Ia
i?ioyaeaiee aeecie anaai eeoue iaeiiai iieieaiey ?yaeii
n /aeiaaeii au?in no?aiiue iiaue aeae :au/eneeoaeueiua e
iiaeiaiua ei iaoeiu, n eioi?uie, eae ii iaia?oaeee, aio
i?eaeaony aeaeeoue ie?.
Ie enoi?ey, ie oeeinioey, ie cae?aaue niune
ia iiaoo
iiaeneacaoue iai, eae yoe iaoeiu iiaeeytho ia iaoo aeeciue a
aoaeouai, eai iie ?aaioatho nianai ia oae, eae iaoeiu,
nicaeaiiua a y?o i?iiuoeaiiie ?aaiethoeee.
Ia?aei Ieineee
?anniao?eaay enoi?eth iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey, ia?enenou ooaa?aeaeatho,
/oi ’’ enoi?ey anoue ie /oi eiia, eae iineaaeiaaoaeueiay niaia
ioaeaeueiuo iieieaiee ’’. I/aaeaeii, yoi ni?aaaaeeeai e aeey enoi?ee
eiiiuethoa?ia.
Aio iaeioi?ua ii?aaeaeaiey oa?ieia ’’ iieieaiea eiiiuethoa?ia ’’,
acyoua ec 2-o enoi/ieeia. ’’ Iieieaiey au/eneeoaeueiuo iaoei – yoi
neiaeeaoaany a iineaaeiaa a?aiy ?acaeaiea au/eneeoaeueiuo iaoei ia
eeannu, ii?aaeaeyaiua yeaiaioiie aacie e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth ’’.(
Iaoeei A. Iaeue oieeiaue neiaa?ue ii au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieea: ia?. n
iai. I.. : Yia?aey, 1975 ). ’’ Iieieaiey eiiiuethoa?ia – iano?iaay
eeanneoeeaoeey au/eneeoaeueiuo nenoai ii noaiaie ?acaeoey aiia?aoiuo e a
iineaaeiaa a?aiy – i?ia?aiiiuo n?aaenoa ’’.( Oieeiaue neiaa?ue ii
au/eneeoaeueiui nenoaiai: Ia?. n aiae. I.: Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1990 ).
Ooaa?aeaeaiea iiiyoey i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe eiiiuethoa?ia e oiio eee eiiio
iieieaieth e iiyaeaiea naiiai oa?ieia ’’ iieieaiea ’’ ioiineony e 1964
a., eiaaea oe?ia IBM auionoeea na?eth eiiiuethoa?ia IBM / 360 ia
aea?eaeiuo iee?inoaiao (iiiieeoiua eioaa?aeueiua noaiu a oi a?aiy au? ia
auioneaeenue a aeinoaoi/iii eiee/anoaa), iacaaa yoo na?eth
eiiiuethoa?aie o?aoueaai iieieaiey. Niioaaonoaaiii i?aaeuaeouea
eiiiuethoa?u – ia o?aicenoi?ao e yeaeo?iiiuo eaiiao – eiiiuethoa?aie
aoi?iai e o?aoueaai iieieaiee. A aeaeueiaeoai yoa eeanneoeeaoeey,
aioaaeoay a oiio?aaeaiea, auea ?anoe?aia e iiyaeeenue eiiiuethoa?u
/aoa??oiai e iyoiai iieieaiee.
Aeey iiieiaiey enoi?ee eiiiuethoa?iie oaoieee aaaae?iiay eeanneoeeaoeey
eiaea, ii e?aeiae ia?a, aeaa aniaeoa: ia?aue – any aeayoaeueiinoue,
naycaiiay n eiiiuethoa?aie, aei nicaeaiey eiiiuethoa?ia ENIAC
?anniao?eaaeanue eae i?aaeunoi?ey ; aoi?ie – ?acaeoea eiiiuethoa?iie
oaoieee ii?aaeaeyeinue iaiin?aaenoaaiii a oa?ieiao oaoiieiaee aiia?aoo?u
e noai.
Aoi?ie aniaeo iiaeoaa?aeaeaao e aeaaiue eiino?oeoi? oe?iu DEC e iaeei
ec ecia?aoaoaeae ieie-eiiiuethoa?ia A.Aaee, aiai?y, /oi ’’ enoi?ey
eiiiuethoa?iie eiaeono?ee ii/oe anaaaea aeaeaaeanue oaoiieiaeae’’.
Ia?aoiaey e ioeaiea e ?anniio?aieth ?acee/iuo iieieaiee, iaiaoiaeeii
i?aaeaea anaai caiaoeoue, /oi iineieueeo i?ioeann nicaeaiey
eiiiuethoa?ia i?ienoiaeee e i?ienoiaeeo iai?a?uaii ( a i?i o/anoaotho
iiiaea ?ac?aaio/eee ec iiiaeo no?ai, eiathuea aeaei n ?aoaieai ?acee/iuo
i?iaeai ), cao?oaeieoaeueii, a a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo e aaniieacii,
iuoaaony oi/ii onoaiiaeoue, eiaaea oi eee eiia iieieaiea ia/eiaeinue eee
caeai/eaaeinue.
A 1883 a. Oiian Aeueaa Yaeenii, iuoaynue i?iaeeeoue n?ie neoaeau eaiiu
n oaieueiie ieoueth aa?e a a? aaeooiiue aaeeii ieaoeiiaue yeaeo?iae e
iieiaeeoaeueiia iai?yaeaiea, oi a aaeooia iaaeaeo yeaeo?iaeii e ieoueth
i?ioaeaao oie.
Ia iaeaey ieeaeiai iauyniaiey noieue iaiau/iiio yaeaieth, Yaeenii
ia?aie/eaaaony oai, /oi iiae?iaii iienae aai, ia anyeee neo/ae acye
iaoaio e ioi?aaee eaiio ia Oeeaaeaeueoeeneoth aunoaaeo. I iae a aeaeaa?a
1884 a. a aeo?iaea ’’Eiaeaia?eia’’ auea caiaoea ’’ ssaeaiea a eaiii/ea
Yaeeniia’’.
Aia?eeaineee ecia?aoaoaeue ia ?aniiciae ioe?uoey eneeth/eoaeueiie
aaaeiinoe (ii nooe yoi auei aai aaeeinoaaiiia ooiaeaiaioaeueiia ioe?uoea
– oa?iiyeaeo?iiiay yienney).Ii ia iiiye, /oi aai eaiia iaeaeeaaiey n
ieaoeiiaui yeaeo?iaeii ii nouanoao auea ia?aie a ie?a yeaeo?iiiie
eaiiie.
Ia?aui, eiio i?eoea a aieiao iuneue i i?aeoe/aneii eniieueciaaiee ’’
yooaeoa Yaeeniia ’’ aue aiaeeeneee oecee Aeae. A. Oeaieia (1849 – 1945
). ?aaioay n 1882 a. eiinoeueoaioii yaeeniiianeie eiiiaiee a Eiiaeiia,
ii ociae i ’’ yaeaiee ’’ ec ia?auo ono – io naiiai Yaeeniia. Naie
aeeiae – aeaooyeaeo?iaeioth eaiio Oeaeieia nicaeae a 1904 a.
A ieoya?a 1906 a. aia?eeaineee eiaeaia? Ee aea Oi?ano ecia??e
yeaeo?iiioth eaiio – oneeeoaeue, eee aoaeeii, eae ii a? oiaaea iacaae,
eiaaoee o?aoee yeaeo?iae – naoeo. Ei aue aaaae?i i?eioeei, ia iniiaa
eioi?iai no?ieeenue ana aeaeueiaeoea yeaeo?iiiua eaiiu, – oi?aaeaiea
oieii, i?ioaeathuei iaaeaeo aiiaeii e eaoiaeii, n iiiiuueth ae?oaeo
aniiiiaaoaeueiuo yeaiaioia.
A 1910 a. iaiaoeeee eiaeaia?u Eeaai, ?aein e Oo?aon neiino?oe?iaaee
o?eiae, naoea a eioi?ii auiieiyeanue a oi?ia ia?oi?e?iaaiiiai eenoa
aethieiey e iiiauaeanue a oeaio?a aaeeiia, a /oiau oaaee/eoue
yienneiiiue oie, iie i?aaeeiaeeee iie?uoue ieoue iaeaea neiai ieene
aa?ey eee eaeueoeey.
A 1911 a. aia?eeaineee oecee *. Ae. Eoeeaeae i?aaeeiaeee i?eiaieoue
a ea/anoaa iie?uoey aieueo?aiiaie ieoe iaeaea ieenue oi?ey – ieneaeiue
eaoiae – e iieo/ee aieueo?aiiaoth i?iaieieo, eioi?ay i?iecaaea ia?aai?io
a eaiiiaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
A 1915 a. aia?eeaineee oecee E?aeia Eaiaith? neiino?oe?iaae
aeaooyeaeo?iiioth eaiio – eaiio?ii, i?eiaiyaioth a ea/anoaa
aui?yieoaeueiie eaiiu a enoi/ieeao ieoaiey. A 1916 a. eaiiiaay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue noaea auioneaoue iniaue oei eiino?oeoeee eaii –
aaia?aoi?iua eaiiu n aiaeyiui ioeaaeaeaieai.
Eaeay eaiiu n aeaoiy nioeaie – oao?iaea auea auneacaia a 1919 a.
iaiaoeeei oeceeii Aaeueoa?ii Oiooee e iacaaeneii io iaai a 1923 a. –
aia?eeaioeai Y. O. Oaeeii, a ?aaeeciaaia yoa eaeay aiaee/aieiii O.
Aeae. ?aoiaeii ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 20-o a.a.
A 1929 a. aieeaiaeneea o/?iua A. Oieueno e A. Oaeeaaai nicaeaee
yeaeo?iiioth eaiio n 3-iy naoeaie – iaioiae. A 1932 a. aue nicaeai
aaioiae, a 1933 – aaeniae e iaioaa?eae, a 1935 iiyaeeenue eaiiu a
iaoaeee/aneeo ei?ionao.. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea yeaeo?iiiuo eaii oei ii
iooe oeo/oaiey eo ooieoeeiiaeueiuo oa?aeoa?enoee, ii iooe
iiiaiooieoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey.
I?iaeou e ?aaeecaoeey iaoei ’’ Ia?e – 1 ’’, EDSAC e EDVAC a Aiaeee e
NOA , IYNI a NNN? caeiaeeee iniiao aeey ?aca??ouaaiey ?aaio ii
nicaeaieth YAI aaeooiiieaiiiaie oaoiieiaee – na?eeiuo YAI ia?aiai
iieieaiey.
?ac?aaioea ia?aie yeaeo?iiiie na?eeiie iaoeiu UNIVAC (Universal
Automatic Computer) ia/aoa i?eia?ii a 1947 a. Yeea?oii e Iao/ee,
iniiaaaoeie a aeaeaa?a oiai aea aiaea oe?io ECKERT-MAUCHLI. Ia?aue
ia?acaoe iaoeiu ( UNIVAC-1 ) aue iino?iai aeey ath?i ia?aiene NOA e
iouai a yenieoaoaoeeth aaniie 1951 a. Neio?iiiay, iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai
aeaenoaey au/eneeoaeueiay iaoeia UNIVAC-1 nicaeaia ia aaca YAI ENIAC e
EDVAC. ?aaioaea iia n oaeoiaie /anoioie 2,25 IAoe e niaea?aeaea ieiei
5000 yeaeo?iiiuo eaii. Aioo?aiiaa caiiieiathuaa ono?ienoai a ?ieinoueth
1000 12 -?ac?yaeiuo aeanyoe/iuo /enae auei auiieiaii ia 100 ?oooiuo
eeieyo caaea?aeee.
Anei?a iinea aaiaea a yenieoaoaoeeth iaoeiu UNVIAC – 1 a? ?ac?aaio/eee
auaeaeioee eaeath aaoiiaoe/aneiai i?ia?aiie?iaaiey. Iia naiaeeeanue e
oiio, /oiau iaoeia naia iiaea iiaeaioaaeeaaoue oaeoth
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue eiiaiae, eioi?ay ioaeia aeey ?aoaiey aeaiiie
caaea/e.
Iyoeaeanyoua aiaeu – aiaeu ?anoeaaoa eiiiuethoa?iie oaoieee, aiaeu
cia/eoaeueiuo aeinoeaeaiee e iiaiaaaaeaiee eae a a?oeoaeoo?iii, oae e a
iao/ii – oaoie/aneii ioiioaiee. Ioee/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe a a?oeoaeoo?a
nia?aiaiiie YAI ii n?aaiaieth n iaeiaiianeie a?oeoaeoo?ie aia?aua
iiyaeeenue a YAI ia?aiai iieieaiey.
Neeueiui naea?aeeaathuei oaeoi?ii a ?aaioa eiino?oeoi?ia YAI ia/aea 50
– o a.a. auei ionoonoaea auno?iaeaenoaothuae iaiyoe. Ii neiaai iaeiiai
ec ieiia?ia au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee – Ae. Yeea?oa, ’’ a?oeoaeoo?a iaoeiu
ii?aaeaeyaony iaiyoueth ’’. Enneaaeiaaoaee nin?aaeioi/eee naie oneeey ia
caiiieiathueo naienoaao oa??eoiauo eieaoe, iaiecaiiuo ia i?iaiei/iua
iao?eoeu.
17 na?aea/ieeaie, eioi?ua iaania/eaaee o?aiaiea 2048 neia aeey 16 –
?ac?yaeiuo aeaie/iuo /enae n iaeiei ?ac?yaeii eiio?iey ia /?oiinoue.
A ?ac?aaioeo yeaeo?iiiuo eiiiuethoa?ia aeeth/eeanue oe?ia IBM. A 1952
a. iia auionoeea naie ia?aue i?iiuoeaiiue yeaeo?iiiue eiiiuethoa? IBM
701, eioi?ue i?aaenoaaeye niaie neio?iiioth YAI ia?aeeaeueiiai
aeaenoaey, niaea?aeauoth 4000 yeaeo?iiiuo eaii e 12000 aa?iaieaauo
aeeiaeia. Oniaa?oainoaiaaiiue aa?eaio iaoeiu IBM 704 ioee/aeanue aunieie
nei?inoueth ?aaiou, a iae eniieueciaaeenue eiaeaeniua ?aaeno?u e aeaiiua
i?aaenoaaeyeenue a oi?ia n ieaaathuae caiyoie.
Iinea YAI IBM 704 auea auiouaia iaoeia IBM 709, eioi?ay a a?oeoaeoo?iii
ieaia i?eaeeaeaeanue e iaoeiai aoi?iai e o?aoueaai iieieaiee. A yoie
iaoeia aia?aua auea i?eiaiaia einaaiiay aae?anaoeey e aia?aua iiyaeeenue
eaiaeu aaiaea – auaiaea.
A 1956 a. oe?iie IBM auee ?ac?aaioaiu ieaaathuea iaaieoiua aieiaee ia
aicaeooiie iiaeooea. Ecia?aoaiea eo iicaieeei nicaeaoue iiaue oei iaiyoe
– aeeneiaua CO, cia/eiinoue eioi?uo auea a iieiie ia?a ioeaiaia a
iineaaeothuea aeanyoeeaoey ?acaeoey au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee. Ia?aua CO
ia aeeneao iiyaeeenue a iaoeiao IBM 305 e RAMAC-
Iineaaeiyy eiaea iaeao, ninoiyaoee ec 50 iaoaeee/aneeo aeeneia n
iaaieoiui iie?uoeai, eioi?ua a?auaeenue ni nei?inoueth 12000 ia / iei.
IA iiaa?oiinoe aeenea ?aciauaeinue 100 aei?iaeae aeey caiene aeaiiuo, ii
10000 ciaeia eaaeaeay.
Aneaae ca ia?aui na?eeiui eiiiuethoa?ii UNIVAC – 1 oe?ia Remington –
Rand a 1952 a. auionoeea YAI UNIVAC – 1103, eioi?ay ?aaioaea a 50 ?ac
auno?aa. Iicaea a eiiiuethoa?a UNIVAC – 1103 aia?aua auee i?eiaiaiu
i?ia?aiiiua i?a?uaaiey.
Nio?oaeieee oe?iu Remington – Rand eniieueciaaee
aeaaa?ae/aneoth oi?io caiene aeai?eoiia iiae iacaaieai ’’ Short Cocle ’’
( ia?aue eioa?i?aoaoi?, nicaeaiiue a 1949 a. Aeaeiiii Iao/ee ). E?iia
oiai, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue ioeoea?a AIO NOA e ?oeiaiaeeoaey a?oiiu
i?ia?aiienoia, a oi a?aiy eaieoaia ( a aeaeueiaeoai aaeeinoaaiiay
aeaiueia a AIO- aaeie?aea ) A?aen Oiiia?, eioi?ay ?ac?aaioaea ia?aoth
i?ia?aiio- eiiieeyoi? A- I. (Enoaoe, oa?iei ” eiiieeyoi? ” aia?aua aaaea
A. Oiiia? a 1951 a. ). Yoa eiiieee?othuay i?ia?aiia i?iecaiaeeea
o?aineyoeeth ia iaoeiiue ycue anae i?ia?aiiu, caienaiiie a oaeiaiie aeey
ia?aaioee aeaaa?ae/aneie oi?ia.
Oe?ia IBM oaeaea naeaeaea ia?aua oaae a iaeanoe aaoiiaoecaoeee
i?ia?aiie?iaaiey, nicaeaa a 1953 a. aeey iaoeiu IBM 701 ” Nenoaio
auno?iai eiaee?iaaiey “. A iaoae no?aia A. A. Eyioiia i?aaeeiaeee iaeei
ec ia?auo ycueia i?ia?aiie?iaaiey. A 1957 a. a?oiia iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
Ae. Ayeona caaa?oeea ?aaioo iaae noaaoei a iineaaenoaee iiioey?iui
ia?aui ycueii i?ia?aiie?iaaiey aunieiai o?iaiy, iieo/eaoei iacaaiea
OI?O?AI. sscue, ?aaeeciaaiiue aia?aua ia YAI IBM 704, niinianoaiaae
?anoe?aieth noa?u i?eiaiaiey eiiiuethoa?ia.
A Aaeeeia?eoaiee a ethea 1951 a. ia eiioa?aioeee a Iai/anoa?neii
oieaa?neoaoa I. Oeeen i?aaenoaaee aeieeaae ” Iaeeo/oee iaoiae
eiino?oe?iaaiey aaoiiaoe/aneie iaoeiu”, eioi?ue noae ieiia?neie ?aaioie
ii iniiaai iee?ii?ia?aiie?iaaiey. I?aaeeiaeaiiue ei iaoiae
i?iaeoe?iaaiey ono?ienoa oi?aaeaiey iaoae oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea.
Naith eaeath iee?ii?ia?aiie?iaaiey I. Oeeen ?aaeeciaae a 1957 a. i?e
nicaeaiee iaoeiu EDSAC-2. I. Oeeen niaianoii n Ae. Oeeea?ii e N. Aeeeii
a 1951 a. iaienaee ia?aue o/aaiee ii i?ia?aiie?iaaieth ” Ninoaaeaiea
i?ia?aii aeey yeaeo?iiiuo n/aoiuo iaoei ” (?onneee ia?aaiae- 1953 a.).
A 1951 a. oe?iie Ferranti ia/ao na?eeiue auione iaoeiu ” Ia?e-1″. A
/a?ac 5 eao oe?ia Ferranti auionoeea YAI ’’ Pegasus ’’, a eioi?ie
aia?aua iauea aiieiuaiea eiioeaioeey ?aaeno?ia iauaai iacia/aiey ( ?II
). N iiyaeaieai ?II ono?aiaii ?acee/ea iaaeaeo eiaeaeniuie ?aaeno?aie e
aeeoioeyoi?aie, e a ?anii?yaeaiee i?ia?aiienoa ieacaeny ia iaeei, a
ianeieueei ?aaeno?ia – aeeoioeyoi?ia.
A iaoae no?aia a 1948 a. i?iaeaiu ?acaeoey au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee
noaiiayony iauaainoaea?noaaiiie caaea/ae. ?acaa?ioeenue ?aaiou ii
nicaeaieth na?eeiuo YAI ia?aiai iieieaiey.
A 1950 a. a Einoeoooa oi/iie iaoaieee e au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee ( EOI e
AO ) i?aaieciaai ioaeae oeeo?iauo YAI aeey ?ac?aaioee e nicaeaiey
aieueoie YAI. A 1951 a. caeanue auea ni?iaeoe?iaaia iaoeia AYNI (
Aieueoay Yeaeo?iiiay N/?oiay Iaoeia ), a a 1952 a. ia/aeanue a? iiuoiay
yenieoaoaoeey.
A i?iaeoa aia/aea i?aaeiieaaaeinue i?eiaieoue iaiyoue ia o?oaeao
Aeeueyina, ii aei 1955 a. a ea/anoaa yeaiaioia iaiyoe a iae
eniieueciaaeenue ?oooiua eeiee caaea?aeee. Ii oai a?aiaiai AYNI auea
aanueia i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie iaoeiie – 800 ii / n. Iia eiaea
o??oaae?anioth nenoaio eiiaiae, a aeey oi?iuaiey i?ia?aiie?iaaiey oe?iei
i?eiaiyeny iaoiae noaiaea?oiuo i?ia?aii, eioi?ue a aeaeueiaeoai iieiaeee
ia/aei iiaeoeueiiio i?ia?aiie?iaaieth, iaeaoai i?eeeaaeiuo i?ia?aii.
Na?eeii iaoeia noaea auioneaoueny a 1956 a. iiae iacaaieai AYNI – 2.
A yoio aea ia?eiae a EA, ?oeiaiaeeiii I. A . Eana/ei, ia/aeinue
i?iaeoe?iaaiea ae?oaie YAI, iieo/eaoae iacaaiea ’’ No?aea ’’. Inaaeaaoue
na?eeiia i?iecaiaenoai yoie iaoeiu auei ii?o/aii iineianeiio caaiaeo
NAI. Aeaaiui eiino?oeoi?ii noae TH. A. Aaceeaaneee, a iaeiei ec aai
iiiiuieeia – A. E. ?aiaaa, a aeaeueiaeoai eiino?oeoi? na?ee ’’ O?ae ’’.
I?iaeaiu na?eeiiai i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeii?aaeaeeee iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe
’’ No?aeu ’’ : iaaunieia ii n?aaiaieth n AYNI auno?iaeaenoaea,
i?inoi?iue iiioaae e o. ae. A iaoeia a ea/anoaa aiaoiae iaiyoe
i?eiaiyeenue 45 – aei?iaea/iua iaaieoiua eaiou, a iia?aoeaiay iaiyoue –
ia o?oaeao Aeeueyina. ’’ No?aea ’’ eiaea aieueooth ?ac?yaeiinoue e
oaeiaioth nenoaio eiiaiae.
Ia?aay YAI ’’ No?aea ’’ auea onoaiiaeaia a ioaeaeaiee i?eeeaaeiie
iaoaiaoeee Iaoaiaoe/aneiai einoeoooa AI ( IEAI ), a a eiioea 1953 a.
ia/aeinue na?eeiia a? i?iecaiaenoai.
A eaai?aoi?ee yeaeo?inoai yia?aaoe/aneiai einoeoooa iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
E. N. A?oea a 1951 a. iino?ieee iaeao iaaieueoie YAI ia?aiai iieieaiey
iiae iacaaieai I-1.
A neaaeothuai aiaeo caeanue auea niceaia au/eneeoaeueiay iaoeia I – 2,
eioi?ay iieiaeeea ia/aei nicaeaieth yeiiiie/iuo iaoei n?aaeiaai eeanna.
Iaeiei ec aaaeoueo ?ac?aaio/eeia aeaiiie iaoeiu aue I. A. Ea?oeaa,
ai?noee aiineaaenoaee aieueoie aeeaae a ?acaeoea ioa/anoaaiiie
au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee. A iaoeia I – 2 eniieueciaaeenue 1879 eaii,
iaiueoa, /ai a ’’ No?aea ’’, a n?aaeiyy i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue
ninoaaeyea 2000 ii / n. Auee caaeaenoaiaaiu 3 oeia iaiyoe :
yeaeo?inoaoe/aneay ia 34 o?oaeao Aeeueyina, ia iaaieoiii aa?aaaia e ia
iaaieoiie eaioa n eniieueciaaieai iau/iiai aeey oiai a?aiaie iaaieoioiia
IAA – 8.
A 1955 – 1956 a.a. eieeaeoea eaai?aoi?ee auionoee iaeoth YAI I – 3 n
auno?iaeaenoaeai 30 ii / n e iia?aoeaiie iaiyoueth ia iaaieoiii
aa?aaaia. Iniaaiiinoue I – 3 caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oi aeey
oeaio?aeueiiai ono?ienoaa oi?aaeaiey aue eniieueciaai aneio?iiiue
i?eioeei ?aaiou. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a 1956 a. eieeaeoea E. N.
A?oea auaeaeeeny ec ninoaaa yia?aaoe/aneiai einoeoooa e ia?aciaae
Eaai?aoi?eth oi?aaeythueo iaoei e nenoai, noaaooth aiineaaenoaee
Einoeoooii yeaeo?iiiuo oi?aaeythueo iaoei ( EIYOI ).
Au? iaeia ?ac?aaioea iaeie au/eneeoaeueiie iaoeiu iiae iacaaieai ’’
O?ae ’’ auea caeii/aia a 1954 a. eieeaeoeaii nio?oaeieeia iiae
?oeiaiaenoaii ?aiaaaa.. Yoa iaoeia noaea ?iaeiia/aeueieeii oeaeiai
naiaenoaa ’’ O?aeia ’’, iineaaeiyy na?ey eioi?uo ( ’’ O?ae -16 ’’ ),
auea auiouaia a 1967 a. I?inoioa iaoeiu, oaea/iay eiino?oeoeey,
iaaunieay noieiinoue iaoneiaeee a? oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea.
A 1955 a. aue nicaeai Au/eneeoaeueiue oeaio? Aeaaeaiee iaoe,
i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey aaaeaiey iao/iie ?aaiou a iaeanoe iaoeiiie
iaoaiaoeee e aeey i?aaeinoaaeaiey ioe?uoiai au/eneeoaeueiiai
ianeoaeeaaiey ae?oaei i?aaiecaoeeyi Aeaaeaiee.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 50 – o a.a. a iaoae no?aia auei auiouaii au? 8
oeiia iaoei ii aaeooiii – eaiiiaie oaoiieiaee. Ec ieo iaeaieaa oaea/iie
auea YAI I – 20, nicaeaiiay iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii N. A. Eaaaaeaaa,
eioi?ue a 1954 a. aicaeaaee EOI e AO.
Iaoeia ioee/aeanue aunieie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoueth ( 20 oun. ii / n ),
/oi auei aeinoeaiooi eniieueciaaieai niaa?oaiiie yeaiaioiie aacu e
niioaaonoaothuae ooieoeeiiaeueii – no?oeoo?iie i?aaiecaoeee. Eae
ioia/atho A. E. A?oia e I. ?. Oo?a – Ao?a, ’’ yoa nieeaeiay iniiaa
aiceaaaea aieueooth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia ?ac?aaio/eeia, iineieueeo
iaoeia, a aieaa oi/ii a? a?oeoaeoo?a, i?aaenoiyei aiieioeoueny a
ianeieueeeo e?oiiuo na?eyo ( I – 20, AYNI – 3I, AYNI – 4, I – 220, I –
222 ) ’’. Na?eeiue auione YAI I – 20 aue ia/ao a 1959 a.. A 1958 a.
iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii A. I. Aeooeiaa ( 1923 – 1982) a Einoeoooa
eeaa?iaoeee AI Oe?aeiu auea nicaeaia au/eneeoaeueiay iaoeia ’’ Eeaa ’’,
eiaaoay i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue 6 – 10 oun. ii / n. YAI ’’ Eeaa ’’ aia?aua
a iaoae no?aia eniieueciaaeanue aeey aeenoaioeeiiiiai oi?aaeaiey
oaoiieiae/aneeie i?ioeannaie.
A oi aea a?aiy a Ieinea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii A. I. Eiiaoi e A. A.
I?aeeyeeianeiai ia/aeenue ?aaiou ii nicaeaieth ia?aie iaoeiu ecaanoiiai
a aeaeueiaeoai naiaenoaa ’’ Ieine – 1 ’’. Iia auioneaeanue ieineei
caaiaeii au/eneeoaeueiuo iaoei a ?acee/iuo iiaeeoeeaoeeyo : ’’ Ieine – 1
’’, ’’ Ieine – 11 ’’, ’’ Ieine – 12 ’’, ’’ Ieine – 14 ’’. Iaoeia oe?iei
eniieueciaaeanue a au/eneeoaeueiuo oeaio?ao iaoae no?aiu. N?aaeiyy
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue iaoeiu ninoaaeyea 2 – 3 oun. ii / n.
I?e ?anniio?aiee oaoieee eiiiuethoa?ia ia?aiai iieieaiey, iaiaoiaeeii
iniai inoaiiaeoueny ia iaeiii ec ono?ienoa aaiaea – auaiaea. N ia/aea
iiyaeaiey ia?auo eiiiuethoa?ia auyaeeinue i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo aunieei
auno?iaeaenoaeai oeaio?aeueiuo ono?ienoa e ieceie nei?inoueth ?aaiou
aiaoieo ono?ienoa. E?iia oiai, auyaeeinue ianiaa?oainoai e iaoaeianoai
yoeo ono?ienoa.
Ia?aui iineoaeai aeaiiuo a eiiiuethoa?ao, eae ecaanoii, auea
ia?oiea?oa. Caoai iiyaeeenue ia?oi?aoeeiiiua aoiaaeiua eaiou eee i?inoi
ia?oieaiou. Iie i?eoee ec oaeaa?aoiie oaoieee iinea oiai, eae a ia/aea
XIX a. ioaoe e nui ec *eeaai *a?ec e Aiaa?ae E?aiu ecia?aee oaeaoaei.
Ia?oieaiou noaee caiaiyoue ia?oiea?ou a oaaoeyoi?ao, a caoai a ia?auo
eiiiuethoa?ao – a ?aeaeiuo iaoeiao Ae. Ooeaeooea e A. Aeeaia, a
aiaeeeneeo iaoeiao ’’ Eieinn ’’ ec Aeao/e – Ia?ea e ae?.
Ia?aua iiaiaaaaeaiey a nenoaiao aaiaea – auaiaea auee ioia/aiu a iaoeia
’’ Whirlwind – 1 ’’ Eaeniieueciaaeenue 2 ono?ienoaa : yeaeo?iiii –
eo/aaay
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