IINEIANEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE NIOeEAEUeIUE OIEAA?NEOAO
eaoaae?a nioeeaeueiie eioi?iaoeee
? A O A ? A O
I A O A I O :
“EIIIUeTHOA?IAss I?ANOOIIINOUe E
EIIIUeTHOA?IAss AACIIANIINOUe”
I?iaiaeeia TH.A. – nooaeaioea
II eo?na nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai
oaeoeueoaoa, aa/a?iaai ioaeaeaiey
a. Iineaa, 1996 a.
– 2 –
NIAeA?AEAIEA
Aaaaeaiea______________________________________3
Eiiiuethoa?iay i?anooiiinoue_____________________4
I?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea eiiiuethoa?iuo
i?anooieaiee_______11
Caueoa aeaiiuo a eiiiuethoa?iuo naoyo_____________12
Oece/aneay caueoa aeaiiuo_______________________15
I?ia?aiiiua e i?ia?aiiii-aiia?aoiua
iaoiaeu caueou________________________________18
Caeeth/aiea____________________________________22
Nienie eniieueciaaiiuo enoi/ieeia e eeoa?aoo?u_____23
– 3 –
Aaaaeaiea.
Eciaiaiey, i?ienoiaeyuea a yeiiiie/aneie aeecie ?innee –
nicaeaiea oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu, i?aaei?eyoee ?acee/iuo oi?i
nianoaaiiinoe e o.i. – ieacuaatho nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia aii?inu caueou
eioi?iaoeee. Aeieaia a?aiy a iaoae no?aia nouanoaiaaea oieueei iaeia
nianoaaiiinoue- ainoaea?noaaiiay, iiyoiio eioi?iaoeey e nae?aou auee
oiaea oieueei ainoaea?noaaiiua, eioi?ua io?aiyeenue iiuiuie
niaoeneoaeaaie.
I?iaeaiu eioi?iaoeeiiiie aaciianiinoe iinoiyiii onoaoaeyaony
i?ioeannaie i?iieeiiaaiey i?aeoe/anee ai ana noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe
iauanoaa oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa ia?aaioee e ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo e i?aaeaea
anaai au/eneeoaeueiuo nenoai. Yoi aeaao iniiaaiea iinoaaeoue i?iaeaio
eiiiuethoa?iiai i?aaa, iaeiei ec iniiaiuo aniaeoia eioi?ie yaeythony oae
iacuaaaiua eiiiuethoa?iua iinyaaoaeuenoaa. Ia aeooaeueiinoe i?iaeaiu
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao iaoe?iue ia?a/aiue aiciiaeiuo niiniaia eiiiuethoa?iuo
i?anooieaiee.
Iauaeoaie iinyaaoaeuenoa iiaoo auoue naie oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa
(eiiiuethoa?u e ia?eoa?ey) eae iaoa?eaeueiua iauaeou, i?ia?aiiiia
iaania/aiea e aacu aeaiiuo, aeey eioi?uo oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa yaeythony
ie?oaeaieai.
A yoii niunea eiiiuethoa? iiaeao aunooiaoue e eae i?aaeiao
iinyaaoaeuenoa, e eae eino?oiaio. Anee ?acaeaeyoue aeaa iineaaeieo
iiiyoey, oi oa?iei eiiiuethoa?iia i?anooieaiea eae th?eaee/aneay
eaoaai?ey ia eiaao iniaiai niunea. Anee eiiiuethoa? – oieueei iauaeo
iinyaaoaeuenoaa, oi eaaeeoeeaoeey i?aaiia?ooaiey iiaeao auoue
i?iecaaaeaia ii nouanoaothuei ii?iai i?aaa. Anee aea – oieueei
eino?oiaio, oi aeinoaoi/ai oieueei oaeie i?eciae, eae “i?eiaiaiea
oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa”. Aiciiaeii iauaaeeiaiea oeacaiiuo iiiyoee, eiaaea
eiiiuethoa? iaeiia?aiaiii e eino?oiaio e i?aaeiao. A /anoiinoe, e yoie
neooaoeee ioiineony oaeo oeuaiey iaoeiiie eioi?iaoeee. Anee oeuaiea
eioi?iaoeee naycaii n iioa?ae iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo oeaiiinoae, oi
yoio oaeo iiaeii eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue eae i?anooieaiea. Oaeaea anee n
aeaiiui oaeoii naycuaathony ia?ooaiey eioa?ania iaoeeiiaeueiie
aaciianiinoe, aaoi?noaa, oi oaieiaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?yii
i?aaeoniio?aia a niioaaonoaee n caeiiaie ?O.
Eaaeaeue naie ?aaiou eiiiuethoa?iie naoe yoi ia oieueei
“ii?aeueiue” oua?a aeey ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey e naoaauo
aaeieieno?aoi?ia. Ii ia?a ?acaeoey oaoiieiaee ieaoaaeae yeaeo?iiiuo,
“aacaoiaaeiiai” aeieoiaioiiai?ioa e ae?oaeo, na?ueaciue naie eieaeueiuo
naoae iiaeao i?inoi ia?aeeciaaoue ?aaioo oeaeuo ei?ii?aoeee e aaieia,
/oi i?eaiaeeo e iuooeiui iaoa?eaeueiui iioa?yi. Ia neo/aeii /oi caueoa
aeaiiuo a eiiiuethoa?iuo naoyo noaiiaeony iaeiie ec naiuo ino?uo i?iaeai
a
– 4 –
nia?aiaiiie eioi?iaoeea. Ia naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue noi?ioee?iaaii o?e
aaciauo i?eioeeia eioi?iaoeeiiiie aaciianiinoe, eioi?ay aeieaeia
iaania/eaaoue:
oeaeinoiinoue aeaiiuo – caueoo io naiaa, aaaeoueo e iioa?a
eioi?iaoeee, a
oaeaeaiaaaoi?eciaaiiiai
nicaeaiey eee oie/oiaeaiey
aeaiiuo.
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoue eioi?iaoeee e, iaeiia?aiaiii, aa
aeinooiiinoue aeey anao aaoi?eciaaiiuo iieueciaaoaeae.
Neaaeoao oaeaea ioiaoeoue, /oi ioaeaeueiua noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe
(aaieianeea e oeiainiaua einoeooou, eioi?iaoeeiiiua naoe, nenoaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, iai?iiiua e niaoeeaeueiua no?oeoo?u)
o?aaotho niaoeeaeueiuo ia? aaciianiinoe aeaiiuo e i?aaeuyaeytho
iiauoaiiua o?aaiaaiey e iaaeaaeiinoe ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eioi?iaoeeiiiuo
nenoai, a niioaaonoaee n oa?aeoa?ii e aaaeiinoueth ?aoaaiuo eie caaea/.
Eiiiuethoa?iay i?anooiiinoue
Ie a iaeiii ec oaieiaiuo eiaeaenia nithciuo ?anioaeee ia
oaeanony iaeoe aeaao iiae iacaaieai “Eiiiuethoa?iua i?anooieaiey”. Oaeei
ia?acii eiiiuethoa?iuo i?anooieaiee, eae i?anooieaiee niaoeeoe/aneeo a
th?eaee/aneii niunea ia nouanoaoao.
Iiiuoaainy e?aoei ia?eniaaoue yaeaiea, eioi?ia eae
nioeeieiae/aneay eaoaai?ey iieo/eea iacaaiea “eiiiuethoa?iay
i?anooiiinoue”. Eiiiuethoa?iua i?anooieaiey oneiaii iiaeii
iiae?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa aieueoea eaoaai?ee – i?anooieaiey, naycaiiua n
aiaoaoaeuenoaii a ?aaioo eiiiuethoa?ia, e, i?anooieaiey, eniieuecothuea
eiiiuethoa?u eae iaiaoiaeeiua oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa.
Ia?a/eneei iniiaiua aeaeu i?anooieaiee, naycaiiuo n
aiaoaoaeuenoaii a ?aaioo eiiiuethoa?ia.
1. Ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiue aeinooi e eioi?iaoeee, o?aiyuaeny a
eiiiuethoa?a. Ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiue aeinooi inouanoaeyaony, eae i?aaeei,
n eniieueciaaieai /oaeiai eiaie, eciaiaieai oece/aneeo aae?ania
oaoie/aneeo ono?ienoa, eniieueciaaieai eioi?iaoeee inoaaoaeny iinea
?aoaiey caaea/, iiaeeoeeaoeeae i?ia?aiiiiai e eioi?iaoeeiiiiai
iaania/aiey, oeuaieai iineoaey eioi?iaoeee, onoaiiaeie aiia?aoo?u
caiene, iiaeeeth/aaiie e eaiaeai ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo.
Oaea?u “yeaeo?iiiua ei?na?u”, “eiiiuethoa?iua ie?aou” – oae
iacuaatho ethaeae, inouanoaeythueo ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiue aeinooi a /oaeea
eioi?iaoeeiiiua naoe aeey caaaau. Iaae?ay ia oaea/o iaeei iiia? ca
ae?oaei, iie oa?iaeeai aeiaeeaeathony, iiea ia ae?oaii eiioea i?iaiaea
ia iociaaony /oaeie eiiiuethoa?. Iinea yoiai oaeaoii iiaeeeth/aaony e
i?eaiieeo neaiaeia a nianoaaiiie YAI, e naycue onoaiiaeaia. Anee
– 5 –
oaia?ue oaaaeaoue eiae (a neiaa, eioi?ua neoaeao ia?ieai /anoi
aaiaeueiu), oi iiaeii aiaae?eoueny a /oaeoth eiiiuethoa?ioth nenoaio.
Ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiue aeinooi e oaeeai caeiiiiai iieueciaaoaey
inouanoaeyaony oaeaea iaoiaeaeaieai neaauo iano a caueoa nenoaiu.
Iaeiaaeaeu iaia?oaeea eo, ia?ooeoaeue iiaeao ianiaoa enneaaeiaaoue
niaea?aeauothny a nenoaia eioi?iaoeeth, eiie?iaaoue aa, aica?auaoueny e
iae iiiai ?ac, eae iieoiaoaeue ?anniao?eaaao oiaa?u ia aeo?eia.
I?ia?aiienou eiiaaea aeiioneatho ioeaee a i?ia?aiiao, eioi?ua ia
oaeaaony iaia?oaeeoue a i?ioeanna ioeaaeee. Aaoi?u aieueoeo neiaeiuo
i?ia?aii iiaoo ia caiaoeoue iaeioi?uo neaainoae eiaeee. Oycaeiua ianoa
eiiaaea iaia?oaeeaathony e a yeaeo?iiiuo oeaiyo. Ana yoe iaa?aaeiinoe,
ioeaee i?eaiaeyo e iiyaeaieth “a?aoae”.
Iau/ii iie ana-oaee auyaeythony i?e i?iaa?ea, ?aaeaeoe?iaaiee, ioeaaeea
i?ia?aiiu, ii aaniethoii ecaaaeony io ieo iaaiciiaeii.
Auaaao, /oi iaeoi i?iieeaao a eiiiuethoa?ioth nenoaio, auaeaaay
naay ca caeiiiiai iieueciaaoaey. Nenoaiu, eioi?ua ia iaeaaeatho
n?aaenoaaie aooaioe/iie eaeaioeoeeaoeee (iai?eia? ii oeceieiae/aneei
oa?aeoa?enoeeai : ii ioia/aoeai iaeueoeaa, ii ?enoieo nao/aoee aeaca,
aieino e o. i.), ieacuaathony aac caueou i?ioea yoiai i?eaia. Naiue
i?inoaeoee iooue aai inouanoaeaiey :
– iieo/eoue eiaeu e ae?oaea eaeaioeoeoee?othuea oeo?u caeiiiuo
iieueciaaoaeae.
Yoi iiaeao aeaeaoueny :
– i?eia?aoaieai (iau/ii iiaeeoiii ia?niiaea) nienea
iieueciaaoaeae ni anae iaiaoiaeeiie eioi?iaoeeae;
– iaia?oaeaieai oaeiai aeieoiaioa a i?aaiecaoeeyo, aaea ia
iaeaaeai
aeinoaoi/iue eiio?ieue ca eo o?aiaieai;
– iiaeneooeaaieai /a?ac oaeaoiiiua eeiee.
Eiiaaea neo/aaony, eae iai?eia?, n ioeai/iuie oaeaoiiiuie caiieaie, /oi
iieueciaaoaeue n oaeaeaiiiai oa?ieiaea iiaeeeth/aaony e /ueae-oi
nenoaia, aoaeo/e aaniethoii oaa?aiiui, /oi ii ?aaioaao n oie nenoaiie, n
eaeie e iaia?aaaeny. Aeaaeaeaoe nenoaiu, e eioi?ie i?iecioei oaeoe/aneia
iiaeeeth/aiea, oi?ie?oy i?aaaeiiiaeiaiua ioeeeee, iiaeao
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue yoi caaeoaeaeaiea a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai a?aiaie e
oaeei ia?acii iieo/eoue iaeioi?oth eioi?iaoeeth, a /anoiinoe eiaeu.
A ethaii eiiiuethoa?iii oeaio?a eiaaony iniaay i?ia?aiia, i?eiaiyaiay
eae nenoaiiue eino?oiaio a neo/aa aicieeiiaaiey naiaa eee ae?oaeo
ioeeiiaiee a ?aaioa YAI, naiaia?aciue aiaeia i?eniiniaeaiee, iiiauaaiuo
a o?ainii?oa iiae iaaeienueth “?acaeoue noaeei a neo/aa aaa?ee”. Oaeay
i?ia?aiia – iiuiue e iianiue eino?oiaio a ?oeao ceioiuoeaiieea.
– 6 –
Ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiue aeinooi iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny a
?acoeueoaoa nenoaiiie iieiiee. Iai?eia?, anee iaeioi?ua oaeeu
iieueciaaoaey inoathony ioe?uouie, ii iiaeao iieo/eoue aeinooi e
iai?eiaaeeaaeauei aio /anoyi aaiea aeaiiuo. Ana i?ienoiaeeo oae neiaii
eeeaio aaiea, aieaey a auaeaeaiioth aio a o?aieeeua eiiiaoo, caia/aao,
/oi o o?aieeeua iao iaeiie noaiu. A oaeii neo/aa ii iiaeao i?iieeiooue a
/oaeea naeou e iioeoeoue ana, /oi a ieo o?aieony.
2. Aaiae a i?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea “eiae/aneeo aiia”, eioi?ua
n?aaaouaatho i?e auiieiaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaee e /anoe/ii eee
iieiinoueth auaiaeyo ec no?iy eiiiuethoa?ioth nenoaio.
“A?aiaiiay aiiaa” – ?aciiaeaeiinoue “eiae/aneie aiiau”, eioi?ay
n?aaaouaaao ii aeinoeaeaiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai iiiaioa a?aiaie.
Niinia “o?iyineee eiiue” ninoieo a oaeiii aaaaeaiee a /oaeoth i?ia?aiio
oaeeo eiiaiae, iicaieytho inouanoaeyoue iiaua, ia ieaie?uaaaoeany
aeaaeaeueoeai i?ia?aiiu ooieoeee, ii iaeiia?aiaiii nio?aiyoue e
i?aaeithth ?aaioiniiniaiinoue.
N iiiiuueth “o?iyineiai eiiy” i?anooiieee, iai?eia?, io/eneytho
ia naie n/ao ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio n eaaeaeie iia?aoeee.
Eiiiuethoa?iua i?ia?aiiiua oaenou iau/ii /?acau/aeii neiaeiu. Iie
ninoiyo ec nioai, ouny/, a eiiaaea e ieeeeiiia eiiaiae. Iiyoiio
“o?iyineee eiiue” ec ianeieueeeo aeanyoeia eiiaiae a?yae ee iiaeao auoue
iaia?oaeai, anee, eiia/ii, iao iiaeic?aiee ioiineoaeueii yoiai. Ii e a
iineaaeiai neo/aa yenia?oai-i?ia?aiienoai iio?aaoaony iiiai aeiae e
iaaeaeue, /oiau iaeoe aai.
Anoue aua iaeia ?aciiaeaeiinoue “o?iyineiai eiiy”. Aa
iniaaiiinoue ninoieo a oii, /oi a aaciaeaeii auaeyaeyuae eonie i?ia?aiiu
anoaaeythony ia eiiaiaeu, nianoaaiii, auiieiythuea “a?ycioth” ?aaioo, a
eiiaiaeu, oi?ie?othuea yoe eiiaiaeu e iinea auiieiaiey oie/oiaeathuea
eo. A yoii neo/aa i?ia?aiienoo, iuoathuaiony iaeoe “o?iyineiai eiiy”,
iaiaoiaeeii eneaoue ia aai naiiai, a eiiaiaeu aai oi?ie?othuea. ?acaeaay
yoo eaeath, iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa eiiaiaeu, eioi?ua nicaeatho
eiiaiaeu e o.ae. (neieue oaiaeii aieueoia /enei ?ac), nicaeathuea
“o?iyineiai eiiy”.
A NOA iieo/eea ?ani?ino?aiaiea oi?ia eiiiuethoa?iiai
aaiaeaeecia, i?e eioi?ie “o?iyineee eiiue” ?ac?ooaao /a?ac eaeie-oi
i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie ana i?ia?aiiu, o?aiyueany a iaiyoe iaoeiu. Ai iiiaeo
iinooieaoeo a i?iaeaaeo eiiiuethoa?ao ieacaeanue “a?aiaiiay aiiaa”,
eioi?ay “ac?uaaaony” a naiue iaiaeeaeaiiue iiiaio, ?ac?ooay anth
aeaeeioaeo aeaiiuo. Ia neaaeoao aeoiaoue, /oi “eiae/aneea aiiau” – yoi
yecioeea, ianaienoaaiiay iaoaio iauanoao.
– 7 –
3. ?ac?aaioea e ?ani?ino?aiaiea eiiiuethoa?iuo ae?onia.
“O?iyineea eiie” oeia “nio?e ana aeaiiua yoie i?ia?aiiu, ia?aeaee a
neaaeothuoth e naeaeae oiaea naiia” iaeaaeatho naienoaaie ia?aoiaeeoue
/a?ac eiiioieeaoeeiiiua naoe ec iaeiie nenoaiu a ae?oaoth,
?ani?ino?aiyynue eae ae?oniia caaieaaaiea.
Auyaeyaony ae?on ia n?aco : ia?aia a?aiy eiiiuethoa? “auiaoeaaao
eioaeoeeth”, iineieueeo aeey ianee?iaee ae?on ia?aaeei eniieuecoaony a
eiiaeiaoeee n “eiae/aneie aiiaie” eee “a?aiaiiie aiiaie”. Ae?on
iaaethaeaao ca anae ia?aaaouaaaiie eioi?iaoeeae e iiaeao ia?aiauaoueny,
eniieuecoy ia?anueeo yoie eioi?iaoeee. Ana i?ienoiaeeo, eae anee au ii
ca?acee aaeia e?iayiia oaeueoea e iooaoanoaiaae n iei ii i?aaiecio
/aeiaaea.
Ia/eiay aeaenoaiaaoue (ia?aoaaouaaoue oi?aaeaiea), ae?on aeaao eiiaiaeo
eiiiuethoa?o, /oiau oio caienae ca?aaeaiioth aa?neth i?ia?aiiu. Iinea
yoiai ii aica?auaao i?ia?aiia oi?aaeaiea. Iieueciaaoaeue ie/aai ia
caiaoeo, oae eae aai eiiiuethoa? iaoiaeeony a ninoiyiee “caei?iaiai
iineoaey ae?ona”. Iaia?oaeeoue yoio ae?on iiaeii, oieueei iaeaaeay
/?acau/aeii ?acaeoie i?ia?aiienoneie eiooeoeeae, iineieueeo ieeaeea
ia?ooaiey a ?aaioa YAI a aeaiiue iiiaio ia i?iyaeytho naay. A a iaeei
i?ae?aniue aeaiue eiiiuethoa? “caaieaaaao”.
Yenia?oaie nia?aii aeinuea ienai io oaioaaeenoia o?aaothueo
ia?a/eneaiey e?oiiuo noii aeaiaa a iaeii ec ioaeaeaiee aia?eeaineie
oe?iu “IE Neai?a”; a neo/aa ioeaca i?anooiieee a?icyony auaanoe
eiiiuethoa?u ec no?iy. Ii aeaiiui aeo?iaea “Business world”,
aeeneaou-ae?oniiineoaee iieo/aiu aeanyoueth ouny/aie i?aaiecaoeee,
eniieuecothueo a naiae ?aaioa eiiiuethoa?u. Aeey iienea e auyaeaiey
ceioiuoeaiieeia nicaeaiu niaoeeaeueiua io?yaeu aiaeeeneeo aeaoaeoeaia.
Ii ioeaiea niaoeeaeenoia a “ia?auaiee” iaoiaeeony aieaa 100
oeiia ae?onia.
Ii ana eo iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa ?aciiaeaeiinoe,
iaia?oaeaiea eioi?uo ?acee/ii ii neiaeiinoe : “aoeueaa?iue ae?on” e
“?acae?iaeaiiue ae?on”. I?ia?aiia “aoeueaa?iiai ae?ona” iaienaia aaeeiui
aeieii, e i?e aicieeiiaaiee iiaeic?aiee a ca?aaeaiee YAI yenia?ou iiaoo
iaia?oaeeoue aa a naiii ia/aea yieaeaiee (?aciiiaeaiey). Yoa iia?aoeey
o?aaoao, iaeiaei, e?aeia ouaoaeueiiai aiaeeca anae niaieoiiinoe
iia?aoeeiiiie nenoaiu YAI. I?ia?aiia “?acae?iaeaiiiai ae?ona” ?acaeaeaia
ia /anoe, ia ia?aue acaeyae, ia eiathuea iaaeaeo niaie nayce. Yoe /anoe
niaea?aeao eino?oeoeee, eioi?ua oeacuaatho eiiiuethoa?o, eae nia?aoue eo
aiaaeeii /oiau ainnicaeaoue e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ?aciiiaeeoue ae?on.
Oaeei ia?acii, ii ii/oe ana a?aiy iaoiaeeony a “?ani?aaeaeaiiii”
ninoiyiee, eeoue ia ei?ioeia a?aiy naiae ?aaiou niae?aynue a aaeeiia
oeaeia. Eae i?aaeei nicaeaoaee ae?ona oeacuaatho aio /enei
?ai?iaeoeoeee, iinea aeinoeaeaiey eioi?iai ii noaiiaeony aa?anneaiui.
Ae?onu iiaoo auoue aiaae?aiu a iia?aoeeiiioth nenoaio,
i?eeeaaeioth i?ia?aiio eee a naoaaie ae?aeaa?.
– 8 –
Aa?eaiou ae?onia caaenyo io oeaeae, i?aneaaeoaiuo eo
nicaeaoaeai. I?eciaee eo iiaoo auoue ioiineoaeueii aeia?iea/anoaaiiuie,
iai?eia?, caiaaeeaiea a auiieiaiee i?ia?aii eee iiyaeaiea naaoyuaeny
oi/ee ia ye?aia aeenieay (o. i. “eoaeueyineee iii?uaoi/ee”). I?eciaee
iiaoo auoue yaiethoeaiuie, e “aieaciue” aoaeao iaino?youeny ii ia?a
naiaai oa/aiey. Oae, ii iaiiiyoiui i?e/eiai i?ia?aiiu ia/eiatho
ia?aiieiyoue iaaieoiua aeenee, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai nouanoaaiii
oaaee/eaaaony iauai i?ia?aiiiuo oaeeia. Iaeiiaoe, yoe i?iyaeaiey iiaoo
auoue eaoano?ioe/aneeie e i?eaanoe e noe?aieth oaeeia e oie/oiaeaieth
i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey.
Ii-aeaeeiiio, a aoaeouai aoaeoo iiyaeyoueny i?eioeeieaeueii
iiaua aeaeu ae?onia. Iai?eia?, iiaeii naaa i?aaenoaaeoue (iiea iiaeiaiuo
niiauaiee ia auei) naiaai ?iaea “o?iyineiai eiiy” ae?oniiai oeia a
yeaeo?iiiuo oeaiyo. A naiii aeaea, iiea ?a/ue eaeao oieueei i ca?aaeaiee
eiiiuethoa?ia. A ii/aio au – ia iee?inoai? Aaaeue iie noaiiayony ana
aieaa iiuiuie e i?aa?auathony a iiaeiaea YAI. E eo iaiaoiaeeii
i?ia?aiie?iaaoue. Eiia/ii, ie/oi ia iiaeao iaiin?aaenoaaiii “ca?aceoue”
iee?inoaio. Ii aaaeue iiaeii ca?aceoue eiiiuethoa?, eniieuecoaiue eae
i?ia?aiiaoi? aeey ouny/e iee?inoai.
Eaeiau niiniau ?ani?ino?aiaiey eiiiuethoa?iiai ae?ona? Iie
iniiauaathony ia niiniaiinoe ae?ona eniieueciaaoue ethaie iineoaeue
ia?aaeaaaaiuo aeaiiuo a ea/anoaa “n?aaenoaa ia?aaeaeaeaiey”. Oi anoue n
ia/aea ca?aaeaiey eiaaony iianiinoue, /oi YAI iiaeao nicaeaoue aieueoia
/enei n?aaenoa ia?aaeaeaeaiey e a iineaaeothuea /anu any niaieoiiinoue
oaeeia e i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa ieaaeaony ca?aaeaiiie. Oaeei ia?acii,
aeeneaoa eee iaaieoiay eaioa, ia?aianaiiua ia ae?oaea YAI, niiniaiu
ca?aceoue eo. E iaiai?io, eiaaea “caei?iaay” aeeneaoa aaiaeeony a
ca?aaeaiiue eiiiuethoa?, iia iiaeao noaoue iineoaeai ae?ona. Oaeiaiuie
aeey ?ani?ino?aiaiey iaoe?iuo yieaeaiee ieacuaathony
oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiua naoe. Aeinoaoi/ii iaeiiai eiioaeoa, /oiau
ia?niiaeueiue eiiiuethoa? aue ca?aaeai eee ca?acee oio, n eioi?ui
eiioaeoe?iaae. Iaeiaei naiue /anoue niinia ca?aaeaiey – yoi eiie?iaaiea
i?ia?aii, /oi yaeyaony iau/iie i?aeoeeie o iieueciaaoaeae ia?niiaeueiuo
YAI. Oae neiie?iaaiiuie ieacuaathony e ca?aaeaiiua i?ia?aiiu.
Niaoeeaeenou i?aaeinoa?aaatho io eiie?iaaiey ai?iaaiiuo
i?ia?aii. Eiiaaea, iaeiaei, e ioeoeeaeueii iinoaaeyaiua i?ia?aiiu iiaoo
auoue enoi/ieeii ca?aaeaiey.
A ia/aoe /anoi i?iaiaeeony ia?aeeaeue iaaeaeo eiiiuethoa?iui ae?onii e
ae?onii “AIDS”. Oieueei oii?yaei/aiiay aeeciue n iaeiei eee ianeieueeeie
ia?oia?aie niiniaia oaa?a/ue io yoiai ae?ona. Aanii?yaei/iua nayce ni
iiiaeie eiiiuethoa?aie ii/oe iaaa?iyea i?eaiaeyo e ca?aaeaieth.
– 9 –
Anoanoaaiii, /oi i?ioea ae?onia auee i?eiyou /?acau/aeiua ia?u,
i?eaaaeoea e nicaeaieth oaenoiauo i?ia?aii-aioeae?onia. Caueoiua
i?ia?aiiu iiae?acaeaeythony ia o?e aeaea : oeeueo?othuea
(i?aiyonoaothuea i?iieeiiaaieth
ae?ona),
i?ioeaieioaeoeeiiiua
(iinoiyiii eiio?iee?othuea
i?ioeannu a nenoaia) e
i?ioeaiae?oniua
(iano?iaiiua ia auyaeaiea
ioaeaeueiuo ae?onia).
Iaeiaei ?acaeoea yoeo i?ia?aii iiea ia oniaaaao ca ?acaeoeai
eiiiuethoa?iie yieaeaiee.
Caiaoei, /oi iiaeaeaiea ia?aie/eoue eniieueciaaiea
iai?iaa?aiiiai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/iey nei?aa anaai oae e inoaiaony
i?aeoe/anee iaauiieieiui. Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi oe?iaiiua i?iaaiiu ia
“noa?eeueiuo” iineoaeyo noiyo iaiaeuo aeaiaa a aaethoa. Iiyoiio
ecaaaeaoue eo iaeiio?iee?oaiiai eiie?iaaiey ii/oe iaaiciiaeii.
Ni?aaaaeeeainoe ?aaee neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ?ani?ino?aiaiea
eiiiuethoa?iuo ae?onia eiaao e iaeioi?ua iieiaeeoaeueiua noi?iiu. A
/anoiinoe, iie yaeythony, ii-aeaeeiiio, eo/oae caueoie io iioeoeoaeae
i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey. Ca/anooth ?ac?aaio/eee niciaoaeueii ca?aaeatho
naie aeeneaou eaeei-eeai aaciaeaeiui ae?onii, eioi?ue oi?ioi
iaia?oaeeaaaony ethaui aioeae?oniui oanoii. Yoi neoaeeo aeinoaoi/ii
iaaeaaeiie aa?aioeae, /oi ieeoi ia ?eneiao eiie?iaaoue oaeoth aeeneaoo.
4. I?anooiiay iaa?aaeiinoue a ?ac?aaioea, ecaioiaeaiee e
yenieoaoaoeee
i?ia?aiiii-au/eneeoaeueiuo eiiieaenia, i?eaaaeoay e oyaeeei
iineaaenoaeyi.
I?iaeaia iainoi?iaeiinoe a iaeanoe eiiiuethoa?iie oaoieee
n?iaeie iainoi?iaeiie aeia i?e eniieueciaaiee ethaiai ae?oaiai aeaea
oaoieee, o?ainii?oa e o.i.
Iniaaiiinoueth eiiiuethoa?iie iainoi?iaeiinoe yaeyaony oi, /oi
aacioeai/iuo i?ia?aii a i?eioeeia ia auaaao. Anee i?iaeo i?aeoe/anee a
ethaie iaeanoe oaoieee iiaeii auiieieoue n ia?iiiui caianii
iaaeaaeiinoe, oi a iaeanoe i?ia?aiie?iaaiey oaeay iaaeaaeiinoue aanueia
oneiaia. a a ?yaea neo/aaa ii/oe ia aeinoeaeeia.
5. Iiaeaeaeea eiiiuethoa?iie eioi?iaoeee.
Ii-aeaeeiiio, yoio aeae eiiiuethoa?iie i?anooiiinoe yaeyaony
iaeiei ec iaeaieaa naaaeeo. Ii yaeyaony ?aciiaeaeiinoueth
ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia n oie ?acieoeae, /oi iieueciaaoueny ei
iiaeao, eae i?aaeei, ia iinoi?iiiee iieueciaaoaeue, a nai ?ac?aaio/ee,
i?e/ai eiathuee aeinoaoi/ii aunieoth eaaeeoeeaoeeth.
– 10 –
Eaeay i?anooieaiey ninoieo a iiaeaeaeea auoiaeiie eioi?iaoeee
eiiiuethoa?ia n oeaeueth eiieoaoeee ?aaioiniiniaiinoe aieueoeo nenoai,
ninoaaiie /anoueth eioi?uo yaeyaony eiiiuethoa?. I?e aeinoioa/ii eiaei
auiieiaiiie iiaeaeaeea ca/anooth oaeaaony naeaoue caeac/eeo caaaaeiii
iaeni?aaioth i?iaeoeoeeth.
E iiaeaeaeea eioi?iaoeee iiaeii ioianoe oaeaea iiaeoaniaeo
?acoeueoaoia auai?ia, aieiniaaiee, ?aoa?aiaeoiia e o.i. Aaaeue anee
eaaeaeue aieinothuee ia iiaeao oaaaeeoueny, /oi aai aiein
ca?aaeno?e?iaai i?aaeeueii, oi anaaaea aiciiaeii aianaiea eneaaeaiee a
eoiaiaua i?ioieieu.
Anoanoaaiii, /oi iiaeaeaeea eioi?iaoeee iiaeao i?aneaaeiaaoue e
ae?oaea oeaee.
6. Oeuaiea eiiiuethoa?iie eioi?iaoeee.
Anee “iau/iua” oeuaiey iiaeiaaeatho iiae aeaenoaea
nouanoaothuaai oaieiaiiai caeiia, oi i?iaeaia oeuaiey eioi?iaoeee
cia/eoaeueii aieaa neiaeia. I?enaiaiea iaoeiiie eioi?iaoeee, a oii /enea
i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey, iooai ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai eiie?iaaiey ia
eaaeeoeoee?oaony eae oeuaiea, iineieueeo oeuaiea nii?yaeaii n ecyoeai
oeaiiinoae ec oiiaeia i?aaiecaoeee. Ia i/aiue aeaeaea io enoeiu oooea,
/oi o ian i?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea ?ani?ino?aiyaony oieueei iooai e?aae e
iaiaia e?aaeaiui. I?e iai?aaiia?iii ia?auaiee a nianoaaiiinoue iaoeiiay
eioi?iaoeey iiaeao ia ecuiaoueny ec oiiaeia, a eiie?iaaoueny.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, eae oaea ioia/aeinue auoa, iaoeiiay eioi?iaoeey
aeieaeia auoue auaeaeaia eae naiinoiyoaeueiue i?aaeiao oaieiaii-i?aaiaie
io?aiu.
Nianoaaiiinoue ia eioi?iaoeeth, eae e i?aaeaea, ia cae?aieaia a
caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ii?yaeea. Ia iie acaeyae, iineaaenoaey yoiai ia
caiaaeeyo neacaoueny.
?anniio?ei oaia?ue aoi?oth eaoaai?eth i?anooieaiee, a eioi?uo
eiiiuethoa? yaeyaony “n?aaenoaii” aeinoeaeaiey oeaee. Caeanue iiaeii
auaeaeeoue ?ac?aaioeo neiaeiuo iaoaiaoe/aneeo iiaeaeae, aoiaeiuie
aeaiiuie a eioi?uo yaeythony aiciiaeiua oneiaey i?iaaaeaiey
i?anooieaiey, a auoiaeiuie aeaiiuie – ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii auai?o
iioeiaeueiiai aa?eaioa aeaenoaee i?anooiieea.
Ae?oaie aeae i?anooieaiee n eniieueciaaieai eiiiuethoa?ia
iieo/ee iacaaiea “aicaeooiue ciae”.
A i?inoaeoai neo/aa o?aaoaony ioe?uoue a aeaoo aaieao ii
iaaieueoiio n/aoo. Aeaeaa aeaiueae ia?aaiaeyony ec iaeiiai aaiea a
ae?oaie e ia?aoii n iinoaiaiii iiauoathueieny noiiaie. Oeo?inoue
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau aei oiai, eae a aaiea iaia?oaeeony, /oi
ii?o/aiea i ia?aaiaea ia iaania/aii iaiaoiaeeiie noiiie, i?eoiaeeei au
ecaauaiea i ia?aaiaea a yoio aaie, oae /oiau iauay noiia iie?uaaea
o?aaiaaiea i ia?aii ia?aaiaea. Yoio oeeee iiaoi?yaony aieueoia /enei ?ac
(“aicaeooiue ciae” iiaeieiaaony ana auoa e auoa) aei oao ii?, iiea ia
n/aoa ia ieacuaaaony i?eee/iay noiia (oaeoe/anee iia iinoiyiii
“ia?aneaeeaaao” n iaeiiai n/aoa ia ae?oaie, oaaee/eaay naie ?acia?u).
Oiaaea aeaiueae auno?i nieiathony, a
– 11 –
aeaaeaeaoe n/aoa en/acaao. Yoio niinia o?aaoao i/aiue oi/iiai ?an/aoa,
ii aeey aeaoo aaieia aai iiaeii naeaeaoue e aac eiiiuethoa?a. Ia
i?aeoeea a oaeoth ea?o aeeth/atho aieueoia eiee/anoai aaieia: oae noiia
iaeaieeaaaony auno?aa e /enei ii?o/aiee i ia?aaiaea ia aeinoeaaao
iiaeic?eoaeueiie /anoiou. Ii oi?aaeyoue yoei i?ioeannii iiaeii oieueei n
iiiiuueth eiiiuethoa?a.
Iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue naaa nicaeaiea niaoeeaeece?iaaiiiai
eiiiuethoa?a-oieiia, eioi?ue aoaeo/e iiaeeeth/ai e ?acaaaeoaiie naoe,
aaia?e?oao anaaiciiaeiua cai?inu, oeene?oao e aiaeece?oao iieo/aiiua
ioaaou. Iinoaaeoue i?aa?aaeo ia?aae oaeei oaea?ii i?aeoe/anee
iaaiciiaeii. Ia o?oaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi i?aaieciaaiiay
i?anooiiinoue aeaaii i?eiyea ia aii?oaeaiea au/eneeoaeueioth oaoieeo.
I?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea eiiiuethoa?iuo i?anooieaiee.
I?e ?ac?aaioea eiiiuethoa?iuo nenoai, auoiae ec no?iy eee ioeaee
a ?aaioa eioi?uo iiaoo i?eaanoe e oyaeaeui iineaaenoaeyi, aii?inu
eiiiuethoa?iie aaciianiinoe noaiiayony ia?aii/a?aaeiuie. Ecaanoii iiiai
ia?, iai?aaeaiiuo ia i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea i?anooieaiey. Auaeaeei ec ieo
oaoie/aneea, i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e i?aaiaua.
E oaoie/aneei ia?ai iiaeii ioianoe caueoo io
ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia e nenoaia, ?aca?ae?iaaiea iniai aaaeiuo
eiiiuethoa?iuo iiaenenoai, i?aaiecaoeeth au/eneeoaeueiuo naoae n
aiciiaeiinoueth ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey ?ano?nia a neo/aa ia?ooaiey
?aaioiniiniaiinoe ioaeaeueiuo caaiueaa, onoaiiaeo iai?oaeiaaiey
iaia?oaeaiey e oooaiey iiaea?a, iai?oaeiaaiey iaia?oaeaiey aiaeu,
i?eiyoea eiino?oeoeeiiiuo ia? caueou io oeuaiee, naaioaaea, aeeaa?nee,
ac?uaia, onoaiiaeo ?aca?aiuo nenoai yeaeo?iieoaiey, iniauaiea iiiauaiee
caieaie, onoaiiaeo neaiaeecaoeee e iiiaia ae?oaia.
E i?aaiecaoeeiiiui ia?ai ioianai io?aio au/eneeoaeueiiai
oeaio?a, ouaoaeueiue iiaeai? ia?niiaea, eneeth/aiea neo/aaa aaaeaiey
iniai aaaeiuo ?aaio oieueei iaeiei /aeiaaeii, iaee/ea ieaia
ainnoaiiaeaiey ?aaioiniiniaiinoe oeaio?a iinea auoiaea aai ec no?iy,
i?aaiecaoeeth ianeoaeeaaiey au/eneeoaeueiiai oeaio?a iinoi?iiiae
i?aaiecaoeeae eee eeoeaie, iacaeioa?aniaaiiuie a nie?uoee oaeoia
ia?ooaiey ?aaiou oeaio?a, oieaa?naeueiinoue n?aaenoa caueou io anao
iieueciaaoaeae (aeeth/ay aunoaa ?oeiaiaenoai), aiceiaeaiea
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia eeoe, eioi?ua aeieaeiu iaania/eoue aaciianiinoue
oeaio?a, auai? ianoa ?aniieiaeaiey oeaio?a e o.i.
E i?aaiaui ia?ai neaaeoao ioianoe ?ac?aaioeo ii?i,
onoaiaaeeaathueo ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca eiiiuethoa?iua i?anooieaiey, caueoo
aaoi?neeo i?aa i?ia?aiienoia, niaa?oainoaiaaiea oaieiaiiai e
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a oaeaea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. E
i?aaiaui ia?ai ioiinyony oaeaea aii?inu
– 12 –
iauanoaaiiiai eiio?iey ca ?ac?aaio/eeaie eiiiuethoa?iuo nenoai e
i?eiyoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia ia eo ia?aie/aieyo, anee iie
aeeytho eee iiaoo iiaeeyoue ia aiaiiua, yeiiiie/aneea e nioeeaeueiua
aniaeou aeecie no?ai, caeeth/athueo niaeaoaiea
Caueoa aeaiiuo a eiiiuethoa?iuo naoyo.
I?e ?anniio?aiee i?iaeai caueou aeaiiuo a naoe i?aaeaea anaai
aicieeaao aii?in i eeanneoeeaoeee naiaa e ia?ooaiee i?aa aeinooia,
eioi?ua iiaoo i?eaanoe e oie/oiaeaieth eee iaaeaeaoaeueiie iiaeeoeeaoeee
aeaiiuo. N?aaee oaeeo iioaioeeaeueiuo “oa?ic” iiaeii auaeaeeoue :
1. Naie iai?oaeiaaiey :
– naie eaaaeueiie nenoaiu;
– ia?aaie yeaeo?iieoaiey;
– naie aeeneiauo nenoai;
– naie nenoai a?oeaaoeee aeaiiuo;
– naie ?aaiou na?aa?ia, ?aai/eo
noaioeee,naoaauo ea?o e o.ae.
2. Iioa?e eioi?iaoeee ec-ca iaei??aeoiie ?aaiou II :
– iioa?y eee eciaiaiea aeaiiuo
i?e ioeaeao II;
– iioa?e i?e ca?aaeaiee nenoaiu
eiiiuethoa?iuie ae?onaie;
3. Iioa?e, naycaiiua n ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiui aeinooiii :
– ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiia
eiie?iaaiea, oie/oiaeaiea eee
iiaeaeaeea eioi?iaoeee;
– iciaeiieaiea n
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiie eioi?iaoeeae,
ninoaaeythuae oaeio,
iinoi?iiieo eeoe;
4. Iioa?e eioi?iaoeee, naycaiiua n iai?aaeeueiui o?aiaieai a?oeaiuo
aeaiiuo.
5. Ioeaee ianeoaeeaathuaai ia?niiaea e iieueciaaoaeae :
– neo/aeiia oie/oiaeaiea eee
eciaiaiea aeaiiuo;
– iaei??aeoiia eniieueciaaiea
i?ia?aiiiiai e aiia?aoiiai
iaania/aiey, aaaeouaa e
oie/oiaeaieth eee eciaiaieth
aeaiiuo;
A caaeneiinoe io aiciiaeiuo aeaeia ia?ooaiee ?aaiou naoe (iiae
ia?ooaieai ?aaiou y oaeaea iiieiath e ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiue aeinooi)
iiiai/eneaiiua aeaeu caueou eioi?iaoeee iauaaeeiythony a o?e iniiaiuo
eeanna :
– n?aaenoaa oece/aneie caueou, aeeth/athuea n?aaenoaa caueou
eaaaeueiie nenoaiu, nenoai yeaeo?iieoaiey, n?aaenoaa a?oeaaoeee,
aeeneiaua ianneau e o.ae.
– i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa caueou, a oii /enea: aioeae?oniua
i?ia?aiiu, nenoaiu ?aca?aie/aiey iieiiii/ee, i?ia?aiiiua n?aaenoaa
eiio?iey aeinooia.
– 13 –
– aaeieieno?aoeaiua ia?u caueou, aeeth/athuea eiio?ieue aeinooia
a iiiauaiey, ?ac?aaioeo no?aoaaee aaciianiinoe oe?iu, ieaiia aeaenoaee a
/?acau/aeiuo neooaoeeyo e o.ae.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iiaeiaiia aeaeaiea aeinoaoi/ii oneiaii,
iineieueeo nia?aiaiiua oaoiieiaee ?acaeaathony a iai?aaeaiee ni/aoaiey
i?ia?aiiiuo e aiia?aoiuo n?aaenoa caueou. Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea
oaeea i?ia?aiiii-aiia?aoiua n?aaenoaa iieo/eee, a /anoiinoe, a iaeanoe
eiio?iey aeinooia, caueou io ae?onia e o.ae.
Eiioeaio?aoeey eioi?iaoeee a eiiiuethoa?ao – aiaeiae/ii
eiioeaio?aoeee iaee/iuo aeaiaa a aaieao – canoaaeyao ana aieaa
oneeeaaoue eiio?ieue a oeaeyo caueou eioi?iaoeee. TH?eaee/aneea aii?inu,
/anoiay oaeia, iaoeeiiaeueiay aaciianiinoue – ana yoe niia?aaeaiey
o?aaotho oneeaiey aioo?aiiaai eiio?iey a eiiia?/aneeo e
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo. ?aaiou a yoii iai?aaeaiee i?eaaee e
iiyaeaieth iiaie aeenoeeieeiu: aaciianiinoue eioi?iaoeee. Niaoeeaeeno a
iaeanoe aaciianiinoe eioi?iaoeee ioaa/aao ca ?ac?aaioeo, ?aaeecaoeeth e
yenieoaoaoeeth nenoaiu iaania/aiey eioi?iaoeeiiiie aaciianiinoe,
iai?aaeaiiie ia iiaeaea?aeaiea oeaeinoiinoe, i?eaiaeiinoe e
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoe iaeiieaiiie a i?aaiecaoeee eioi?iaoeee. A aai
ooieoeee aoiaeeo iaania/aiea oece/aneie (oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa, eeiee
nayce e oaeaeaiiua eiiiuethoa?u) e eiae/aneie (aeaiiua, i?eeeaaeiua
i?ia?aiiu, iia?aoeeiiiay nenoaia) caueou eioi?iaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia.
Neiaeiinoue nicaeaiey nenoaiu caueou eioi?iaoeee ii?aaeaeyaony
oai, /oi aeaiiua iiaoo auoue iioeuaiu ec eiiiuethoa?a e iaeiia?aiaiii
inoaaaoueny ia ianoa; oeaiiinoue iaeioi?uo aeaiiuo caeeth/aaony a
iaeaaeaiee eie, a ia a oie/oiaeaiee eee eciaiaiee.
Iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe eioi?iaoeee – aei?iaia aeaei, e ia
noieueei ec-ca cao?ao ia caeoieo eee onoaiiaeo n?aaenoa, neieueei ec-ca
oiai, /oi o?oaeii eaaeeoeoee?iaaiii ii?aaeaeeoue a?aieoeu ?acoiiie
aaciianiinoe e niioaaonoaothuaai iiaeaea?aeaiey nenoaiu a
?aaioiniiniaiii ninoiyiee.
Anee eieaeueiay naoue ?ac?aaaouaaeanue a oeaeyo niaianoiiai
eniieueciaaiey eeoeaiceiiiuo i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa, aei?iaeo oeaaoiuo
i?eioa?ia eee aieueoeo oaeeia iauaaeinooiiie eioi?iaoeee, oi iao ieeaeie
iio?aaiinoe aeaaea a ieieiaeueiuo nenoaiao oeo?iaaiey/aeaoeo?iaaiey
eioi?iaoeee.
N?aaenoaa caueou eioi?iaoeee iaeuecy i?iaeoe?iaaoue, iieoiaoue
eee onoaiaaeeaaoue aei oao ii?, iiea ia i?iecaaaeai niioaaonoaothuee
aiaeec. Aiaeec ?enea aeieaeai aeaoue iauaeoeaioth ioeaieo iiiaeo
oaeoi?ia (iiaeaa?aeaiiinoue iiyaeaieth ia?ooaiey ?aaiou, aa?iyoiinoue
iiyaeaiey ia?ooaiey ?aaiou, oua?a io eiiia?/aneeo iioa?ue, nieaeaiea
eiyooeoeeaioa aioiaiinoe nenoaiu, iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, th?eaee/aneea
i?iaeaiu) e i?aaeinoaaeoue eioi?iaoeeth aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
– 14 –
iiaeoiaeyueo oeiia e o?iaiae aaciianiinoe. Eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee ana
a aieueoae noaiaie ia?aiinyo e?eoe/aneoth ei?ii?aoeaioth eioi?iaoeeth n
aieueoeo au/eneeoaeueiuo nenoai a n?aaeo ioe?uouo nenoai e ano?a/athony
n iiauie e neiaeiuie i?iaeaiaie i?e ?aaeecaoeee e yenieoaoaoeee nenoaiu
aaciianiinoe. Naaiaeiy ana aieueoa i?aaiecaoeee ?acai?a/eaatho iiuiua
?ani?aaeaeaiiua aacu aeaiiuo e i?eeiaeaiey eeeaio/na?aa? aeey
oi?aaeaiey eiiia?/aneeie aeaiiuie. I?e oaaee/aiee ?ani?aaeaeaiey
aic?anoaao oaeaea e ?ene iaaaoi?eciaaiiiai aeinooia e aeaiiui e eo
eneaaeaiey.
Oeo?iaaiea aeaiiuo o?aaeeoeeiiii eniieueciaaeinue
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie e iai?iiiuie aeaia?oaiaioaie, ii a nayce n
eciaiaieai iio?aaiinoae e iaeioi?ua iaeaieaa nieeaeiua eiiiaiee
ia/eiatho eniieueciaaoue aiciiaeiinoe, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua oeo?iaaieai
aeey iaania/aiey eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoe eioi?iaoeee.
Oeiainiaua neoaeau eiiiaiee (i?aaeaea anaai a NOA)
i?aaenoaaeytho aaaeioth e aieueooth iieueciaaoaeueneoth aaco e /anoi
niaoeeoe/aneea o?aaiaaiey i?aaeuyaeythony e aeai?eoio, eniieuecoaiiio a
i?ioeanna oeo?iaaiey. Iioaeeeiaaiiua aeai?eoiu, iai?eia? DES (ni.
ieaea), yaeythony iaycaoaeueiuie. A oi aea a?aiy, ?uiie eiiia?/aneeo
nenoai ia anaaaea o?aaoao oaeie no?iaie caueou, eae i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua
eee iai?iiiua aaaeiinoaa, iiyoiio aiciiaeii i?eiaiaiea i?iaeoeoia e
ae?oaiai oeia, iai?eia? PGP (Pretty Good Privacy).
Oeo?iaaiea.
Oeo?iaaiea aeaiiuo iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny a ?aaeeiao On-line (a
oaiia iinooieaiey eioi?iaoeee) e Off-line (aaoiiiiiii). Inoaiiaeiny
iiae?iaiaa ia ia?aii oeia, i?aaenoaaeythuai aieueoie eioa?an. Iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiu aeaa aeai?eoia.
Noaiaea?o oeo?iaaiey aeaiiuo DES (Data Encryption Standart) aue
?ac?aaioai oe?iie IBM a ia/aea 70-o aiaeia e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy yaeyaony
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui noaiaea?oii aeey oeo?iaaiey oeeo?iaie eioi?iaoeee. Ii
?aeiiaiaeiaai Annioeeaoeeae Aia?eeaineeo Aaiee?ia. Neiaeiue aeai?eoi DES
eniieuecoao eeth/ aeeeiie 56 aeo e 8 aeoia i?iaa?ee ia /aoiinoue e
o?aaoao io ceioiuoeaiieea ia?aai?a 72 eaaae?eeeiiia aiciiaeiuo eeth/aauo
eiiaeiaoeee, iaania/eaay aunieoth noaiaiue caueou i?e iaaieueoeo
?anoiaeao. I?e /anoie niaia eeth/ae aeai?eoi oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueii ?aoaao
i?iaeaio i?aa?auaiey eiioeaeaioeeaeueiie eioi?iaoeee a iaaeinooiioth.
Aeai?eoi RSA aue ecia?aoai ?eaanoii, Oaie?ii e Aeueaeaiaiii a
1976 aiaeo e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie cia/eoaeueiue oaa a e?eioia?aoee. Yoio
aeai?eoi oaeaea aue i?eiyo a ea/anoaa noaiaea?oa Iaoeeiiaeueiui Ath?i
Noaiaea?oia.
– 15 –
DES, oaoie/anee yaeyaony NEIIAO?E*IUI aeai?eoiii, a RSA –
– ANEIIAO?E*IUI, oi anoue ii eniieuecoao ?aciua eeth/e i?e oeo?iaaiee e
aeaoeo?iaaiee. Iieueciaaoaee eiatho aeaa eeth/a e iiaoo oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiyoue naie ioe?uoue eeth/. Ioe?uoue eeth/ eniieuecoaony aeey
oeo?iaaieai niiauaiey iieueciaaoaeai, ii oieueei ii?aaeaeaiiue
iieo/aoaeue iiaeao aeaoeo?iaaoue aai naiei nae?aoiui eeth/ii; ioe?uoue
eeth/ aaniieacai aeey aeaoeo?iaaiey. Yoi aeaeaao iaioaeiuie nae?aoiua
niaeaoaiey i ia?aaea/a eeth/ae iaaeaeo ei??aniiiaeaioaie. DES
ii?aaeaeyao aeeeio aeaiiuo e eeth/a a aeoao, a RSA iiaeao auoue
?aaeeciaai i?e ethaie aeeeia eeth/a. *ai aeeeiiaa eeth/, oai auoa
o?iaaiue aaciianiinoe (ii noaiiaeony aeeeoaeueiaa e i?ioeann oeo?iaaiey
e aeaoeo?iaaiey). Anee eeth/e DES iiaeii naaia?e?iaaoue ca
iee?inaeoiaeu, oi i?eia?iia a?aiy aaia?aoeee eeth/a RSA – aeanyoee
naeoiae. Iiyoiio ioe?uoua eeth/e RSA i?aaeii/eoatho ?ac?aaio/eee
i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa, a nae?aoiua eeth/e DES – ?ac?aaio/eee aiia?aoo?u.
Oece/aneay caueoa aeaiiuo
Eaaaeueiay nenoaia
Eaaaeueiay nenoaia inoaaony aeaaiie “aoeeanniaie iyoie”
aieueoeinoaa eieaeueiuo au/eneeoaeueiuo naoae: ii aeaiiui ?acee/iuo
enneaaeiaaiee, eiaiii eaaaeueiay nenoaia yaeyaony i?e/eiie aieaa /ai
iieiaeiu anao ioeacia naoe. A nayce n yoei eaaaeueiie nenoaia aeieaeii
oaeaeyoueny iniaia aieiaiea n naiiai iiiaioa i?iaeoe?iaaiey naoe.
Iaeeo/oei ia?acii ecaaaeoue naay io “aieiaiie aiee” ii iiaiaeo
iai?aaeeueiie i?ieeaaeee eaaaey yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea iieo/eaoeo
oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a iineaaeiaa a?aiy oae iacuaaaiuo
no?oeoo?e?iaaiiuo eaaaeueiuo nenoai, eniieuecothueo iaeeiaeiaua eaaaee
aeey ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo a eieaeueiie au/eneeoaeueiie naoe, eieaeueiie
oaeaoiiiie naoe, ia?aaea/e aeaeaieioi?iaoeee eee neaiaeia io aeao/eeia
iiaea?iie aaciianiinoe eee io?aiiuo nenoai. E no?oeoo?e?iaaiiui
eaaaeueiui nenoaiai ioiinyony, iai?eia?, SYSTIMAX SCS oe?iu AT&T, OPEN
DECconnect eiiiaiee Digital, eaaaeueiay nenoaia ei?ii?aoeee IBM.
Iiiyoea “no?oeoo?e?iaaiiinoue” icia/aao, /oi eaaaeueioth nenoaio
caeaiey iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia ianeieueei o?iaiae a caaeneiinoe io
iacia/aiey e ianoi?aniieiaeaiey eiiiiiaioia eaaaeueiie nenoaiu.
Iai?eia?, eaaaeueiay nenoaia SYSTIMAX SCS ninoieo ec :
– Aiaoiae iiaenenoaiu (campus subsystem)
– Aiia?aoiuo (equipment room)
– 16 –
– Aaeieieno?aoeaiie iiaenenoaiu (administrative subsystem)
– Iaaeno?aee (backbone cabling)
– Ai?eciioaeueiie iiaenenoaiu (horizontal subsystem)
– ?aai/eo iano (work location subsystem)
Aiaoiyy iiaenenoaia ninoieo ec iaaeiiai iioiaieieiiiiai eaaaey,
ono?ienoa yeaeo?e/aneie caueou e cacaieaiey e naycuaaao
eiiioieeaoeeiiioth e ia?aaaouaathuoth aiia?aoo?o a caeaiee (eee
eiiieaena caeaiee). E?iia oiai, a yoo iiaenenoaio aoiaeyo ono?ienoaa
nii?yaeaiey aiaoieo eaaaeueiuo eeiee e aioo?aiieie.
Aiia?aoiua neoaeao aeey ?aciauaiey ?acee/iiai eiiioieeaoeeiiiiai
iai?oaeiaaiey, i?aaeiacia/aiiiai aeey iaania/aiey ?aaiou
aaeieieno?aoeaiie iiaenenoaiu.
Aaeieieno?aoeaiay iiaenenoaia i?aaeiacia/aia aeey auno?iai e
eaaeiai oi?aaeaiey eaaaeueiie nenoaiu SYSTIMAX SCS i?e eciaiaiee ieaiia
?aciauaiey ia?niiaea e ioaeaeia. A aa ninoaa aoiaeyo eaaaeueiay nenoaia
(iaye?aie?iaaiiay aeoay ia?a e iioiaieieii), ono?ienoaa eiiiooaoeee e
nii?yaeaiey iaaeno?aee e ai?eciioaeueiie iiaenenoaiu, niaaeeieoaeueiua
oio?u, ia?ee?iai/iua n?aaenoaa e o.ae.
Iaaeno?aeue ninoieo ec iaaeiiai eaaaey eee eiiaeiaoeee iaaeiiai
e iioiaieieiiiiai eaaaey e aniiiiaaoaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey. Iia
naycuaaao iaaeaeo niaie yoaaee caeaiey eee aieueoea ieiuaaee iaeiiai e
oiai aea yoaaea.
Ai?eciioaeueiay nenoaia ia aaca aeoiai iaaeiiai eaaaey ?anoe?yao
iniiaioth iaaeno?aeue io aoiaeiuo oi/ae aaeieieno?aoeaiie nenoaiu yoaaea
e ?icaoeai ia ?aai/ai ianoa.
E, iaeiiaoe, iai?oaeiaaiea ?aai/eo iano aeeth/aao a naay
niaaeeieoaeueiua oio?u, aaeaioa?u, ono?ienoaa nii?yaeaiey e iaania/eaaao
iaoaie/aneia e yeaeo?e/aneia niaaeeiaiea iaaeaeo iai?oaeiaaieai ?aai/aai
ianoa e ai?eciioaeueiie eaaaeueiie iiaenenoaiu.
Iaeeo/oei niiniaii caueou eaaaey io oece/aneeo (a eiiaaea e
oaiia?aoo?iuo e oeie/aneeo aicaeaenoaee, iai?eia?, a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
oeaoao) yaeyaony i?ieeaaeea eaaaeae n eniieueciaaieai a ?acee/iie
noaiaie caueuaiiuo ei?iaia. I?e i?ieeaaeea naoaaiai eaaaey aaeece
enoi/ieeia yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey iaiaoiaeeii auiieiyoue
neaaeothuea o?aaiaaiey :
a) iaye?aie?iaaiiay aeoay ia?a aeieaeia ionoiyoue ieieioi ia
15-30 ni io yeaeo?e/aneiai eaaaey, ?icaoie, o?ainoi?iaoi?ia e o.ae.
a) o?aaiaaiey e eiaeneaeueiiio eaaaeth iaiaa aeanoeea –
?annoiyiea aei yeaeo?e/aneie eeiee eee yeaeo?ii?eai?ia aeieaeii auoue ia
iaiaa 10-15 ni.
– 17 –
Ae?oaay aaaeiay i?iaeaia i?aaeeueiie einoaeeyoeee e aacioeaciie
?aaiou eaaaeueiie nenoaiu – niioaaonoaea anao aa eiiiiiaioia o?aaiaaieyi
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo noaiaea?oia.
Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iieo/eee
neaaeothuea noaiaea?ou eaaaeueiuo nenoai :
Niaoeeoeeaoeee ei?ii?aoeee IBM, eioi?ua i?aaeoniao?eaatho
aeaayoue ?acee/iuo oeiia eaaaeae. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui n?aaee ieo
yaeyaony eaaaeue IBM type 1 –
– ye?aie?iaaiiay aeoay ia?a (STP) aeey naoae Token Ring.
Nenoaia eaoaai?ee Underwriters Labs (UL) i?aaenoaaeaia yoie
eaai?aoi?eae niaianoii n ei?ii?aoeeae Anixter. Nenoaia aeeth/aao iyoue
o?iaiae eaaaeae. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy nenoaia UL i?eaaaeaia a niioaaonoaea
n nenoaiie eaoaai?ee EIA/TIA.
Noaiaea?o EIA/TIA 568 aue ?ac?aaioai niaianoiuie oneeeyie UL,
American National Standarts Institute (ANSI) e Electronic Industry
Association/Telecommunications Industry Association, iiaea?oiiie
TR41.8.1 aeey eaaaeueiuo nenoai ia aeoie ia?a (UTP).
A aeiiieiaiea e noaiaea?oo EIA/TIA 568 nouanoaoao aeieoiaio DIS
11801, ?ac?aaioaiiue International Standard Organization (ISO) e
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Aeaiiue noaiaea?o
eniieuecoao oa?iei “eaoaai?ey” aeey ioaeaeueiuo eaaaeae e oa?iei “eeann”
aeey eaaaeueiuo nenoai.
Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea ioiaoeoue, /oi o?aaiaaiey noaiaea?oa EIA/TIA
568 ioiinyony oieueei e naoaaiio eaaaeth. Ii ?aaeueiua nenoaiu, iiieii
eaaaey, aeeth/atho oaeaea niaaeeieoaeueiua ?acuaiu, ?icaoee,
?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua iaiaee e ae?oaea yeaiaiou. Eniieueciaaiey oieueei
eaaaey eaoaai?ee 5 ia aa?aioe?oao nicaeaiea eaaaeueiie nenoaiu yoie
eaoaai?ee. A nayce n yoei ana auoa ia?a/eneaiiia iai?oaeiaaiea aeieaeii
auoue oaeaea na?oeoeoee?iaaii ia niioaaonoaea aeaiiie eaoaai?ee
eaaaeueiie nenoaiu.
Nenoaiu yeaeo?iniaaaeaiey.
Iaeaieaa iaaeaaeiui n?aaenoaii i?aaeioa?auaiey iioa?ue
eioi?iaoeee i?e e?aoeia?aiaiiii ioeeth/aiee yeaeo?iyia?aee a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy yaeyaony onoaiiaea enoi/ieeia aania?aaieiiai ieoaiey. ?acee/iua ii
naiei oaoie/aneei e iio?aaeoaeueneei oa?aeoa?enoeeai, iiaeiaiua
ono?ienoaa iiaoo iaania/eoue ieoaiea anae eieaeueiie naoe eee
ioaeaeueiie eiiiuethoa?a a oa/aiea i?iiaaeooea a?aiaie, aeinoaoi/iiai
aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey iiaea/e iai?yaeaiey eee aeey nio?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee
ia iaaieoiua iineoaee. Aieueoeinoai enoi/ieeia aania?aaieiiai ieoaiey
iaeiia?aiaiii auiieiyao ooieoeee e noaaeeecaoi?a iai?yaeaiey, /oi
– 18 –
yaeyaony aeiiieieoaeueiie caueoie io nea/eia iai?yaeaiey a naoe. Iiiaea
nia?aiaiiua naoaaua ono?ienoaa – na?aa?u, eiioeaio?aoi?u, iinou e o.ae.
– iniauaiu nianoaaiiuie aeoaee?iaaiiuie nenoaiaie yeaeo?iieoaiey.
Ca ?oaaaeii ei?ii?aoeee eiatho nianoaaiiua aaa?eeiua
yeaeo?iaaia?aoi?u eee ?aca?aiua eeiee yeaeo?iieoaiey. Yoe eeiee
iiaeeeth/aiu e ?aciui iiaenoaioeeyi, e i?e auoiaea ec no?iy iaeiie ieo
yeaeo?iniaaaeaiea inouanoaeyaony n ?aca?aiie iiaenoaioeee.
Nenoaiu a?oeae?iaaiey e aeoaee?iaaiey eioi?iaoeee.
I?aaiecaoeey iaaeaaeiie e yooaeoeaiie nenoaiu a?oeaaoeee aeaiiuo
yaeyaony iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo caaea/ ii iaania/aieth nio?aiiinoe
eioi?iaoeee a naoe. A iaaieueoeo naoyo, aaea onoaiiaeaiu iaeei-aeaa
na?aa?a, /aua anaai i?eiaiyaony onoaiiaea nenoaiu a?oeaaoeee
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a naiaiaeiua neiou na?aa?ia. A e?oiiuo ei?ii?aoeaiuo
naoyo iaeaieaa i?aaeii/oeoaeueii i?aaieciaaoue auaeaeaiiue
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiue a?oeaaoeeiiiue na?aa?.
O?aiaiea a?oeaiie eioi?iaoeee, i?aaenoaaeythuae iniaoth
oeaiiinoue, aeieaeii auoue i?aaieciaaii a niaoeeaeueiii io?aiyaiii
iiiauaiee. Niaoeeaeenou ?aeiiaiaeotho o?aieoue aeoaeeeaou a?oeaia
iaeaieaa oeaiiuo aeaiiuo a ae?oaii caeaiee, ia neo/ae iiaea?a eee
noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey.
Caueoa io noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee.
Iniiaiie e iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiue iaoiae caueou eioi?iaoeee e
iai?oaeiaaiey io ?acee/iuo noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee – iiaea?ia,
caieao?ynaiee, iaaiaeiaiee e o.ae. – ninoieo a o?aiaiee a?oeaiuo eiiee
eioi?iaoeee eee a ?aciauaiee iaeioi?uo naoaauo ono?ienoa, iai?eia?,
na?aa?ia aac aeaiiuo, a niaoeeaeueiuo caueuaiiuo iiiauaieyo,
?aniieiaeaiiuo, eae i?aaeei, a ae?oaeo caeaieyo eee, ?aaea, aeaaea a
ae?oaii ?aeiia ai?iaea eee a ae?oaii ai?iaea.
I?ia?aiiiua e i?ia?aiiii-aiia?aoiua iaoiaeu caueou.
Caueoa io eiiiuethoa?iuo ae?onia.
A?yae ee iaeaeaony oioy au iaeei iieueciaaoaeue eee
aaeieieno?aoi? naoe, eioi?ue au ie ?aco ia noaeeeaaeny n eiiiuethoa?iuie
ae?onaie. Ii aeaiiui enneaaeiaaiey, i?iaaaeaiiiai oe?iie Creative
Strategies Research, 64 % ec 451
– 19 –
ii?ioaiiiai niaoeeaeenoa eniuoaee “ia naaa” aeaenoaea ae?onia. Ia
naaiaeiyoiee aeaiue aeiiieieoaeueii e ouny/ai oaea ecaanoiuo ae?onia
iiyaeyaony 100-150 iiauo ooaiiia aaeaiany/ii. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie
iaoiaeaie caueou io ae?onia ii nae aeaiue inoathony ?acee/iua
aioeae?oniua i?ia?aiiu.
Iaeiaei a ea/anoaa ia?niaeoeaiiai iiaeoiaea e caueoa io
eiiiuethoa?iuo ae?onia a iineaaeiea aiaeu ana /aua i?eiaiyaony ni/aoaiea
i?ia?aiiiuo e aiia?aoiuo iaoiaeia caueou. N?aaee aiia?aoiuo ono?ienoa
oaeiai ieaia iiaeii ioiaoeoue niaoeeaeueiua aioeae?oniua ieaou, eioi?ua
anoaaeythony a noaiaea?oiua neiou ?anoe?aiey eiiiuethoa?a. Ei?ii?aoeey
Intel a 1994 aiaeo i?aaeeiaeeea ia?niaeoeaioth oaoiieiaeth caueou io
ae?onia a eiiiuethoa?iuo naoyo. Flash-iaiyoue naoaauo aaeaioa?ia Intel
EtherExpress PRO/10 niaea?aeeo aioeae?onioth i?ia?aiio, neaie?othuoth
ana nenoaiu eiiiuethoa?a aua aei aai caa?ocee.
Caueoa io ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia.
I?iaeaia caueou eioi?iaoeee io ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia
iniai iaino?eeanue n oe?ieei ?ani?ino?aiaieai eieaeueiuo e, iniaaiii,
aeiaaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?iuo naoae. Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea ioiaoeoue, /oi
ca/anooth oua?a iaiineony ia ec-ca “ceiai oiunea”, a ec-ca yeaiaioa?iuo
ioeaie iieueciaaoaeae, eioi?ua neo/aeii ii?oyo eee oaeaeytho aeeciaiii
aaaeiua aeaiiua. A nayce n yoei, iiieii eiio?iey aeinooia, iaiaoiaeeiui
yeaiaioii caueou eioi?iaoeee a eiiiuethoa?iuo naoyo yaeyaony
?aca?aie/aiea iieiiii/ee iieueciaaoaeae.
A eiiiuethoa?iuo naoyo i?e i?aaiecaoeee eiio?iey aeinooia e
?aca?aie/aiey iieiiii/ee iieueciaaoaeae /aua anaai eniieuecothony
ano?iaiiua n?aaenoaa naoaauo iia?aoeeiiiuo nenoai. Oae, e?oiiaeoee
i?iecaiaeeoaeue naoaauo IN – ei?ii?aoeey Novell – a naiai iineaaeiai
i?iaeoeoa NetWare 4.1 i?aaeoniio?ae iiieii noaiaea?oiuo n?aaenoa
ia?aie/aiey aeinooia, oaeeo, eae nenoaia ia?ieae e ?aca?aie/aiey
iieiiii/ee, ?yae iiauo aiciiaeiinoae, iaania/eaathueo ia?aue eeann
caueou aeaiiuo. Iiaay aa?ney NetWare i?aaeoniao?eaaao, a /anoiinoe,
aiciiaeiinoue eiaee?iaaiey aeaiiuo ii i?eioeeio “ioe?uoiai eeth/a”
(aeai?eoi RSA) n oi?ie?iaaieai yeaeo?iiiie iiaeiene aeey ia?aaeaaaaiuo
ii naoe iaeaoia.
A oi aea a?aiy a oaeie nenoaia i?aaiecaoeee caueou ana ?aaii
inoaaony neaaia ianoi: o?iaaiue aeinooia e aiciiaeiinoue aoiaea a
nenoaio ii?aaeaeythony ia?ieai. Ia nae?ao, /oi ia?ieue iiaeii
iiaeniio?aoue eee iiaeia?aoue. Aeey eneeth/aiey aiciiaeiinoe
iaaaoi?eciaaiiiai aoiaea a eiiiuethoa?ioth naoue a iineaaeiaa a?aiy
eniieuecoaony eiiaeie?iaaiiue iiaeoiae – ia?ieue + eaeaioeoeeaoeey
iieueciaaoaey ii ia?niiaeueiiio “eeth/o”. A ea/anoaa “eeth/a” iiaeao
eniieueciaaoueny ieanoeeiaay ea?oa (iaaieoiay eee ni ano?iaiiie
iee?inoaiie – smart-card) eee ?acee/iua
– 20 –
ono?ienoaa aeey eaeaioeoeeaoeee ee/iinoe ii aeiiao?e/aneie eioi?iaoeee –
ii ?aaeoaeiie iaiei/ea aeaca eee ioia/aoeia iaeueoeaa, ?acia?ai eenoe
?oee e oae aeaeaa.
Inianoea na?aa? eee naoaaua ?aai/ea noaioeee, iai?eia?,
ono?ienoaii /oaiey nia?o-ea?oi/ae e niaoeeaeueiui i?ia?aiiiui
iaania/aieai, iiaeii cia/eoaeueii iiauneoue noaiaiue caueou io
ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiiai aeinooia. A yoii neo/aa aeey aeinooia e
eiiiuethoa?o iieueciaaoaeue aeieaeai anoaaeoue nia?o-ea?oo a ono?ienoai
/oaiey e aaanoe naie ia?niiaeueiue eiae. I?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea
iicaieyao onoaiiaeoue ianeieueei o?iaiae aaciianiinoe, eioi?ua
oi?aaeythony nenoaiiui aaeieieno?aoi?ii. Aiciiaeai e eiiaeie?iaaiiue
iiaeoiae n aaiaeii aeiiieieoaeueiiai ia?iey, i?e yoii i?eiyou
niaoeeaeueiua ia?u i?ioea “ia?aoaaoa” ia?iey n eeaaeaoo?u. Yoio iiaeoiae
cia/eoaeueii iaaeaaeiaa i?eiaiaiey ia?ieae, iineieueeo, anee ia?ieue
iiaeaeyaeaee, iieueciaaoaeue ia yoii iiaeao ia ciaoue, anee aea i?iiaea
ea?oi/ea, iiaeii i?eiyoue ia?u iaiaaeeaiii.
Nia?o-ea?ou oi?aaeaiey aeinooiii iicaieytho ?aaeeciaaoue, a
/anoiinoe, oaeea ooieoeee, eae eiio?ieue aoiaea, aeinooi e ono?ienoaai
ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a, aeinooi e i?ia?aiiai, oaeeai e eiiaiaeai.
E?iia oiai, aiciiaeii oaeaea inouanoaeaiea eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee, a
/anoiinoe, ?aaeno?aoeey iiiuoie ia?ooaiey aeinooia e ?ano?nai,
eniieueciaaiey cai?auaiiuo ooeeeo, i?ia?aii, eiiaiae DOS.
Iaeiei ec oaea/iuo i?eia?ia nicaeaiey eiiieaeniiai ?aoaiey aeey
eiio?iey aeinooia a ioe?uouo nenoaiao, iniiaaiiiai eae ia i?ia?aiiiuo,
oae e ia aiia?aoiuo n?aaenoaao caueou, noaea nenoaia Kerberos. A iniiaa
yoie noaiu aaoi?ecaoeee eaaeao o?e eiiiiiaioa:
– Aaca aeaiiuo, niaea?aeauay eioi?iaoeeth ii anai naoaaui
?ano?nai,
iieueciaaoaeyi, ia?ieyi, oeo?iaaeueiui eeth/ai e o.ae.
– Aaoi?ecaoeeiiiue na?aa? (authentication server),
ia?aaaouaathuee ana cai?inu
iieueciaaoaeae ia i?aaeiao iieo/aiey oiai eee eiiai aeaea
naoaauo oneoa.
Aaoi?ecaoeeiiiue na?aa?, iieo/ay cai?in io iieueciaaoaey,
ia?auaaony e aaca
aeaiiuo e ii?aaeaeyao, eiaao ee iieueciaaoaeue i?aai ia
niaa?oaiea aeaiiie
iia?aoeee. I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi ia?iee iieueciaaoaeae ii naoe
ia ia?aaeathony,
/oi oaeaea iiauoaao noaiaiue caueou eioi?iaoeee.
– Ticket-granting server (na?aa? auaea/e ?ac?aoaiee) iieo/aao
io
aaoi?ecaoeeiiiiai na?aa?a “i?iione”, niaea?aeauee eiy
iieueciaaoaey e aai
naoaaie aae?an, a?aiy cai?ina e ?yae ae?oaeo ia?aiao?ia, a
oaeaea oieeaeueiue
nanneiiiue eeth/. Iaeao, niaea?aeauee “i?iione”, ia?aaeaaony
oaeaea a
caoeo?iaaiiii ii aeai?eoio DES aeaea. Iinea iieo/aiey e
?anoeo?iaee
“i?iionea” na?aa? auaea/e ?ac?aoaiee i?iaa?yao cai?in e
n?aaieaaao eeth/e e
caoai aeaao “aeia?i” ia eniieueciaaiea naoaaie aiia?aoo?u eee
i?ia?aii.
– 21 –
N?aaee ae?oaeo iiaeiaiuo eiiieaeniuo noai iiaeii ioiaoeoue
?ac?aaioaiioth Aa?iiaeneie Annioeeaoeeae I?iecaiaeeoaeae Eiiiuethoa?ia
(ECMA) nenoaio Sesame (Secure European System for Applications in
Multivendor Environment), i?aaeiacia/aiioth aeey eniieueciaaiey a
e?oiiuo aaoa?iaaiiuo naoyo.
Caueoa eioi?iaoeee i?e oaeaeaiiii aeinooia.
Ii ia?a ?anoe?aiey aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee, ?inoa
/eneaiiinoe ia?niiaea e iiyaeaiey iiauo oeeeaeia, aicieeaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeinooia oaeaeaiiuo iieueciaaoaeae (eee a?oii
iieueciaaoaeae) e au/eneeoaeueiui e eioi?iaoeeiiiui ?ano?nai aeaaiiai
ioena eiiiaiee. Eiiiaiey Datapro naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi oaea a 1995
aiaeo oieueei a NOA /enei ?aaioieeia iinoiyiii eee a?aiaiii
eniieuecothueo oaeaeaiiue aeinooi e eiiiuethoa?iui naoyi, ninoaaeo 25
ieeeeiiia /aeiaae. *aua anaai aeey i?aaiecaoeee oaeaeaiiiai aeinooia
eniieuecooethony eaaaeueiua eeiee (iau/iua oaeaoiiiua eee auaeaeaiiua) e
?aaeeieaiaeu. A nayce n yoei caueoa eioi?iaoeee, ia?aaeaaaaiie ii
eaiaeai oaeaeaiiiai aeinooia, o?aaoao iniaiai iiaeoiaea.
A /anoiinoe, a iinoao e ia?o?ooecaoi?ao oaeaeaiiiai aeinooia
i?eiaiyaony naaiaioaoeey iaeaoia – eo ?acaeaeaiea e ia?aaea/a
ia?aeeaeueii ii aeaoi eeieyi,- /oi aeaeaao iaaiciiaeiui “ia?aoaao”
aeaiiuo i?e iacaeiiiii iiaeeeth/aiee “oaea?a” e iaeiie ec eeiee. E oiio
aea eniieuecoaiay i?e ia?aaea/a aeaiiuo i?ioeaaeo?a naeaoey
ia?aaeaaaaiuo iaeaoia aa?aioe?oao iaaiciiaeiinoe ?anoeo?iaee
“ia?aoaa/aiiuo” aeaiiuo. E?iia oiai, iinou e ia?o?ooecaoi?u oaeaeaiiiai
aeinooia iiaoo auoue cai?ia?aiie?iaaiu oaeei ia?acii, /oi oaeaeaiiua
iieueciaaoaee aoaeoo ia?aie/aiu a aeinooia e ioaeaeueiui ?ano?nai naoe
aeaaiiai ioena.
?ac?aaioaiu e niaoeeaeueiua ono?ienoaa eiio?iey aeinooia e
eiiiuethoa?iui naoyi ii eiiiooe?oaiui eeieyi. Iai?eia?, oe?iie AT&T
i?aaeeaaaaony iiaeoeue Remote Port Security Device (PRSD),
i?aaenoaaeythuee niaie aeaa aeiea ?acia?ii n iau/iue iiaeai: RPSD Lock
(caiie), onoaiaaeeaaaiue a oeaio?aeueiii ioena, e RPSD Key (eeth/),
iiaeeeth/aaiue e iiaeaio oaeaeaiiiai iieueciaaoaey. RPSD Key e Lock
iicaieytho onoaiiaeoue ianeieueei o?iaiae caueou e eiio?iey aeinooia, a
/anoiinoe:
– oeo?iaaiea aeaiiuo, ia?aaeaaaaiuo ii eeiee i?e iiiiue
aaia?e?oaiuo
oeeo?iauo eeth/ae;
– eiio?ieue aeinooia a caaeneiinoe io aeiy iaaeaee eee a?aiaie
nooie (anaai 14
ia?aie/aiee).
Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea ?aaeeinaoae a iineaaeiea aiaeu iinoaaeei
?ac?aaio/eeia ?aaeeinenoai ia?aae iaiaoiaeeiinoueth caueou eioi?iaoeee
io “oaea?ia”, aii?oaeaiiuo ?aciiia?aciuie neaie?othueie ono?ienoaaie.
Auee i?eiaiaiu ?aciiia?aciua oaoie/aneea ?aoaiey. Iai?eia?, a ?aaeeinaoe
eiiiaiee
– 22 –
RAM Mobil Data eioi?iaoeeiiiua iaeaou ia?aaeathony /a?ac ?aciua eaiaeu e
aaciaua noaioeee, /oi aeaeaao i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeiui aeey iinoi?iiieo
nia?aoue anth ia?aaeaaaaioth eioi?iaoeeth aiaaeeii. Aeoeaii
eniieuecothony a ?aaeei naoyo e oaoiieiaee oeo?iaaiey aeaiiuo i?e iiiiue
aeai?eoiia DES e RSA.
Caeeth/aiea.
A caeeth/aiee oioaeinue au iiae/a?eiooue, /oi ieeaeea
aiia?aoiua, i?ia?aiiiua e ethaua ae?oaea ?aoaiey ia niiaoo
aa?aioe?iaaoue aaniethoioth iaaeaaeiinoue e aaciianiinoue aeaiiuo a
eiiiuethoa?iuo naoyo.
A oi aea a?aiy naanoe ?ene iioa?ue e ieieioio aiciiaeii eeoue
i?e eiiieaeniii iiaeoiaea e aii?inai aaciianiinoe.
– 23 –
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIUO ENOI*IEEIA E
EEOA?AOO?U.
1. I. ?aaa (M. Raab) Caueoa naoae: iaeiiaoe-oi a oeaio?a aieiaiey //
Eiiiuethoa?oi?eae Iineaa, 1994, ? 29, no?. 18.
2. Ae. Aaenea? (J.Wexler) Iaeiiaoe-oi iaaeaaeii iaania/aia caueoa
aeaiiuo a
?aaeeinaoyo // Eiiiuethoa?oi?eae Iineaa, 1994, ? 17, no?. 13-14.
3. N.A.Nooiaa Nenoaia aaciianiinoe NetWare//“Naoe”, 1995, ? 4,
no?. 60-70.
4. A. Aaeyaa Aaciianiinoue a ?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiuo nenoaiao // Ioe?uoua
nenoaiu Iineaa, 1995, ? 3, no?. 36-40.
5. Ae.Aaaeaaa Caueoa aeaiiuo a eiiiuethoa?iuo naoyo // Ioe?uoua
nenoaiu Iineaa, 1995, ? 3, no?. 12-18.
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