AAAAeAIEA A IAUAEOIIA I?IA?AIIE?IAAIEA
Eaeoeey 1. Iauaeoiia i?ia?aiie?iaaiea eae oaoiieiaey i?ia?aiie?iaaiey
————————————————————-
O?aaeeoeeiiiay oaoiieiaey i?ia?aiie?iaaiey 70-o aiaeia –
no?oeoo?iia i?ia?aiie?iaaiea:
– iiaeoeueiia i?ia?aiie?iaaiea;
– ienoiaeyuaa i?ia?aiie?iaaiea;
– no?oeoo?iia i?iaeoe?iaaiea i?ioeaaeo? e aeaiiuo (i?ia?aiie?iaaiea
aac goto).
sscue Ianeaeue – niioaaonoaoao oeacaiiui i?eioeeiai e aue
?ac?aaioai iiae aeeyieai eaeae no?oeoo?iiai i?ia?aiie?iaaiey.
Aeueoa?iaoeaiue iiaeoiae – ainoiaeyuaa i?ia?aiie?iaaiea –
i?aaeiieaaaao a i?inoaeoai neo/aa nicaeaiea neiy no?oeoo? aeaiiuo e
i?ioeaaeo?, iaania/eaathueo iieiue iaai? aeaenoaee iaae iauaeoaie,
eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeaiu a aeaiiie caaea/a. I?eia? o?aaeeoeeiiiiai
iiaeoiaea aeaeeioaea noaiaea?oiuo ooieoeee.
Neaaeothuee oaa – aaaaeaiea a i?ia?aiio iauaeoia. Iiae iauaeoii
iiieiaaony no?oeoo?a aeaiiuo, eioi?ay niaea?aeeo iieioth eioi?iaoeeth i
ninoiyiee niioaaonoaothuaai oece/aneiai iauaeoa, eioi?ue ioia?aaeaaony
i?ia?aiiie. A Ne yoiio iiaeao niioaaonoaiaaoue no?oeoo?a struct),
a Ianeaea – caienue (record). Iiiaeanoai iauaeoia iaeiiai oeia
ninoaaeytho iiiyoea eeanna. Iauaeoii-i?eaioe?iaaiiue iiaeoiae e
?ac?aaioea i?ia?aii i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi a i?ia?aiia onoaiaaeeaaaony
acaeiii-iaeiicia/iia niioaaonoaea iaaeaeo oece/aneeie iauaeoaie,
ioia?aaeaaiuie i?ia?aiiie, e i?ia?aiiiuie iauaeoaie, yaeythueieny, ii
nouanoao, no?oeoo?e?iaaiiuie ia?aiaiiuie (a aeaeueiaeoai iiae
oa?ieiii “iauaeo” aoaeai iiieiaoue i?ia?aiiiue iauaeo).
O?aaeeoeeiiiue iiaeoiae: ———- ia?aiaiiay oei aeaiiuo
Iauaeoii-i?eaioe?i- oece/aneee i?ia?aiiiue eeann
aaiiue iiaeoiae: iauaeo iauaeo iauaeoia
I?e nicaeaiee iauaeoia i?ia?aiieno ii?aaeaeyao iiiaeanoai ooieoeee,
i?e iiiiue eioi?uo (a oi/iaa, eneeth/eoaeueii /a?ac eioi?ua)iaae
iauaeoii auiieiyaony iaeioi?ia aeiionoeiia iiiaeanoai iia?aoeee.
Oaeea ooieoeee aeieaeiu eiaoue iaycaoaeueiue ia?aiao? – nnueeo ia
oaeouee iauaeo, aeey eioi?iai iie aucuaathony. Naie ooieoeee yaeythony
iaiouaieeiie /anoueth iiiyoey eeanna iauaeoia, oae eae iie ii?aaeaeytho
aiciiaeiua aeaenoaey iaae iauaeoaie iaeiiai e oiai aea oeia (oi anoue
eeanna).
Iauaeoii-i?eaioe?iaaiiua i?ia?aiiu iiaeii ?ac?aaaouaaoue e n
iiiiuueth o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ycueia i?ia?aiie?iaaiey. ?anniio?ei i?eia?
ii?aaeaeaiey iauaeoia oeia “aeaoa” ia eeanne/aneii Ne.
//—— no?oeoo?a dat – aiaeia eeanna iauaeoia “aeaoa” ——–typedef
struct dat
{
unsigned day;
unsigned month;
unsigned year;
}
DAT;
//—– iaai? ooieoeee aeey eeanna iauaeoia “aeaoa” ————–static
int mm[] = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
//—– I?iaa?ea ia ei??aeoiinoue —————————–int
TestData(p)
DAT *p;
{
if (p->month ==2 && p->day==29 && p->year %4 ==0) return(1);
if (p->month ==0 || p->month >12 ||
p->day ==0 || p->day >mm[p->month])
return(0);
return(1);
}
//—— Neaaeothuay aeaoa —————————————-void
NextData(p)
DAT *p;
{
p->day++;
if (p->day month]) return;
if (p->month ==2 && p->day==29 && p->year %4 ==0) return;
p->day=1;
p->month++;
if (p->month !=13) return;
p->month=1;
p->year++;
}
//——- Neaaeothuay aeaoa /a?ac n aeiae ————————–void
PlusData(p,n)
DAT *p;
int n;
{
while (n– !=0) NextData(p);
}
//——- Iniiaiay i?ia?aiia ———————————
void main()
{
DAT a;
do
{
scanf(“%d%d%d”, &a.day, &a.month, &a.year);
}
while(TestData(&a) ==0);
PlusData(&a, 17);
}
//——————————————————–
Oaeoe/anee ii?aaeaeaiea eeanna iauaeoia eae oeia aeaiiuo e
ecaanoiiai iaai?a ooieoeee aeey auiieiaiey iia?aoeee iaae ia?aiaiiuie
yoiai oeia yeaeaaeaioii iiiyoeth aaciaiai oeia aeaiiuo (AOAe) ycuea
i?ia?aiie?iaaiey. Aaeeinoaaiiia ioee/ea eeanna io AOAe caeeth/aaony a
oii, /oi ia?aue ii?aaeaeyaony i?ia?aiienoii, a aoi?ie ano?iai a
ii?aaeaeaiea ycuea i?ia?aiie?iaaiey.
sscue i?ia?aiie?iaaiey Ne++ i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?anoe?aiea
ycuea Ne aeey i?ia?aiie?iaaiey iauaeoia e eo eeannia. I?e yoii
eniieueciaaiea eeannia yeaeaaeaioii aieioue aei neioaenena
eniieueciaaieth aaciauo oeiia aeaiiuo:
Iiiyoey eeanne/aneiai Ne Iiiyoey Ne++
————————- ———– AOAe:
Eeann:
yeaiaio aeaiiuo ycuea, aeey ii?aaeaeyaiay iieueciaaoaeai
eioi?iai ecaanoii iiiaeanoai no?oeoo?a, yeaiaiou eioi?ie
cia/aiee, oi?ia i?aaenoaaeaiey, yaeythony ?aiaa ii?aaeaeai iaai?
iia?aoeee. iuie oeiaie aeaiiuo e eeannaie,
e iiiaeanoaa ooieoeee,iia?e?othueo n
iei.
——————————————————— Ia?aiaiiay:
Iauaeo:
iaeanoue iaiyoe, niaea?aeauay ia?aiaiiay, niaea?aeauay
no?oeoo?o aeaiiuo ii?aaeaeaiiiai no?oeoo?o aeaiiuo, ii?aaeaeaiioth
oeia. eae eeann.
——————————————————— Iia?aoeey:
Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea iia?aoi?ia:
iia?aoeey iaae ia?aiaiiie eioa?- ooieoeey, ii?aaeaeaiiay aeey iauae
i?aoe?oaony ii ioiioaieth e oiio oia oeacaiiiai eeanna iiaeao auoue
AOAe, e eioi?iio ioiineony ia?a- aucaaia a aeaea iaeiie ec noaiaea?o
iaiiay (oae iia?aoeey ‘+’ iuo iia?aoeee ycuea Ne, eioi?ay
ii-?aciiio eioa?i?aoe?oaony aeey ia?aii?aaeaeyaony, anee iia?aiaeii
ia?aiaiiuo oeia int e double). aa yaeyaony iauaeo eeanna, a ia
ia?aiaiiay AOAe.
Eaeoeey 2. Aeiiieieoaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe ycuea Ne++
———————————————–
Ieaea ?anniio?ei n?aaenoaa, ?anoe?ythuea eeanne/aneee Ne. Oioy
iie e ia ioiinyony iaiin?aaenoaaiii e eeannai, n eo iiiiuueth iiaeii
?aaeeciaaoue ?anniio?aiiua auoa i?eioeeiu iauaeoii-i?eaioe?iaaiiiai
i?ia?aiie?iaaiey.
2.1. I?enaaeaaiea no?oeoo?
————————- Iia?aoeey i?enaaeaaiey iiaeao auoue
i?eiaiaia e no?oeoo?ai iaeiiai oeia. A yoii neo/aa i?aaeiieaaaaony eo
iiaaeoiia eiie?iaaiea
iaeiie a ae?oaoth. Iia (a ia nnueea ia iaa) iiaeao auoue oaeaea
oaeoe/aneei ia?aiao?ii e ?acoeueoaoii ooieoeee. Anee eiaaony nnueea ia
no?oeoo?o n eiaiai p, oi ?acoeueoaoii iia?aoeee *p yaeyaony no?oeoo?a a
oeaeii. Oaeei ia?acii, no?oeoo?a i?eaeeaeaaony e aaciaui oeiai aeaiiuo a
oii niunea, /oi iaae iae aiciiaeiu auoaoeacaiiua iia?aoeee. Aeey
iaicia/aiey no?oeoo?u iiaeii oaeaea eniieueciaaoue eiy
no?oeoo?u aac eeth/aaiai neiaa struct.
struct dat
{ int day,month,year; }
dat NextDat(dat x) // Oi?iaeueiue ia?aiao? – no?oeoo?a
{ … return(x); } // Aica?aoeoue no?oeoo?o eae ?acoeueoao
dat Nextdat1(dat *p)
{ … return(*p); } // Aica?ao no?oeoo?u einaaiii ii nnueea
dat a,b,c,*q; // Eeth/aaia neiai struct ia eniieuecoaony
void main()
{
q = &b;
a = b; // I?yiia i?enaaeaaiea no?oeoo?
a = *q; // Einaaiiia i?enaaeaaiea ii nnueea
c = NextDat(b); // I?enaaeaaiea no?oeoo?u eae ?acoeueoaoa
c = NextDat1(&b); // ooieoeee, oaeoe/aneee ia?aiao? a
} // NextDat – eiiey no?oeoo?u
2.2. Ia?auaiey ii aae?ano (iayaiay nnueea)
—————————————-
I?e ?aaioa ni no?oeoo?aie aieueoiai ?acia?a – i?e ia?aaea/a eo
a ea/anoaa ia?aiao?ia e ?acoeueoaoia ooieoeee – eiie?iaaiea eo yaeyaony
iayooaeoeaiie iia?aoeeae. Ai?acaei yooaeoeaiaa ia?aaeaaaoue nnueeo ia
yoo no?oeoo?o. Aeey oiai, /oiau iinoiyiii ia oeacuaaoue iia?aoeee
acyoey aae?ana e einaaiiiai ia?auaiey ii nnueea a Ne++ aaaaeai oei
– iayaiay nnueea: i?e ii?aaeaeaiee ia?aiaiiie iayaii aaiaeeony nnueea,
oeacuaathuay ia yoo ia?aiaiioth. Eniieueciaaiea yoie ia?aiaiiie a
aieueoeinoaa iia?aoeee i?aaeiieaaaao einaaiiia ia?auaiea ii
niioaaonoaothuae nnueea. I?e eieoeeaeecaoeee oaeie ia?aiaiiie cia/aieai
ae?oaie ia?aiaiiie nicaeaaony nnueea ia yoo ae?oaoth ia?aiaiioth. I?e
eniieueciaaiee a ethaii au?aaeaiee ia?aiaiiie – iayaiie nnueee ?aaeueii
i?iecaiaeeony einaaiiia ia?auaiea ii nicaeaiiie nnueea.
Ne++ Yeaeaaeaio a “eeanne/aneii” Ne
————————
—————————–//————— Eieoeeaeecaoeey
eiinoaioie —————–int &a = 5; int a,
*pa =a;
*pa = 5;
//————— Eieoeeaeecaoeey ia?aiaiiie —————–int
x; int x,*pa;
int &a = x; pa = &x;
a = 5; *pa = 5;
//————– Iayaiay nnueea ia no?oeoo?o —————-struct dat
struct dat
{ int day,month,year }; { int day,month, year };
dat x; dat x;
dat& b = x; dat* pb = &x;
dat& c = {12,12,1990}; dat cc = {12,12,1990};
dat *pc = &cc;
b.year = 1990; pb->year= 1990;
c.day=b.day+3; pc->day = pb->day+3;
c = b; // Eiie?iaaiea pc->day = pb->day;
// no?oeoo?u pc->month = pb->month;
pc->year = pb->year;
Iaeaieaa /anoi iayaiua nnueee eniieuecothony i?e ia?aaea/a
ia?aiao?ia e ?acoeueoaoia ooieoeee. A yoii neo/aa o?aineyoi? nai
auae?aao, /oi iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue a ea/anoaa oaeoe/aneiai
ia?aiao?a – ia?aiaiioth eee nnueeo ia iaa, e /oi eniieuecoaony a
ea/anoaa ?acoeueoaoa – nnueea eee ia?aiaiiay, einaaiii aae?anoaiay ii
nnueea. Oeaeue iiaeiaiuo ooeu?aiee aoaeao aeaeia iicaeiaa – i?e
ia?aii?aaeaeaiee iia?aoi?ia, a iiea iiaeii caiaoeoue, /oi aucia
ooieoeee, n
ia?aiao?aie – iau/iuie cia/aieyie e iayaiuie nnueeaie – neioaene/anee
eaeaioe/ai. Oi aea naiia eanaaony ?acoeueoaoia.
A ea/anoaa eeethno?aoeee ?anniio?ei o?e i?eia?a ooieoeee, eiathueo
a ea/anoaa oi?iaeueiiai ia?aiao?a e ?acoeueoaoa no?oeoo?o, eioi?ay
ia?aaeaaony niioaaonoaaiii:
– cia/aieai;
– yaiie nnueeie;
– iayaiie nnueeie.
I?eia? 1. Ia?aiao?u – cia/aiey
———————————————————dat Inc(dat
x) ========> – eiie?iaaiea
{ ——–> – nnueea
x.day++;
return(x); —-¬ noae +—+x.day++
} ¦ b =========> x =========¬
L—- +—+ ¦ return(x)
void main() ¦
{ —-¬ noae +—+ –¦-¬ a?aiaiiay
dat a,b,*p; ¦ a day++
{ x->day++
x->day++; —-¬ noae +—+
return(x); a===== b ¦
a = *Inc(Inc(&b)); ¦ ¦ L—- +-¦-+
p = Inc(&b); ¦ ¦ —-¬ ¦return(x)
a = *p; ¦ L– a ¦
L—
I?eia? 3. Ia?aiao?u – iayaiua nnueee
———————————————————dat&
Inc(dat& x) x.day++ iayaiay nnueea dat* px
{ x.day++
x.day++; —-¬ noae +—+
return(x); a===== b ¦
a = Inc(Inc(b)); ¦ ¦ L—- +-¦-+
p = &Inc(b); ¦ ¦ —-¬ ¦return(px)
a = *p; ¦ L– a ¦
L—
N?aaiaiea yoeo i?eia?ia iieacuaaao neaaeothuaa:
– i?e ?aaioa n oi?iaeueiui ia?aiao?ii – iayaiie nnueeie
eniieuecoaony eiy oi?iaeueiiai ia?aiao?a a ea/anoaa eaeaioeoeeaoi?a
ia?aiaiiie, eioi?ay caiaiyaony o?aineyoi?ii ia einaaiiia ia?auaiea ii
iayaiie nnueea;
– i?e aica?auaiee ?acoeueoaoa eniieuecoaony eiy
ia?aiaiiie,eioi?ay caiaiyaony o?aineyoi?ii iayaiie nnueeie ia iaa;
– i?eia?u 2 e 3 eaeaioe/iu ii ?aaeecaoeee, ii ioee/athony ii
neioaeneno auciaa ooieoeee;
– i?eia?u 1 e 3 ioee/athony ii ?aaeecaoeee, ii eaeaioe/iu ii
neioaeneno auciaa ooieoeee;
– ec i?aaeuaeouaai neaaeoao, /oi i?e auciaa ooieoeee nienie
oaeoe/aneee ia?aiao?ia iaaeinoaoi/ai aeey ii?aaeaeaiey o?aineyoi?ii
niiniaa eo ia?aaea/e (cia/aieai eee nnueeie), iiyoiio a Ne++ aeey
eaaeaeie aiaoiae ooieoeee iaiaoiaeeii caaeaoue i?ioioei.
Oae eae ?acia? no?oeoo?u, ia?aaeaaaaiie a ea/anoaa ?acoeueoaoa
ooieoeee, iiaeao auoue neieue oaiaeii aieueoei, oi aeey aai o?aiaiey
iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaoue a?aiaiioth ia?aiaiioth. O?aineyoi? “Borland C” a
yoii neo/aa iinooiaao neaaeothuei ia?acii:
– i?e aoiaea a ooieoeeth a noaea i?aaeiieaaaaony nouanoaiaaiea
iayaiiai ia?aiao?a – “aeeeiiie” nnueee ia no?oeoo?o, a eioi?ie
?aciauaaony ?acoeueoao ooieoeee;
– i?e auiieiaiee iia?aoeee return(x), aaea x – eieaeueiay
ia?aiaiiay eee oi?iaeueiue ia?aiao?, auiieiyaony iiaaeoiaia eiie?iaaiea
ia?aiaiiie x ii aae?ano, caaeaiiiio iayaiui ia?aiao?ii;
– anee ?acoeueoao ooieoeee iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?enaaeaaaony ae?oaie
ia?aiaiiie-no?oeoo?a, oi i?e auciaa oaeie ooieoeee a noae iiiauaaony
iayaiue ia?aiao? – nnueea ia ia?aiaiioth a eaaie /anoe iia?aoeee
i?enaaeaaiey;
– ai anao inoaeueiuo neo/ayo a aucuaathuae ooieoeee nicaeaaony ii
iaeiie iayaiie aaoiiaoe/aneie ia?aiaiiie ia eaaeaeue aucia ooieoeee,
aica?auathuae no?oeoo?o a ea/anoaa ?acoeueoaoa, a i?e auciaa
ia?aaeaaony niioaaonoaothuay nnueea ia yoo ia?aiaiioth-no?oeoo?o.
Oaeea ia?aiaiiua eiatho ana naienoaa aaoiiaoe/aneeo, iie nouanoaotho ana
a?aiy ?aaiou aucuaathuae ooieoeee, aiciiaeii aeaaea iieo/eoue nnueeo
ia oaeoth ia?aiaiioth.
I?ia?aiia ia Ne++ ?aaeecaoeey
—————– ———- — iayaiue ia?aiao?
dat Inc(dat x) void Inc(dat *r,dat x)
{ {
x.day++; x.day++;
return(x); *r = x; // Eiie?iaaiea
} } // ?acoeueoaoa
void main() void main()
{ {
dat a,b*p; dat a,b,*p;
dat t,u; // A?aiaiiye ia?aiaiiye
a = Inc(b); Inc(&a,b); // Nnueea ia eaaoth /anoue
p = &Inc(b); Inc(&t,b); // I?enaeaaiea a?aiaiiie
p = &t; // ia?aiaiiie e iieo/aiea
a = *p; a = *p; // nnueee ia iaa
a = Inc(Inc(b)); Inc(&u,b); // I?iiaaeooi/iue ?acoeueoao
Inc(&a,u); // ai a?aiaiiie ia?aiaiiie
} }
2.3. Ooieoeee – yeaiaiou no?oeoo?u
——————————– Iiaoi?ei ?anniio?aiiue auoa
i?eia? a ae?oaie oi?ia:
//———— no?oeoo?a dat – aiaeia eeanna iauaeoia “aeaoa” –struct
dat
{
unsigned day;
unsigned month;
unsigned year;
int TestData();
void NextData();
void PlusData(int n)
{
while(n– !=0) dat::NextData(this);
}
};
//———– iaai? ooieoeee aeey eeanna iauaeoia “aeaoa” ——–static
int mm[] = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
//———– I?iaa?ea ia ei??aeoiinoue ———————–int
dat::TestData()
{
if (month ==2 && day==29 && year %4 ==0) return(1);
if (month ==0 || month >12 || day ==0 || day >mm[month])
return(0);
return(1);
}
//———– Neaaeothuay aeaoa ———————————-void
dat::NextData()
{
day++;
if (day ::
– a oaea ooeoeee iayaii ii?aaeaeai iaeei oi?iaeueiue ia?aiao? n
eiaiai this – nnueea ia no?oeoo?o, aeey eioi?ie aucuaaaony ooieoeey
(A iaoai i?eia?a yoi aoaeao struct dat *this ). Iiey yoie no?oeoo?u
aeinooiiu /a?ac yaiia eniieueciaaiea yoie nnueee
this->month = 5;
this->day++;
eee iayaii
month = 5;
day++;
– aeey ia?aiaiiie, eiathuae oei iaeioi?ie no?oeoo?u, aucia
ooieoeeeyeaiaioa yoie no?oeoo?u eiaao aeae
2.4. Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea ooieoeee
————————— A Ne++ aiciiaeii ii?aaeaeaiea
ianeieueeeo ooieoeee n iaeeiaeiaui
eiaiai, ii n ?aciuie oeiaie oi?iaeueiuo ia?aiao?ia. I?e yoii eiiieeyoi?
auae?aao niioaaonoaothuoth ooieoeeth ii oeio oaeoe/aneeo ia?aiao?ia.
Ia?aii?aaeaeyaioth ooieoeeth iaiaoiaeeii iauyaeoue n eeth/aaui
neiaii overload:
overload SetDat;
void SetDat(int dd,int mm,int yy,dat *p)
{ // Aeaoa aaiaeeony a aeaea o?ao oeaeuo
p->day=dd;
p->month=mm;
p->year=yy;
}
void SetDat(char *s,dat *p) // Aeaoa aaiaeeony a aeaea no?iee
{
sscanf(s,”%d%d%d”, &p->day, &p->month, &p->year);
}
void main()
{
dat a,b;
SetDat(12, 12, 1990, &a); // Aucia ia?aie ooieoeee
SetDat(“12,12,1990″, &b); // Aucia aoi?ie ooieoeee
}
Ooieoeee-yeaiaiou oaeaea iiaoo auoue ia?aii?aaeaeaiu, i?e yoii
yaiiai iauyaeaiey ia o?aaoaony.
struct dat
{
int day,month,year;
void SetDat(int,int,int);
void Setdat(char *);
}
void dat::SetDat(int dd,int mm,int yy)
{
day=dd; month=mm; year=yy;
}
void dat::SetDat(char *s)
{
sscanf(s,”%d%d%d”,&day,&month,&year);
}
void main()
{
dat a,b;
a.SetDat(12,12,1990);
b.SetDat(“12,12,1990”);
}
2.5. Iia?aoi?u oi?aaeaiey aeeiaie/aneie iaiyoueth
———————————————
A aeaeeioaea Ne eiathony aeaa ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey aeeiaie/aneie
iaiyoueth – malloc() e free(), eioi?ua auaeaeytho e inaiaiaeaeatho
iaeanoue iaiyoe caaeaiiiai ?acia?a (a aaeoao). A yoie iaeanoe
i?ia?aiia iiaeao ?acianoeoue ia?aiaiioth (eee iannea), eioi?ay
iacuaaaony aeeiaie/aneie. I?e auaeaeaiee iaiyoe iiae aeeiaie/aneoth
ia?aiaiioth iaiaoiaeeii i?e iiiiue iia?aoeee sizeof ii?aaeaeyoue
eiee/anoai aaeoia, iaiaoiaeeiia aeey ?aciauaiey ia?aiaiiie oeacaiiiai
oeia. A Ne++ aaaaeaiu aeaa iia?aoi?a, aiaeiae/iua ooieoeeyi malloc e
free new e delete. Iie ioee/athony io niioaaonoaothueo ooieoeee oai,
/oi aeiioneatho eniieueciaaiey a ea/anoaa a?aoiaioia
iaiin?aaenoaaiii niaoeeoeeaoeeth oeia nicaeaaaaiie aeeiaie/aneie
ia?aiaiiie e nnueee ia aeeiaie/aneoth ia?aiaiioth:
Ne++ “Eeanne/aneee” Ne
————————- ———————————char
*s,x[80]; char *s,x[80];
dat *p,*q; struct dat *p,*q;
void main() void main()
{ {
p = new dat; p = malloc(sizeof (struct dat));
q = new dat[15]; q = malloc(15*sizeof (struct dat));
gets(x); gets(x);
s = new char[strlen(x)+1]; s = malloc(strlen(x)+1);
… …
delete p; free(p);
delete q; free(q);
delete s; free(s);
}
Iia?aoi?u eiatho aeae:
new iienaoaeue oeia>
delete
2.6. Ia?aiao?u ooieoeee ii oiie/aieth
———————————-
I?e ii?aaeaeaiee oi?iaeueiuo ia?aiao?ia ooieoeee iiaeao auoue
oeacaii aai cia/aiea, i?eieiaaiia i?e auciaa ii oiie/aieth i?e
ionoonoaee yoiai ia?aiao?a a nienea oaeoe/aneeo:
//—– Ooieoeey onoaiaaeeaaao ii oiie/aieth oaeouaa cia/aiea aiaea,
//—– ianyoea e aeiy
#include
void dat::SetDat(int d=0, int m=0, int y=0)
{
struct date x;
getdate(&x); // Noaiaea?oiay ooieoeey iieo/aiey
// oaeouae aeaou
// I?iaa?ea ia cia/aiea ii oiie/aieth
year = (y == 0) ? x.da_year : y;
month= (m == 0) ? x.da_month: m;
day = (d == 0) ? x.da_day : d;
}
2.7 Eiio?ieue i?aia?aciaaiey oeiia nnueie
—————————————
A “eeanne/aneii” Ne i?e auiieiaiee i?enaaeaaiey, ia?aaea/a
oaeoe/aneeo ia?aiao?ia i?ienoiaeeo aaoiiaoe/aneia i?aia?aciaaiea
nnueie e aaciaui oeiai aeaiiuo (int,unsigned) e iaiai?io, a oaeaea
i?aia?aciaaiea iaeiiai oeia nnueee e ae?oaiio. A Ne++ oaeea
“aieueiinoe” eneeth/aiu, i?ia?aiieno aeieaeai nai auiieieoue yaiia
i?aia?aciaaiea. Iai?eia?, i?e eniieueciaaiee ooieoeee ?ani?aaeaeaiey
aeeiaie/aneie iaiyoe, eiathuae i?ioioei a “alloc.h”
extern void* malloc(int n);
dat *p;
p = (dat *) malloc (10*sizeof(dat));
¦
L— i?aia?aciaaiea void* a dat*
Anoanoaaiii, /oi yoi i?aia?aciaaiea oeiia oeeoeaiia a oii
niunea, /oi ia iaiyao cia/aiey nnueee e ia i?eaiaeeo e aaia?aoeee
eiaea. Iii oieueei iaiyao “oi/eo c?aiey” o?aineyoi?a ia aeaiioth
nnueeo.
2.8 Anoaaeyaiua (inline) ooieoeee
——————————-
Anee ooieoeey (iau/iay eee yeaiaio-ooieoeey no?oeoo?u eee
eeanna) iauyaeaiu inline-ooieoeeyie, oi i?e auciaa oaeeo ooieoeee
o?aineyoi? auiieiyao iiaenoaiiaeo ii oaenoo i?ia?aiiu oaea ooieoeee n
niioaaonoaothuae caiaiie oi?iaeueiuo ia?aiao?ia ia oaeoe/aneea.
Yeaiaio-ooieoeey oaeaea n/eoaaony inline ii oiie/aieth, anee aa oaei
ii?aaeaeaii iaiin?aaenoaaiii a ii?aaeaeaiee no?oeoo?u (eee
eeanna),iai?eia?:
struct dat
{
int d,m,y;
void Setdat(char *p) // Ooieoeey inline ii oiie/aieth
{
… // Oaei ooieoeee
}
2.9 Nnueee ia yeaiaiou no?oeoo?u
——————————-
Anee no?oeoo?a eiaao ianeieueei yeaiaioia iaeiiai oeia,oi aeey iaa
iiaeao auoue nicaeaia “aioo?aiiyy” nnueea, eioi?ay i?eieiaao
cia/aiea aioo?aiiaai aae?ana (niauaiey) yeaiaioa ioiineoaeueii aua?aiiie
no?oeoo?u. Oi?ie?iaaiea e eniieueciaaiea oaeie nnueee ynii
ec i?eia?a:
struct dat
{
int day,month,year;
void Getdat();
void Putdat();
void Nextdat();
}
int dat::*p; // Nnueea ia yeaiaio oeia int
// a no?oeoo?a dat
p = & dat::month; // Cia/aiea p – niauaiea (aae?an)
// yeaiaioa month a no?oeoo?a oeia
// dat
dat x,*px = &x; //
x.*p = 5; // Ia?auaiea ii aioo?aiiae nnueea
px->*p = 5; //
// -> *
Yeaeaaeaioii
x.month = 5;
px->month =5;
Aiaeiae/iay aioo?aiiyy nnueea iiaeao auoue nicaeaia aeey
yeaiaioia-ooieoeee, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo iaeiie no?oeoo?a, i?e yoii
ooieoeee
aeieaeiu auoue eaeaioe/iuie ii ?acoeueoaoai e ia?aiao?ai:
void (dat::*fun)(); // Nnueea ia yeaiaio-ooieoeeth
// no?oeoo?u dat
fun = & dat::Putdat(); // Cia/aiea fun – nnueea ia
// yeaiaio-ooieoeeth Putdat a dat
(x.*fun)(); // Aucia yeaiaioa-ooieoeee ii
(px->*fun)(); // nnueea fun aeey no?oeoo?u x
// e aeey no?oeoo?u ii nnueea px
Yeaeaaeaioii
x.Putdat();
px->Putdat();
2.10 Iaeciaiyaiua ia?aiaiiua (eiinoaiou)
—————————————
A Ne++ aaaaeai aeiiieieoaeueiue eiio?ieue ca eciaiaieai cia/aiee
ia?aiaiiuo. Eeth/aaia neiai const, eniieuecoaiie i?e ii?aaeaeaiee e
eieoeeaeecaoeee ia?aiaiiie, cai?auaao aa eciaiaiea, /oi eiio?iee?oaony
o?aineyoi?ii i?e aa aeaeueiaeoai eniieueciaaiee. Oaeay aea
aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaoao e aeey oi?iaeueiuo ia?aiao?ia ooieoeee,
iai?eia?:
const int n=5;
n++; // Cai?auaii
int xxx(const int m)
{
m++; // Cai?auaii
}
I?eiaieoaeueii e nnueea const iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny a aeaoo
aa?eaioao, i?eiaieoaeueii e naiie nnueea (aae?ano) e i?eiaieoaeueii e
oeacoaiiio cia/aieth:
– i?e eniieueciaaiee conts i?eiaieoaeueii e oeacoaiiio cia/aieth
?ac?aoaaony iiaeeoeoee?iaaoue naio nnueeo i?e iiiiue i?enaaeaaiey e
iia?aoeee aae?aniie a?eoiaoeee, a eciaiaiey iia?aiaea einaaiii ii nnueea
cai?auaiu. Oaeay nnueea iacuaaaony nnueeie ia iinoiyiiue iauaeo:
const char * p;
p = “1234567890”; // ?ac?aoaii i?enaaeaaiea nnueea
p + =3; // ?ac?aoaia iiaeeoeeaoeey nnueee
*(p+3) = ‘3’; // Cai?auaii i?enaaeaaiea ii nnueea
(*p)++; // Cai?auai eie?aiaio ii nnueea
– i?e eniieueciaaiee const i?eiaieoaeueii e nnueea cai?auaaony
iaiyoue cia/aiea nnueee iinea eieoeeaeecaoeee, a oii /enea n?aaenoaaie
aae?aniie a?eoiaoeee. Oaeay nnueea iacuaaaony iinoiyiiie nnueeie ia
iauaeo:
char const* p = “1234567890”;
char c;
(*p) = ‘3’; // ?ac?aoaii i?enaaeaaiea ii nnueea
p++; // Cai?auaii eciaiaiea cia/aiey
c = *(p+3); // naiie nnueee
Iieiay oeenaoeey nnueee e aae?anoaiiai ath iauaeoa aiciiaeia a
aeaea
const char const* p = “1234567890”;
2.11 Iauea caia/aiey i aeiiieiaieyo a Ne++
—————————————-
Iniiaiua ioee/ey Ne++ io “eeanne/aneiai” Ne:
– no?oeoo?a (struct) i?eaeeaeaia ii naienoaai e aaciaui oeiai
aeaiiuo (char,int);
– aaaaeaii iiiyoea yeaiaioa-ooieoeee. Yeaiaiou-ooieoeee ea?atho
?ieue naiaia?aciiai “eioa?oaena” aeey eniieueciaaiey ii?aaeaeaiiie
i?ia?aiienoii no?oeoo?u;
– ?anoe?aiu aiciiaeiinoe o?aineyoi?a ii eiio?ieth e i?aia?aciaaieth
ia?aiao?ia i?e auciaa ooieoeee (iayaiay nnueea, ia?aii?aaeaeaiea,
ia?aiao?u ii oiie/aieth). Eiaiii iiyoiio auciao ethaie aiaoiae ooieoeee
aeieaeii i?aaeoanoaiaaoue iauyaeaiea aa i?ioioeia (caaieiaea ooieoeee ni
nieneii oeiia ia?aiao?ia).
Ana yoe iiaua naienoaa iaiaoiaeeiu i?e ii?aaeaeaiee iiiyoee
eeanna e iauaeoa.
Eaeoeey 3. Eeannu. Iauaeou. Eiino?oeoi?u e aeano?oeoi?u
—————————————————-
3.1.Iiiyoea eeanna e iauaeoa a Ne++
———————————-
A naiii i?inoii aeaea eeann ii?aaeaeyaony a Ne++ eae no?oeoo?a,
?aaioa n yeaiaioaie eioi?ie aiciiaeia oieueei /a?ac
yeaiaiou-ooieoeee. A ioee/ea io no?oeoo?u eeann eiaao “i?eaaoioth”
(ee/ioth) /anoue, yeaiaiou eioi?ie ia iiaoo auoue aeinooiiu eia/a eae
/a?ac ae?oaea yeaiaiouooieoeee, e “ioaee/ioth” (iauoth) /anoue, yeaiaiou
eioi?ie iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu iaiin?aaenoaaiii. Iauaeoii iacuaaaony
ii?aaeaeyaiay a i?ia?aiia ia?aiaiiay, oei eioi?ie ii?aaeaeai
eae eeann (no?oeoo?a):
Ii?aaeaeaiea no?oeoo?u Ii?aaeaeaiea eeanna
————————- ———————————–struct
dat class dat
{ { // I?eaaoiay /anoue
int day,month,year; int day,month,year;
public: // Ioaee/iay /anoue
void SetDat(int,int,int); void SetDat(int,int,int);
void SetDat(char *); void SetDat(char *);
} aa}
void main() void main()
{ {
// Ii?aae-iea ia?aiaiiuo a,b // Ii?aae-iea iauaeoia a,b eeanna dat
dat a,b; dat a,b;
a.day = 5; // Iaiin?aaenoaaiiia eniieueciaaiea
a.month = 12; // i?eaaoiie /anoe iauaeoa cai?auaii
bAA.SetDat(“12,12,1990”); b.Setdat(“12,12,1990”);
} }
“I?eaaoiay” /anoue eeanna ia iaycaoaeueii aeieaeia neaaeiaaoue a
ia/aea ii?aaeaeaiey eeanna. Aeey aa iaicia/aiey a i?iecaieueiii
ianoa ii?aaeaeaiey eeanna iiaeii eniieueciaaoue neoaeaaiia neiai
private.
Taeei ia?acii a ia?aii i?eaeeaeaiee eeann ioee/aaony io
no?oeoo?u /aoei ii?aaeaeaiiui eioa?oaenii aeinooia e aai yeaiaioai.
Iauaeou eeanna iaeaaeatho anaie naienoaaie ia?aiaiiuo, a oii /enea
oaeeie, eae iaeanoue aeaenoaey e eeann iaiyoe (a?aiy aeecie).
Iineaaeiaa naienoai iaeaieaa eioa?anii, oae eae i?ioeannu nicaeaiey e
oie/oiaeaiey iauaeoia eeanna iiaoo nii?iaiaeaeaoueny auciaii ooieoeee
(eiino?oeoi? e aeano?oeoi?). Iaiiiiei, /oi ii eeannai iaiyoe (e
a?aiaie aeecie) a Ne ?acee/athony ia?aiaiiua:
– noaoe/aneea (aiaoiea), nicaeaaaaiua a noaoe/aneie iaiyoe
i?ia?aiiu e nouanoaothuea a oa/aiea anaai a?aiaie ?aaiou i?ia?aiiu;
– aaoiiaoe/aneea, nicaeaaaaiua a noaea a iiiaio auciaa ooieoeee e
oie/oiaeaaiua i?e aa caaa?oaiee;
– aeeiaie/aneea, nicaeaaaaiua e oie/oiaeaaiua a naiaiaeiie iaiyoe
caaea/e a iiiaiou auciaa ooieoeee malloc() e free() eee auiieiaiey
iia?aoi?ia new e delete.
Niioaaonoaaiii a i?ia?aiia aiciiaeii ii?aaeaeaiea noaoe/aneeo,
aaoiiaoe/aneeo e aeeiaie/aneeo iauaeoia iaeiiai eeanna:
class dat
{ ……. }
dat a,b; // Noaoe/aneea iauaeou
dat *p; // Nnueea ia iauaeo
void main()
{
dat c,d; // Aaoiiaoe/aneea iauaeou
p = new dat; // Aeeiaie/aneee iauaeo
…
delete p; // Oie/oiaeaiea aeeiaie/aneiai iauaeoa
} .
N i?ioeannii nicaeaiey iauaeoia naycaii iiiyoea eo eieoeeaeecaoeee.
Eieoeeaeece?iaaoue iauaeou iau/iui niiniaii iaeuecy. Eo eieoeeaeecaoeey
inouanoaeyaony eeai yaiui i?enaaeaaieai (eiie?iaaieai)
ae?oaiai iauaeoa, eeai iayaiui auciaii eiino?oeoi?a. Anee
eiino?oeoi? eiaao oi?iaeueiua ia?aiao?u, oi a ii?aaeaeaiee ia?aiaiiie
iinea aa eiaie aeieaeiu i?enoonoaiaaoue a neiaeao cia/aiey oaeoe/aneeo
ia?aiao?ia.
Iiiaio auciaa eiino?oeoi?a e aeano?oeoi?a ii?aaeaeyaony a?aiaiai
nicaeaiey e oie/oiaeaiey iauaeoia:
– aeey noaoe/aneeo iauaeoia – eiino?oeoi? aucuaaaony ia?aae
aoiaeii a main(), aeano?oeoi? – iinea auoiaea ec main(). Eiino?oeoi?u
aucuaathony a ii?yaeea ii?aaeeaeaiey iauaeoia, aeano?oeoi?u – a
ia?aoiii ii?yaeea;
– aeey aaoiiaoe/aneeo iauaeoia – eiino?oeoi? aucuaaaony i?e
aoiaea a ooieoeeth (aeie), aeano?oeoi? – i?e auoiaea ec iaai;
– aeey aeeiaie/aneeo iauaeoia – eiino?oeoi? aucuaaaony i?e
auiieiaiee iia?aoi?a new, aeano?oeoi? – i?e auiieiaiee iia?aoi?a
delete.
A Ne++ aiciiaeii ii?aaeaeaiea ianneaa iauaeoia eeanna. I?e yoii
eiino?oeoi? e aeano?oeoi? aucuaathony aeey eaaeaeiai yeaiaioa
ianneaa e ia aeieaeiu eiaoue ia?aiao?ia. I?e auiieiaiee iia?aoi?a
delete aeey nnueee ia iannea iauaeoia iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea oeacuaaoue
aai ?acia?iinoue. Eiino?oeoi? aeey ianneaa iauaeoia aeieaeai auoue aac
ia?aiao?ia.
//——————————————————–#include
#include
static int days[] = { 0,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31 };
class dat
{
int day,month,year;
public:
dat(int,int,int); // Eiino?oeoi? n ia?aiao?aie
// (aiciiaeii oiie/aiea)
dat(char *); // Eiino?oeoi? n iaeiei ia?aiao?ii
dat(); // Eiino?oeoi? aac ia?aiao?ia
~dat(); // Aeano?oeoi?
};
//——- Eiino?oeoi? n ia?aiao?ii – oaenoiaay no?iea
———dat::dat(char *s)
{
int i;
char ss[80];
strcpy(ss,s);
for (i=0; ss[i] !=0; i++)
if (ss[i]==’-‘) ss[i]=’,’; // Caiaia ‘-‘ ia ‘,’
sscanf(ss,”%d%d%d”,&day,&month,&year);
}
// Eiino?oeoi? n o?aiy ia?aiao?aie (ii oiie/aieth 0 – oaeouay aeaoa)
dat::dat(int d=0, int m=0, int y=0)
{
struct date x;
getdate(&x); // Noaiaea?oiay ooieoeey iieo/aiey
// oaeouae aeaou
// I?iaa?ea ia cia/aiea ii oiie/aieth
year = (y == 0) ? x.da_year : y;
month= (m == 0) ? x.da_month: m;
day = (d == 0) ? x.da_day : d;
}
//—— Eiino?oeoi? aac ia?aiao?ia ————————–dat::dat()
{
struct date x;
getdate(&x); // Noaiaea?oiay ooieoeey iieo/aiey
// oaeouae aeaou
year = x.da_year ;
month= x.da_month;
day = x.da_day ;
}
//—— Aeano?oeoi?
——————————————dat::~dat()
{
printf(“Aeaoa ==> %2d-%2d-%4d\n”,day,month,year);
}
//——————————————————dat
a(“12-12-1990”); // Aiaoiyy ia?aiaiiay – eiino?oeoi?
// aucuaaaony ia?aae main()
dat b[10]; // Iannea iauaeoia – eiino?oeoi? aac
// ia?aiao?ia aucuaaaony ia?aae main()
void xxx(dat &p)
{
dat c(12,12); // Aucuaaaony Eiino?oeoi? dat(int,int,int)
// aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai iauaeoa
dat d = p; // Eiino?oeoi? aeey aaoiiaoe/aneiai iauaeoa ia
… // aucuaaaony, o.e. iauaeo eieoeeaeece?oaony
… // eiie?iaaieai
} // I?e auoiaea ec ooieoeee aucuaathony aeano?oeoi?u
// aeey iauaeoia c e d
void main()
{
int i,n;
scanf(“%d”,&n);
dat *p = new dat[n]; // Nicaeaiea ianneaa aeeiaie/aneeo iauaeoia
// eiino?oeoi? aac ia?aiao?ia yaii aucuaaaony
for (i=0; i+
// eeanno A
class B
{
public: int fun1(A&);// Iaiaoiaeei aeinooi e i?eaaoiie /anoe A
void fun2(A&);// ———————————– }
class C
{
public: void fun(A&);// ————————————
void operator+(A&);//——————————- ….
}
E n?aaenoaai eiio?iey aeinooia ioiinyony oaeaea iauyaeaiey
yeaiaioia-ooieoeee iinoiyiiuie (const). A yoii neo/aa yeaiaioooieoeey
ia eiaao i?aaa eciaiyoue cia/aiea oaeouaai iauaeoa, n eioi?ui iia
aucuaaaony. Caaieiaie ooieoeee i?e yoii eiaao aeae
void dat::put() const
{
}
3.4 Noaoe/aneea yeaiaiou eeanna
——————————
Eiiaaea o?aaoaony ii?aaeaeeoue aeaiiua, eioi?ua ioiinyony ei
anai iauaeoai eeanna. Yoi o?aaoaony, anee iauaeou eeanna ?acaeaeytho
iaeioi?ue iauee ?ano?n, naycaiu a iauee nienie e o.ae.. N yoie
oeaeueth a ii?aaeaeaiee eeanna iiaoo auoue aaaaeaiu noaoe/aneea yeaiaiou
– ia?aiaiiua. Oaeie yeaiaio nai a iauaeou eeanna ia aoiaeeo, caoi
i?e ia?auaiee e iaio oi?ie?oaony ia?auaiea e aiaoiae ia?aiaiiie n
eiaiai
niioaaonoaothuaai oeia. Aeinooiiinoue aa ii?aaeaeyaony noaiaea?oiui
ia?acii a caaeneiinoe io ?aciauaiey a i?eaaoiie eee iauae /anoe
eeanna. Naia ia?aiaiiay aeieaeia auoue yaii ii?aaeaeaia a i?ia?aiia e
eieoeeaeece?iaaia.
I?eia?: iauaeou eeanna naycaiu a iaeiinayciue nienie
————————————————–class list
{
static list *fst; // Nnueea ia ia?aue yeaiaio
static list *lst; // Nnueea ia iineaaeiee yeaiaio
list *next; // Nnueea ia neaaeothuee yeaiaio
…. …..
public:
void insfst(); // Anoaaeoue a ia/aei nienea
void inslst(); // Anoaaeoue a eiiaoe nienea
void show(); // I?iniio? anao iauaeoia
void extract(); // Eneeth/oue ec nienea
list(); // Eiino?oeoi?
~list(); // Aeano?oeoi?
}
list list::fst=NULL; // Ii?aaeaeaiea noaoe/aneeo yeaiaioia
list list::lst=NULL;
//——————————————————-void
insfst()
{
next = NULL;
if (fst==NULL)
fst=lst=this;
else
{ next=fst; fst=this; }
}
//——————————————————-void
inslst()
{
next = NULL;
if (fst==NULL)
fst=lst=this;
else
{ lst->next=this; lst=this; }
}
//——————————————————-void
list::extract()
{
list *p,*pred; // Iiene oaeouaai e i?aaeuaeouaai
for (pred=NULL,p=fst; p !=NULL; // a nienea
pred=p,p=p->next)
if (p=this) break; // Anee iaeaeai – auoiae
if (p !=NULL)
{ // Iaeaeai – eneeth/aiea ec nienea
if (pred==NULL)
fst = next;
else
pred->next=next;
}
}
//——————————————————-void
list::show()
{
list *p;
for (p=fst; p !=NULL; p=p->next)
{ …auaiae eioi?iaoeee ia iauaeoa… }
}
//—— I?e nicaeaiee iauaeoa ii iiiauaaony a nienie
———–list::list()
{
insfst();
}
//—— I?e oie/oiaeaiee iauaeoa ii eneeth/aaony ec nienea
——list::~list()
{
extract();
}
I?eia?ii eniieueciaaiey aioo?aiiaai nienea iauaeoia yaeyaony
nenoaia anieuaathueo ieii. I?e auiieiaiee iia?aoeee iaae iaeiei ec
ieii /anoi o?aaoaony i?iecaanoe iaeioi?ua aeaenoaey n ae?oaeie ieiaie,
oi anoue a ethaie iiiaio i?ia?aiia aeieaeai auoue ecaanoai
nienie nicaeaiiuo iauaeoia – ieii. Iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue iauaeoia a
nienea iiaeao io?aaeaoue iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ioia?aaeaiey ieii ia
ye?aia. Oiaaea i?e auiieiaiee iia?aoeee “anieuoey” ieia iaiaoiaeeii
eciaieoue iineiaeaiea niioaaonoaothuaai iauaeoa a nienea. Anoanoaaiii,
/oi eiino?oeoi? e aeano?oeoi? iauaeoa aeeth/atho aai a nienie e
eneeth/atho.
Noaoe/aneeie iiaoo auoue iauyaeaiu oaeaea e yeaiaiou-ooieoeee.
Eo “noaoe/iinoue” ii?aaeaeyaony oai, /oi aucia eo ia naycai n
eiie?aaoiui iauaeoii e iiaeao auoue auiieiai ii iieiiio eiaie.
Niioaaonoaaiii a ieo ia eniieuecothony iayaiay nnueea this. Iie
aaiaeyony, eae i?aaeei, aeey auiieiaiey aeaenoaee, ioiinyueoniy ei anai
iauaeoai eeanna. Aeey i?aaeuaeouaai i?eia?a
class list
{ …
static void show(); // Noaoe/aneay ooieoeey i?iniio?a
} // anaai nienea iauaeoia
//——————————————————-static void
list::show()
{
list *p;
for (p=fst; p !=NULL; p=p->next)
{ …auaiae eioi?iaoeee ia iauaeoa… }
}
//——————————————————-void main()
{ …
list::show(); // Aucia ooieoeee ii iieiiio eiaie
}
Eaeoeey 4. Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea iia?aoi?ia.
————————————
Iaiiiiei, /oi iiae eeannii iiieiaaony ii?aaeaeyaiue i?ia?aiienoii
oei aeaiiuo, eniieuecoaiue ia?aaia ni noaiaea?oiuie aaciauie oeiaie. N
oi/ee c?aiey “?aaiii?aaey” aiiaue aaiaeeiiai oeia aeaiiuo aeaeaoaeueii
eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue ?anoe?aiey (ia?aii?aaeaeaiey) iia?aoeee ycuea, a
eioi?uo iaeei eee ianeieueei iia?aiaeia iiaoo auoue iauaeoaie yoiai
eeanna Yoi aeinoeaaaony aaaaeaieai yeaiaioa-ooieoeee niaoeeaeueiiai
aeaea, ia?auaiea e eioi?ie eiiieeyoi? oi?ie?oao i?e o?aineyoeee oaeie
iia?aoeee. Anoanoaaiii, /oi oaeay ooieoeey aeieaeia eiaoue ?acoeueoao
(cia/aiea eee iayaiay nnueea), anee i?aaeiieaaaaony eniieueciaaiea yoie
iia?aoeee aioo?e ae?oaiai au?aaeaiey.
Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea iia?aoeee inouanoaeyaony a ?aieao noaiaea?oiiai
neioaenena ycuea Ne, oi anoue iaicia/aiea iia?aoeee e eiee/anoai
iia?aiaeia inoaaony i?aaeiei.
Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue oaeaea e oio oaeo, /oi aeey eaaeaeie
eiiaeiaoeee oeiia iia?aiaeia ia?aii?aaeaeyaiie iia?aoeee iaiaoiaeeii
aaanoe ioaeaeueioth ooieoeeth, oi anoue o?aineyoi? ia iiaeao
i?iecaiaeeoue ia?anoaiiaeo iia?aiaeia ianoaie, aeaaea anee aaciaay
iia?aoeey aeiioneaao yoi. Iai?eia?, i?e ia?aii?aaeaeaiee iia?aoeee
neiaeaiey iauaeoa
eeanna dat n oeaeui iaiaoiaeeii aeaa ooieoeee dat+int e int+dat.
Aeey ia?aii?aaeaeaiey iia?aoeee eniieuecoaony iniaay oi?ia
yeaiaioa-ooieoeee n caaieiaeii oaeiai aeaea:
operator
I?e yoii eiy ooieoeee ninoieo ec eeth/aaiai neiaa operator e
neiaiea aeaiiie iia?aoeee a neioaenena ycuea Ne.
Nienie oi?iaeueiuo ia?aiao?ia ooieoeee yaeyaony nieneii
iia?aiaeia (eiee/anoai, oeiu, niiniau ia?aaea/e) iia?aoeee.
?acoeueoao ooieoeee (oei, niinia ia?aaea/e) yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii
ia?aii?aaeaeyaiie iia?aoeee. Niinia ia?aaea/e e oei oeacuaatho ia
aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey ?acoeueoaoa a ae?oaeo au?aaeaieyo.
Eiaaony aeaa niiniaa iienaiey ooieoeee, niioaaonoaothuae
ia?aii?aaeaeyaiie iia?aoeee:
– anee ooieoeey caaeaaony eae iau/iay yeaiaio-ooieoeey eeanna,
oi ia?aui a?aoiaioii niioaaonoaothuae iia?aoeee yaeyaony iauaeo,
nnueea ia eioi?ue ia?aaeaaony iayaiui ia?aiao?ii this;
– anee ia?aui a?aoiaioii ia?aii?aaeaeyaiie iia?aoeee ia yaeyaony
iauaeo iaeioi?iai eeanna, eeai ooieoeey iieo/aao ia aoiae ia
nnueeo ia iauaeo, a nai iauaeo, oiaaea niioaaonoaothuay
yeaiaioooieoeey aeieaeia auoue ii?aaeaeaia eae ae?oaeanoaaiiay n iieiui
nieneii
a?aoiaioia. Anoanoaaiii, /oi iieiia eiy ae?oaeanoaaiiie
ooieoeeeiia?aoi?a ia niaea?aeeo i?e yoii eiaie eeanna.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a ?anniio?ei aeiii?aaeaeaiea noaiaea?oiuo
iia?aoeee iaae aeaoaie.
#include
#include
#include
static int days[] = { 0,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31 };
class dat
{
int day,month,year;
public:
void next(); // Yeaiaio-ooieoeey au/eneaiey
// neaaeothuaai aeey
dat operator++(); // Iia?aoeey ++
dat operator+(int); // Iia?aoeey “aeaoa + oeaeia”
// n iayaiui iia?aiaeii /a?ac this
friend dat operator+(dat,int) // Iia?aoeee n yaiie ia?aaea/ae
friend dat operator+(int, dat) // anao ia?aiao?ia ii cia/aieth
dat(); // Eiino?oeoi?u
dat(int,int,int); // (ni. i?aaeuaeouea i?eia?u)
dat(char *); //
~dat(); // Aeano?oeoi?
}; // (ni. i?aaeuaeouea i?eia?u)
//—— Ooieoeey au/eneaiey neaaeothuaai aeiy ——————–//
Eniieuecoaony nnueea ia oaeouee iauaeo this,
// eioi?ue eciaiyaoniy a i?ioeanna iia?aoeee
//——————————————————-void
dat::next()
{
day++;
if (day > days[month])
{
if ((month==2) && (day==29) && (year%4==0)) return;
day=1;
month++;
if (month==13)
{
month=1;
year++;
}
}
}
//—— Iia?aoeey eie?aiaioa aeaou —————————–//1.
Oi?ia yeaiaioa-ooeioeee n iayaiui iia?aiaeii ii nnueea this
//2. Aica?auaao eiieth aoiaeiiai iauaeoa (iia?aiaea) aei oaaee/aiey
//3. Niioaaonoaoao iia?aoeee dat++ (oaaee/aiea iinea eniieueciaaiey)
//4. Caia/aiea: aeey oia?iuo iia?aoeee oeia — eee ++ eniieueciaaiea
// eo aei eee iinea iia?aiaea ia eiaao cia/aiey (aucuaaaony iaeia
// e oa aea ooieoeey).
//——————————————————-
dat dat::operator++()
{
// Nicaeaaony a?aiaiiue iauaeo
dat x = *this; // A iaai eiie?oaony cia/aiea oaeouaai iauaeoa
dat::next(); // Oaaee/eaaaony cia/aiea oaeouaai iauaeoa
return(x); // Aica?auaaony a?aiaiiue iauaeo
}
//—— Iia?aoeey “aeaoa + oeaeia” ——————————//1.
Yeaiaio-ooieoeey n iayaiui ia?aui a?aoiaioii ii nnueea this
//2. Aoiaeiie iauaeo ia iaiyaony, ?acoeueoao aica?auaaony eiieae
// aioo?aiiaai aaoiiaoe/aneiai iauaeoa x
//——————————————————-dat
dat::operator+(int n)
{
dat x;
x = *this; // Eiie?iaaiea oaeouaai iauaeoa a x
while (n– !=0) x.next(); // Aucia ooieoeee next aeey iauaeoa x
return(x); // Aica?ao eiiee iauaeoa x
}
//—— Iia?aoeey “aeaoa + oeaeia” ——————————//1.
Ae?oaeanoaaiiay yeaiaio-ooieoeey n iieiui nieneii a?aoiaioia
//2. Aeueoa?iaoeaiue aa?eaio i?aaeuaeouae ooieoeee
//3. Ia?aue iia?aiae eeanna dat – ia?aaeaaony ii cia/aieth,
// iiyoiio iiaeao iiaeeoeoee?iaaoueny aac eciaiaiey enoiaeiiai iauaeoa
//——————————————————-dat
operator+(dat p,int n)
{
while (n– !=0) p.next(p); // Aucia ooieoeee next aeey iauaeoa p
return(p); // Aica?ao eiiee iauaeoa x
}
//—— Iia?aoeey “oeaeia + aeaoa” —————————–//1.
Ae?oaeanoaaiiay yeaiaio-ooieoeey n iieiui nieneii a?aoiaioia
//2. Aoi?ie iia?aiae eeanna dat – ia?aaeaaony ii cia/aieth,
//iiyoiio iiaeao iiaeeoeoee?iaaoueny aac eciaiaiey enoiaeiiai iauaeoa
//——————————————————-dat
operator+(int n, dat p)
{
while (n– !=0) p.next(); // Aucia ooieoeee next aeey iauaeoa p
return(p); // Aica?ao eiiee iauaeoa p
}
//——————————————————-
void main()
{
int i;
dat a;
dat b(17,12,1990);
dat c(12,7);
dat d(3);
dat e;
dat *p = new dat[10];
clrscr();
e = a++;
d=b+15;
for (i=0; i2) && (year%4==0)) r++; // Aenieiniue aiae
r += day; // Aeiae a oaeouai ianyoea
return(r);
}
//—— I?aia?aciaaiea dat a long —————————//
Eniieuecoaony nnueea ia oaeouee iauaeo this
//——————————————————
dat::opertor long()
{
long r; // Oaeouee ?acoeueoao
r = 365 * (year-1) // Aeiae a i?aaeuaeoueo iieiuo aiaeao
r += year / 4; // Aenieiniua aiaea
r += (int)(*this); // Aeiae a oaeouai aiaeo – i?aaeuaeouay
// iia?aoeey (yaiia i?aia?aciaaiea
return(r); // dat a int
}
//——– Iia?aoeey au/eneaiey ?acieoeu aeaoo aeao —————//
Ia?aue iia?aiae ii nnueea ia oaeouee iauaeo this
// Aoi?ie iia?aiae ii iayaiie nnueea p
//——————————————————-long
dat::operator-(dat& p)
{
return((long)(*this) – (long)p); // I?aia?aciaaoue iaa iauaeoa
// e oeio long e au/ene. ?aciinoue
}
void main()
{
dat a(“12-05-1990”); // Aeaoa, caaeaiiay oaenoiaie no?ieie
dat b; // Oaeouay aeaoa
int c;
long d;
// ssaiia i?aia?aciaaiea e long
printf(“N 12-05-1990 i?ioei %4ld aeiae\n”,(long)b-(long)a);
// ssaiia i?aia?aciaaiea e int
printf(“A yoii aiaeo i?ioei %3d aeiae\n”,(int)b);
// Iayaiia i?aia?aciaaiea i?e i?enaaeaaiee
c = b;
d = b – a; // Iia?aoeey dat-dat
printf(“N 12-05-1990 i?ioei %4ld aeiae\n”,d);
printf(“A yoii aiaeo i?ioei %3d aeiae\n”,c);
}
5.2 I?aia?aciaaiea ia?aiaiiie e iauaeoo eeanna
———————————————
Aeaiiue niinia ia yaeyaony noaiaea?oiui e o?aaoao i?iaa?ee
?aaioiniiniaiinoe a eniieuecoaiii eiiieeyoi?a. Ii iniiaai ia oii
oaeoa, /oi i?e eiiieeyoeee yaiiai eee iayaiiai i?aia?aciaaiey iauaeoa
eeanna e aaciaiio oeio aeaiiuo “xxx” aucuaaaony ia?aii?aaeaeyaiay
iia?aoeey “operator xxx()”. Niioaaonoaaiii, i?e yaiii eee iayaiii
i?aia?aciaaiee e eeanno “zzz” aeieaeia aucuaaoueny ia?aii?aaeaeyaiay
iia?aoeey “operator zzz”. Eiae/ii, /oi oaeay iia?aoeey aeieaeia auoue
ii?aaeaeaia a eeanna “zzz”. Ii oiaaea eiy niioaaonoaothuae
yeaiaioa-ooieoeee aoaeao “zzz::zzz”, /oi niioaaonoaoao eiino?oeoi?o.
Oaeei ia?acii, anee iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue yaiia eee iayaiia
i?aia?aciaaiea io aaciaiai oeia eee eeanna “xxx” e eeanno “zzz”,
oi a eeanna “zzz” iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeeoue eiino?oeoi?
class zzz
{
int par_zzz;
—————– aoiaeiie oei (eeann)
zzz(xxx p); eee
zzz(xxx& p);
L——————– auoiaeiie oei (eeann)
};
void zzz::zzz(xxx &p)
{
par_zzz = … p.par_xxx …;
yeaiaio iauaeoa—– L——-yeaiaio iauaeoa
auoiaeiiai eeanna aoiaeiiai eeanna
}
class xxx
{
friend class zzz;
int par_xxx;
};
ni neaaeothueie naienoaaie:
– iauaeo eeanna “zzz”, eioi?ue yaeyaony auoiaeiui i?e
i?aia?aciaaiee oeiia aeinooiai eae a ethaii eiino?oeoi?a /a?ac nnueeo ia
oaeouee iauaeo this;
– yeaiaioai auoiaeiiai iauaeoa (iai?eia?, par_zzz) aeieaeiu
auoue i?enaiaiu cia/aiey n yaiui eee iayaiui eniieueciaaieai nnueee this
this->par_zzz = …
(*this).par_zzz = …
par_zzz = …
– iauaeo eee ia?aiaiiay oiai eeanna eee aaciaiai oeia, eioi?ua
yaeythony aoiaeiuie a i?aia?aciaaiee oeiia, aeinooiiu /a?ac
niioaaonoaothuee oi?iaeueiue ia?aiao?, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue eae
cia/aieai (eiieae iauaeoa eee ia?aiaiiie), oae e iayaiie nnueeie.
Cia/aiea ia?aiaiiie eee yeaiaioia aoiaeiiai iauaeoa iiaoo
eniieueciaaoueny eae a?aoiaiou i?e i?aia?aciaaiee oeiia;
– aeey aeinooia ec ooieoeee eeanna “zzz” e i?eaaoiie /anoe iauaeoa
eeanna “xxx” eeann “zzz” aeieaeai auoue iauyaeai ae?oaeanoaaiiui
a ii?aaeaeaiee eeanna “xxx”.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a ?anniio?ei ia?aoiia i?aia?aciaaiea aaciaiai
oeia long e oeio dat – eiee/anoai aeiae io ia/aea eaoien/eneaiey
i?aia?acoaony e aeaoa. Caeanue aea ?anniio?ei ae?oaie eeann
– man, a eioi?ii iaeiei ec yeaiaioia i?eaaoiie /anoe yaeyaony aeaoa.
static int days[] = { 0,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31 };
class dat
{
int day,month,year;
public:
dat(long); // I?aia?aciaaiea long a dat
dat(man&); // I?aia?aciaaiea man a dat
dat(); // Eiino?oeoi?u
dat(int,int,int); //
dat(char *); //
~dat(); // Aeano?oeoi?
};
class man
{
friend class dat; // Eeann dat ae?oaeanoaaiai
… // eeanno man
int d,m,y; // Yeaiaio “aeaoa” a iauaeoa
… // eeanna man
public:
man(dat&); // I?aia?aciaaiea dat a man
man(); // Eiino?oeoi?
~man(); // Aeano?oeoi?
};
//—— I?aia?aciaaiea man a dat
—————————-//Eniieuecoaony nnueea ia oaeouee iauaeo
this aeey auoiaeiiai eeanna,
//oi?iaeueiue ia?aiao? – iayaiay nnueea – aeey aoiaeiiai eeanna
//——————————————————-void
dat::dat(man& p)
{
day = p.d;
month = p.m;
year = p.y;
}
//—— I?aia?aciaaiea long a dat
—————————//Eniieuecoaony nnueea ia oaeouee iauaeo this
aeey auoiaeiiai eeanna
//oi?iaeueiue ia?aiao? oeia long ia?aaeaaony ii cia/aieth
//——————————————————-
void dat::dat(long p)
{
year = p / 365.25; // *enei eao n o/aoii aenieiniuo
p = p – (year-1)*365L – year/4; // Inoaoie aeiae a oaeouai aiaeo
year++; // Ia/aeueiue aiae – 0001
for (month=1; p > 0; month++) // Au/eoaiea aeiae ii ianyoeai
{
p -= days[month];
if (month == 2 && year % 4 == 0) p–;
}
month–; // Ainnoaiiaeaiea iineaaeiaai
p += days[month]; // ianyoea
if (month == 2 && year % 4 == 0) p++;
day = p + 1;
}
void main()
{
dat a(“12-05-1990”); // Aeaoa, caaeaiiay oaenoiaie no?ieie
dat b; // Oaeouay aeaoa
int c;
long d;
// ssaiia i?aia?aciaaiea e long
printf(“N 12-05-1990 i?ioei %4ld aeiae\n”, (long)b-(long)a);
// ssaiia i?aia?aciaaiea e int
printf(“A yoii aiaeo i?ioei %3d aeiae\n”, (int)b);
c = b; // Iayaiia i?aia?aciaaiea i?e i?enaaeaaiee
d = b – a; // Iia?aoeey dat-dat
printf(“N 12-05-1990 i?ioei %4ld aeiae\n”,d);
printf(“A yoii aiaeo i?ioei %3d aeiae\n”,c);
}
5.3 Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea iia?aoeee new e delete
—————————————-
Iia?aoeee nicaeaiey e oie/oiaeaiey iauaeoia a aeeiaie/aneie iaiyoe
iiaoo auoue ia?aii?aaeaeaiu neaaeothuei ia?acii:
void *operator new(size_t size);
void operator delete (void *);
aaea void * – nnueea ia iaeanoue iaiyoe, auaeaeyaioth iiae iauaeo,
size – ?acia? iauaeoa a aaeoao.
Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea yoeo iia?aoeee iicaieyao iaienaoue nianoaaiiia
?ani?aaeaeaiea iaiyoe aeey iauaeoia eeanna.
5.4 Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea iia?aoeee [], (), ->
————————————–
Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea () :
——————-class one
{
public:
typeout operator()(type1,type2);
};
Aucia:
type1 a; // Aucia iia?aoi?a niaiaaeaao n
type2 b; // neioaenenii auciaa ooieoeee
one obj; // n eiaiai aeaiiiai iauaeoa
… obj(a,b) … yeaeaaeaioii obj.operator()(a,b)
Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea -> :
——————class two
{
public: type Y;
};
class one
{
two operator->(); // Iia?aoeey aeieaeia aica?auaoue iauaeo
eee two* operator->(); // eee nnueeo ia iauaeo eeanna two,
}; // a eioi?ii ii?aaeaeai yeaiaio Y
Aucia:
one obj;
… obj->Y .. yeaeaaeaioii (obj.operator->()) ->Y
Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea [] : eniieuecoaony aeey iiaeaee?iaaiey ae?ooaeueiuo
——————– ianneaia yeaiaioia ii?aaeaeaiiiai oeia.
class text_page
{
char **page; // Iannea nnueie ia no?iee
public:
int operator[](char*); // Annioeeaoeaiue iiene eiaeaena
// ii no?iea
char* operator[](int); // Auaeaeaiea no?iee ii eiaeaeno
};
5.5 Ia?aii?aaeaeaiea iia?aoeee eiie?iaaiey iauaeoia
————————————————
Kae ecaanoii, ii?aaeaeaiea iauaeoa eeanna a aeaea
i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi iauaeo eieoeeaeece?oaony iooai iiaaeoiiai
eiie?iaaiey niaea?aeeiiai ae?oaiai iauaeoa aac auciaa eiino?oeoo?a. K
oaeei aea iauaeoai ioiinyony iauaeou – oi?iaeueiua ia?aiao?u ooieoeee,
eioi?ua eieoeeaeece?othony eiieyie oaeoe/aneeo ia?aiao?ia.
Enee ooieoeey aica?auaao iauaeo, oi iia?aoi? return oaeaea auiieiyao
eiie?iaaiea iauaeoa – iia?aiaea a iauaeo iacia/aiey.
Taeia eiie?iaaiea ia ei??aeoii a oii neo/aa, anee iauaeou
niaea?aeao nnueee ia ae?oaea iauaeou eee ia?aiaiiua a aeeiaie/aneie
iaiyoe. A yoii neo/aa iiaeii ainiueueciaaoueny niaoeeaeueiui
eiino?oeoi?ii eiie?iaaiey, ia?aiao?ii eio?iai yaeyaony iayaiay nnueea
ia iauaeo – enoi/iee, a this oeacuaaao ia iauaeo i?eaiiee. Aoaeo/e
ii?aaeaeaiiui, ii aucuaaaony ai anao auoaia?a/eneaiiuo neo/ayo
eiie?iaaiey iauaeoia iaeei a ae?oaie.
I?eia? ei??aeoiiai eiino?oeoi?a eiie?iaaiey aeey eeanna no?ie eiaao
aeae:
class string
{
char *s; // Nnueea ia no?ieo
int sz; // Aeeeia no?iee
public: string(string&);// Eiino?oeoi? eiie?iaaiey
}; // nicaeaao eiieth no?iee a aeeiaie/aneie
// iaiyoe aeey iauaeoa – i?eaiieea
string::string(string& right)
{
s = new char[right->sz];
strcpy(s,right->s);
}
Eaeoeey 6. I?iecaiaeiua eeannu
—————————
6.1 Aeiaeaiiua eeannu
——————-
Iiiyoea i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna aaiaeeo a nenoaio eeannia i?eioeei
ea?a?oee. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, anee ii?aaeaeai eeann iauaeoia n
aeinoaoi/ii iaueie naienoaaie oi iauaeo aeaiiiai eeanna aeaeaoaeueii
aeeth/aoue a ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec yeaiaioia a iauaeou ae?oaeo eeannia.
Nouanoaoao aeaa niiniaa oaeiai aeeth/aiey, eaaeaeue ec ieo eiaao
nianoaaiiua oeaee e iniaaiiinoe.
Ia?aue neo/ae i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iau/iue niinia iino?iaiey
ei?a?oe/aneie no?oeoo?u aeaiiuo, eiaaea iauaeo noa?iai eeanna yaeyaony
iaeiei ec yeaiaioia aeaiiuo “i?eaaoiie” /anoe iiaiai eeanna.
Ii eiaao nianoaaiiia eiy (eiaiiaai), ii eioi?iio e iaio iiaeii
ia?auaoueny eae e iauaeoo. A yeaiaioao-ooieoeeyo iiaiai eeanna iiaeii
eniieueciaaoue yeaiaiou-ooieoeee e iia?aoeee aeey iauaeoa noa?iai
eeanna. ?anniio?ei a ea/anoaa i?eia?a eeann man – eioi?iaoeey i
/aeiaaea, aeeth/athuay a naay aeaou ?iaeaeaiey e iinooieaiey ia ?aaioo.
class man
{
char name[20]; // Ae?oaea yeaiaiou eeanna
char *address;
dat dat1; // Aeaoa ?iaeaeaiey
dat dat2; // Aeaoa iinooieaiey ia ?aaioo
public:
void newadr(); // Yeaiaio-ooieoeey
man(char*); // Eiino?oeoi?
}
//—– Ooieoeey “Eciaieoue aae?an i?iaeeaaiey” —————-void
man::newadr()
{
int n;
char s[80]; // No?iea iiaiai aae?ana
if (address != NULL)
delete address; // Inaiaiaeeoue iaiyoue
printf(“Aaaaeeoa iiaue aae?an:”);
gets(s);
address = new char[strlen(s)+1];// Caiyoue iiaoth iaiyoue
strcpy(address,s); // Caiieieoue iiea aae?ana
}
Ec aeaiiiai i?eia?a aeaeii, /oi eiaiiaaiiua iauaeou noa?iai
eeanna iiaeii eniieueciaaoue a yeaiaioao-ooieoeeyo iiaiai eeanna eae
iau/iua yeaiaiou, aucuaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeey ieo yeaiaiou-ooieoeee
noa?iai eeanna e auiieiyoue ia?aii?aaeaeaiiua aeey ieo iia?aoeee.
Caiaoei, /oi i?e yoii yeaiaiou-ooieoeee iiaiai eeanna ia eiatho
aeinooia e i?eaaoiie /anoe iauaeoia aaciaiai eeanna, oi anoue
“niaea?aeeiia” aeiaeaiiuo iauaeoia aeey ieo cae?uoi.
Ii caeanue aicieeaao aii?in, eae eieoeeaeece?othony e
oie/oiaeathony iauaeou noa?iai eeanna i?e nicaeaiee eee oie/oiaeaiee
iauaeoa iiaiai eeanna, oi anoue eae acaeiiaeaenoaotho eo
eiino?oeoi?u e aeano?oeoi?u.
A neo/aa, anee eiino?oeoi? iauaeoa iiaiai eeanna caaeai iau/iui
ia?acii, oi ia?aae auciaii yoiai eiino?oeoi?a aoaeoo aucaaiu
eiino?oeoi?u aac ia?aiao?ia aeey aoiaeyueo a iaai iauaeoia noa?iai
eeanna. E iaiai?io, iinea auciaa aeano?oeoi?a aeey iauaeoa iiaiai
eeanna aoaeoo aucaaiu aeano?oeoi?u aeiaeaiiuo iauaeoia noa?iai
eeanna.
Iaeiaei i?e eiino?oe?iaaiee aeiaeaiiuo iauaeoia ei aeaeaoaeueii
ia?aaeaaaoue ia?aiao?u. Iiyoiio i?e iienaiee eiino?oeoi?a iauaeoa
iiaiai eeanna iiaeii a caaieiaea a yaiii aeaea oeacaoue oio aeae
eiino?oeoi?a iauaeoa noa?iai eeanna, eioi?ue o?aaoaony. E?iia oiai, aai
ia?aiao?u iiaoo caaenaoue io ia?aiao?ia auciaa eiino?oeoi?a iiaiai
eeanna:
class man
{
char name[20]; // Ae?oaea yeaiaiou eeanna
dat dat1; // Aeaoa ?iaeaeaiey
dat dat2; // Aeaoa iinooieaiey ia ?aaioo
public:
man(char *,char *,char *); // Eiino?oeoi?u
man(char *);
}
//—– Eiino?oeoi? eeanna man n iayaiui auciaii eiino?oeoi?ia
// aeey dat1 e dat2 aac ia?aiao?ia
//—————————————————–
man::man(char *p)
{
}
//—– Eiino?oeoi? eeanna man n yaiui auciaii eiino?oeoi?ia
// aeey dat1 e dat2 n ia?aiao?aie
//———————————————————
man::man(char *p,char *p1, char *p2) : dat1(p1), dat2(p2)
{ ¦ ¦ ¦
// — Oaei eiino?oeoi?a — ¦ ¦ ¦
} ¦ ¦ ¦
Aucia eiino?oeoi?a aeey —————— ¦ ¦
aeiaeaiiiai iauaeoa dat1 ¦ ¦
A ea/anoaa ia?aiao?a ia?aaeaaony ————- ¦
no?iea – aoi?ie ia?aiao? auciaa ¦
eiino?oeoi?a aeey eeanna man Aucia eiino?oeoi?a aeey
aeiaeaiiiai iauaeoa dat2
void main —— No?iea eiino?oeoi?a man
{ ¦
man JOHN(“John”,”8-9-1958″,”15-1-1987″);
} ¦ L—— No?iea ia?aaeaaony
No?iea ia?aaeaaony eiino?oeoi?o iauaeoa
eiino?oeoi?o iauaeoa dat2 a iauaeoa man
dat1 a iauaeoa man
6.2 I?iecaiaeiua eeannu
———————
Ae?oaie neo/ae aeiaeaiiinoe eeannia iniiauaaaony ia iiieiaiee
eeanna eae niaieoiiinoe aeaiiuo e iia?aoeee iaae ieie. I?e yoii
i?eioeei aeiaeaiiinoe ?anniao?eaaaony eae nicaeaiea iiaiai
“i?iecaiaeiiai” eeanna, eioi?ue aeeth/aao a naay ana eee aieueooth
/anoue
naienoa noa?iai “aaciaiai” eeanna, eee “ianeaaeoao” eo: no?oeoo?a
iauaeoa noa?iai eeanna aeeth/aaony a iiaue iauaeo, a ana
yeaiaiou-ooieoeee noa?iai eeanna i?eiaieiu e iauaeoo iiaiai eeanna,
oi/iaa e aai noa?ie ninoaaeythuae.
Noa?ue eeann i?e yoii iacuaaaony aaciaui eeannii (AE), iiaue
– i?iecaiaeiui eeannii (IE).
Neioaenen ii?aaeaeaiey i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna eiaao aeae:
class :
{
ii?aaeaeaiea i?eaaoiie e ioaee/iie /anoe
i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna
}
Ia?a/eneei iniiaiua naienoaa aaciaiai e i?iecaiaeiiai
eeannia:
– iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna ii?aaeaeyaony a i?iecaiaeiii eeanna eae
iaeiaiiaaiiue. Yoi cia/eo, /oi ii ia iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai a yaiii
aeaea eae iau/iue eiaiiaaiiue iauaeo;
– yeaiaiou aeaiiuo aaciaiai eeanna aeeth/athony a iauaeo
i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna (eae i?aaeei, eiiieeyoi? ?aciauaao eo a ia/aea
iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna). Oaeiaei i?eaaoiay /anoue aaciaiai
eeanna cae?uoa aeey i?yiiai eniieueciaaiey a i?iecaiaeiii eeanna;
– yeaiaiou-ooieoeee aaciaiai eeanna “ianeaaeothony” a i?iecaiaeiii
eeanna, oi anoue aucia ooieoeee, ii?aaeaeaiiie a aaciaii eeanna, aeey
iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna aiciiaeai e iiieiaaony eae aucia aa aeey
aoiaeyuaai a iaai iauaeoa aaciaiai eeanna;
– a i?iecaiaeiii eeanna iiaeii ia?aii?aaeaeeoue ianeaaeoaioth
ooieoeeth, eioi?ay aoaeao aucuaaoueny aianoi ianeaaeoaiie. I?e yoii
aeey auiieiaiey niioaaonoaothueo aeaenoaee iaae iauaeoii aaciaiai
eeanna iia iiaeao aeeth/aoue yaiue aucia ia?aii?aaeaeyaiie ooieoeee.
I?eia? noaiu ii?aaeaeaiey i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna
class a
{
public:
void f() {}
void g() {}
}
class b : a ———————— aaciaue eeann
{
public: void f() ——————– “f” ia?aii?aaeaeyaony
{ …
a::f(); ————– yaiue aucia “f” aeey AE
} ————– “g” ianeaaeoaony ec AE
void h() {} ————– nianoaaiiay ooieoeey a IE
}
void main()
{
a A1;
b B1;
B1.f(); ————— aucia ia?aii?aaeaeaiiie b::f()
B1.g(); ————— aucia ianeaaeoaiie a::f()
}
Iiiyoea “ianeaaeiaaiey” i?aaeiieaaaao /oi i?e auciaa a
i?iecaiaeiii eeanna ooieoeee, ianeaaeoaiuo ec aaciaiai, o?aineyoi?
i?iecaiaeeo i?aia?aciaaiea nnueee this ia iauaeo i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna a
nnueeo ia aoiaeyuee a iaai iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna, o/eouaay ?aciauaiea
iineaaeiaai a iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna.
Acaeiiioiioaiea eiino?oeoi?ia e aeano?oeoi?ia aaciaiai e
i?iecaiaeiiai eeannia aiaeiae/iu auoa iienaiiui:
– anee eiino?oeoi? i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna ii?aaeaeai iau/iui ia?acii,
oi nia/aea aucuaaaony eiino?oeoi? aaciaiai eeanna aac ia?aiao?ia, a
caoai eiino?oeoi? i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna. Aeano?oeoi?u
aucuaathony a ia?aoiii ii?yaeea – nia/aea aeey i?iecaiaeiiai, caoai
aeey aaciaiai;
– a caaieiaea eiino?oeoi?a i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna iiaeao auoue
yaii oeacai aucia eiino?oeoi?a aaciaiai eeanna n ia?aiao?aie. Ii
iiaeao auoue aac eiaie, a iiaeao auoue n eiaiai aaciaiai eeanna. Anee
i?iecaiaeiue eeann aeeth/aao a naay iauaeou ianeieueeeo aaciauo
eeannia, oi a auciau eiino?oeoi?ia aaciauo eeannia aeieaeiu auoue
ia?a/eneaiu /a?ac caiyooth e aeieaeiu eiaoue eiaia aaciauo eeannia.
6.3 I?aaa aeinooia a i?iecaiaeiuo eeannao
————————————–
I?iecaiaeiue eeann aeeth/aao a naay eae i?eaaoioth, oae e
ioaee/ioth /anoue aaciaiai eeanna. I?e yoii aaaeii, A eaeoth /anoue
i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna, i?eaaoioth eee ioaee/ioth, iiiaaeoo
niioaaonoaothuea /anoe aaciaiai eeanna. Io yoiai caaeneo aeinooiiinoue
yeaiaioia
aaciaiai eeanna, eae ec yeaiaioia-ooieoeee i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna,
oae e ecaia – /a?ac iauaeou i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna. Caeanue aiciiaeiu
neaaeothuea aa?eaiou:
– i?eaaoiay /anoue aaciaiai eeanna A anaaaea aeeth/aaony a
i?eaaoioth /anoue i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna B, ii i?e yoii iaiin?aaenoaaiii
iaaeinooiia ec yeaiaioiaooieoeee eeanna B. Yoi niioaaonoaoao oiio
oaeoo, /oi a eeanna B ?ac?aoaaony ?aaioaoue n aaciaui iauaeoii
eeanna A oieueei ?ac?aoaiiuie a eeanna A n?aaenoaaie, oi anoue /a?ac
yeaiaiou-ooieoeee eeanna A. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeyao iauyaeaiea anaai
eeanna B ae?oaeanoaaiiui a eeanna A;
– ii oiie/aieth, oi anoue i?e eniieueciaaiee caaieiaea aeaea
class B : A { }
ioaee/iay /anoue eeanna A iiiaaeaao a i?eaaoioth /anoue eeanna B.
Yoi cia/eo, /oi yeaiaiou-ooieoeee eeanna A aeinooiiu ec
yeaiaioia-ooieoeee eeanna B, ii ia iiaoo auoue aucaaiu ecaia, oi anoue
i?e ia?auaiee e iauaeoai eeanna B. Oi anoue aeey aiaoiaai iieueciaaoaey
eeanna B eioa?oaen eeanna A cae?uaaaony;
– a i?ioeaiii neo/aa, i?e iauyaeaiee
class B : public A { }
ioaee/iay /anoue eeanna A iiiaaeaao a ioaee/ioth /anoue eeanna B,
e aiaoiee iieueciaaoaeue i?e ?aaioa n iauaeoaie eeanna B iiaeao
i?eiaieoue eioa?oaenu eae i?iecaiaeiiai, oae e aaciaiai eeannia;
– e iaeiiaoe, a ii?aaeaeaiee ioaee/iie /anoe eeanna B iiaeii
yaii oeacaoue yeaiaiou-ooieoeee (a oaeaea aeaiiua) ioaee/iie /anoe
aaciaiai eeanna A, eioi?ua iiiaaeatho a ioaee/ioth /anoue eeanna B, oi
anoue auiieieoue i?aaeuaeouaa aeaenoaea naeaeoeaii ii ioiioaieth e
ioaeaeueiui yeaiaioai (i?e yoii oeacuaaaony oieueei eiy yeaiaioa):
class B : A {
…
public:
…
public A::fun;
…
}
Ia?a/eneaiiua aa?eaiou ecia?aaeaiu ia noaia:
class A class B
———–¬ —————-¬
¦ privat ======================> privat A ¦
+———-+ ¦ (iaaeinooiai B)¦
¦ public ¦ class B:A +—————+
¦ ======================> privat B ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ (aeinooiai B) ¦
¦ ¦ class B : public A ¦===============¦
¦ ======================> public B ¦
¦ ¦ class B : A { … ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ public A::newadr; ¦ i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna
L———– L—————
Ec ?anniio?aiiuo aa?eaioia aeaeii, /oi i?eaaoiay /anoue aaciaiai
eeanna iaaeinooiia a ethaii i?iecaiaeiii eeanna, /oi anoanoaaiii
neaaeoao ec naienoa cae?uoinoe ii?aaeaeaiey eeanna. Iaeiaei ii
aiaeiaee n ae?oaeanoaaiiinoueth aaciaue eeann iiaeao ?ac?aoeoue aeinooi
e naiei yeaiaioai ee/iie /anoe a i?iecaiaeiuo eeannao. Yoi aeaeaaony
i?e iiiiue iauyaeaiey caueuaiiuo (protected) yeaiaioia.
Yeaiaio n iaoeie protected a aaciaii eeanna aoiaeeo a i?eaaoioth
/anoue aaciaiai eeanna. E?iia oiai, ii aeinooiai e a i?eaaoiie
/anoe i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna. Anee aea aaciaue eeann aeeth/aaony a
i?iecaiaeiue eae public, oi caueuaiiue yeaiaio noaiiaeony caueuaiiui e a
i?iecaiaeiii eeanna, oi anoue iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny a iineaaeothueo
i?iecaiaeiuo eeannao. Neacaiiia iiyniei i?eia?ii e noaiie:
class A
{
int a1; // Iau/iue i?eaaoiue yeaiaio
protected: int a2; // Caueuaiiue i?eaaoiue yeaiaio
public:
}
class B : A // a1,a2 a i?eaaoiie /anoe B
{
void x();
}
void B::x()
{
a1 = 5; // Ioeaea: a1 iaaeinooiai a B
a2 = 3; // a2 aeinooiai a i?eaaoiie /anoe B
}
class B : public A // a2 aeinooiai e caueuai a i?eaaoiie
{ // /anoe B, iayaii eiaao ianoi
// protected: int a2;
}
class A class B
———–¬ —————-¬
¦ privat ======================> privat A ¦
+———-+ ¦ (iaaeinooiai B)¦
¦ protected¦ class B:A +—————+
¦ ======================> privat B ¦
¦ ===============¬ ¦ (aeinooiai B) ¦
+———-+ class B: public A +—————+
¦ public ¦ L======> protected B ==========>
¦ ¦ ¦===============¦
¦ ¦ ¦ public ¦
6.4 Nnueee ia iauaeou aaciaiai e i?iecaiaeiiai eeannia
—————————————————-
Ec eeanne/aneiai Ne ecaanoii, /oi iooai i?enaaeaaiey nnueeai
?acee/iiai oeia iaeiiai e oiai aea cia/aiey (aae?ana) iiaeii ?aaioaoue n
iauae iaiyoueth eae n ?acee/iuie no?oeoo?aie aeaiiuo. I?e yoii
i?aia?aciaaiea oeia e i?enaaeaaiea ia iaiytho cia/aiey nnueee, oi anoue
aae?ana iaiyoe.
I?eiaieoaeueii e aaciaiio e i?iecaiaeiiio eeanno iiaeii
neacaoue, /oi, i?aia?acoy nnueeo ia iauaeo i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna e
nnueea ia iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna, iu iieo/aai aeinooi e aeiaeaiiiio
iauaeoo aaciaiai eeanna. Ii i?e oaeii o?aeoiaaiee i?aia?aciaaiey oeia
nnueee o?aineyoi?o iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue ?aciauaiea iauaeoa aaciaiai
eeanna a i?iecaiaeiii, /oi ii e aeaeaao. A ?acoeueoaoa i?e oaeii
i?aia?aciaaiee (i?enaaeaaiee) cia/aiea nnueee (aae?an iaiyoe) iiaeao
ieacaoueny ia ?aaiui enoiaeiiio. Aaeaeo oiai, /oi oaeie ia?aoiae io
iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna e aaciaiio /anoi ano?a/aaony e
ei??aeoe?oaony o?aineyoi?ii, yoi i?aia?aciaaiea oeia nnueee a Ne++
iiaeao auouee auiieiaii iayaii (inoaeueiua i?aia?aciaaiey
oeiia nnueie aeieaeiu auoue yaiyie)
Iiai/iue yooaeo oaeiai i?aia?aciaaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi
o?aineyoi? “caauaaao” ia iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna e aianoi
ia?aii?aaeaeaiiuo a iai ooieoeee aucuaaao ooieoeee aaciaiai eeanna.
class A
{
public: void f1();
};
class B : A
{
public: void f1(); // Ia?aii?aaeaeaia a eeanne B
void f2(); //
};
A *pa;
B *pb;
B x;
pa = &x; // Iayaiia i?aia?aciaaiea nnueee
// ia iauaeo eeanna B a nnueeo
// ia iauaeo eeanna A
pa->f1(); // Aucia ooieoeee ec aeiaeaiiiai
// iauaeoa aaciaiai eeanna A::f1(),
// oioy iia ia?aii?aaeaeaia
Ia?aoiia i?aia?aciaaiea io nnueee ia aaciaue eeann e nnueea
ia i?iecaiaeiue iiaeao auoue naeaeaii oieueei yaii. I?e yoii
ei??aeoiinoue oaeiai i?aia?aciaaiey caaeneo io i?ia?aiiu:
pb = (B*) pa; // Ia?aoiia i?aia?aciaaiea – yaiia
pb ->f2(); // Ei??aeoii, anee iiae “pa” aue
// iauaeo eeanna “B”
6.5 I?eioeei iauaeoii-i?eaioe?iaaiiiai i?ia?aiie?iaaiey
——————————————————
Iiiyoea i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna yaeyaony iniiaie
iauaeoiii?eaie?iaaiiiai iiaeoiaea e i?ia?aiie?iaaieth, eioi?ia iiaeii
ii?aaeaeeoue
eae i?ia?aiie?iaaiea “io eeanna e eeanno”. O?aaeeoeeiiiia
i?ia?aiie?iaaiea “io ooieoeee e ooieoeee” i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi aiiaue
?ac?aaaouaaaiua no?oeoo?u aeaiiuo aeeth/atho a naay ii?aaeaeaiiua
?aiaa, a
iiaua ooieoeee aeeth/atho auciau ?aiaa ii?aaeaeaiiuo.
I?e ?ac?aaioea iauaeoii-i?eaioe?iaaiiie i?ia?aiiu i?ia?aiieno
nicaeaao i?iecaiaeiua eeannu, eioi?ua aaoiiaoe/anee ianeaaeotho
ana naienoaa aaciauo, a caoai ia?aii?aaeaeyao iaeioi?ua eo ooieoeee
e aeiaaaeyao iiaua. A i?eioeeia ie/oi ia i?aiyonoaoao ia ethaii
o?iaia ?ac?aaioee ia?aeoe e o?aaeeoeeiiiiio i?ia?aiie?iaaieth e
nicaeaaaoue eeiaeioth i?ia?aiio, eniieuecoy iauaeou oaea
nouanoaothueo
eeannia. Neaaeiaaiea aea oaoiieiaee iauaeoii-i?eaioe?iaaiiiai
i?ia?aiie?iaaiey “aei eiioea” i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi i?eeeaaeiay
i?ia?aiia
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eeann naiiai aa?oiaai o?iaiy, a aa auiieiaiea
– nicaeaiea iauaeoa yoiai eeanna eee auiieiaiea aeey iaai iaeioi?ie
ooieoeee oeia “run”.
Eaeoeey 7. Ae?ooaeueiua ooieoeee.
—————————–
7.1 Iiiyoea ae?ooaeueiie ooieoeee
——————————
Aeinoaoi/ii /anoi i?ia?aiienoo o?aaoaony nicaeaaaoue no?oeoo?u
aeaiiuo, aeeth/athueo a naay ia?aiaiiia /enei iauaeoia ?acee/iuo oeiia.
Aeey i?aaenoaaeaiey eo a i?ia?aiiao eniieuecothony nienee eee ianneau
nnueie ia yoe iauaeou. Iauaeou ?aciuo eeannia eiatho niioaaonoaaiii
?acee/iua oeiu nnueie, a aeey o?aiaiey a ianneaa eee nienea o?aaoaony
iaeei oei nnueie. Aeey i?aiaeieaiey yoiai i?ioeai?a/ey ana yoe eeannu
iauaeoia o?aaoaony naeaeaoue i?iecaiaeiuie io iaeiiai e oiai aea
aaciaiai eeanna, a i?e caiene a iannea i?aia?aciauaaoue nnueeo ia
iauaeo i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna a nnueeo ia iauaeo aaciaiai.
p[] A1
+—+ -b———¬
¦ ———————>-a——-¬¦======== b::f()
+—+ ¦L———¦===¬
¦ ————¬ L———– ¦
+—+ ¦ C1 ¦
¦ ———-¬ ¦ -c———¬ ¦
+—+ ¦ L——–>-a——-¬¦======== c::f()
¦ ¦L———¦===¦
¦ L———– ¦
¦ A1 ¦
L———->-a——-¬ ===¦==== a::f()
L——–
class a
{ … void f(); };
class b : public a
{ … void f(); };
class c : public a
{ … void f(); };
a A1;
b B1;
c C1;
a *p[3]; // Iannea nnueie ia iauaeou AE
p[0] = &B1; // Nnueee ia iauaeou AE a
p[1] = &C1; // iauaeoao IE
p[2] = &A1;
Iaeiaei i?e oaeii i?aia?aciaaiee oeia “nnueea ia iauaeo IE” e
oeio “nnueea ia iauaeo AE” i?ienoiaeeo iioa?y eioi?iaoeee i oii,
eaeie iauaeo i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna “ie?oaeaao” aeinooiiue /a?ac nnueeo
iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna. Iiyoiio aianoi ia?aii?aaeaeaiiuo ooieoeee a
i?iecaiaeiuo eeannao aoaeoo aucuaaoueny ooieoeee a aaciaii, oi
anoue
p[0]->f(); // Aucia a::f()
p[1]->f(); // ai anao neo/ayo, oioy f()
p[2]->f(); // ia?aii?aaeaeaiu
Iaeiaei ii eiaeea iinoaaeaiiie caaea/e o?aaoaony, /oiau aucuaaaiay
ooieoeey niioaaonoaiaaea oiio iauaeoo, eioi?ue ?aaeueii iaoiaeeony iiae
nnueeie. Iaeaieaa i?inoi yoi naeaeaoue oae:
– o?aieoue a iauaeoa aaciaiai eeanna eaeaioeoeeaoi?
“ie?oaeathuaai” aai i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna;
– a nienea eee oaaeeoea o?aieoue nnueee ia iauaeo aaciaiai
eeanna;
– i?e auciaa ooieoeee ii nnueea ia iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna
eaeaioeoeoee?iaaoue oei i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna e yaii aucuaaoue aeey iaai
ia?aii?aaeaeaiioth ooieoeeth;
– eaeaioeoeeaoi? eeanna onoaiaaeeaaoue i?e nicaeaiee iauaeoa ,
oi anoue a aai eiino?oeoi?a.
class a
{
public: int id; // Eaeaioeoeeaoi? eeanna
void f();
void newf(); // Iiaay ooieoeey f() n eaeaioeoeeaoeeae IE
}
a::a() // Eiino?oeoi?u iauaeoia
{ …
id = 0;
}
b::b()
{ …
id = 1;
}
c::c()
{ …
id = 2
}
void a::newf()
{
switch (id)
{
case 0: a::f(); break;
case 1: b::f(); break;
case 2: c::f(); break;
}
}
p[0]->newf(); // Aucia b::f() aeey B1
p[1]->newf(); // Aucia c::f() aeey C1
p[2]->newf(); // Aucia a::f() aeey A1
Ionthaea neaaeoao ii?aaeaeaiea ae?ooaeueiie ooieoeee. Ae?ooaeueiay
ooieoeey (AO) – yoi ooieoeey, ii?aaeaeyaiay a aaciaii e ianeaaeoaiay
eee ia?aii?aaeaeyaiay a i?iecaiaeiuo eeannao. I?e auciaa aa ii
nnueea ia iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna i?ienoiaeeo aucia oie ooieoeee,
eioi?ay niioaaonoaoao eeanno iauaeoa, aeeth/athuaio a naay aeaiiue
iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna.
Oaeei ia?acii, anee i?e i?aia?aciaaiee oeia “nnueea ia IE” e oeio
“nnueea ia AE” i?ienoiaeeo iioa?y eioi?iaoeee ia iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai
eeanna, oi i?e auciaa ae?ooaeueiie ooieoeee i?ienoiaeeo ia?aoiue
i?ioeann iayaiiai ainnoaiiaeaiey oeia iauaeoa.
?aaeecaoeey iaoaiecia ae?ooaeueiuo ooieoeee caeeth/aaony a
nicaeaiee eiiieeyoi?ii oaaeeoeu aae?ania ae?ooaeueiuo ooieoeee
(nnueie).
Oaeay oaaeeoea nicaeaaony aeey aaciaiai eeanna e aeey eaaeaeiai
aeeth/aiey aaciaiai eeanna a i?iecaiaeiue. A iauaeoa aaciaiai eeanna
nicaeaaony aeiiieieoaeueiue yeaiaio – nnueea ia oaaeeoeo aae?ania
aai ae?ooaeueiuo ooieoeee. Yoa nnueea onoaiaaeeaaaony eiino?oeoo?ii i?e
nicaeaiee iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna. I?e auciaa ae?ooaeueiie
ooieoeee ii nnueea ia iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna ec iauaeoa aa?aony
nnueea ia oaaeeoeo ooieoeee e ec iaa aa?aony aae?an ooieoeee ii
oeene?iaaiiiio niauaieth. Ieaea eeethno?e?oaony ?aaeecaoeey yoiai
iaoaiecia (iiae/a?eioou yeaiaiou, nicaeaaaaiua iayaii eiiieeyo?ii).
class A
{
——> void (**ftable)(); // Nnueea ia oaaeeoeo aae?ania
// ae?ooaeueiuo ooieoeee
public:
virtual void x();
virtual void y();
virtual void z();
A();
~A();
};
// Oaaeeoea aae?ania ooieoeee eeanna A
——> void (*TableA[])() = { A::x, A::y, A::z };
A::A()
{
——> ftable = TableA; // Onoaiiaea oaaeeoeu aeey eeanna A
}
class B : public A
{
public:
void x();
void z();
B();
~B();
};
// Oaaeeoea aae?ania ooieoeee eeanna A
// a eeanna B
–> void (*TableB[])() = { B::x, A::y, B::z };
¦ L ia?aii?aaeaeyaony a B
B::B() L—— ianeaaeoaony ec A
{
–> ftable = TableB; // Onoaiiaea oaaeeoeu aeey eeanna B
}
void main()
{
A* p; // Nnueea p aaciaiai eeanna A
B nnn; // nnueaaony ia iauaeo i?iecaiaep = &nnn;
// iiai eeanna B
?aaeecaoeey
p->z(); ——————> (*(p->ftable[2]))();
}
p nnn TableB B::z()
—–¬ ——–>–B—–¬ —–>———¬ —>———-¬
¦ —— ftable¦–A—¬¦ ¦ 0+——–+ ¦ ¦ ¦
L—– ¦¦ —— 1+——–+ ¦ ¦ ¦
¦+—–+¦ 2¦ ——— L———
¦¦ ¦¦ L——–
7.2 Aano?aeoiua eeannu
———————
Anee aaciaue eeann eniieuecoaony oieueei aeey ii?iaeaeaiey
i?iecaiaeiuo eeannia, oi ae?ooaeueiua ooieoeee a aaciaii eeanna
iiaoo
auoue “ionouie”, iineieueeo ieeiaaea ia aoaeoo aucaaiu aeey iauaeoa
aaciaiai eeanna. Oaeie aaciaue eeann iacuaaaony aano?aeoiui.
Ae?ooaeueiua ooieoeee a ii?aaeaeaiee eeanna iaicia/athony neaaeothuei
ia?acii:
class base
{
public:
virtual print() =0;
virtual get() =0;
}
Anoanoaaiii, /oi ii?aaeaeyoue oaea yoeo ooieoeee ia o?aaoaony.
7.3 Iiiaeanoaaiiia ianeaaeiaaiea e ae?ooaeueiua ooieoeee
—————————————————
Iiiaeanoaaiiui ianeaaeiaaieai iacuaaaony i?ioeann nicaeaiey
i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna ec aeaoo e aieaa aaciauo. A yoii neo/aa
i?iecaiaeiue eeann ianeaaeoao aeaiiua e ooieoeee anao naieo aaciauo
eeannia.
Nouanoaaiiui aeey ?aaeecaoeee iiiaeanoaaiiiai ianeaaeiaaiey yaeyaony
oi, /oi aae?ana iauaeoia aoi?iai e o.ae. aaciauo eeannia ia niaiaaeatho
n aae?anii iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai e ia?aiai aaciaiai eeannia,
oi anoue eiatho oeene?iaaiiua niauaiey ioiineoaeueii ia/aea iauaeoa:
class d : public a,public b, public c { };
d D1;
pd = &D1; // #define db sizeof(a)
pa = pd; // #define dc sizeof(a)+sizeof(b)
pb = pd; // pb = (char*)pd + db
pc = pd; // pc = (char*)pd + dc
D1
pd ——————–>-d———¬
pa ———————>-a——-¬¦T T
¦¦ ¦¦¦ ¦ db = sizeof(a)
¦L———¦¦ +
pb ———————>-b——-¬¦¦ dc = sizeof(a) + sizeof(b)
¦L———¦¦
pc ———————>-c——-¬¦+
¦L———¦
¦ ¦
L———-
I?aia?aciaaiea nnueee ia iauaeo i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna e nnueea
ia iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna o?aaoao aeiaaaeaiey e oeacaoaeth oaeouaai
iauaeoa this niioaaonoaothuaai niauaiey (db,dc), ia?aoiia i?aia?aciaaiea
– au/eoaiea yoiai aea niauaiey. Oaeia aeaenoaea auiieiyaony
eiiieeyoi?ii, eiaaea a iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna ianeaaeoaony
ooieoeey ec aoi?iai e o.ae. aaciaiai eeanna, iai?eia? i?e ii?aaeaeaiee a
eeanna “b” ooieoeee “f()” e aa ianeaaeiaaiee a eeanna “d” aucia D1.f()
aoaeao ?aaeeciaai neaaeothuei ia?acii:
this = &D1; // Aae?an iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna
this = (char*)this + db // Aae?an iauaeoa eeanna b a iai
b::f(this); // Aucia ooieoeee a eeanna b ni naiei
// iauaeoii
?anniio?ei iniaaiiinoe iaoaiecia ae?ooaeueiuo ooieoeee i?e
iiiaeanoaaiiii ianeaaeiaaiee. Ai-ia?auo, ia eaaeaeue aaciaue eeann a
i?iecaiaeiii eeanna nicaeaaony naiy oaaeeoea ae?ooaeueiuo ooieoeee (a
iaoai neo/aa – aeey “a” a “d”, aeey “b” a “d” e aeey “c” a “d”).
Ai-aoi?uo, anee ooieoeey aaciaiai eeanna ia?aii?aaeaeaia a
i?iecaiaeiii, oi i?e auciaa ae?ooaeueiie ooieoeee o?aaoaony
i?aia?aciaaoue
nnueeo ia iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna a nnueeo ia iauaeo i?iecaiaeiiai,
oi anoue aeey aoi?iai e o.ae. aaciauo eeannia au/anoue ec this
niioaaonoaothuaa niauaiea. Aeey yoiai o?aineyoi? aeeth/aao
niioaaonoaothuee eiae, ei??aeoe?othuee cia/aiea this a aeaea “caieaou”,
ia?aaeathuae oi?aaeaiea eiiaiaeie ia?aoiaea e ia?aii?aaeaeyaiie
ooieoeee.
class a
{
public: virtual void f();
virtual void g();
};
class b
{
public: virtual void h();
virtual void t();
};
class c : public a, public b
{ // f(),t() ianeaaeothony
public: void g(); // g() ia?aii?aaeaeyaony
void h(); // h() ia?aii?aaeaeyaony
}
a A1;
b B1;
c C1;
pa = &A1;
pb = &B1;
pa->f(); // Aucia a::f()
pb->h(); // Aucia b::h()
pa = &C1;
pb = &C1;
pa->f(); // Aucia a::f()
pa->g(); // Aucia c::g()
pb->h(); // Aucia c::h()
pb->t(); // Aucia b::t()
Oaaeeoeu ae?ooaeueiuo ooieoeee aeey aeaiiiai i?eia?a eiatho aeae:
A1
-a—-¬ Oaaeeoea AO aeey “a”
¦ ————>——–¬
+—–+ ¦a::f() ¦
L—— +——-+
¦a::g() ¦
L——- B1
-b—-¬ Oaaeeoea AO aeey “b”
¦ ————>——–¬
+—–+ ¦b::h() ¦
L—— +——-+
¦b::t() ¦
L——- C1
T –c—–¬ Oaaeeoea AO aeey “a” a “c”
¦ ¦–a—¬¦ ——–¬
db ¦ ¦¦ ———–>¦a::f() ¦
¦ ¦L——¦ +——-+
+ ¦–b—¬¦ ¦c::g() ¦
¦¦ ——-¬ L——- ¦L——¦ ¦ Oaaeeoea AO
aeey “b” a “c”
¦ ¦ ¦
¦ ¦ L—>——–¬ “Caieaoa” aeey c::h()
L——– ¦ xxx()—–>–xxx()—————-¬
+——-+ ¦ this=(char*)this – db¦
¦b::t() ¦ ¦ goto c::h ¦
L——– L———————-
Ae?oaei aa?eaioii ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu yaeyaony o?aiaiea iaiaoiaeeiuo
niauaiee a naieo oaaeeoeao ae?ooaeueiuo ooieoeee.
7.4. Ae?ooaeueiua aaciaua eeannu
——————————
A i?ioeanna ea?a?oe/aneiai ii?aaeaeaiey i?iecaiaeiuo eeannia
iiaeao iieo/eoueny, /oi a iauaeo i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna aieaeoo
ianeieueei iauaeoia aaciaiai eeanna, iai?eia?
class base {}
class a : public base {}
class b : public base {}
class c : a, b {}
A eeanna “c” i?enoonoaotho aeaa iauaeoa eeanna base. Aeey
eneeth/aiey oaeiai aeoaee?iaaiey iauaeo aaciaiai eeanna aeieaeai
auoue
iauyaeai ae?ooaeueiui
class a : virtual public base {}
class b : virtual public base {}
class c : public a, public b {}
a A1;
b B1;
c C1;
Iauaeo iaueiiaaiiiai aaciaiai eeanna ?aniieaaaaony, eae i?aaeei, a
ia/aea iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai eeanna e eiaao oeene?iaaiiia
niauaiea. Anee aea aaciaue eeann yaeyaony ae?ooaeueiui, oi o?aaoaony
aai aeeiaie/aneia ?aciauaiea. Oiaaea a iauaeoa i?iecaiaeiiai
eeanna ia niioaaonoaothuai ianoa ?aciauaaony ia iauaeo aaciaiai
eeanna, a nnueea ia iaai, eioi?ay onoaiaaeeaaaony eiino?oeoi?ii.
Aeey auoai?eaaaeaiiiai i?eia?a eiaai
A1 B1 C1
–a——¬ –b—–¬ –c—————¬
¦ ——¬ ¦ ——¬ ¦ –a——-¬ ¦
+——–+ ¦ +——-+ ¦ ¦ ¦ ——-¬ ¦
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ +———+ ¦ ¦
¦-base–¬s); // aoi?ie iauaeo e eeanno no?ie
} // (ia?aoiae io AE e IE)
//——————————————————-char
*string::NAME() // Aica?auaao eiy eeanna no?ie
{ return(“No?iea”); }
//——————————————————-base
*string::COPY() // Nicaeaiea eiiee iauaeoa
{ // aac eiie?iaaiey cia/aiey
string *p = new string; //
return(p); //
}
//——————————————————-string::operato
r long() // I?aia?aciaaiea e oeio long {
// aica?auaao aeeeio no?iee
return (sz);
}
//——————————————————-string::operato
r char*() // I?aia?aciaaiea e oeio char* {
// aica?auaao oaenoiaia i?aaenoaachar *p = new char[sz];
// eaiea cia/aiey iauaeoa
strcpy(p,s);
return(p);
}
//——————————————————–base&
string::operator+(char* two) // Iia?aoeey “+ no?iea”
{ // Eiieaoaiaoeey no?iee a iauaeoa
char ss[80]; // e aoiaeiie no?iee
strcpy(ss,s); //
strcat(ss,two);
delete s;
s = new char[sz = strlen(ss)+1];
strcpy(s,ss);
return(*(base*)this); // Aica?aoeoue iayaioth nnueeo ia iauaeo
} // aeiaeaiiiai aaciaiai eeanna
//——————————————————-
Aaciaue eeann “base” iaiaoiaeei eneeth/eoaeueii aeey iaania/aiey
eaeaioe/iiai aeinooia e ethaiio yeaiaioo aacu aeaiiuo iacaaeneii io
aai eeanna. Yoi aano?aeoiue eeann, niaea?aeauee iauyaeaiea anao
auoaia?a/eneaiiuo ooieoeee e iia?aoeee ae?ooaeueiuie.
class base
{
public:
virtual int GET()=0; // Aaiae cia/aiey iauaeoa
virtual void PUT()=0; // Auaiae cia/aiey iauaeoa
virtual int CMP(base*)=0; // N?aaiaiea cia/aiee iauaeoia
virtual char *NAME()=0; // Aica?auaao eiy eeanna
virtual base *COPY()=0; // Aica?auaao eiieth iauaeoa
virtual operator long()=0; // I?aia?aciaaiea e oeio long
virtual operator char*()=0; // I?aia?aciaaiea e oeio char*
virtual base& operator+(char*)=0;
// Iia?aoeey “+ no?iea”
virtual ~base(); // Ae?ooaeueiue aeano?oeoi? aeey
// ?ac?ooaiey iauaeoa IE ii
}; // nnueea ia AE
Naia aeaoia?iay oaaeeoea iauaeoia i?aaieciaaia o?aaeeoeeiiiui
aeey no?oeoo? ia?aiaiiie ?acia?iinoe niiniaii:
– yeaiaio AAe nicaeaaony a aeeiaie/aneie iaiyoe i?e aeiaaaeaiee
no?iee e AAe;
– no?iea AAe i?aaenoaaeaia ianneaii nnueie ia iauaeou eeanna
base. Nai iannea oaeaea nicaeaaony a aeeiaie/aneie iaiyoe i?e
aeiaaaeaiee iiaie no?iee a AAe;
– nnueee ia no?iee nia?aiu a iannea, eioi?ue nicaeaaony
eiino?oeoi?ii aacu aeaiiuo e caiieiyaony i?e auciaa ooieoeee aeiaaaeaiey
no?iee (oaaeeoea no?ie AAe);
– iauaeo eeanna AAe (table) niaea?aeeo nnueeo TBL ia oaaeeoeo
no?ie.
Iniai neaaeoao inoaiiaeoueny ia niiniaa iacia/aiey noieaoeai
oeiia niaea?aeaueony a ieo yeaiaioia AAe (eee eeannia iauaeoia). Yoi
aeaeaaony i?e iiiiue no?iee caaieiaea AAe – head. Yoio iannea
niaea?aeeo nnueee ia iauaeou, eeannu eioi?uo eaeaioeoeoee?otho oeiu
yeaiaioia a niioaaonoaothueo noieaoeao. I?e nicaeaiee iiaie no?iee AAe
ae?ooaeueiie ooieoeeae COPY nicaeathony eiiee iauaeoia ec no?iee
caaieiaea AAe, aeey eioi?uo caoai aucuaaaony ae?ooaeueiay ooieoeey
aaiaea cia/aiee GET.
No?iea caaieiaea nicaeaaony eiino?oeoi?ii iauaeoa eeanna AAe.
Eiaaony iaith oeiia yeaiaioia, eioi?ia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iannea
nnueie (TYPE) ia iauaeou eeannia string,integer,dat e o.ae.. Ye?aiiia
iaith no?ieony i?e iiiiue auciaa ae?ooaeueiie ooieoeee auaiaea
eiaie eeanna TYPE[i]->NAME(). Iinea auai?a no?iee iaith nnueea ia
niioaaonoaothuee aua?aiiue iauaeo ia?aiineony a no?ieo caaieiaea AAe.
class table
{
int nc; // Eiee/anoai noieaoeia
int nr; // Eiee/anoai no?ie
char **names; // Eiaia no?iaoeia
base **head; // No?iea iauaeoia caaieiaea AAe
// aeey iauyaeaiey oeiia iauaeoia
base ***TBL; // Oaaeeoea no?ie AAe
public:
void append(); // Aeiaaaeaiea no?iee a AAe
void sort(int); // Ni?oe?iaea ii cia/aieyi noieaoea
long averrage(int); // Iiaen/ao n?aaeiaai a?eoiaoe/aneiai
// aeey noieaoea
base& operator()(int,int);
// Auai? iauaeoa ec AAe
table(); // Eiino?oeoi? – nicaeaiea AAe
~table(); // Aeano?oeoi? – oaeaeaiea AAe
}
iauaeo AAe
TBL Iannea no?ie AAe
–¬ ———¬0
¦——->+——–+.. Yeaiaio AAe
L– +——–+i No?iea AAe string
base*** ¦ ———–>———¬0 integer
+——–+ +——–+.. real
+——–+ +——–+j –dat——-¬
base** ¦ ————–>-base—–¬¦
+——–+ ¦L———-¦
base* ¦ ¦
L———–
base
head No?iea caaieiaea AAe
–¬ S0
¦————–>———¬0 -string—¬
L– ¦ ——————>-base—¬¦
base** +——–+ ———->L——–¦
¦ ————–¬ L———
+——–+ ¦ ¦ D0
¦ ——— ¦ -dat——¬
+——–+ L—>-base—¬¦
base* ¦L——–¦
L———//——————————————————//
Iaith eeannia iauaeoia (oeiia noieaoeia)
string S0;
dat D0;
time T0;
integer I0;
base *TYPE[] = {
(base*) &S0;
(base*) &D0;
(base*) &T0;
(base*) &I0;
};
//—————————————————–// Nicaeaiea
no?oeoo?u AAe
#define MAXCOL 30
#define MAXREC 1000
table::table()
{
int i,j,n;
char ss[80];
names = new char*[MAXCOL]; // Oaaeeoea aae?ania eiai noieaoeia
head = new base*[MAXCOL]; // Oaaeeoea nnueie ia iauaeou
for (nc=0; nc
}
//—— auai? oeia noieaoea – n
head[nc] = TYPE[n]; // Nnueea ia iauaeo n eeannii,
// niioaaonoaothuei eeanno
// iauaeoia noieaoea
TBL = new base**[MAXREC];
nr = 0; // Oaaeeoea nnueie ia no?iee AAe
}
}
//——————————————————//
Aeano?oeoi? AAe
tabe::~table()
{
int i,j;
for (i=0; i
printf(“Noieaaoe %s oeia %s :”,names[i],head[i]->NAME());
// Auaiae iiaeneacee eiaie e oeia noieaoea
while(TBL[nr][i]->GET() ==0);// Aaiae cia/aiey iiaiai iauaeoa
}
nr++;
}
//——————————————————-//
Iaoiaeaeaiea n?aaeiaai a?eoiaoe/aneiai ii caaeaiiiio noieaoeo
long table::averrage(int n)
{
long r;
int i;
if (n=nc) return(0);
for (r=0, i=0; i
if (j= nc) return(empty);
return (*TBL[i][j]); // Aica?aoeoue iayaioth nnueeo ia iauaeo
}
//——————————————————–// I?eia?
?aaiou n eeannii ?AAe
void main()
{
int i,j;
table R; // Nicaeaiea AAe
for (i=0; i class vector
{
int tsize; // Iauaa eiee/anoai yeaiaoia
int csize; // Oaeouaa eiee/anoai yeaiaioia
T **obj; // Iannea nnueie ia ia?aiao?eciaai // iua iauaeou oeia “T”
public:
T *operator[](int);
// iia?aoi? [int] aica?auaao nnueeo
// ia ia?aiao?eciaaiiue iauaeo
// eeanna “T”
void insert(T*); // ooieoeey aeeth/aiey iauaeoa oeia “T”
int extract(T*); //
};
Aeaiiue oaaeii iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny aeey ii?iaeaeaiey
iauaeoia-aaeoi?ia, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo o?aieo iauaeou ii?aaeaeaiiiai
oeia. Eiy eeanna i?e yoii ninoaaeyaony ec eiaie
oaaeiia “vector” e eiaie oeia aeaiiuo (eeanna), eioi?ue iiaenoaaeyaony
aianoi ia?aiao?a “O”:
vector
vector
extern class time;
vector
Caiaoei, /oi o?aineyoi?ii i?e ii?aaeaeaiee eaaeaeiai
aaeoi?a n iiaui oeiii iauaeoia aaia?e?oaony iienaiea iiaiai
eeanna ii caaeaiiiio oaaeiio (anoanoaaiii, iayaii a i?ioeanna
o?aineyoeee):
class vector
{
int tsize;
int csize;
int **obj;
public:
int *operator[](int);
void insert(int*);
int index(int*);
};
Aeaeaa neaaeoao i/aaeaeiia ooaa?aeaeaiea, /oi yeaiaiouooieoeee oaaeiia
oaeaea aeieaeiu auoue ia?aiao?eciaaiu, oi anoue
aaia?e?iaaoueny aeey eaaeaeiai iiaiai oeia aeaiiuo. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
yoi oae: yeaiaiou-ooieoeee oaaeiia eeannia a naith
i/a?aaeue oaeaea yaeythony oaaeiiiuie ooieoeeyie n oai aea naiui
ia?aiao?ii. Oi aea naiia eanaaony ia?aii?aaeaeyaiuo iia?aoi?ia:
— ia?aiao? oaaeiia – eeann “T”, aioo?aiiee
¦ oei aeaiiuo
¦ — eiy yeaiaioa-ooieoeee eee
¦ ¦ iia?aoi?a – ia?aiao?eciaaii
¦ ¦
template
{
if (n >=tsize) return(NULL);
return (obj[n]);
}
template
{
int n;
for (n=0; n
{
if (n >=tsize) return(NULL);
return (obj[n]);
}
int vector
{
int n;
for (n=0; n
{
int fst,lst; // Oeacaoaee ia ia/aei-eiiaoe
// i/a?aaee
T queue[size]; // Iannea iauaeoia eeanna “T”
// ?acia?iinoe “size”
public:
T from(); // Ooieoeee aeeth/aiey-eneeth/aiey
void into(T); //
FIFO(); // Eiino?oeoi?
};
template
{
fst = lst = 0;
}
template
{
T work;
if (fst !=lst)
{
work = area[lst++];
lst = lst % size;
}
return(work);
}
template
{
area[fst++] = obj;
fst = fst % size;
}
I?eia? eniieueciaaiey:
FIFO
FIFO
struct x {};
FIFO
I?eia? naaia?e?iaaiiiai eiiieeyoi?ii eeanna aeey iauaeoa “a”.
class FIFO
{
int fst,lst;
double queue[100];
public:
double from();
void into(double);
FIFO();
};
FIFO
{
fst = lst = 0;
}
double FIFO
{
double work;
if (fst !=lst)
{
work = area[lst++];
lst = lst % 100;
}
return(work);
}
void FIFO
{
area[fst++] = obj;
fst = fst % 100;
}
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