaeaiiue ?enoiie ieaeieyaony ?aieie n 8 /a?iuie i?yiioaieueieeaie.
?enoiie iiaeii ia?aiauaoue ii aeieoiaioo iaoiaeii Drag-and-Drop. Oeacaa
iuoueth ia ethaie /a?iue i?yiioaieueiee ?aiee e iioyioa ca iaai, iiaeii
eciaieoue i?iii?oeee ?enoiea. Anee i?e yoii oaea?aeeaaoue eeaaeoo
[Shift], oi iiaeii eciaieoue ?acia? ?enoiea. ?enoiie iiaeii acyoue a
?aieo. Aeey yoiai iaiaoiaeeii:
auaeaeeoue ?enoiie;
ioe?uoue eiioaenoiia iaith e aua?aoue eiiaiaeo Ia?aieaiea e Caiieiaiea;
aua?aoue oeaao ?aiee e oei eeiee;
iaaeaoue eiiieo IE.
I?e iienaiiii niiniaa anoaaee ?enoiea a oaeno, auaaao o?oaeii
niaeaniaaoue ?acia?u oaenoa e ?enoiea. Iiyoiio eiaaony aieaa aeaeee
niinia, iniiaaiiue ia caeeth/aiee ?enoiea a eaae?.
Aeaieiie uae/ie iuoe ia ?enoiea auciaao caa?oceo ano?iaiiie Word
i?ia?aiiu. Aeey aieaa neiaeiiai ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea iaiaoiaeeii
eniieueciaaoue ethaie ano?iaiiue a?aoe/aneee ?aaeaeoi?, iai?eia?,
?aaeaeoi? Paint.
?eniaaiea a aeieoiaioa.
Eniieuecoy ooieoeee ?eniaaiey yeaiaioa?iuo aaiiao?e/aneeo iauaeoia,
iiaeii naiinoiyoaeueii nicaeaaaoue a aeieoiaioa ?acee/iua ?enoiee. Aeey
yoiai iaiaoiaeeii auaanoe ia ye?ai Iaiaeue ?eniaaiey n iiiiuueth eiiiee
?eniaaiea ia Iaiaee eino?oiaioia Noaiaea?oiay eee aua?aoue eiiaiaeo
Aeae/Iaiaee eino?oiaioia/?eniaaiea. Iiaeii ia?eniaaoue naie ?enoiie e
anoaaeoue aai a aeieoiaio eae iauaeo, auae?ay eiiaiaeo
Anoaaea/Iauaeo/?enoiie Microsoft Word. Nicaeaiiue ?enoiie iaiaoiaeeii
na?oiie?iaaoue, /oiau ii ia?aiauaeny ii aeieoiaioo eae iaeii oeaeia,
iaaeaa eiiieo Na?oiie?iaaoue ia iaiaee ?eniaaiea e i?eaycaoue aai e
naoea, eniieuecoy eiiieo I?eaycaoue e naoea ia oie aea iaiaee.
Aeey ?aaeaeoe?iaaiey ?enoiie auaeaeyaony uae/eii iuoe. Eciaieoue oeaao
e noeeue eiioo?iie eeiee ?enoiea eee naeaeaoue aa iaaeaeeiie iiaeii,
eniieuecoy eiiieo Oeaao eeiee. Oeaao caeeaee aioo?aiiae iaeanoe
auae?aaony i?e eniieueciaaiee eiiiee Oeaao caiieiaiey. Oci? caiieiaiey
auae?aaony ec i?aaeeiaeaiiuo oaaeiiia. Aeey yoiai ec eiioaenoiiai iaith
aucuaaaony aeeaaeea Caiieiaiea eiiaiaeu Oi?iao iauaeoia Anee yeaiaiou
?enoiea ia?ae?uaatho ae?oa ae?oaa, iiaeii oeacaoue, eaeie ec ieo
iiianoeoue ia ia?aaeiee ieai, eaeie – ia caaeiee. Aeey yoiai yeaiaio
?enoiea neaaeoao auaeaeeoue e iaaeaoue eiiieo Iiianoeoue ia ia?aaeiee
ieai eee Iiianoeoue ia caaeiee ieai. Aeey oiai, /oiau ia ?enoiea iiaeii
auei naeaeaoue iaaeienue, eniieuecoaony eiiiea Iaaeienue, n iiiiuueth
eioi?ie iiaa?o ?enoiea ?anoyaeaaaony ?aiea oaenoa. ?enoiie iiaeii
?acianoeoue iiaa?o oaenoa (eiiiea Iiaa?o oaenoa) eee ni?yoaoue ca oaeno
(eiiiea Ca oaeno). Aua?aiiue yeaiaio iiaeii iiaa?iooue: ioiineoaeueii
aai ai?eciioaeueiie ine n iiiiuueth eiiiee Io?aceoue ai?eciioaeueii,
ioiineoaeueii aa?oeeaeueiie ine, eniieuecoy eiiieo Io?aceoue
aa?oeeaeueii. Eiiiea Iiaa?iooue ai?aai iicaieyao iiaa?iooue auaeaeaiioth
/anoue ?enoiea ii /aniaie no?aeea ia 900.
Nicaeaiea oaenoiauo yooaeoia
Aeey nicaeaiey ?acee/iuo oanoiauo yooaeoia i?eiaiyaony i?ia?aiia
WordArt. Aeey aa auciaa eniieuecoaony eiiaiaea Anoaaea /Iauaeo. Ia
aeeaaeea Nicaeaiea neaaeoao aua?aoue Oei iauaeoa Microsoft WordArt 2.0.
Oi, /oi au oaeaeeoa oaia?ue ia ye?aia, iacuaaaony ieii aecoaeueiiai
?aaeaeoe?iaaiey. A ieia aeieoiaioa ?aniieaaathony iiaia iaith e iaiaeue
eino?oiaioia. Ia ye?aia auaaaeaia iaaeienue I?eia?iue oaeno, eioi?ue
caeeth/ai a ?aieo. Yoa ?aiea iicaieyao ianooaae?iaaoue oaeno e
ia?aaeaeaaoue aai ii ye?aio eae aaeeiia oeaeia. Naie oaeno aaiaeeony n
iiiiuueth ieia n iaaeienueth Iaaa?eoa naie oaeno. Iinea aaiaea oaenoa
neaaeoao iaaeaoue eiiieo Iaiiaeoue ye?ai eee uaeeiooue aia ieia WordArt.
Iia?aoeee, auiieiyaiua a yoii ?aaeeia:
Oi?ia oaenoa auae?aaony ec 36 oaaeiiia. Aeey ioe?uoey nienea iaiaoiaeeii
uaeeiooue eiiieie ?yaeii n iaaeienueth I?yiie oaeno ia iaiaee
eino?oiaioia.
Oei e ?acia? o?eooa auae?aaony ec nienea a ieia o?eooia.
Eiiiee n aoeaaie AE e E caaeatho iieoaee?iue o?eoo e eo?nea.
Caoai eaeoo eiiiee aeey onoaiiaee neaaeothueo yooaeoia:
caaeaiea ?aaiie auniou oaenoa iacaaeneii io ?aaeno?a neiaieia;
iiai?io oaenoa;
?anoyaeaiea oaenoa a ai?eciioaeueiii e aa?oeeaeueiii iai?aaeaieyo;
onoaiiaea au?aaieaaiey oaenoa aioo?e ia?aieythuae ?aiee;
caaeaiea eioa?aaeia iaaeaeo neiaieaie;
a?auaiea oaenoa;
O?e iineaaeiea eiiiee iicaieytho aua?aoue oeaao neiaieia, oaie aie?oa
neiaieia e oieueio eeiee eiioo?a neiaieia oaenoa.
Ianooaae?iaaiea iauaeoa i?iecaiaeeony iinea auaeaeaiey iauaeoa iau/iui
ia?acii.
Ia?aiauaiea iauaeoa auiieiyaony a neaaeothuai ii?yaeea:
aeeth/eoa ?aaeei i?iniio?a aeieoiaioa;
auaeaeeoa iauaeo;
auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo Anoaaea/Eaae?;
ia?aoaueoa iuoueth iauaeo ca iiceoeeiie?othuoth ?aieo.
?aaeaeoe?iaaiea iauaeoa i?iecaiaeeony oae:
auaeaeeoa iauaeo e ioe?ieoa eiioaenoiia iaith;
auaa?eoa eiiaiaeo ?aaeaeoe?iaaoue WordArt eee Ioe?uoue WordArt.
Eiiaiaea Ioe?uoue caioneaao ioaeaeueiia ieii e eniieuecoaony, eiaaea
iaei iaiyoe. Eiiaiaea ?aaeaeoe?iaaoue eniieuecoao ?aaeei aecoaeueiiai
?aaeaeoe?iaaiey. Yoio ?aaeei iiaeii aeeth/eoue oaeaea, anee aeaaaeaeu
uaeeiooue eaaie eiiieie iuoe ia iauaeoa.
A?aoe/aneee ?aaeaeoi? – yoi na?aeniay i?ia?aiia, i?aaeiacia/aiiay aeey
aaoiiaoecaoeee i?ioeannia iino?iaiey ia ye?aia aeenieay a?aoe/aneeo
ecia?aaeaiee.
Iniiaiua ooieoeee a?aoe/aneeo ?aaeaeoi?ia:
iaania/aiea nicaeaiey ecia?aaeaiee ia ye?aia eiiiuethoa?a
?aaeaeoe?iaaiea ecia?aaeaiee
nio?aiaiea ai aiaoiae (ACO) e auaiaea ia aoiaao.
?aaioa a?aoe/aneiai ?aaeaeoi?a aiaeiae/ia ?aaioa oaenoiaiai ?aaeaeoi?a.
Aaeeinoaaiiui ioee/eai neoaeeo aaeeieoea ecia?aaeaiey: a a?aoe/aneii
?aaeaeoi?a yoi ieenaeue (oi/ea ia ye?aia). Eiee/anoai ieenaeae ii
ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee ye?aia ii?aaeaeyao ?ac?aoathuoth niiniaiinoue
ye?aia iiieoi?a. ?acoeueoaoii ?aaiou a?aoe/aneiai ?aaeaeoi?a yaeyaony
nicaeaiea oaeea, niaea?aeauaai eiaeu ecia?aaeaiey. ?anoe?aiea yoiai
oaeea, onoaiaaeeaaaony ii oiie/aieth naiei a?aoe/aneei ?aaeaeoi?ii.
Eiiiuethoa?iua oaeaeiiioieeaoeee
Eiiiuethoa?iua oaeaeiiioieeaoeee i?eiaiythony a ?acee/iuo noa?ao aeecie
nia?aiaiiiai iauanoaa: aeciana, oeiainao, aaieianeii aeaea, n?aaenoaao
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee.
Oaeaeiiioieeaoeee – yoi a oe?ieii niunea neiaa n?aaenoaa
aeenoaioeeiiiie ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee, oaeea eae ?aaeei, oaeaaeaeaiea,
oaeaoii, oaeaa?ao, oaeaoaei, oaeaen, oaeaoaen, a oae aea iiyaeaoeany
n?aaieoaeueii iaaeaaii eiiiuethoa?iua oaeaeiiioieeaoeee.
Eiiiuethoa?iua oaeaeiiioieeaoeee eee oaeaeiiioieeaoeee a oceii niunea
– yoi n?aaenoaa aeenoaioeeiiiie ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee iaaeaeo
eiiiuethoa?aie n eniieueciaaieai ?acee/iuo eaiaeia nayce.
A iniiaa eiiiuethoa?iuo oaeaeiiioieeaoeee iaoiaeyony o?e iniiaiuo
yeaiaioa: eiiiuethoa?, iiaeai, oaeaoiiiay naoue.
I?aaeaaaoue aeaiiua iai?yioth ec iaeiiai eiiiuethoa?a ia ae?oaie ii
oaeaoiiiui eeieyi iaeuecy, oae eae eiiiuethoa? eniieuecoao oeeo?iaua
neaiaeu, a oaeaoiiiua eeiee – aiaeiaiaua. I?aia?aciaaiea oeeo?iauo
neaiaeia a aiaeiaiaua iacuaaaony iiaeoeyoeeae, a ia?aoiue i?ioeann –
aeaiiaeoeyoeeae. Auiieao oaeia i?aia?aciaaiea iiaeai.
Iiaeaiu auioneathony aeaoo aeaeia: ano?iaiiua a eiiiuethoa? e aiaoiea.
Iaeaieaa ecaanoiua oe?iu, auioneathuea aunieiea/anoaaiiua iiaeaiu: Hayes
Microcomputer Products, US Robotics, Multech, Paradyne.
Oa?aeoa?enoeee iiaeaia:
1. Nei?inoue ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo io?aaeaao eiee/anoai aeo, ia?aaeaaaaiuo a
naeoiaeo. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu iiaeai ni nei?inoueth 1200, 2400 e
9600 aeo/nae.. Iaeneiaeueiay nei?inoue i?eia?ii 3800aeo/nae. I/aaeaeii,
/ai auoa nei?inoue, oai aieueoee iauai eioi?iaoeee a aaeeieoeo a?aiaie
iiaeii ia?aaeaoue. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, ia ana aunieinei?inoiua iiaeaiu
auaea?aeeaatho onoa?aaoaa oaeaoiiiia iai?oaeiaaiea a iaoae no?aia. A
e?iia oiai, /ai auoa nei?inoue ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo, oai aieueoa
aa?iyoiinoue iiyaeaiey ioeaie a aeaiiuo. Iiyoiio iiaeai aeieaeai
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue noaiaea?oiue i?ioieie ei??aeoeee ioeaie MNP. A
ianoiyuaa a?aiy nouanoaoao 10 eeannia i?ioieiea. Ia/eiay n eeanna 5,
i?ioieie ia oieueei iicaieyao ei??aeoe?iaaoue ioeaee, ii e naeeiaoue
aeaiiua. I?ioieieu MNP ano?aeaathony a iiaeai e caioneathony
aaoiiaoe/anee.
2. Iiaeai aeieaeai auoue Hayes- niaianoeiui, o.a. auiieiyoue
ii?aaeaeaiiue noaiaea?oiue iaai? eiiaiae, ?ac?aaioaiiuo oe?iie Hayes
Microcomputer Products. Aieueoeinoai – eiiaiae aeey oaeeo iiaeaiia
ia/eiathony n aoea AO.
Iiaeaiu ?aaioatho a aeoieaeniii eee iieoaeoieaeniii ?aaeeia ia?aaea/e
aeaiiuo. I?e aeoieaeniii ?aaeeia aeaiiua /a?ac iiaeai ia?aaeathony a
iaieo iai?aaeaieyo. I?e iieoaeoieaeniii ?aaeeia aeaiiua ia?aaeathony a
eaaeaeue iiiaio a?aiaie a iaeiii iai?aaeaiee. Yoa noaia oaeiaia, eiaaea
ioaeia iaeiinoi?iiiyy ia?aaea/a aeaiiuo (oaenu, ia?anueea oaeeia), ii ia
iiaeoiaeeo aeey eioa?aeoeaiiai aeinooia (eae iai?eia?, a BBS).
Iiieii naiaai iniiaiiai iacia/aiey iiaeai auiieiyao iiiaea ae?oaea
ooieoeee. Iai?eia?, ii iiaeao aaoiiaoe/anee aeicaaieaaoueny aei
aaiiaioa, ioaa/aoue ia oaeaoiiiue caiiie eee niiauaoue i ninoiyiee
oaeaoiiiie eeiee a aeaiiue iiiaio. Ana yoe ooieoeee iiaeai auiieiyao
iiae oi?aaeaieai eiiiuethoa?a.
I?e iauaaeeiaiee ianeieueeeo eiiioieeaoeeiiiuo nenoai ia?acoaony
oaeaeii- ioieeaoeeiiiay eiiiuethoa?iay naoue. Aieueoay /anoue
eiiiuethoa?ia, aeeth/aiiuo a naoue, auiieiyao ooieoeee aaiiaioneeo
ioieoia.
Aaiiaioneee ioieo – yoi ?aai/aa ianoi iieueciaaoaey, eioi?ue eiay
eiiiuethoa?, ia?eoa?eeiia iai?oaeiaaiea, iiaeai, oaeaoii, iiaeao
iiaeeeth/eony e eaeie- eeai naoe e iieo/aao eee ia?aaeaao eioi?iaoeeth.
Aeey oiai, /oiau eiiiuethoa?iua nenoaiu ninoaaeyee aaeeiia oeaeia, a
eioi?iaoeey ii naoe ia?aaeaaaeanue e?oaeinooi/ii, a naoe nouanoaotho
eiiiuethoa?iua oceu nayce, eioi?ua iacuaathony oino- eiiiuethoa?aie
(Host-oicyei) Oino- eiiiuethoa?u n iiaeaiaie iinoiyiii iiaeeeth/aiu e
oaeaoiiiie naoe e /a?ac ieo naycuaathony ana aaiiaiou.
Aieueoay /anoue nouanoaothueo naoae – yoi iaeua eiiiuethoa?iua naoe,
eioi?ua eiatho anaai iaeei oino- eiiiuethoa?.
Neaaeothuei oeiii naoae yaeythony aeiaaeueiua naoe, iauaaeeiythuea
aieueoea oceiaua eiiiuethoa?u. Ia?aaea/a aeaiiuo iaaeaeo oaeeie
eiiiuethoa?aie inouanoaeyaony /a?ac niooieee eee ii auaeaeaiiui eaiaeai.
Naiay ecaanoiay aeiaaeueiay naoue Internet. Ioa/anoaaiiua naoe – ?aeeii,
Aeaniao, ?eei.
Iinea iiaeeeth/aiey naoe ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiiio iieueciaaoaeth
i?aaeinoaaeythony ?aciiia?aciua oneoae, n?aaee eioi?uo aeaaiuie
yaeythony :
eiiiuethoa?iay iaaeia?niiaeueiay oaeaeiiioieeaoeey (iaiai niiauaieyie,
yeaeo?iiiua atheeaoaie iiainoae, oaeaeiioa?aioeee e o.ae.);
aeinooi e oaeaeaiiui AAe.
Anth niaieoiiinoue nenoai eiiiuethoa?iuo eiiioieeaoeee e iioieia
eioi?iaoeee ?aciie i?e?iaeu, oee?eoee?othueo a ie?iauo naoyo iacuaatho
eeaa?i?ino?ainoaii.
Nicaeaaaaiua ia ye?aia eiiiuethoa?a n iiiiuueth eiiiuethoa?iie
oaoiieiaee ia?acu ?aaeueiuo iauaeoia e i?ioeannia ?aciiia?aciie
i?e?iaeu – ethaeae, iocueaeueiuo eino?oiaioia, i?eai?ia, noaieia,
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee e o.i. iacuaatho ae?ooaeueiie
?aaeueiinoueth ?acoiaaony yoi ia «oioia?aoee» iauaeoia (ionoue aeaaea
aeaeaeoueany, eae a eeii), n eioi?uie au ia eiaaoa ieeaeiai eiioaeoa, a
aiieia inycaaiua i?aaeiaou. N ieie iiaeii ?aaioaoue eae n ?aaeueiie
aauueth (iai?eia?, iano?aeaaoue e ea?aoue ia ieaieii), i?iaiaeeoue
enneaaeiaaiey e eniuoaiey.
Oaeei ia?acii, eeaa?i?ino?ainoai e ae?ooaeueiay ?aaeueiinoue, eioi?ua
iinoaiaiii aoiaeyo a iaoo aeeciue, i?eiauatho ian e eioi?iaoeeiiiui
?ano?nai anaai /aeiaa/anoaa, ?anoe?ytho iao e?oaici? e iaiytho nai ia?ac
aeecie.
Eeanneoeeaoeey eiiiuethoa?iuo naoae
Eeanneoeeaoeey eiiiuethoa?iuo naoae neaaeothuay:
GAN – (aeiaaeueiay naoue) iauaie?iaia niaaeeiaiea au/eneeoaeueiuo naoae;
WAN – (oe?ieiianooaaiay naoue) eiioeiaioaeueiia ia o?iaia ainoaea?noaa
iauaaeeiaiea AN;
MAN – (iaaeaeoai?iaeiay naoue) iaaeaeoai?iaeiaa e iaeanoiia iauaaeeiaiea
naoae;
LAN – (eieaeueiay naoue) naoaaia niaaeeiaiea, ooieoeeiie?othuaa a
i?aaeaeao ianeieueeeo caeaiee, oa??eoi?ee i?aaei?eyoey.
I?eioeeiu ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?acee/iuo yeaeo?iiiuo naoae i?eia?ii
iaeeiaeiau. I?aeoe/anee ethaay naoue no?ieony ia iniiaa ianeieueeeo
iiuiuo eiiiuethoa?ia, iacuaaaiuo na?aa?aie. Na?aa? – yoi eiiiuethoa? a
naoe, i?aaeinoaaeythuee naie oneoae ae?oaei, oi anoue auiieiythuee
ii?aaeaeaiiua ooieoeee ii cai?inai ae?oaeo. Na?aa?ii iacuaaaony oaeaea
i?ia?aiia aeey naoaaiai eiiiuethoa?a, ianeoaeeaathuay iiiaeanoai
eeeaioia naoe.
Iauaaeeiaiea naoae inouanoaeyaony /a?ac iinou e iaaenaoaaua oethcu.
Iiae iinoii iiieiatho aiia?aoii- i?ia?aiiiue aeie, eioi?ue iaania/eaaao
niaaeeiaiea ianeieueeeo iaeii?iaeiuo eieaeueiuo naoae, eeai ianeieueeeo
naaiaioia EN, eiathueo ?acee/iua i?ioieieu ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo.
N iiiiuueth iaaenaoaaiai oethca naycuaathony iaaeaeo niaie nenoaiu, ia
yaeythueany iaeii?iaeiuie. Iiae oethcii iiieiatho niaieoiiinoue
aiia?aoii-i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa, eioi?ay iaania/eaaao ia?aaea/o aeaiiuo
iaaeaeo ianiaianoeiuie naoyie eee i?eeiaeaieyie a ?aieao iaeiie naoe.
Iaaenaoaaua oethcu niaeanotho ?acee/iua i?ioieieu ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo,
ianiaeaniaaiiua nei?inoe ia?aaea/e , oi?aaeaiea iiieoi?aie e
eniieuecoaiua eiaeu.
Eieaeueiua au/eneeoaeueiua naoe
Iiae EAN iiieiatho niaianoiia iiaeeeth/aiea ioaeaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia
(?aai/eo noaioeee) e aaeeiiio eaiaeo ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio
ianeieueei iieueciaaoaeae iiaoo niaianoii eniieueciaaoue iai?oaeiaaiea,
i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa e eioi?iaoeeth.
Iiiyoea EAN ioiineony e naoyi, ?aaeeciaaiiui a i?aaeaeao iaeiiai
i?aaei?eyoey, iaeiiai caeaiey.
Iauaaeeiaiea eiiiuethoa?ia a EAN aeaao neaaeothuea i?aeiouanoaa:
?acaeaeaiea ?ano?nia iicaieyao yeiiiiii eniieueciaaoue ia?eoa?eeiua
ono?ienoaa.
?acaeaeaiea aeaiiuo i?aaeinoaaeyao aiciiaeiinoue aeinooia e oi?aaeaiey
AAe n ethaiai ?aai/aai ianoa.
?acaeaeaiea i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa i?aaeinoaaeyao aiciiaeiinoue
iaeiia?aiaiiiai eniieueciaaiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai II.
Iiiaiiieueciaaoaeueneee ?aaeei niaeaenoaoao iaeiia?aiaiiiio
eniieueciaaieth oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai II.
Yeaeo?iiiay ii/oa iicaieyao iaiaieaaoueny niiauaieyie iaaeaeo ?aai/eie
noaioeeyie.
?aaeei ?acaeaeaiey ?ano?nia i?ioeanni?a iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue
aiciiaeiinoue iiuiiai i?ioeanni?a n ethaie ?aai/ae noaioeee.
EAN iau/ii ninoieo ec neaaeothueo eiiiiiaioia:
A ea/anoaa ?aai/eo iano i?eiaiytho IE, eiathuea nianoaaiiue i?ioeanni?,
II e ono?ienoaa aaiaea – auaiaea.
EAN eiaao nianoaaiioth IN, oe?iu Novell, eioi?ay iacuaaaony NetWare.
Aeey iiaeeeth/aiey ?aai/eo noaioeee ae?oa e ae?oao eniieuecoaony
ono?ienoai nii?yaeaiey, eioi?ia iacuaaaony naoaaie aaeaioa?, iiaeoeue,
ea?oa.
A ea/anoaa n?aaenoa eiiioieeaoeee iaeaieaa /anoi eniieuecotho aeooth
ia?o, eiaeneaeueiue eaaaeue e iioiaieieiiiua eeiee.
Oi?aaeyaony EAN /a?ac oaeeiaue na?aa?, eioi?ua aeieaeiu eiaoue aieueoie
iauai iia?aoeaiie iaiyoe (ia iaiaa 2Iaaeo) e aei/anoa? aieueoiai iauaia.
Ia?eoa?eeiia iai?oaeiaaiea, iiaeeeth/aiiia e oaeeiaiio na?aa?o, iiaeii
eniieueciaaoue n ethaie ?aai/ae noaioeee.
Aoiae a na?aa?.
?aai/ay noaioeey a au/eneeoaeueiie naoe caa?oaeaaony noaiaea?oii.
Aia/aea caa?oaeathony oaeeu io.sys e msdos.sys, anee nenoaia ?aaioaao
iiae oi?aaeaieai MSDOS. Caoai caa?oaeathony eiiaiaeiue oaee COMMAND.COM,
eiioeao?aoeeiiiue oaee CONFIG.SYS e i?eniaaeeiythony ae?aeaa?a. Iinea
yoiai i?i/eouaaaony oaee autoexec.bat e ia?aaaouaathony aai iaeaoiua
eiiaiaeu.
Ia?aoiae ec iaeiiiieueciaaoaeueneie nenoaiu a iia?aoeeiiioth nenoaio
naoe o?aaoao ?aaeno?aoeee a naoe n iiiiuueth eiiaiae login, eioi?ua
o?aaotho aaanoe eiy iieueciaaoaey a naoe e ia?ieue, i?enaiaiiua aio
aaeieieno?aoi?ii naoe. Ia ye?aia eiiiuethoa?a iiyaeyaony niiauaiea:
Enter your login name: (Aaaaeeoa aaoa eiy)
password: (Ia?ieue)
Aeiaaeueiua naoe. INTERNET
Iauaiea eiiiuethoa?ia iaaeaeo niaie /a?ac ie?iaua naoe n iiiiuueth
?aciiia?aciuo n?aaenoa eiiioieeaoeee –yoi no?aieoaeueii ?acaeaathuaany
iai?aaeaiea eiiiuethoa?iie oaoiieiaee.
E?oiiaeoae aeiaaeueiie eioi?iaoeeiiiie nenoaiie yaeyaony naoue
Internet, eioi?ay a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ia eiaao ii?aaeaeaiiie
i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?u e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeee eiiaeiia?ao
naiinoiyoaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?iuo naoae, nicaeaiiuo oneeeyie ?acee/iuo
i?aaeoaeuenoa, iao/iuo eiiia?/aneeo e iaeiiia?/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee.
A iniiaa Internet eaaeeo nenoaia iaaeno?aeueiuo naoae, eia/a iacuaaaiuo
iii?iuie. Naoe n?aaeiaai o?iaiy, ?aaeiiaeueiua naoe iiaeniaaeeiythony e
aunieinei?inoiie iii?iie naoe.
Eaaeaeay ec naoae ioaa/aao ca iioie niiauaiee, oee?eoee?othueo aioo?e
iaa – o?aoee e ia?o?ooece?oao aai ii naiaio oniio?aieth. E?iia oiai,
naoue ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca niaaeeiaiea n naoueth aieaa aunieiai
o?iaiy. Ethaay naoue naia ioaa/aao ca naia oeiaine?iaaiea e iiaeao
onoaiaaeeaaoue nianoaaiiua aaeieieno?aoeaiua i?ioeaaeo?u.
Aae?anaoeey a naoe
Aeaiiua a naoe ia?aaeathony ii /anoyi, iaeaoaie, iaaeaeo eiiiuethoa?aie
– ia?o?ooecaoi?aie. Ca aeinoaaeo iaeaoia e aae?anaoeeth ioaa/aao
iaaenaoaaie i?ioieie IP, eaaeauee a iniiaa Internet. Eiiiuethoa?,
yaeythueeny /anoueth Internet, eiaao oieeaeueiue IP-aae?an, eioi?ue
ninoieo ec /aou?ao /enae io 0 aei 255, iai?eia?, 128.250.33.190. Naiia
i?aaia /enei iaicia/aao iiia? eiie?aoiiai eiiiuethoa?a. Inoaeueiua /enea
a caaeneiinoe io eeanna aae?ana niioaaonoaotho iiia?ai naoae e
eieaeueiuo iiaenaoae. ?acia? niiauaiey a i?ioieiea IP io 1 aei 1500
aaeoia. Ia?aaea/ae aeaiiuo oi?aaeyao i?ioieie TCP. Niaeanii i?ioieieo
TCP, eioi?iaoeey, i?aauoathuay iaeneiaeueiue ?acia?, ?acaeaaaony ia
ioaeaeueiua iaeaou, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo ia?aaeaaony ioaeaeueii e caoai
niae?aaony a iaeii niiauaiea a ioieoa iacia/aiey. Eoae, TCP/IP – yoi
iaai? i?ioieieia, ii?aaeaeythueo ii?yaeie acaeiiaeaenoaey eiiiuethoa?ia
a naoe Internet.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?eiyoa aeiiaiiay nenoaia eiai (DNS), niaeanii eioi?ie
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iacia/aiea eiai aiceaaaaony ia ?acee/iua a?oiiu
iieueciaaoaeae, ioaa/athueo ca ii?aaeaeaiioth iaeanoue naoe – aeiiai.
Naiui ia?aui neaaa a eiaie noieo eiy ?aaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a, eiathuaai
IP- aae?an , aeaeaa neaaeoao eiy a?oiiu, i?enaieaoae eiy yoiio
eiiiuethoa?o, caoai eiy aieaa e?oiiie a?oiiu e oae aeaeaa. Iai?eia?, a
aae?ana dush.zhukov.derevnya.ru edush eiy eiiiuethoa?a a naoe zhukov,
derevnya – iacaaiea i?aaiecaoeee, ?aaeiia eee ai?iaea, a ru – eiae
no?aiu (Russia). Iineaaeiee, naiue iauee yeaiaio eiaie iacuaaaony
aeiiaiii ia?aiai o?iaiy, derevnya – aeiiaiii aoi?iai e o.ae.
Niiniau aeinooia e Internet
Noaiaea?oiui ono?ienoaii, n iiiiuueth eioi?iai aao eiiiuethoa? iiaeao
auoue iiaeeeth/ai e ie?iaie naoe, yaeyaony iiaeai.
Aeaeu aeinooia e Internet ioee/athony noaiaie iiaeeeth/aiey,
eniieuecoaiuie eeieyie nayce e i?ioieieaie, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeytho
i?aaeinoaaeyaiua aiciiaeiinoe. *ai aieueoa aiciiaeiinoae aeaao aeae
aeinooia e /ai aieaa ii auno?, oai ii aei?iaea. Aeinooi e Internet
i?aaeinoaaeytho iinoaaueee naoaauo oneoa – i?iaaeaea?u.
Iieiioeaiiia iiaeeeth/aiea e Internet – iaiin?aaenoaaiiue aeinooi – n
a?aiaeie auaeaeaiiiai eaiaea nayce n aieueoie i?iioneiie niiniaiinoueth
e aunieie nei?inoueth.
Aeinooi n eniieueciaaieai i?ioieieia PPP eee SLIP. I?e yoii auaeaeaiiiai
eaiaea ia o?aaoaony, naycue inouanoaeyaony ii eiiiooe?oaiie oaeaoiiiie
eeiee. Ia iiiaio niaaeeiaiey eiiiuethoa? yaeyaony /anoueth naoe e iiaeao
eniieueciaaoue ana aa ?ano?nu.
Aeinooi ii auciao (Dial – Up) i?iua e aeaoaaea. Eiiiuethoa? ia
iiaeeeth/aaony e naoe iaiin?aaenoaaiii, a n iiiiuueth iiaeaia ?aaioaao
eae oa?ieiae eiiiuethoa?a, iiaeeeth/aiiiai e naoe. Iiaeii iieueciaaoueny
oieueei oaie aiciiaeiinoyie, eioi?ua i?aaeinoaaeyao i?iaaeaea?.
Iiaeeeth/aiea ii i?ioieieo UUCP – iicaieyao iaiaieaaoueny oieueei
niiauaieyie ii yeaeo?iiiie ii/oa.
Iniiaiua aiciiaeiinoe Internet
Naoue Internet i?aaeinoaaeyao naiei eeeaioai neaaeothuea aiciiaeiinoe:
Yeaeo?iiiay ii/oa – naiia ?ani?ino?aiaiiia e naiia iiioey?iia
Oaeaeaiiue aeinooi – ?aaioa ii oaeaeaiiii eiiiuethoa?a a ?aaeeia
yioeyoeee oa?ieiaea.
Ia?aaea/a oaeeia ii naoe n eniieueciaaieai i?ioieiea ftp (File Transfer
Protocol) e iaeiieiaiiie i?ia?aiiu. Ftp iicaieyao ia?aoiaeeoue ec
eaoaeiaa a eaoaeia ia oaeaeaiiii eiiiuethoa?a, i?iniao?eaaoue eo,
ia?anueaoue oaenoiaua e aeaie/iua oaeeu.
Naoaaua iiainoe –. aua iaeia ec oe?iei eniieuecoaiuo aiciiaeiinoae
Internet. Yoi ?ani?aaeaeaiiay nenoaia oaeaeiioa?aioeee, i?eiyoay a naoe
UsNet.
Nenoaiu iienea a Internet
Aeey iienea oaeeia eniieuecoaony nenoaia Archie. Yoi niaoeeaeueiay
i?eeeaaeiay i?ia?aiia, auiieiyaiay ia iaeioi?uo aoiaeyueo a Internet
eiiiuethoa?ao e iicaieythuay i?iaiaeeoue iiene oaeeia ii anai
FTP-na?aa?ai n ioe?uoui aeinooiii. Iia ninoieo ec aeaoo /anoae. Ia?aay
Archie – na?aa?u , eo ieiei 40 ii anaio ie?o. Iie iiaeaea?aeeaatho AAe
oaeeia aeey iienea. Aoi?ay /anoue – iaai? anao eiiiuethoa?ia n oaeeaie,
eioi?ua iiaeii caa?oceoue. Eo i?eaeeceoaeueii1500. Archie – na?aa?u
ia?eiaee/anee ii?aoeaatho yoe eiiiuethoa?u, /oiau eciaieoue AAe. Iiene
oaeeia iiaeii inouanoaeoue aeaoiy niiniaaie: ii eiaie oaeea eee ii
eeth/aaiio neiao. Eeth/aaua neiaa – yoi neiaa, iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iua aeey
aeaiiiai oaenoa eee eioa?anothuae iieueciaaoaey oaiaoeee. A ?acoeueoaoa
iienea aoaeao aeai nienie, a eioi?ii oeacuaaaony:
ana oaeeu, ioaa/athuea e?eoa?eyi iienea;
aae?an, aaea iaoiaeeony oaee;
eaoaeia;
?acia?;
aeaoa aianaiey iineaaeieo eciaiaiee.
I?aaeea ?aaiou a Internet.
Internet ninoieo ec iiiaeanoaa naoae, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo iiaeao eiaoue
nianoaaiioth iieeoeeo e nianoaaiiua i?aaeea.
Iauea i?aaeea ?aaiou:
A Internet aoiaeyo eiiia?/aneea e iaeiiia?/aneea naoe. Ia ?ac?aoaaony
iaeiiia?/aneea naoe eniieueciaaoue aeey ?ani?ino?aiaiey eiiia?/aneie
eioi?iaoeee.
Neaaeoao niaethaeaoue caeiiu, ?aaoee?othuea Internet.
Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue i?aai nianoaaiiinoe, iniaaiii i?e ia?anueea aeaiiuo
/a?ac ainoaea?noaaiiua a?aieoeu.
Word Wide Web (Anaie?iay iaooeia)
Nenoaia WWW yaeyaony naiui nia?aiaiiui , naiui oaeiaiui, ia?niaeoeaiui
e aeeiaie/iui na?aenii naoe. Web iaeaaeaao aeaoiy naienoaaie, eioi?ua
auaeaeytho aa ec ?yaea ae?oaeo nenoai. Yoi eioa?aeoeaiua n?aaenoaa
ioeueoeiaaeea e aeia?nnueee. Ia?aia naienoai io?aaeaao oio oaeo, /oi Web
i?aaeinoaaeyao aeinooi e naiui ?aciui n?aaenoaai e ?ano?nai –
aeieoiaioai, a?aoeea, oioia?aoeyi, aoaeei- e aeaeaicaienyi. Aeia?nnueea
– yoi nnueee iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie ?ano?naie Internet. Oaeno,
eniieuecothuee aeia?nnueee, iacuaaaony aeia?oaenoii. A WWW aeey
ia?aaea/e e i?eaia aeia?oaenoiaie eioi?iaoeee eniieuecoaony i?ioieie
IOO? (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Aeia?oaenoiaua aeieoiaiou iiaoo
niaea?aeaoue oaeno, ecia?aaeaiey, aieiaoeeth, caoe e ?acee/iua
nnueee******************************************************************
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**************aeo?iiiay ii/oa ( e-mail) – yoi niaieoiiinoue aiia?aoiuo e
i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa aeey iaiaia eioi?iaoeeae (eae a oaenoiaii oae e a
aeia?iii aeaea) iaaeaeo iieueciaaoaeyie naoe. Iia aeaao neaaeothuea
i?aeiouanoaa ii n?aaiaieth n iau/iie ii/oie:
aunieay nei?inoue ia?aaea/e niiauaiee;
iaaeaaeiinoue;
ioiineoaeueiay aeaoaaecia oneoa;
iaiai ei??aniiiaeaioeeyie a oaeiaiia aeey iieueciaaoaey a?aiy.
A caaeneiinoe io eiee/anoaa o/anoieeia ia?aienee i?eiyoi auaeaeyoue o?e
iniiaiuo ?aciiaeaeiinoe yeaeo?iiiie ii/ou:
i?inoay yeaeo?iiiay ii/oa (iaeei e iaeiiio);
ii/oiaua nienee (iaeei ei iiiaei);
oaeaeiioa?aioeee (iiiaea ei iiiaei).
I?inoay yeaeo?iiiay ii/oa iaania/eaaao ioi?aaeo niiauaiey ii ioaeiiio
aae?ano e iieo/aiea aae?anaoii niiauaiey. I?e ioi?aaea ienueia iiaeii
aeaoue eiiaiaeo iiaeoaa?aeeoue oaeo iieo/aiey ienueia n oeacaieai aeaou
e a?aiaie iieo/aiey. Eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoue ia?aienee aa?aioe?oaony.
Ii/oiaua nienee eniieuecotho, eiaaea aaiiaio oi/ao ioi?aaeoue iaeii
ienueii ianeieueeei aae?anaoai. Iie iaania/eaatho: i?aaiecaoeeth
niaoeeaeueiie neoaeau ia?aienee, aaaeaiea nienea aaiiaioia,
aaoiiaoe/aneoth ?annueeo ii anai aae?anai nienea.
Naiui neiaeiui aeaeii ii/ou yaeyaony oaeaeiioa?aioeey. Iia iinayuaia
iau/ii eaeiio- eeai aii?ino e i?e aa i?iaaaeaiee aieueoay ?ieue
ioaiaeeony aaaeouaio. Aaaeouee i?aaiecoao i?iaaaeaiea eiioa?aioeee a
naoe, iai?aaeyao e ieaie?oao aa ?aaioo, i?eaeaoaao o/anoieeia e,
iiaeaiaey eoiae ?aaiou, cae?uaaao eiioa?aioeeth. *enei o/anoieeia – ia
ia?aie/aii, a?aiy aa i?iaaaeaiey 1-2 ianyoea. I?e i?iaaaeaiee
eiioa?aioeee aaoi? niiauaiey iinueaao aai anai, eoi oi/ao aai i?i/anoue.
Ii oaeiio aea i?eioeeio i?aaieciaaia ?aciiaeaeiinoue oaeaeiioa?aioeee –
yeaeo?iiiua aeinee iauyaeaiee ( BBS), eoaea iiiauaaony ethaay
eioi?iaoeey, i?aaenoaaeythuay eioa?an aeey aaiiaioia. Yeaeo?iiiua aeinee
aeaenoaotho iinoiyiii, ia no?oeoo?e?iaaiu ii ?acaeaeai.
Eaaeaeue aaiiaio ii/ou eiaao naie ii/oiaue aae?an. Aae?an eiaao aeae:
iieueciaaoaeue@aeiiaoiee aae?an. Iai?eia?, pollak@inf.tu-chel.ac.ru. A
yoii eiaie aei ciaea @ iiiauaii eiy iieueciaaoaey, no?oeoo?a eiaie iinea
ciaea @ niioaaonoaoao aeiiaiiie no?oeoo?a eiai naoe.
A ienueia iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea yeaiaiou:
To : (eiio) – Aae?an iieo/aoaey, eioi?ue /eoaaony ii/oiaui oethcii aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey ia?o?ooa niiauaiey.
From : ( io eiai) – Aae?an ioi?aaeoaey
Subject – (oaia) – E?aoeia iienaiea niaea?aeaiey ienueia
CC : (eiiee) – Yeaeo?iiiua aae?ana, eioi?ui ?annueathony eiiee ienueia.
Caoai eaeao naii ienueii.
I?aaeaeueiue ?acia? oaenoiauo niiauaiee, ia?aaeaaaaiuo a Internet, ?aaai
2 000 000 neiaieia. Yoi niioaaonoaoao /aou?ai nioiyi no?aieoe oaenoa.
E?iia oiai ia?aie/aiey iiaoo iaeeaaeuaaoueny ii/oiaie i?ia?aiiie, a
oaeaea iinoaaueeii oneoa.
E ienueio iiaeii i?eniaaeeieoue ioaeaeueiua oaeeu, oaeea eae: a?aoeea;
aoaeei; oioi; yeaeo?iiiua oaaeeoeu; AAe; aeieoiaiou; i?ia?aiiu. Yoe
oaeeu, a ioee/ea io oaenoa ienueia, yaeythony aeaie/iuie . Iie
ioi?aaeythony eae oaeeu, i?eniaaeeiaiiua e oaenoo ienueia e iiiauathony
a ?acaeaea ienueia Attachments (i?eeiaeaiey).
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Iaiyoue
aea
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Aaiae ST
aea
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