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Операционная и социотехническая системы

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Iia?aoeeiiiay ooieoeey – yoi aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?iecaiaenoao oiaa?ia
eee oneoa, eioi?ua i?aaiecaoeey iinoaaeyao ai aiaoithth n?aaeo.
Ooieoeeth iia?aoeee eiatho ana i?aaiecaoeee, eia/a iie i?inoi ia iiaoo
nouanoaiaaoue.

Oa?ieiu “iia?aoeee” e “i?iecaiaenoai” acaeiicaiaiyaiu. Iaeiaei iiae
i?iecaiaenoaii a iniiaiii iiieiaaony auione oiaa?ia e ia?a?aaioea
nu?uey. Oa?iei “iia?aoeee” oe?a, ii aeeth/aao ia oieueei i?iecaiaenoai
oiaa?ia, ii e i?aaeinoaaeaiea oneoa.

Aieueoa anaai i?aaiecaoeee ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa ii oa?aeoa?o
eiie?aoiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, aoiaeyueo a iia?aoeeiiioth ooieoeeth.
I?e i?iecaiaenoaa, iai?eia?, aaoiiiaeeae e auoiaie oaoieee
ia?a?aaaouaathony ia?iiiua eiee/anoaa nu?ueaauo iaoa?eaeia.
No?ieoaeueiua oe?iu oiaea iio?aaeytho aieueoea iauaiu iaoa?eaeia.

TH?eaee/aneea oe?iu, aieueieoeu, aieueoeinoai o/?aaeaeaiee noa?u oneoa
iio?aaeytho iacia/eoaeueiua eiee/anoaa enoiaeiuo iaoa?eaeia, ii iie
i?eniinaaeeaatho naie oneoae iiae o?aaiaaiey eeeaioa. Aaeaoeeiiiua
eeiee, aaiee i?aaeeaaatho noaiaea?oeciaaiiue iaai? oneoa.
I?aaiio?aieoaeueiua i?aaiu oiaea /anoi “i?aaeinoaaeytho oneoae
eeeaioai”.

?en. 1 ?ane?uaaao i?aaiecaoeeth eae ioe?uooth nenoaio, eioi?ay
i?aia?acoao aoiaeiua aaee/eiu a auoiaeiua, i?eiaieoaeueii e
iia?aoeeiiiie ooieoeee. Iieiay nenoaia i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaiecaoeee iacuaaaony iia?aoeeiiiie nenoaiie, iia ninoieo ec o?ao
iiaenenoai.

IA?A?AAAOUAATHUAss IIAeNENOAIA auiieiyao i?iecaiaeeoaeueioth ?aaioo,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiioth n i?aa?auaieai aoiaeiuo aaee/ei a auoiaeiua
?acoeueoaou. Iaoa?eaeu, a oii /enea aoiaaa e eaioeaey?neea oiaa?u,
iio?aaeythony ia?a?aaaouaathuae iiaenenoaiie. O?aaothony
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey a aeaea eaaeiaoia, iaaaee, iai?oaeiaaiey. Ioaeia

Eioi?iaoeey
Eioi?iaoeey

ec aiaoiae n?aaeu Iiaenenoaia ec
aioo?aiiae n?aaeu

ieaie?iaaiey

e eiio?iey

Eioi?iaoeey
Ieaiu, ?aoaiey,

i ninoiyiee nenoaiu ei??aeoe?othuea
acaeiiaeaenoaey

Ia aoiaea
Ia auoiaea

Ia?a?aaaouaathuay

iiaenenoaia

O?oae,
I?iaeoeoeey,

Iaoa?eaeu,
Oneoae

Eaieoae, Iiaenenoaia

Eioi?iaoeey, iaania/aiey

Yia?aey

iiaea/a yia?aee io eiiioiaeueiuo neoaea aeey inaauaiey, ioiieaiey e
eiiaeeoeeiie?iaaiey iiiauaiee, a oaeaea yia?aey aeey ?aaiou YAI.

IIAeNENOAIA IAANIA*AIEss ia naycaia i?yii n i?iecaiaenoaii auoiaea, ii
auiieiyao iaiaoiaeeiua ooieoeee iaania/aiey ia?a?aaaouaathuae
iiaenenoaiu. Ooieoeey n/eoathuayny /anoueth iaania/aiey a iaeiie
i?aaiecaoeee, iiaeao auoue ninoaaeythuae /anoueth ia?a?aaaouaathuae
iiaenenoaiu a ae?oaie.

IIAeNENOAIA IEAIE?IAAIEss E EIIO?IEss iieo/aao io ia?a?aaaouaathuae
iiaenenoaiu eioi?iaoeeth i ninoiyiee nenoaiu e iacaaa?oaiiii
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ei oi?iaoeey iinooiaao ec aioo?aiiae n?aaeu i?aaiecaoeee.
Eioi?iaoeey i ni?ina ia i?iaeoeoeeth, noieiinoe ?ano?nia, oaiaeaioeeyo
?acaeoey oaoiieiaee, i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao e ae?oaeo
oaeoi?ao, iinooiaao ec aiaoiae n?aaeu. Iiaenenoaia ieaie?iaaiey e
eiio?iey aeieaeia ia?aaioaoue aanue yoio iau/ii aieueoie iauai
aeinoaoi/ii neiaeiie eioi?iaoeee e auaeaoue ?aoaiea, eae eiaiii aeieaeia
?aaioaoue ia?a?aaaouaathuay iiaenenoaia. Eiie?aoiua aii?inu,
iiaeeaaeauea ?aoaieth, eae i?aaeei, aeeth/atho ieaie?iaaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae, aeeniao/a?ecaoeeth, oi?aaeaiea
iaoa?eaeueii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie caianaie, eiio?ieue ea/anoaa.

Iia?aoeeiiiua nenoaiu iiaeii eeanneoeoee?iaaoue ?aciuie niiniaaie. Ia
?en. 2 i?eaaaeaia aeaooia?iay eeanneoeeaoeey, iniiaaiiay ia oa?aeoa?a
auoiaea e oeia eniieuecoaiiai i?ioeanna ia?a?aaioee ?ano?nia. A
niioaaonoaee n yoie no?oeoo?ie iiaeii i?iaiaeece?iaaoue oaeoe/anee
ethaoth iia?aoeeiiioth nenoaio. ?anniio?ei /aou?a oeia i?ioeannia
ia?a?aaioee.

A iaeeina?eeiie nenoaia i?iecaiaenoaa ioaeaeueiua iiae?acaeaeaiey, oeaoa
eee o/anoee niaoeeaeece?iaaiu ia auiieiaiee ?acee/iuo iia?aoeee. Iauaeou
ia?a?aaioee, i?aaenoaaeaiiua, iai?eia?, ia?aaaouaaaiuie ecaeaeeyie eee
ianeoaeeaaaiuie eeeaioaie, i?ioiaeyo /a?ac nenoaio aaeeieoeaie eee
iaaieueoeie a?oiiaie. Iineieueeo o?aaiaaiey e ia?aaioea eaaeaeiai
iauaeoa iiaoo auoue ?aciuie, oi iie neaaeotho ii ?aciui ia?o?ooai n
iaiaycaoaeueiui i?ioiaeaeaieai /a?ac ana o/anoee.

Nenoaia ianniaiai i?iecaiaenoaa auaeaao aieueoea iauaiu ioiineoaeueii
noaiaea?oeciaaiiuo auoiaeia. Ioaeaeueiua aaeeieoeu auioneaaiie
i?iaeoeoeee iaioee/eiu ae?oa io ae?oaa, oioy e iiaoo auoue
iacia/eoaeueiua ?acee/ey a oa?aeoa?enoeeao eee eiiieaeoaoeee. A?aiy
i?ioiaeaeaiey aaeeieoeu i?iaeoeoeee /a?ac nenoaio ioiineoaeueii iaei:
iau/ii iii ecia?yaony a ieiooao eee /anao. I?iecaiaenoaaiiua ?ano?nu
nenoaiu iiaoo auoue oii?yaei/aiu a iaeioi?ie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe e
ia?acotho oaoiieiae/aneoth eeieth – iioie, i?ioiaeyuae /a?ac anth
nenoaio.

Ia?a?aaaouaathuay nenoaia n iai?a?uaiui i?ioeannii i?iecaiaeeo
cia/eoaeueiua iauaiu iaeii?iaeiiai auoiaea. Aaeeinoaaiiue niinia
?acee/eoue ioaeaeueiua aaeeieoeu i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee caeeth/aaony
a ecia?aiee i?iaeoeoa a eaeeo-oi i?iecaieueiuo aaeeieoeao ii iauaio,
aeeeia, ieiuaaee, aano eee a?aiaie. ?ano?nu, iinooiathuea ia aoiae
nenoaiu, iai?a?uaiui iioieii i?ioiaeyo /a?ac iaa, i?aa?auaynue a
i?iaeoeo ia aa auoiaea.

Iaaeaeo iia?aoeeiiiie ooieoeeae e ?yaeii ae?oaeo ooieoeee i?aaiecaoeee
nouanoaotho aanueia aaaeiua e neiaeiua ?aai/ea ioiioaiey. Aeey
iioeiecaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecaoeee iaiaoiaeeii iaania/eoue
yooaeoeaiia oi?aaeaiea yoeie ioiioaieyie.

Iia?aoeee caaenyo io eiaeaia?iie ooieoeee, eioi?ay iaania/eaaao
i?iaeoe?iaaiea iiauo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae e
i?ioeannia. Eiaeaia?iay i?iaeoeoeey aeieaeia iieo/aoue io i?iecaiaenoaa
ioaaoioth eioi?iaoeeth ii i?iaeaiai, naycaiiui n eiino?oeoeeae ecaeaeee,
e i aiciiaeiinoyo oniaa?oainoaiaaiey nenoaiu.

Ia?eaoeia aeieaeai iaania/eoue iaaeaaeiue i?iaiic ni?ina e ?aaeueiua
caeacu eeeaioia ia auoiaeu iia?aoeeiiiie nenoaiu. E?iia oiai, yoa aea
ooieoeey aeieaeia eioi?ie?iaaoue i?iecaiaenoai i ethauo i?aoaiceyo
iio?aaeoaeae ii ea/anoao eee n?ieai iinoaaee i?iaeoeoeee. N ae?oaie
noi?iiu, ia?eaoeia caaeneo io i?iecaiaenoaa a /anoe eioi?iaoeee i
iaee/ee i?iaeoeoeee e aiciiaeiinoyo naiaa?aiaiiiai aa ecaioiaeaiey aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey ni?ina iio?aaeoaeae. A noa?a eaieoaeia, iaiaoiaeeiuo
aeey ?anoe?aiey iiuiinoae e iiaeaea?aeaiey oaeouae ?aaiou, iia?aoeeiiiay
ooieoeey caaeneo io oeiainiaie ooieoeee. Aeey oiai /oiau i?aaeinoaaeoue
eaieoaeu a ioaeiia a?aiy e a ioaeiuo iauaiao, oeiainiaie neoaeaa ioaeii
iieo/eoue io iia?aoeeiiiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee eioi?iaoeeth i ieaiao
i?iecaiaenoaa e ?acaeoey, iiae?iaiua oaeouea aeaiiua e oeiainiaoth
io/aoiinoue. Ooieoeey o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
aa?aiaeo, ioai?, a eiiaaea e iao/aiea eaae?ia aeey ?aaiou a
iia?aoeeiiiie nenoaia. Iia?aoeeiiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey, a naith i/a?aaeue,
aeieaeiu caaeaaia?aiaiii eioi?ie?iaaoue eaae?iaoth neoaeao i iio?aaiinoe
a ?aai/ae neea n oeacaieai eae eiee/anoaa, oae e eaaeeoeeaoeee.

No?aoaaey oe?iu caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau iin?aaenoaii naiae
iia?aoeeiiiie ooieoeee i?aaeinoaaeyoue i?iaeoeou e oneoae aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey iniiaiuo iio?aaiinoae iio?aaeoaeae. Ii?aaeaeaiea oiai,
eaeea eiaiii iio?aaiinoe aa?oony a ea/anoaa oeaee aeayoaeueiinoe oe?iu,
yaeyaony no?aoaae/aneei ?aoaieai, i?e eioi?ii aeieaeiu o/eouaaoueny
aeaiiua ec anao ooieoeeiiaeueiuo iaeanoae. A iaeanoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe e iaeaieaa aaaeiui no?aoaae/aneei ?aoaieyi ioiinyony
?aoaiey i oii, eae, eiaaea e aaea i?iecaiaeeoue oiaa?u eee
i?aaeinoaaeyoue oneoae. Iaoiaeu auae?aaiua aeey i?iecaiaenoaa
i?iaeoeoeee eee i?aaeinoaaeaiey oneoa, aeieaeiu oa?aeoa?eciaaoueny
niaianoeiinoueth n auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeeae eee i?aaeinoaaeyaiuie
oneoaaie, a oaeaea n oaeiaeaoai?yaiuie iio?aaiinoyie. Iia?aoeeiiiue
i?ioeann neaaeoao auae?aoue oieueei iinea ouaoaeueiiai ii?aaeaeaiey
iio?aaiinoae e naiiai i?iaeoeoa. Iniiaiia i?aaeiacia/aiea oe?iu
oa?aeoa?ecoaony oeaii/eie “i?iecaiaenoai – iio?aaiinoe iio?aaeoaey”.

?enoiie 2. Oeaii/ea “i?iecaiaenoai – iio?aaiinoe iio?aaeoaey”.

IIA?AOeEIIIAss I?IAeOEOeEss IIO?AAIINOE

NENOAIA (eee oneoae) IIO?AAEOAEAE

Iniiaiay oeaeue iia?aoeeiiiie ooieoeee caeeth/aaony a ia?a?aaioea
iinooiathueo ?ano?nia a eiia/ioth i?iaeoeoeeth, o.a. oiaa?u eee oneoae,
aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey aeaiiuo iio?aaiinoae iio?aaeoaeae. Auiieiyy yoo
caaea/o, iia?aoeeiiiay ooieoeey aeieaeia ieacaoue iiiiuue oe?ia a
aeinoeaeaiee au?aaeaiiie eiiiaoaioiinoe e eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe ia
?uiea. Au?aaeaiiay eiiiaoaioiinoue caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi oe?ia aeaeaao
/oi-oi eo/oa, /ai aa eiieo?aiou, o.a. nio?aiyao eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue,
iicaieythuoth oe?ia i?eaeaeaoue e nio?aiyoue iio?aaeoaeae.

Iin?aaenoaii iia?aoeee iiaeii iaania/eoue eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue
?acee/iuie iaoiaeaie:

Eeaea?noai ii ieieioio cao?ao.

Oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee i?iaeoeoeee.

Iaaeaaeiinoue ecaeaeey.

I?i/iinoue ecaeaeey.

Nei?inoue aeinoaaee.

Aa?aioe?iaaiiia a?aiy aeinoaaee.

“Eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeey” ecaeaeee ii o?aaiaaieyi caeac/eeia.

Aiaae?aiea i?iaeoeoeee ia ?uiie.

Aeaeia ?aaoee?iaaiea iauaia.

Oi?iaeeciaaiiia oi?aaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaii yaeyaony aaaeiie ninoaaiie
/anoueth ?oeiaiaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey.
Nenoaiu iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii, ea/anoaii,
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneeie caianaie e oaoie/aneei ianeoaeeaaieai
iino?iaiu ia iaeieo e oao aea iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao. Oeaeue yoie nenoaiu –
iaania/aiea yeiiiie/anee yooaeoeaiie ?aaeecaoeee oeaeae i?aaiecaoeee.
Ethaay nenoaia iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey i?aaei?eyoeai aeeth/aao
neaaeothuea iniiaiua yeaiaiou (?en 3):

Oi?aaeyaiue i?ioeann eee ia?aiao?, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu
naiui ouaoaeueiui ia?acii.

Ia?aoiay naycue. Iaiaoiaeeii ?ac?aaioaoue iaoiae aeey ecia?aiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe i?ioeanna.

N?aaiaiea. Cia/aiea aeaenoaeoaeueiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe i?ioeanna
iaiaoiaeeii n?aaieoue n ?an/aoiie ii?iie eee ?an/aoiie
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth i?ioeanna.

Ei??aeoe?othuee oaeoi?. Iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue no?oeoo?o, i?eieiathuoth
ei??aeoe?othuea aeaenoaey i?e i?eaia neaiaea ia ioeeiiaiee oiaea
i?iecaiaenoaa ca aeiionoeiua i?aaeaeu.

Ieaie?othuay nenoaia n o/anoeai /aeiaaea. Iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue
?an/aoioth ii?io i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe eee yooaeoeaiinoe eiio?iee?oaiiai
i?ioeanna.

?ano?nu I?ioeann-
I?iecaaaeaiiue i?iaeoeo

iauaeo oi?aaeaiey

Ei??aeoe?othuee
Eioi?iaoeey

oaeoi?
ia?aoiie nayce

N?aaiaiea Ieaie?othuay

nenoaia n o/anoeai

/aeiaaea

?enoiie 3. Iauee i?ioeann iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii.

Noiia?iue iauai ni?ina ia ana oiaa?u e oneoae, i?iecaiaeeiua
iia?aoeeiiiie nenoaiie, iacuaaaony niaieoiiui ni?inii. Niaieoiiue ni?in
ca oio eee eiie ianyoe aeey caaiaea, auioneathuaai ianeieueei aeaeia
ecaeaeee, iiaeii ecia?eoue, iai?eia?, a o?oaeicao?aoao a /aeiaaei-/anao
eee a /anao ?aaiou iai?oaeiaaiey.

Aeey aieueoeinoaa iia?aoeeiiiuo nenoai iieacaoaeue niaieoiiiai ni?ina
caaeneo io a?aiaie aiaea. Oae, iai?eia?, niaieoiiue ni?in ia
i?iaeoeoeeth eaniieeee aoaeao iaeaunoei a eaoiea ianyoeu a ?acaa?
no?ieoaeueiiai naciia. Niaieoiiue ni?in ia oneoae aooaaeoa?neie oe?iu
aoaeao iaeaunoei, aeaeeii, a ia?eiae oieaou iiaeioiaeiuo iaeiaia.

Ieaie?iaaiea auionea i?iaeoeoeee i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?eiyoea ?aoaiey i
oii, eae yenieoaoe?iaaoue iia?aoeeiiioth nenoaio n o/aoii eciaiaiee
niaieoiiiai ni?ina. Aa?aae?iaaiiue ieai auionea i?iaeoeoeee iau/ii
?ac?aaaouaaaony ia eiie?aoiua ia?eiaeu (iai?eia?, iiiany/ii) a oa/aiea
anaai ieaiiaiai ia?eiaea i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth ia iaiaa aiaea. Oeaeue
aa?aae?iaaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa caeeth/aaony a iaania/aiee
oaeiaeaoai?aiey niaieoiiiai ni?ina ia i?iaeoeoeeth i?e ieieiecaoeee
iauae noiiu ecaea?aeae. Iioeiaeueiay no?aoaaey aeey eiie?aoiie
iia?aoeeiiiie nenoaiu ii?aaeaeyaony aa oa?aeoa?enoeeaie.

NIOeEIOAOIE*ANEEA NENOAIU

Iiaua oneiaey ia ?uiea o?aaotho nicaeaiey aieaa i?inouo e aeaeeo nenoai
oi?aaeaiey. Iaeaieaa eiieo?aioiniiniaiua nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey iia?aoeeyie,
aeieaeiu eiaoue neaaeothuea 10 oa?aeoa?enoee:

1. Iaaieueoea iiae?acaeaeaiey oeiiieaeoiaaiiua iaiueoei /eneii, ii aieaa
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo ethaeae.

2. Iaaieueoia /enei o?iaiae oi?aaeaiey.

3. No?oeoo?a, iniiaaiiay ia a?oiiao (eiiaiaeao) niaoeeaeenoia.

4. A?aoeee e i?ioeaaeo?u ?aaiou, i?eaioe?iaaiiua, ia iio?aaeoaeae.

5. Aiciiaeiinoe aeey aeaeie eiiieaeoaoeee.

6. Ieieiaeueiue iauai caiania.

7. Auno?ay ?aaeoeey ia eciaiaiey.

8. Aeaei ia?aiaeaaeeaaaiia iai?oaeiaaiea.

9. Aunieay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue e ieceea cao?aou.

10. Aunieia ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee e i?eaioaoeey ia i?i/iua nayce n
iio?aaeoaeyie.

Iiaeii auaeaeeoue aeaa ninoaaiua /anoe oaeie nioeeioaoie/aneie nenoaiu.
Ia?aay — oaoie/aneay iiaenenoaia — i?eaioe?iaaia ia oi?aaeaiea
eiaanoeoeeyie e oaoiieiaeae. Aa caaea/a — iaania/eoue oneiaey iaeaieaa
yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey oaoiieiaee, iai?oaeiaaiey, i?e/ai ?aoaiea
i?iaeaiu yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey yaeyaony aieaa aaaeiui, /ai auai?
oao eee eiuo oeiia iai?oaeiaaiey. Oaoie/aneay nenoaia aeeth/aao ia
oieueei iai?oaeiaaiea, ii e i?ioeaaeo?u i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa,
eiiiiiiaee ?aai/eo iano, ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ieiuaaeae, iao/aiea ?aaioieeia ia?aaeiaui iaaueai,
iiauoaiea eo eaaeeoeeaoeee.

Nioeeaeueiay iiaenenoaia aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue yooaeoeaioth ?aaioo
oaoie/aneie nenoaiu. Iia nicaeaaony a oaniie acaeiinayce n oaoie/aneie
nenoaiie e ia ia?aaeaaony a ?anii?yaeaiea ioaeaea oi?aaeaiey ia?niiaeii
iinea onoaiiaee iai?oaeiaaiey. Nioeeaeueiay iiaenenoaia aeieaeia
aeeth/aoue iiaeai? e i?iaeaeaeaiea eaae?ia, iaania/aiea ?ani?aaeaeaiey
ioaaonoaaiiinoe a oiaea i?eiyoey ?aoaiee, yooaeoeaioth nenoaio iieaou e
i?aie?iaaiey, ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu noaoona.

OAOIE*ANEAss IIAeNENOAIA

A oaoie/aneie iiaenenoaia iiaeii auaeaeeoue oanoue acaeiinaycaiiuo
oa?aeoa?enoee, eioi?ua iiaeii o?aeoiaaoue ii-?aciiio a oiaea
nioeeioaoie/aneiai eiino?oe?iaaiey.

1. Ooieoeeiiaeueiia iacia/aiea e eiioeaiooaeueiua onoaiiaee,

2. I?aaiecaoeeiiiay no?oeoo?a.

3. Eiino?oe?iaaiea ?aai/eo iano e ?ieue ?aaioieeia.

4. Ieaie?iaaiea e eniieueciaaiea ieiuaaeae.

5. I?ioanneiiaeueiay iiaeaioiaea.

6. Eniieueciaaiea oeiainiauo n?aaenoa e iai?oaeiaaiey.

1. Ooieoeeiiaeueiia iacia/aiea. Oniaoii aeaenoaothuay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey
iia?aoeeyie, nicaeaaaaiay n eniieueciaaieai iaoiaeia nioeeioaoie/aneiai
eiino?oe?iaaiey, eiaao /aoeia ooieoeeiiaeueiia iacia/aiea e iaai?
oeaeae, eee oeaiiinoiuo i?eaioe?ia, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeytho iniaaiiinoe aa
nicaeaiey e ?aaiou. ?aaioieee anao o?iaiae eiiiaiee iaiin?aaenoaaiii
aiaeaeathony a ?acaeoea yoie nenoaiu e i?eaioe?othony ia
niioaaonoaothuea eiioeaiooaeueiua onoaiiaee.

Ooieoeeiiaeueiia iacia/aiea nenoaiu ninoieo a ioaaoa ia aii?in, /oi
i?aaiecaoeey aeieaeia i?iecaiaeeoue e iinoaaeyoue ia ?uiie aeey
aeinoeaeaiey oniaoa. Eiioeaiooaeueiua onoaiiaee iauyniytho, eae
/aeiaa/aneea, oaoie/aneea e oeiainiaua ?ano?nu aeieaeiu auoue
iauaaeeiaiu a iaeii oeaeia aeey aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiuo caaea/. Iiuo
ianeaaeiaaiey ?acee/iuo eiiiaiee aiai?eo i oii, /oi iaiaoiaeeii
i?iecaanoe aiaeec neooaoeee e iiiyoue, eaeea aeaenoaey, eae e ca/ai
iaiaoiaeeii inouanoaeyoue a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue. Caaea/a caeeth/aaony a
oii, /oi ioaeii aia?aiy ia?aeoe io iaueo i?ia?aiiiuo eicoiaia e
eiie?aoiui aeaenoaeyi, eia/a iieiaeeoaeueiuo eciaiaiee aeiaeoueny
iaaiciiaeii.

2. I?aaiecaoeeiiiay no?oeoo?a. O?aaeeoeeiiiua i?aaiecaoeee, o.a.
aieueoeinoai aeaenoaothueo eiiiaiee, eiatho /?acia?ii neiaeiua e
a?iiicaeeea i?aaiecaoeeiiiua noaiu, a eioi?uo ooieoeeiiaeueiua ioaeaeu
?aciauaiu.

I?e oaeii iino?iaiee aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey ooieoeeiiaeueiua niaoeeaeenou
iauathony i?aeiouanoaaiii ae?oa n ae?oaii, nayce iaaeaeo ioaeaeaie
?acaeou aanueia neaai, a aa?uea?u iaaeaeo ieie auniee, eae noaiu
Ae?aaiaai Aaaeeiia.

A oaeeo oneiaeyo eiino?oeoi?u “ia?aa?anuaatho” naie ?ac?aaioee /a?ac
aunieoth noaio a i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey, oa a naith i/a?aaeue
ia?aaeatho ecaeaeey a neoaeao ia?eaoeiaa, eioi?ay iauyniyao iieoiaoaeth,
ii/aio ea/anoai oiaa?a oaeia ieceia, a oeaia, iaiai?io, aunieay.

Nioeeioaoie/aneia eiino?oe?iaaiea i?eaioe?iaaii ia niaa?oaiii ae?oaea
i?eioeeiu. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea nicaeaaony niaoeeaeueiay a?oiia
(eiiaiaea) niaoeeaeenoia, a eioi?oth aoiaeyo i?aaenoaaeoaee anao
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo neoaea. Ae i?aaeinoaaeythony iaiaoiaeeiua ?ano?nu, e
iia aeieaeia iaania/eoue auiieiaiea eiie?aoiie caaea/e io ia/aea aei
eiioea.

Oi?ie?oaony naiaai ?iaea oi?aaeai/aneee oeaio?, eioi?ue i?eaioe?iaai ia
ii?aaeaeaiiue aeae aeayoaeueiinoe, i?iecaiaenoai oiaa?a eee
inouanoaeaiea i?ioeanna. Yoio oeaio? ianao iieioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
i?eauee e oauoee, oioy e aeaenoaoao a ?aieao aieaa e?oiiiai no?oeoo?iiai
ia?aciaaiey.

Oaeie iiaeoiae iiiiaaao, noeioee?iaaoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueioth e a?oiiiaoth
i?aaei?eei/eainoue, e ono?aiyao aieueoeinoai ath?ie?aoe/aneeo i?aa?aae.
Nicaeathony oneiaey aeey iauaaeeiaiey a ?aieao iaeiiai iaaieueoiai
iiae?acaeaeaiey oneeee naiuo ?acee/iuo niaoeeaeenoia, e iai?aaeoue eo ia
aeinoeaeaiea eiie?aoiie oeaee.

Iau/ii i?ioeaieee oaeiai iiaeoiaea aiai?yo, /oi aeaaiue iaaeinoaoie
oaeeo “eiiaiae” ninoieo a aeoaee?iaaiee oneeee ?acee/iuo niaoeeaeenoia.
Iaeiaei a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo eiaiii oaeie iiaeoiae aeaao iaeaieueoee
yooaeo.

A o?aaeeoeeiiiuo iiiaio?iaiaauo no?oeoo?ao oi?aaeythuea o?aoyo oneeey ia
ia oai?/aneoth ?aaioo, a ia i?aiaeieaiea iaaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo aa?uea?ia e
ath?ie?aoe/aneea i?ioeaaeo?u.

3. I?aaiecaoeey ?aai/eo iano e ?ieue ?aaioieeia. I?eaioaoeey ia
a?oiiiaoth e eiaeeaeaeoaeueioth i?aaei?eei/eainoue, iaania/eaaaiay
nioeeioaoie/aneie i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?ie, iaoiaeeo io?aaeaiea e a
iiaie i?aaiecaoeee ?aai/eo iano.

I?eioeei oceie niaoeeaeecaoeee eaaeaeiai ec ?aaioieeia caiaiyaony
iiaeoiaeii, i?e eioi?ii a?oiia ?aai/eo oieaa?naeueiie eaaeeoeeaoeee
ianao iieioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ii?aaeaeaiiue o/anoie ?aaiou. Iia
ioaa/aao ca ea/anoai, yeiiiieth ?ano?nia, i?eaea/aiea iiauo
niaoeeaeenoia, iiaeaioiaeo ia?niiaea – o.a. ca aanueia oe?ieee iaai?
aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe.

E?iia oiai, nicaeaiea naiioi?aaeythueony oeaeaauo eiiaiae iicaieyao
?acei oi?inoeoue /enei ioaeaeueiuo iia?aoeee, naeaeaoue nenoaio
i?iecaiaenoaa e nai?ee aieaa i?inoie e yooaeoeaiie. *enei iia?aoeee,
auiieiyaiuo ia ioaeaeueiuo niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo ianoao,
nie?auaaony n ianeieueeeo nioai aei ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia.

4. Ieaie?iaaiea e eniieueciaaiea ieiuaaeae. Ieaie?iaaiea ?aai/aai
i?ino?ainoaa e ?aoeeiiaeueiia ?aciauaiea ?aai/eo iano ia yoii
i?ino?ainoaa iaiaoiaeeiu iioiio, /oi a oiaea niaianoiie ?aaiou ana /eaiu
a?oiiu aeieaeiu iaoiaeeoueny a iinoiyiiii eiioaeoa. Eciaiyaony e noaia
aeaeaeaiey aeaoaeae, eioi?ua ia?aiauathony a aieueoae noaiaie ii e?oao,
a ia aaeieue, eae ia o?aaeeoeeiiiii nai?i/iii eiiaaea?a.

?aoeeiiaeueiia ieaie?iaaiea ?aai/eo iano e i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa e
nai?ee iicaieyao ?acei nie?aoeoue a?aiy ia o?ainii?oe?iaeo e nai?i/iua
iia?aoeee. A eioaa?e?iaaiiuo iia?aoeeiiiuo nenoaiao ethaee e iaoaieciu
iauaaeeiythony a iaeii oeaeia, /oi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ?acei iiauneoue
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea.

5. I?ioanneiiaeueiay iiaeaioiaea. A nioeeioaoie/aneeo nenoaiao
iiaeaioiaea ia?niiaea ia yaeyaony eciee?iaaiiie ooieoeeae. Yoi – a
aieueoae noaiaie caaea/a iauae ?aai/ae a?oiiu, iaeaaeathuae
iiiaeanoaaiiie eaaeeoeeaoeeae. *eaiu oeaeaaie a?oiiu naie ioaa/atho ca
iiauoaiea nianoaaiiie eaaeeoeeaoeee e iinoiyiiia niaa?oainoaiaaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iaaueia. Iinoiyiiay niaiyaiinoue iia?aoeee nicaeaao
oneiaey aeey ?aaiou ia anao yoaiao i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea, /oi
niinianoaoao aunieiio oai?/aneiio iiaeoiaeo e ecia?aoaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe.

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ia i?aaiecaoeeiiioth no?oeoo?o iai?yioth aeeyao
o?iaaiue iiaeaioiaee e eiiiaoaioiinoe ?aaioieeia.
Aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua niaoeeaeenou iiaoo ?aaioaoue ia naiai o/anoea
aieaa iacaaeneii e aac iinoiyiiiai eiio?iey i?aaenoaaeoaeae auoanoiyueo
o?iaiae ?oeiaiaenoaa. Yoi iicaieyao ?acei nie?aoeoue /enei o?iaiae
oi?aaeaiey a i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oeoo?a.

6. Oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa e oaoiieiaey. Iaeaieueooth ioaea/o io
eiaanoeoeee iiaeii iieo/eoue oieueei a neo/aa, anee iie iai?aaeythony a
oaea yooaeoeaii aeaenoaothuoth i?iecaiaenoaaiioth nenoaio. Anee aea
i?aaiecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa — ia ieceii o?iaia, ea/anoai ieceia, ia?niiae
ia iaeaaeaao aeinoaoi/ii aunieie eaaeeoeeaoeeae e ia ianao
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca auiieiyaioth ?aaioo, oi aeaaea naiia nia?aiaiiia
iai?oaeiaaiea ia iaania/eo ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe e yooaeoeaiinoe,
o.a. ia aeano niioaaonoaothuae ioaea/e.

Iaaeinoaoi/ii aunieay ioaea/a ia eiaanoeoeee e eo iacia/eoaeueiia
aeeyiea ia i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue ca/anooth eiatho ianoi iioiio, /oi yoe
eiaanoeoeee iai?aaeythony ia nie?auaiea cao?ao ia ?aai/oth neeo, oioy
yoe cao?aou ninoaaeytho ai iiiaeo io?aneyo oaea iaiaa 15%. Einaaiiua e
iaoa?eaeueiua cao?aou, cao?aou ia eniieueciaaiea iai?oaeiaaiey ea?atho
ai?acaei aieaa cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue.

A-/aoaa?ouo, ioaea/a ia eiaanoeoeee a iai?oaeiaaiea iaaeinoaoi/ia
iioiio, /oi nia?aiaiiua noaiee ianoieueei neiaeiu, /oi eniieueciaaoue eo
aeieaeiui ia?acii iiaoo oieueei ethaee, aeineiiaeueii a ieo
?acae?athueany. ?aaioiee iaaeinoaoi/ii aunieie eaaeeoeeaoeee iii?inoo ia
ciaao, /oi n iei aeaeaoue a neo/aa iaeaeoae iaiieaaeee.

Nioeeaeueiay nenoaia

Eiiiaiee, eiia/ii, ia aoaeoo ia?ano?aeaaoue naith nioeeaeueioth nenoaio
i?inoi aeey oiai, /oiau “naeaeaoue aeeciue naieo ?aaioieeia i?eyoiaa”.
Eo nioeeaeueiay nenoaia nicaeaaony oaeei ia?acii, /oiau iia
niioaaonoaiaaea iio?aaiinoyi oaoie/aneie nenoaiu, oae eae oaoie/aneay
nenoaia aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue iaeeo/oaa eniieueciaaiea /aeiaa/aneeo
niiniaiinoae. Nioeeaeueiay nenoaia eiaao o?e eeth/aauo eiiiiiaioa.

1. Auai? e i?iaeaeaeaiea. A i?aaiecaoeeyo, aaea ethaeae e oaoieeo
ioeaieaatho ii caneoaai, /anoi iaeei ?aaioiee iiaeao ioae?aoueny ec
nioai i?aoaiaeaioia. Nouanoaoao aeaa aeaaiuo e?eoa?ey ioai?a e
i?iaeaeaeaiey ?aaioieeia a i?aaiecaoeeyo nioeeioaoie/aneiai oeia: 1)
aunieay oaoie/aneay eaaeeoeeaoeey e niiniaiinoue e iao/aieth e 2) iiuo
iauaiey e aioiaiinoue e nio?oaeie/anoao, eioi?ue aeieaeai iicaieeoue
?aaioaoue yooaeoeaii a oneiaeyo naiioi?aaeythueony eieeaeoeaia.

I?iaeaeaeaiea ii neoaeaa oaeaea iniiaaii ia oii, eaeie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue
e a?oiiiaie aeeaae aiineo eaaeaeue ?aaioiee e a?oiia a oeaeii a
aeinoeaeaiea iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae e ianeieueei aai iiaaaeaiea
niioaaonoaoao i?eiyoie anaie iiaeaee.

Aneaaenoaea iaiaoiaeeiinoe e?oiiuo eiaanoeoeee a iao/aiea e
ia?aiiaeaioiaeo eaaeaeiai ?aaioieea nioeeioaoie/aneea i?aaiecaoeee
iiaiai oeia i?eaioe?othony ia iaeneiaeueiia nie?auaiea oaeo/anoe
eaae?ia.

2. I?eiyoea ?aoaiee e ?aoaiea i?iaeai. A i?aaiecaoeeyo iiaiai oeia
iieaoa o?oaea i?aaiecoaony ia eiieo?niie iniiaa aeey oiai, /oiau
caeioa?aniaaoue a eiie?aoiie ?aaioa iaeaieaa aeinoieiuo eaiaeeaeaoia.
?aaioiee iiaeao ?ann/eouaaoue ia iieo/aiea aieaa aunieie ca?ieaou, a
neo/aa anee ii iaeaaeaao ianeieueeeie niaaeiuie niaoeeaeueiinoyie. I?e
oaeie nenoaia ca?ieaoa eaaeaeiai /eaia ?aai/ae a?oiiu iai?yioth caaeneo
io o?iaiy aai eaaeeoeeaoeee e /enea inaiaiiuo niaoeeaeueiinoae. Ca?ieaoa
i?iaeieaeaao aic?anoaoue n oaaee/aieai eiee/anoaa iiauo
niaoeeaeueiinoae, inaiaiiuo ?aaioieeii, e ?inoii eaaeeoeeaoeee a eo
auiieiaiee.

Aeey ono?aiaiey eneonnoaaiiuo aa?uea?ia iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie n
iia?aiaiiie e noaaeeueiie iieaoie iiiaea eiiiaiee ia?aaiaeyo ?aaioieeia
ia iieaoo ii aaciaie noaaea.

3. Neiaieu noaoona. A?oiiiaie iiaeoiae e i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiou, nicaeaiea
oneiaee aeey oaniiai acaeiiaeaenoaey ?acee/iuo a?oii niinianoaotho
eeeaeaeaoeee aa?uea?ia iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie eaoaai?eyie ia?niiaea. A
i?aaiecaoeee oi?ie?oaony aeaaii?eyoiue ineoieiae/aneee eeeiao,
i?eaioe?othuee ia nio?oaeie/anoai, a ia ia ea?a?oe/aneia iiae/eiaiea
iaeieo ?aaioieeia ae?oaei.

Ana yoa o?e eiiiiiaioa nioeeaeueiie iiaenenoaiu iaania/eaatho ai?acaei
aieaa aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou, /ai i?inoi
nicaeaiea “e?oaeeia ea/anoaa” e oeo/oaiea nenoai eiiioieeaoeee. Ana yoe
iaoiaeu eniieueciaaiey “/aeiaa/aneiai oaeoi?a” aeey iiauoaiey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe e yooaeoeaiinoe /anoi ia aini?eieiathony
aia?eeaineeie eiiiaieyie, i?eaioe?iaaiiuie ia eniieueciaaiea
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo iaoiaeia oi?aaeaiey e i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa.

E E O A ? A O O ? A

1. I.O. Ianeii I. Aeueaa?o O. Oaaeio?e “Iniiau iaiaaeaeiaioa”

1992 a.

2. Ae. Ie.A?aenii, E.I’Aeaee “Aia?eeaineee iaiaaeaeiaio ia ii?iaa XXI
aaea”. I.1991

3. E.I.Aa?/eeiaa. “Iaiaaeaeiaio”. I.1994 a.

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