O ENOIEIA EIIIUeTHOA?IIE ?AAIETHOeEE
A
i ana a?aiaia ethaeyi ioaeii auei n/eoaoue. A ooiaiiii aeienoi?e/aneii
i?ioeii iie n/eoaee ia iaeueoeao eee aeaeaee iana/ee ia einoyo. I?eia?ii
ieiei 4000 eao iacaae, ia ca?a /aeiaa/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee, auee
ecia?aoaiu oaea aeiaieueii neiaeiua nenoaiu n/eneaiey, iicaieyaoea
inouanoaeyoue oi?aiaua naeaeee, ?ann/eouaaoue ano?iiiie/aneea oeeeeu,
i?iaiaeeoue ae?oaea au/eneaiey. Ianeieueei ouny/aeaoee nionoy iiyaeeenue
ia?aua ?o/iua au/eneeoaeueiua eino?oiaiou. A a iaoe aeie neiaeiaeoea
au/eneeoaeueiua caaea/e, eae e iiiaeanoai ae?oaeo iia?aoeee, eacaeinue
au, ia naycaiiuo n /eneaie, ?aoathony i?e iiiiue “yeaeo?iiiiai
iicaa”—eiiiuethoa?a.
Caeeaaeea ooiaeaiaioa eiiiuethoa?iie ?aaiethoeee i?ienoiaeeea iaaeeaiii
e aeaeaei ia aeaaeei. Ioi?aaiie oi/eie yoiai i?ioeanna iiaeii n/eoaoue
ecia?aoaiea n/aoia, naeaeaiiia aieaa 1500 eao iacaae, ii-aeaeeiiio, a
no?aiao N?aaeecaiiiii?uey. Yoei iaoeo?ui ono?ienoaii eoioeu
iieueciaaeenue aeey naieo ?an/aoia. N/aou ieacaeenue i/aiue yooaeoeaiui
eino?oiaioii e anei?a ?ani?ino?aieeenue ii anaio naaoo, a a iaeioi?uo
no?aiao i?eiaiythony e ii nae aeaiue. Aieioue aei XVII a.,
iciaiaiiaaaoaainy iaaeaeaiiui iiaeuaiii oai?/aneie iunee, n/aou eae
au/eneeoaeueiue eino?oiaio inoaaaeenue i?aeoe/anee aia eiieo?aioeee.
Caiaoiue neaae a enoi?ee inoaaeei ecia?aoaiea Aeaeiiii Iaia?ii
eiaa?eoiia, i /ai niiauaeinue a ioaeeeaoeee 1614 a. Aai oaaeeoeu, ?an/ao
eioi?uo o?aaiaae i/aiue iiiai a?aiaie, iicaea auee “ano?iaiu” a oaeiaiia
ono?ienoai, /?acau/aeii onei?ythuaa i?ioeann
au/eneaiey,—eiaa?eoie/aneoth eeiaeeo; iia auea ecia?aoaia a eiioea
1620-o aiaeia. A 1617 a. Iaia? i?eaeoiae e ae?oaie niinia ia?aiiiaeaiey
/enae. Eino?oiaio, iieo/eaoee iacaaiea “einoyoee Iaia?a”, ninoiye ec
iaai?a naaiaioe?iaaiiuo noa?aeaiueeia, eioi?ua iiaeii auei ?aniieaaaoue
oaeei ia?acii, /oi, neeaaeuaay /enea a i?eeaaathueo ae?oa e ae?oao ii
ai?eciioaee naaiaioao, iu iieo/aee ?acoeueoao eo oiiiaeaiey.
Oai?ee eiaa?eoiia Iaia?a noaeaeaii auei iaeoe iaoe?iia i?eiaiaiea.
Iaeiaei aai “einoyoee” anei?a auee auoaniaiu eiaa?eoie/aneie eeiaeeie e
ae?oaeie au/eneeoaeueiuie ono?ienoaaie—a iniiaiii iaoaie/aneiai
oeia,—ia?aui ecia?aoaoaeai eioi?uo noae aaieaeueiue o?aioeoc Aeac
Ianeaeue. Nui nai?ueea iaeiaia, Ianeaeue caaeoiae iino?ieoue
au/eneeoaeueiia ono?ienoai, iaaethaeay aaneiia/iua ooiieoaeueiua ?an/aou
naiaai iooea. Noiie?othuay iaoeia Ianeaey, “ianeaeeia”, i?aaenoaaeyea
niaie iaoaie/aneia ono?ienoai—yuee n iiiai/eneaiiuie oanoa?aieaie. Anaai
i?eaeeceoaeueii ca aeanyoeeaoea ii iino?iee i?eaeeceoaeueii 50 ?acee/iuo
aa?eaioia iaoeiu. Oioy “ianeaeeia” aucaaea anaiauee ainoi?a, iia ia
i?eianea ecia?aoaoaeth aiaaonoaa. Oai ia iaiaa ecia?aoaiiue ei i?eioeei
naycaiiuo eiean yaeeny iniiaie, ia eioi?ie no?ieeinue aieueoeinoai
au/eneeoaeueiuo iaoei ia i?ioyaeaiee neaaeothueo o?ao noieaoee.
Iniiaiie iaaeinoaoie “ianeaeeiu” ninoiye a iaoaeianoaa auiieiaiey ia
iae anao iia?aoeee, ca eneeth/aieai i?inoiai neiaeaiey. Ia?aay iaoeia,
iicaieyaoay eaaei i?iecaiaeeoue au/eoaiea, oiiiaeaiea e aeaeaiea, auea
ecia?aoaia iicaea a oii aea XVII a. a Aa?iaiee. Caneoaa yoiai
ecia?aoaiey i?eiaaeeaaeeo Aioo?eaeo Aeeueaaeueio Eaeaieoeo.
A 1672 a., iaoiaeynue a Ia?eaea, Eaeaieoe iiciaeiieeny n aieeaiaeneei
iaoaiaoeeii e ano?aiiiii O?enoeaiii Atheaainii. Aeaey, eae iiiai
au/eneaiee i?eoiaeeony aeaeaoue ano?iiiio, Eaeaieoe ?aoee ecia?anoe
iaoaie/aneia ono?ienoai, eioi?ia iaeaa/eei aa ?an/aou. “Iineieueeo yoi
iaaeinoieii oaeeo caia/aoaeueiuo ethaeae, iiaeiaii ?aaai, oa?youe a?aiy
ia au/eneeoaeueioth ?aaioo, eioi?oth iiaeii auei au aeiaa?eoue eiio
oaiaeii i?e eniieueciaaiee iaoeiu.”
A 1673 a. ii ecaioiaee iaoaie/aneee eaeueeoeyoi?. Ii i?ineaaeeny ii
i?aaeaea anaai ia yoie iaoeiie, a nicaeaieai aeeooa?aioeeaeueiiai e
eioaa?aeueiiai en/eneaiey. Ii caeiaeee oaeaea iniiau aeaie/iie nenoaiu
n/eneaiey, eioi?ay iicaeiaa iaoea i?eiaiaiea a aaoiiaoe/aneeo
au/eneeoaeueiuo ono?ienoaao.
OEAOeEIA IANEAAeEA
Neaaeothuay nooiaiue ?acaeoey au/eneeoaeueiuo ono?ienoa eae aoaeoi ia
eiaea ie/aai iauaai n /eneaie, ii e?aeiae ia?a aia/aea. Ia i?ioyaeaiee
anaai XVIII a. ia o?aioeocneeo oaa?eeao ii i?iecaiaenoao oaeeiauo oeaiae
aaeenue yenia?eiaiou n ?acee/iuie iaoaieciaie, oi?aaeythueie noaieii i?e
iiiiue ia?oi?aoeeiiiie eaiou, ia?oi?aoeeiiiuo ea?o eee aea?aayiiuo
aa?aaaiia. Ai anao o?ao nenoaiao ieoue iiaeieiaeanue eee iioneaeanue a
niioaaonaee n iaee/eai eee ionoonoaeai ioaa?noee—oae nicaeaaaeny
aeaeaaiue ?enoiie oeaie. A 1804 a. eiaeaia? AEicao Ia?e iino?iee
iieiinoueth aaoiiaoece?iaaiiue noaiie, niiniaiue aini?iecaiaeeoue
neiaeiaeoea oci?u. ?aaioa noaiea i?ia?aiie?iaaeanue i?e iiiiue oeaeie
eieiaeu ia?oiea?o, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo oi?aaeyea iaeiei oiaeii /aeiiea.
Noaiie AEaeea?aea (oae aai i?eiyoi iacuaaoue a iaoae no?aia) aucaae
ianoiyuoth ?aaiethoeeth a oeaoeeii i?iecaiaenoaa, a iieiaeaiiua a aai
iniiao i?eioeeiu eniieuecothony e ii nae aeaiue.
Ec anao ecia?aoaoaee i?ioeuo noieaoee, aianoeo oio eee eiie aeeaae a
?acaeoea au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, aeeaea anaai e nicaeaieth eiiiuethoa?a
a nia?aiaiiii aai iiieiaiee iiaeioae aiaee/aiei *a?euec Ayaaeaeae.
A?AIAeEICIUA IEAIU E ?ACAEOUA IAAeAAEAeU
A 1822 a. Ayaaeaeae iioaeeeiaae iao/ioth noaoueth n iienaieai iaoeiu,
niiniaiie ?ann/eouaaoue e ia/aoaoue aieueoea iaoaiaoe/aneea oaaeeoeu. A
oii aea aiaeo ii iino?iee i?iaioth iiaeaeue naiae ?aciinoiie iaoeiu,
ninoiyuoth ec oanoa?aiie e aaeeeia, a?auaaiuo a?o/ioth i?e iiiiue
niaoeeaeueiiai ?u/aaa. Caoai, ca?o/eaoenue iiaeaea?aeeie Ei?ieaaneiai
iauanoaa—naiie i?anoeaeiie iao/iie i?aaiecaoeee Aaeeeia?eoaiee,—ii
ia?aoeeny e i?aaeoaeuenoao n i?inueaie oeiaine?iaaoue nicaeaiea
iieiiianooaaiie ?aaioathuae iaoeiu.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee neaaeothuaai aeanyoeeaoey Ayaaeaeae aac onoaee ?aaioae
iaae naiei ecia?aoaieai. Ia?aiia/aeueii ii ?ann/eouaae caaa?oeoue aa ca
o?e aiaea, ii ?aciinoiay iaoeia noaiiaeeanue ana neiaeiaa ii ia?a oiai,
eae ii aa iiaeeoeoee?iaae, niaa?oainoaiaae e eiino?oe?iaae caiiai.
A 1833 a. Ayaaeaeae oaea aue aioia ioeacaoueny io naieo ieaiia.
Iaeiaei, i?iaeieaeay ?aciuoeyoue ia oo aea oaio, ii i?eoae e eaeaa
nicaeaiey aua aieaa iiuiie iaoeiu. Aiaeeoe/aneay iaoeia a ioee/ea io
naiae i?aaeoanoaaiieoeu aeieaeia auea ia i?inoi ?aoaoue iaoaiaoe/aneea
caaea/e iaeiiai ii?aaeaeaiiiai oeia, a auiieiyoue ?aciiia?aciua
au/eneeoaeueiua iia?aoeee a niioaaonoaee n eino?oeoeeyie, caaeaaaaiuie
iia?aoi?ii. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe yoi ie /oi eiia, eae ia?aue
oieaa?naeueiue i?ia?aiie?oaiue eiiiuethoa?. Ii anee ?aciinoiay iaoeia
eiaea niiieoaeueiua oainu ia oniao, oi Aiaeeoe/aneay iaoeia e aiana
auaeyaeaea ia?aaeenoe/iie. Aa i?inoi iaaiciiaeii auei iino?ieoue e
caionoeoue a ?aaioo. A naiai ieii/aoaeueiii aeaea iaoeia aeieaeia auea
auoue ia iaiueoa aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai eieiiioeaa. Aa aioo?aiiyy
eiino?oeoeey i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aanii?yaei/iia iaa?iiiaeaeaiea
noaeueiuo, iaaeiuo e aea?aayiiuo aeaoaeae, /aniauo iaoaieciia,
i?eaiaeeiuo a aeaeaeaiea ia?iaui aeaeaaoaeai. Iaeaeoay ianoaaeeueiinoue
eaeie-ieaoaeue e?ioa/iie aeaoaee i?eaiaeeea au e noie?aoii oneeaiiui
ia?ooaieyi a ae?oaeo /anoyo, e oiaaea any iaoeia i?eoea au a aaoainoai.
Aiaeeoe/aneay iaoeia oae e ia auea iino?iaia. Ana, /oi aeioei io iaa
aei iaoeo aeiae,—yoi ai?io /a?oaaeae e ?enoieia, a oaeaea iaaieueoay
/anoue a?eoieoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa e ia/aoathuaa ono?ienoai,
neiino?oe?iaaiiia nuiii Ayaaeaeaea.
Eeoue /a?ac 19 eao nionoy iinea nia?oe Ayaaeaeaea iaeei ec i?eioeeiia,
eaaeauee a iniiaa Aiaeeoe/aneie iaoeiu,—eniieueciaaiea ia?oiea?o—iaoae
aiieiuaiea a aeaenoaothuai ono?ienoaa. Yoi aue noaoenoe/aneee oaaoeyoi?,
iino?iaiiue aia?eeaioeai Aa?iaiii Oieea?eoii n oeaeueth onei?eoue
ia?aaioeo ?acoeueoaoia ia?aiene ianaeaiey NOA a 1890 a. Oieea?eo aue
oaeinoiai ianeieueeeo i?aiee, iieo/ee iaiaei iioaae e caaiea i?ioanni?a
a Eieoiaeeneii oieaa?neoaoa. Ii i?aaieciaae oe?io ii i?iecaiaenoao
oaaoeyoeeiiiuo iaoei “Tabulating Machine Company” e i?iaeaaae eo
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui oi?aaeaieyi e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui o/?aaeaeaieyi.
I?aaei?eyoeth Oieea?eoa n?aco aea niioonoaiaae oniao, e a aeaeueiaeoai
iii noaiiaeeinue ana aieaa i?aoniaaathuei. N aiaeaie iii i?aoa?iaei ?yae
eciaiaiee—neeyiee e ia?aeiaiiaaiee. Iineaaeiaa oaeia eciaiaiea i?iecioei
a 1924 a., ca 5 eao aei nia?oe Oieea?eoa, eiaaea ii nicaeae oe?io IBM
(International Business Machines Corporation). Oaia?ue, nionoy noieaoea
n oiai a?aiaie, eiaaea *a?euec Ayaaeaeae aa?ie/anee o?oaeeeny iaae
nicaeaieai Aiaeeoe/aneie iaoeiu, IBM yaeyaony e?oiiaeoae a ie?a
i?iiuoeaiiie oe?iie, aiieioeaoae a aeeciue aai ia/oo i “iaoeia naiiai
oieaa?naeueiiai oa?aeoa?a”.
AICIIAEIINOE AeAIE*IIAI EIAeA
I
aeiei ec ia?auo caeioa?aniaaeny aeaie/iie nenoaiie aaieaeueiue iaiaoeeee
o/aiue Aioo?eae Aeeueaaeuei Eaeaieoe, eioi?ue, iaeiaei, iiaeioae e iae
ieieueiui iooai. A 1666 a., caeai/eaay oieaa?neoao—aua caaeieai aei
ecia?aoaiey iaoaie/aneiai eaeueeoeyoi?a,—aeaaaeoeaoeeaoiee Eaeaieoe
iaa?inae ?aaioo “Eneonnoai Ninoaaeaiey eiiaeiaoeee”, eioi?oth ne?iiii
ioa?aeoa?eciaae eae “ni/eiaiea oeieueieea”. A yoie ?aaioa auee caeiaeaiu
iniiau iauaai iaoiaea eioi?ue iicaieyao naanoe iuneue /aeiaaea—ethaiai
aeaea e ia ethaoth oaio—e niaa?oaiii oi/iui e oi?iaeueiui auneacuaaieyi.
Oaeei ia?acii, ioe?uaaeanue aiciiaeiinoue ia?aaanoe eiaeeo ec neiaaniiai
oea?noaa, iieiiai iaii?aaeaeaiiinoae, a oea?noai iaoaiaoeee, aaea
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iauaeoaie eee auneacuaaieyie ii?aaeaeythony niaa?oaiii
oi/ii. A aeiiieiaiea e naiaio i?aaeeiaeaieth naeaeaoue ana
?aoeeiiaeueiia iuoeaiea iaoaiaoe/anee no?iaei, Eaeaieoe i?ecaae e
i?eiyoeth “iauaai ycuea, aaneiia/ii ioee/athuaainy io anao
nouanoaiaaaoeo aei neo ii?, iineieueeo neiaieu e aeaaea neiaa aai
aeieaeiu iai?aaeyoue iao ?acoi, a ioeaee, e?iia oao, /oi caeiaeaiu a
enoiaeiuo oaeoao, aoaeoo i?inoi ioeaeaie au/eneaiee. Iino?ieoue eee
ecia?anoe oaeie ycue eee oaeea iiiyoey i/aiue o?oaeii, ii caoi ii aoaeao
eaaei iiiyoai aac anyeeo neiaa?ae”.
?ACAEOEA AeAIE*IIE NENOAIU
Nia?aiaiieee o/aiiai inoaaeee ?aaioo aac aieiaiey, aea e nai Eaeaieoe,
ii-aeaeeiiio, ia noae ?acaeaaoue eaeath iiaiai ycuea. Iaeiaei
aeanyoeeaoea nionoy ii caiyeny enneaaeiaaieai caeiiia i?eiaieoaeueii e
iiaie iaeanoe—aeaie/iie nenoaia n/eneaiey. Eaeaieoe oa?iaeeai
enneaaeiaae aaneiia/iua eiiaeiaoeee ioeae e aaeeieoe, oi?iaeecoy
iaeaeaiiua ei caeiiiia?iinoe e caeeaaeuaay oai naiui iniiau nia?aiaiiie
aeaie/iie nenoaiu.
Iaeiaei i?e anae naiae aaieaeueiinoe Eaeaieoe oae e ia niia iaeoe
iieaciiai i?eiaiaiey iieo/aiiui ?acoeueoaoai. Ecia?aoaiiue ei
iaoaie/aneee eaeueeoeyoi? i?aaeiacia/aeny aeey ?aaiou n aeanyoe/iuie
/eneaie, e Eaeaieoe ia noae ia?aaeaeuaaoue aai iiae aeaie/iua /enea.
Iaeiaei nionoy aieaa noa eao iinea nia?oe Eaeaieoea (1716) aiaeeeneee
iaoaiaoee-naiio/ea Aeaei?aeae Aoeue yia?ae/ii i?eiyeny ca iienee
oieaa?naeueiiai ycuea. A 1847 a. Aoeue iaienae aaaeioth noaoueth ia oaio
“Iaoaiaoe/aneee aiaeec eiaeee”, a a 1854 a. ?acaee naie eaeae a ?aaioa
iiae iacaaieai “Enneaaeiaaiea caeiiia iuoeaiey”. Yoe iniiaiiieaaathuea
o?oaeu Aoey aianee ?aaiethoeeiiiua eciaiaiey a eiaeeo eae iaoeo.
Aoeue ecia?ae naiaia?acioth aeaaa?o—nenoaio iaicia/aiee e i?aaee,
i?eiaieioth ei anaaiciiaeiui iauaeoai, io /enae e aoea aei
i?aaeeiaeaiee. Iieuecoynue yoie nenoaiie, Aoeue iia caeiaee?iaaoue
auneacuaaiey—ooaa?aeaeaiey, enoeiiinoue eee eiaeiinoue eioi?uo
o?aaiaaeinue aeieacaoue,—n iiiiuueth neiaieia naiaai ycuea, a caoai
iaieioee?iaaoue eie iiaeiaii oiio, eae a iaoaiaoeea iaieioee?otho
iau/iuie /eneaie.
Aieueoeinoai eiaeeia oiai a?aiaie eeai eaii?e?iaaee, eeai ?acei
e?eoeeiaaee nenoaio Aoey, ii aa aiciiaeiinoe ieacaeenue ianoieueei
aaeeee, /oi iia ia iiaea aeieai inoaaaoueny aac aieiaiey. Aia?eeaineee
eiaee *a?euec Naiaea?n Ie?n iiciaeiiee a 1867 a. n aoeaaie aeaaa?ie
aia?eeaineoth iao/ioth iauanoaaiiinoue, e?aoei eceiaeea nouanoai yoie
nenoaiu a naiai aeieeaaea aeey Aia?eeaineie aeaaeaiee iaoe e eneonnoa.
Ia i?ioyaeaiee aeaoo iineaaeothueo aeanyoeeaoee Ie?n cao?aoee iaiaei
a?aiaie e nee, iiaeeoeoee?oy e ?anoe?yy aoeaao aeaaa?o. Aiaae?ea aoeaao
aeaaa?o a eo?nu eiaeee e oeeinioee a aia?eeaineeo oieaa?neoaoao, Ie?n
iinaye naiaia, eioi?ua aeaee aiaaoua anoiaeu iienoieaoey nionoy. A 1936
a. auioneiee aia?eeaineiai oieaa?neoaoa Eeiae Oaiiii, eioi?iio auei
oiaaea anaai 21 aiae, noiae eeeaeaee?iaaoue ?ac?ua iaaeaeo
aeaaa?ae/aneie oai?eae e aa i?aeoe/aneei i?eiaiaieai.
EAE OAI?ETH NAssCAOUe N I?AEOEEIE
A oi a?aiy Oaiiii oieueei ia?aoae a Ianna/onaoneee oaoiieiae/aneee
oieaa?neoao. AEaeay iiae?aaioaoue, Oaiiii auiieiye iaycaiiinoe iia?aoi?a
ia iaoeethaeai iaoaie/aneii au/eneeoaeueiii ono?ienoaa iiae iacaaieai
“aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue aiaeecaoi?”, eioi?ue iino?iee a 1930 a. iao/iue
?oeiaiaeeoaeue Oaiiiia i?ioanni? A. Aoo. Yoi auea ia?aay iaoeia,
niiniaiay ?aoaoue neiaeiua aeeooa?aioeeaeueiua o?aaiaiey, eioi?ua
iicaieyee i?aaeneacuaaoue iiaaaeaiea oaeeo aeaeaeoueony iauaeoia, eae
naiieao, eee aeaenoaea a?aaeoaoeeiiiiai iiey. Ia ?aoaiea oaeeo o?aaiaiee
a?o/ioth ooiaeeee eiiaaea oeaeua ianyoeu. Iaeiaei iaoeia iaeaaeaea
?yaeii iaaeinoaoeia. I?aaeaea anaai—aa aeaaioneea ?acia?u: iaoaie/aneee
aiaeecaoi? Aooa i?aaenoaaeye niaie neiaeioth nenoaio aaeeeia, oanoa?aiie
e i?iaieie, niaaeeiaiiuo a na?eth aieueoeo aeieia, eioi?ua caieiaee
oeaeoth eiiiaoo. *oiau iinoaaeoue iaoeia caaea/o, iia?aoi? auioaeaeai
aue a?o/ioth iiaeae?aoue iiiaeanoai oanoa?aii/iuo ia?aaea/, ia /oi
ooiaeeei 2—3 aeiy. I?e ethaii ecia?aiee ia?aiao?ia caaea/e iia?aoi?o
i?eoiaeeeinue ec?yaeii iio?oaeeoueny e ia?aia/eaoueny a iaoeiiii ianea.
A ea/anoaa oaiu aeenna?oaoeee Aoo i?aaeeiaeee Oaiiiio eco/eoue
eiae/aneoth ioaaiecaoeeth naiae iaoeiu. Ii ia?a oiai, eae Oaiiii ana
aeoaaea aieeae a ono?ienoai iaoeiu, o iaai ?inei ianoie/eaia aeaeaiea
oniaa?oainoaiaaoue aa. Aniiiiea Aoeaao aeaaa?o, eioi?oth ii eco/ae aua
nooaeaioii, Oaiiii ii?aceeny aa noiaenoaii n i?eioeeiii ?aaiou
yeaeo?e/aneeo noai. Iinoaiaiii o Oaiiiia noaee au?eniauaaoueny eiioo?u
ono?ienoaa eiiiuethoa?a. Anee iino?ieoue yeaeo?e/aneea oeaie a
niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiaie aoeaaie aeaaa?u, oi iie iiaee au au?aaeaoue
eiae/aneea ioiioaiey, ii?aaeaeyoue enoeiiinoue ooaa?aeaeaiee, a oaeaea
auiieiyoue neiaeiua au/eneaiey. Yeaeo?e/aneea noaiu, i/aaeaeii, auee au
ai?acaei oaeiaiaa oanoa?aiie e aaeeeia, uaae?i niacaiiuo iaoeiiui
ianeii. Naie eaeae Oaiiii eceiaeee a aeieoi?neie aeenna?oaoeee a 1938 a.
A a yoi a?aiy ia ae?oaii eiioea no?aiu Aeaei?aeae Noeaeoe, iaoaiaoee ec
oe?iu “Aaee oaeaoii eaai?aoi?en”, ii i?eau/ea ?aciuoeye ia aeinoaa “i
oii, i nai”. Iaeiaaeaeu, a 1937 a., aio a aieiao i?eoea iuneue, /oi
aoeaaa eiaeea—yoi anoanoaaiiue ycue, ia eioi?ii aeieaeia iniiauaaoueny
?aaioa nenoai yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo oaeaoiiiuo ?aea.
IO NEIA E AeAEO
Noeaeoe n?aco i?enooiee e aeaeo, iieaaay, /oi ?oeiaiaenoai oe?iu
iaeaeao i?eiaiaiea aai ?acoeueoaoai. Eae e ana ethaeoaee iiecia?aoaoue,
ii ia/ae n oiai, /oi nia?ae iaiaoiaeeiua aeaoaee e i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe.
?aaioay ii aa/a?ai ca eooiiiui noieii, ii nia?ae aiia?ao ec noa?uo ?aea,
ia?u aaoa?aae, eaiii/ae, i?iaiaeia e iaoaeee/aneeo iieinie, ia?acaiiuo
ec aeanoyiiuo aaiie. Nicaeaiiia ei ono?ienoai, auei yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneie
noaiie, eioi?ay auiieiyea iia?aoeeth aeaie/iiai neiaeaiey.
Aua /a?ac ia?o eao Noeaeoe aianoa n ae?oaei nio?oaeieeii oe?iu
?ac?aaioae ono?ienoai, niiniaiia i?iecaiaeeoue iia?aoeee au/eoaiey,
oiiiaeaiey e aeaeaiey, a oaeaea neiaeaiey eiiieaeniuo /enae. Noeaeoe
iacaae naia ono?ienoai eaeueeoeyoi?ii eiiieaeniuo /enae, e a yiaa?a 1940
a. aa ia/aee eniieueciaaoue a oi?aaeaiee oe?iu ia Iaioyooyia.
Onoaiiaeaiiue ?yaeii oaeaoaei ia?aaeaaae ia iaoeio neaiaeu e /a?ac
n/eoaiiua naeoiaeu iieo/ae ioaao.
Iaeiaei aua aei oiai, eae Oaiiii caeii/ee aeenna?oaoeeth, a Noeaeoe
ia/ae niae?aoue iiaeaeue eaeueeoeyoi?a ia eooiiiii noiea, iiaeiaiie
?aaioie caiyeny eo nia?ao ii aeooo Eii?aae Oeoca, aeeaoee a Aa?eeia.
A 1936 a. Oeoca oaieeeny ec oaoie/aneie oe?iu, aaea ?aaioae, e ioaeae
ana naia a?aiy ?ac?aaioea eiiiuethoa?a. Iieo/ea iaiiiai aeaiaa io
ae?ocae, ii ono?iee “ianoa?neoth” ia iaeaiueeii noiea a oaeo ainoeiiie a
aeiia ?iaeeoaeae. Eiaaea iaoeia noaea i?eia?aoaoue oi?io e ?ac?inoaoueny
a ?acia?ao, aio i?eoeinue i?eaeaeiooue aua ianeieueei noieia, a caoai
ia?aianoeoueny ni naiei aeaoeuai a na?aaeeio eiiiaou. *a?ac 2 aiaea ii
caaa?oee iino?ieeo iaoeiu, eioi?ay caieiaea ieiei 4 i2 e i?aaenoaaeyea
niaie oeo?inieaoaiea ?aea e i?iaiaeia.
Iaoeia Z1 eiaea eeaaeaoo?o n eioi?ie aaiaeeeenue a iaa oneiaey caaea/.
Ii caaa?oaiee au/eneaiee ?acoeueoao aunaa/eaaeny ia iaiaee n iiiaeanoaii
iaeaiueeeo eaiii/ae. A iauai Oeoca aue aeiaieai naiei aiia?aoii,
niiiaiey aucuaaea oieueei eeaaeaoo?a, eioi?ay, ia aai acaeyae, auea
iaoaeiaiie e neeoeii iaaeeaiii aeaenoaiaaea. Ia?aa?aa a oia ae?oaea
aa?eaiou, ii i?eaeoiae i/aiue ino?ioiiia e aeaoaaia ono?ienoai aaiaea:
Oeoca noae eiaee?iaaoue eino?oeoeee aeey iaoeiu, i?iaeaay ioaa?noey a
eniieueciaaiiie 35-ieeeeiao?iaie oioiieaiea. Iaoeia, ?aaioaaoay n
ia?oi?e?iaaiiie eaioie, iieo/eea iacaaiea Z2.
Oeoca n yiooceaciii i?iaeieaeae ?aaioo a iaeeii/eo aei 1939 a. Ii ooo
ia/aeanue aoi?ay ie?iaay aieia. Oeoca, Noeaeoe e ae?oaea ieiia?u
au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee ii iaa noi?iiu Aoeaioe/aneiai ieaaia ieacaeenue
aoyioouie a eeoi?aaei/ioth aiieo, oeaeueth eioi?ie auei nicaeaiea ia
iniiaa eo ?ac?aaioie i?eioeeieaeueii iiaiai aeaea aii?oaeaiee. Aieia
aeaea iiuiue eiioeuen aeaeueiaeoaio ?acaeoeth oai?ee e i?aeoeee
au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee. Iia oaeaea niinianoaiaaea oiio, /oi auee
nia?aiu aiaaeeii ?ac?iciaiiua aeinoeaeaiey o/aiuo e ecia?aoaoaeae,
aianoeo naie aeeaae a ?acaeoea aeaie/iie iaoaiaoeee, ia/eiay n
Eaeaieoea. Aeaooneiaieueiia i?aaenoaaeaiea eioi?iaoeee a eiioea eiioeia
auei i?eiyoi ca iniiao ycuea YAI.
?AC?AAIOEE AIAIIUO EAO
A
eiioea 1941 a., anei?a iinea anooieaiey NOA ai aoi?oth ie?iaoth aieio,
i?aceaeaio oe?iu IBM iai?aaee oaeaa?aiio a Aaeue aeii. Eae e iiiaea
ae?oaea ?oeaiaeeoaee e?oiiuo eiiiaiee, a yoi o?oaeiia aeey no?aiu a?aiy
Oiian Aeae. Oionii i?aaeeiaeee aia?eeaineiio i?aaeoaeuenoao oneoae naiae
ei?ii?aoeee.
Eacaeinue, i?iecaiaenoaaiiue iioaioeeae oe?iu eiaao iaei iauaai n
aiaiiie oaoieeie. A iniiaiii oe?ia auea i?eaioe?iaaia ia i?iecaiaenoai
oaeeo ecaeaeee, eae ieoouea iaoeiee, ianoieueiua eaeueeeyoi?u e
oaaoeyoeeiiiua iaoeiu, iiaeiaiua oie, eaeoth ecia?ae Aa?iai Oieea?eo a
1890 a. Oionii, eioi?iio a 1941 a. auei oaea 67 eao, ia/eiae ea?uea?o,
oi?aoy eanniauie aiia?aoaie aeey iaaaceiia, e iinoaiaiii i?aa?aoee naith
eiiiaieth a eiioea?i n iiiaiieeeeiiiui iai?ioii. A iai ni/aoaeenue
eiooeoeey, iicaieythuay oeaaeeaaoue iaeaieaa ia?niaeoeaiua iai?aaeaiey
oaoie/aneiai ?acaeoey, e oaeaio i?aaei?eieiaoaey.
Auiieiyy iaauaiea, aeaiiia Aaeiio aeiio, oe?ia IBM “anooieea” a aieio.
Ouny/e oaaoeyoi?ia, aeaaioneeo iaoei aeey ni?oe?iaee ia?oiea?o,
iieo/eaoeo iicaeiaa iacaaiea i?oeanni?ia aeaiiuo,—onei?yee iioie
aoiaaeiie ?aaiou ii?iaeaeaiiie anaiauae iiaeeecaoeeae. *anoue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiiauaiee Oionii ia?aiai?oaeiaae aeey i?iecaiaenoaa
aeioiaie e i?eoeaeueiuo ono?ienoa aeey aiiaiiaoaiey.
Iaeiaei a ?oeaaa aaeiniaaeiie ni?i/ee Oioniia aue i?ei?yoai aua iaeei
“eicu?ue”. Ca aeaa aiaea aei iaiaaeaiey ssiiiee ia Ie?e-Oa?ai? ii
aeiaeee $500000 ec oiiaeia naiae oe?iu a aea?ceia i?aaei?eyoea,
caaeoiaiiia iieiaeui aa?aa?aeneei iaoaiaoeeii Aiaa?aeii Yeeaiii. Onoaa
io aaneiia/iuo au/eneaiee a i?ioeanna ?aaiou iaae aeieoi?neie
aeenna?oaoeeae, Yeeai ?aoee nicaeaoue oieaa?naeueiue i?ia?aiie?oaiue
eiiiuethoa?.
EIIIUeTHOA? “IA?E-1”
N aeaaineiaaiey eiiaiaeiaaiey aiaiii-ii?neiai oeioa, i?e oeiainiaie e
oaoie/aneie iiaeaea?aeea oe?iu IBM Yeeai i?eiyeny ca ?ac?aaioeo iaoeiu,
a iniiao eioi?ie eaaee iai?iaa?aiiua eaeae XIX a. e iaaeaaeiay
oaoiieiaey XX a. Iienaiey Aiaeeoe/aneie iaoeiu, inoaaeaiiiai naiei
Ayaaeaeaeai, ieacaeinue aieaa /ai aeinoaoi/ii. A ea/anoaa
ia?aeeth/aoaeueiuo ono?ienoa a iaoeia Yeeaia eniieueciaaeenue i?inoua
yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneea ?aea; eino?oeoeee auee caienaiu ia ia?oieaioa. A
ioee/ea io Noeaeoea Yeeai ia iniciae i?aeiouanoa aeaie/iie nenoaiu
n/eneaiey, e aeaiiua aaiaeeeenue a iaoeio a aeaea aeanyoe/iuo /enae.
?ac?aaioea iaoeiu “Ia?e-1” i?ioiaeeea ia oaeeaeaiea aeaaeei. Oniaoii
i?ieaey ia?aua eniuoaiey a ia/aea 1943 a., iia auea caoai ia?aianaia a
Aa?aa?aeneee oieaaneoao, aaea noaea yaeieii ?acaei?a iaaeaeo aa
ecia?aoaoaeai e aai oaoii.
Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi e Yeeai, e Oionii, iaeaaeay iaiaeui oi?yinoaii,
ethaeee aeaeaoue ana ii-naiaio. Nia/aea iie ?acioeenue ai iiaieyo ii
iiaiaeo aiaoiai aeaea iaoeiu. “Ia?e-1”, aeinoeaaaoee a aeeeio ii/oe 17 i
e a aunioo aieaa 2,5 i, niaea?aeae ieiei 750 oun. aeaoaeae, niaaeeiaiiuo
i?iaiaeaie iauae i?ioyaeaiiinoueth ieiei 800 ei. Aeey eiaeaia?a oaeay
iaoeia auea iienoeia eioia?iui niii. Yeeai oioae inoaaeoue aioo?aiiinoe
iaoeiu ioe?uouie, /oiau niaoeeaeenou eiaee aiciiaeiinoue aeaeaoue aa
ono?ienoai. Oionii aea, eioi?iai, eae anaaaea, aieueoa aaniieieea
?aiooaoeey oe?iu, ianoaeaae, /oiau iaoeio caeeth/eee a ei?ion ec noaeea
e aeanoyuae ia?aeaaathuae noaee.
Anei?a Oionii ia?aaeae iaoeio a ?anii?yaeaiea AIO, e aa noaee
eniieueciaaoue aeey auiieiaiey neiaeiuo aaeeenoe/aneeo ?an/aoia,
eioi?uie ?oeiaiaeee nai Yeeai. “Ia?e-1” iia ia?aiaeuaaoue /enea aeeeiiie
aei 23 ?ac?yaeia. Ia neiaeaiea e au/eoaiea o?aoeeinue 0,3 n, a ia
oiiiaeaiea 3 n. Oaeia auno?iaeaenoaea auei aani?aoeaiaeaioiui. Ca aeaiue
iaoeia auiieiyea au/eneaiey, ia eioi?ua ?aiueoa ooiaeeei iieaiaea.
A Aa?iaiee eeaea?noai caoaaoee Eii?aae Oeoca. A 1941 a., ii/oe ca aeaa
aiaea aei oiai, eae “Ia?e-1” i?aeiiaoee ia?aua /enea, e anei?a iinea
nicaeaiey i?iaiuo iiaeaeae Z1 e Z2, Oeoca iino?iee aeaenoaothuee
eiiiuethoa?—i?a?aiiii oi?aaeyaiia ono?ienoai, iniiaaiiia ia aeaie/iie
nenoaia n/eneaiey. Iaoeia Z3 auea cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa iaoeiu Yeeaia e
cia/eoaeueii aeaoaaea a i?iecaiaenoaa.
A 1942 a. ii e aano?eeneee eiaeaia?-yeaeo?ee Oaeueioo O?aea?, eioi?ue
a?aiy io a?aiaie nio?oaeie/ae n Oeoca, i?aaeeiaeeee nicaeaoue
eiiiuethoa? i?eioeeieaeueii iiaiai oeia. Iie caaeoiaee ia?aaanoe iaoeio
Z3 n yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo ?aea ia aaeooiiua yeaeo?iiiua eaiiu. A ioee/ea
io yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo ia?aeeth/aoaeae yeaeo?iiiua eaiiu ia eiatho
aeaeaeoueony /anoae; iie oi?aaeythony yeaeo?e/aneei oieii
eneeth/eoaeueii yeaeo?e/aneei niiniaii. Iaoeia, caaeoiaiiay Oeoca e
O?aea?ii, aeieaeia auea ?aaioaoue a ouny/o ?ac auno?aa, /ai ethaay ec
iaoei, eiaaoeony a oi a?aiy a Aa?iaiee.
Ii i?aaeeiaeaiea eiaeaia?ia ioeeiieee. Aieia aua oieueei ia/eiaeanue, e
Aeoea?, oaa?aiiue a auno?ie iiaaaea, iaeiaeee cai?ao ia ana
aeieaia?aiaiiua iao/iua ?ac?aaioee. Aiai?y i iioaioeeaeueiuo noa?ao
i?eiaiaiey naiaai aunoiaeaenoaothuaai eiiiuethoa?a, Oeoca e O?aea?
ioia/aee aiciiaeiinoue aai eniieueciaaiey aeey ?anoeo?iauaaiey
caeiaee?iaaiiuo niiauaiee, ia?aaeaaaaiuo a?eoaineei eiiaiaeiaaieai ii
?aoeeyi. Oiaaea aua ieeoi ia ciae, /oi aiaee/aia ?ac?aaaouaaee iaoeio
aeey oie aea oeaee.
A ioee/ea io iieoeonoa?iie ?aaiou Oeoca a Aa?eeia aiaeeeneee i?iaeo
ioiineeny e ?ac?aaioeai naiiai aunieiai i?ei?eoaoa; ii inouanoaeyeny a
?aieao i?iaeoa “Oeueo?a”, oeaeueth eioi?uo aue iiene niiniaia
?anoeo?iaee iaiaoeeeo eiaeia. Eaeay i?iaeoa “Oeueo?a” ca?iaeeeanue iinea
aanueia oniaoiie iia?aoeee, i?iaaaeaiiie iieueneie ?acaaaeeie. Aua aei
ieeoiaoeee Iieueoe Aa?iaieae a 1939 a. iieyee oioae?eeenue nicaeaoue
oi/ioth eiieth iaiaoeeiai oeo?iaaeueiiai aiia?aoa “Caaaaeea” e
ia?ai?aaeoue aai a Aiaeeth aianoa n iienaieai i?eioeeia ?aaiou.
Aiia?ao “Caaaaeea” i?aaenoaaeye niaie yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneee oaeai?eioa?,
a eioi?ii oeo?iaea niiauaiee i?iecaiaeeeanue neo/aeiui iiai?ioii
?u/aaia. Ioi?aaeoaeue iano?aeaae oaeai?eioa? ia ii?aaeaeaiiue eeth/,
anoaaeye iaai? oou?ueeia a y/aeee (iiaeiaii oiio eae yoi aeaeaaony ia
oaeaoiiiii eiiiooaoi?a) a niioaaonoaee n ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiie e ia/aoae
niiauaiea. Iinea yoiai iaoeia aaoiiaoe/anee ia?aaeiaaea niiauaiea a
caoeo?iaaiiii aeaea. E?iia yoiai iieyee ie/aai ia iiaee neacaoue
aiaee/aiai. Aac eeth/a e noaiu eiiiooaoeee (eo iaioeu iaiyee o?e ?aca a
aeaiue) aeaaea eniieueciaaiea a ea/anoaa i?eaiieea aua iaeiiai
ono?ienoaa “Caaaaeea” auei aaniieacii.
A iaaeaaeaea ?ane?uoue nae?ao “Caaaaeee” a?eoaineay ?acaaaeea nia?aea
a?oiio aeanoyueo e ianeieueei yenoeaio?e/iuo o/aiuo e iinaeeea eo a
Aeao/ee-Ia?ea, iaoe?iii eiaiee aeeoi?eaineie yiioe, ?aniieiaeaiiii
iaiiaeaeaeo io Eiiaeiia, eciee?iaaa io inoaeueiiai ie?a.
Nia/aea oaeaeinue nicaeaoue ianeieueei aeaoeo?aoi?ia, a eioi?uo
eniieueciaaeenue yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneea ia?aeeth/aoaee oaeiai aea oeia, eae
o Eii?aaea Oeoca a Aa?eeia, Aeaeiia Noeaeoea a “Ayee oaeaoii
eaai?aoi?en” e Aiaa?aea Yeeaia a Aa?aa?aeneii oieaa?neoaoa. Yoe iaoeiu
?aaioaee ii nouanoao “iaoiaeii i?ia e ioeaie”, ia?aae?ay aei
aaneiia/iinoe anaaiciiaeiua eiiaeiaoeee ec neiaieia iaiaoeeiai eiaea,
iiea ia aicieeae eaeie-ieaoaeue iniuneaiiue o?aaiaio. Iaeiaei a eiioea
1943 a. caoai?ieee Aeao/ee-Ia?ea noiaee iino?ieoue ai?acaei aieaa iiuiua
iaoeiu. Aianoi yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo ?aea a ieo niaea?aeaeinue ieiei 2000
yeaeo?iiiuo aaeooiiuo eaii. I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi eiaiii oaeoth
oaoiieiaeth i?aaeeaaae Oeoca aeey nicaeaiey iiaie iaoeiu, i?eciaiiie a
Aa?iaiee iaoeaeaniia?aciie. Aeaaea eiee/anoai eaii auei oi aea naiia.
Aiaee/aia iacaaee iiaoth iaoeio “Eieinn”.
Ouny/e ia?aoaa/aiiuo ca aeaiue iai?eyoaeueneeo niiauaiee aaiaeeeenue a
iaiyoue “Eieinna” a aeaea neiaieia, caeiaee?iaaiiuo ia ia?oieaioa. Eaioo
aaiaeeee a oioiyeaeo?e/aneia n/eouaathuaa ono?ienoai, eioi?ia
neaie?iaaei aa n oaeeaeoaeueiie nei?inoueth—5000 neiaieia a naeoiaeo,
iinea /aai a iieneao niioaaonoaey iaoeia niiinoiaeyea caoeo?iaaiiia
niiauaiea n oaea ecaanoiuie eiaeaie “Caaaaeee”. Eaaeaeay iaoeia eiaea
iyoue n/eouaathueo ono?ienoa, a ?acoeueoaoa ca naeoiaeo ia?aaaouaaeinue
ii?aceoaeueiia eiee/anoai eioi?iaoeee: ieiei 25000 neiaieia.
Oioy eniieueciaaiea aaeooiiuo eaii iciaiaiiaaei e?oiiue oaa aia?aae a
?acaeoee au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, “Eieinn” ana aea aue
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiie iaoeiie, i?eiaiaiea eioi?ie ia?aie/eaaeinue
?anoeo?iaeie nae?aoiuo eiaeia. Iaeiaei ia ae?oaii aa?aao Aoeaioe/aneiai
ieaaia, a Oeeaaeaeueoee, iio?aaiinoe aiaiiiai a?aiaie niinianoaiaaee
nicaeaieth ono?ienoaa, eioi?ia ii i?eioeeiai ?aaiou e i?eiaiaieth auei
oaea aeeaea e oai?eoe/aneie oieaa?naeueiie iaoeia Aeaia Oueth?eiaa
(o/aiiai, aianoaai iaeaieueoee aeeaae a nicaeaiea “Eieinna”). Iaoeia
“Yieae” (ENIAC, aaa?aaeaoo?a io Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer—yeaeo?iiiue oeeo?iaie eioaa?aoi? e au/eneeoaeue), iiaeiaii
“Ia?eo-1” Aiaa?aea Yeeaia, oaeaea i?aaeiacia/aeanue aeey ?aoaiey caaea/
aaeeenoeee. Ii a eoiaa iia ieacaeanue niiniaiie ?aoaoue caaea/e ec naiuo
?acee/iuo iaeanoae.
IIssAEAIEA OIEAA?NAEUeIIAI EIIIUeTHOA?A
Aieia ?ac?anoaeanue, aiaiiua ?ac?aaioee o?aaiaaee onei?aiey,
Eaai?aoi?ey aaeeenoe/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee ieienoa?noaa iai?iiu NOA ia
ni?aaeyeanue n ?aaioie e a eiioea eiioeia auea auioaeaeaia ia?aoeoueny
ca iiiiuueth. A ?aniieiaeaiiii iaiiaeaeaeo Aunoai oaoie/aneii o/eeeua
Iaineeueaaineiai oieaa?neoaoa aue nicaeai aniiiiaaoaeueiue
au/eneeoaeueiue oeaio?. O/eeeua ?aniieaaaei aeeooa?aioeeaeueiui
aiaeecaoi?ii, iaeiaei aeaia nio?oaeieeia au/eneeoaeueiiai oeaio?a,
Aeaeii O. Ii/ee e Aeae. I?ania? Yea?o, aiciaia?eeenue i?eaeoiaoue
eia-/oi iieo/oa.
9 ai?aey 1943 a.—a aeaiue, eiaaea Yea?oo eniieieeinue 24 aiaea,—a?iey
caeeth/eea n o/eeeuai eiio?aeo ia $400000, i?aaeoniao?eaathuee nicaeaiea
eiiiuethoa?a “Yieae”. A?oiia niaoeeaeenoia, ?aaioaaoay iaae yoei
i?iaeoii, a eiia/iii n/aoa au?inea aei 50 /aeiaae. Ii/ee aue aeaaiui
eiinoeueoaioii i?iaeoa, Yea?o—aeaaiui eiino?oeoi?ii. ?aciua ii naiaio
oa?aeoa?o e i?eau/eai yoe aeaa /aeiaaea i?ae?anii aeiiieiyee ae?oa
ae?oaa.
Eiino?oeoeey iaoeiu auaeyaeaea oaioanoe/anee neiaeiie—i?aaeiieaaaeinue,
/oi iia aoaeao niaea?aeaoue 17 468 eaii. Oaeia iaeeea eaii io/anoe
iauyniyeinue oai, /oi “Yieae” aeieaeai aue ?aaioaoue n aeanyoe/iuie
/eneaie. Ii/ee i?aaeii/eoae aeanyoe/ioth nenoaio n/eneaiey, eai oioae,
/oiau “iaoeia auea iiiyoia /aeiaaeo”. Iaeiaei noieue aieueoia eiee/anoai
eaii, eioi?ua, ia?aa?aaaynue, auoiaeeee ec no?iy, i?eaiaeeei e /anoui
iieiieai. I?e 17000 eaii, iaeiia?aiaiii ?aaioathueo n /anoioie 100000
eii./n, aaeanaeoiaeii aicieeaei 1,7 ie?ae. neooaoeee, a eioi?uo oioy au
iaeia ec eaii iiaea ia n?aaioaoue. Yea?o ?aoee yoo i?iaeaio,
iicaeinoaiaaa i?eai, eioi?ue oe?iei eniieueciaaeny i?e yenieoaoaoeee
aieueoeo yeaeo?ii?aaiia a eiioea?oiuo caeao: ia eaiiu noaee iiaeaaaoue
ianeieueei iaiueoaa iai?yaeaiea, e eiee/anoai aaa?ee nieceeinue aei
iaeiie-aeaoo a iaaeaeth.
A eiioea 1945 a., eiaaea “Yieae” aue iaeiiaoe nia?ai e aioia e
i?iaaaeaieth ia?aiai ioeoeeaeueiiai eniuoaiey, aieia, ioaeaeai eioi?ie
ii aue i?ecaai neoaeeoue, ieii/eeanue. Iaeiaei naia caaea/a, aua?aiiay
aeey i?iaa?ee iaoeiu,—?an/aou, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee ioaaoeoue ia aii?in
i i?eioeeieaeueiie aiciiaeiinoe nicaeaiey aiaei?iaeiie aiiau,—oeacuaaea
ia oi, /oi ?ieue eiiiuethoa?a a iineaaeiea aiaeu e aiaeu “oieiaeiie
aieiu” ia nieaeaeanue, a nei?aa aic?inoaea.
“Yieae” oniaoii auaea?aeae eniuoaiey, ia?aaioaa ieiei ieeeeiia
i?aoiea?o oe?iu IBM. Nionoy aeaa ianyoea iaoeio i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaee
i?aaenoaaeoaeyi i?annu. Ii naiei ?acia?ai (ieiei 6 i a aunioo e 26 i a
aeeeio) yoio eiiiuethoa? aieaa /ai aaeaia i?aainoiaeee “Ia?e-1” Aiaa?aea
Yeeaia. Iaeiaei aeaieiia oaaee/aiea a ?acia?ao nii?iaiaeaeaeinue
ouny/ae?aoiui oaaee/aieai a auno?iaeaenoaee. Ii neiaai iaeiiai
ainoeuaiiiai ?aii?oa?a, “Yieae” ?aaioae “auno?aa iunee”.
AICIIAEIINOE I?IA?AII, O?AIEIUO A IAIssOE
Ia oniae “Yieae” anooieoue a yenieoaoaoeeth, eae Ii/ee e Yea?o oaea
?aaioaee ii caeaco aiaiiuo iaae iiaui eiiiuethoa?ii. Aeaaiui
iaaeinoaoeii eiiiuethoa?a “Yieae” auee o?oaeiinoe, aicieeaaoea i?e
eciaiaiee aaiaeeiuo a iaai eino?oeoeee, o. a. i?ia?aiiu. Iauaia
aioo?aiiae iaiyoe iaoeiu aaeaa oaaoaei aeey o?aiaiey /eneiauo aeaiiuo
eniieuecoaiuo a ?an/aoao. Yoi icia/aei, /oi i?ia?aiiu i?eoiaeeeinue
aoeaaeueii aiaeaaoue a yeaeo?iiiua noaiu iaoeiu. Anee o?aaiaaeinue
ia?aeoe io au/eneaiee aaeeenoe/aneeo oaaeeoe e ?an/aoo ia?aiao?ia
ay?iaeeiaie/aneie o?oau, oi i?eoiaeeeinue aaaaoue ii eiiiaoa,
iiaeniaaeeiyy e ioniaaeeiyy nioie eiioaeoia, eae ia ?o/iii oaeaoiiiii
eiiiooaoi?a. A caaeneiinoe io neiaeiinoe i?ia?aiiu oaeay ?aaioa caieiaea
io ianeieueeeo /ania aei aeaoo aeiae. Yoi auei aeinoaoi/ii aaneei
a?aoiaioii, /oiau ioeacaoueny io iiiuoie eniieueciaaoue “Yieae” a
ea/anoaa oieaa?naeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a.
Neaaeothuay iiaeaeue—iaoeia “Yaeaae” (EDVAC, io Electronic Discrete
Automatic Variable Computer—yeaeo?iiiue aeene?aoiue ia?aiaiiue
eiiiuethoa?)—auea oaea aieaa aeaeie. Aa aieaa aianoeoaeueiay aioo?aiiyy
iaiyoue niaea?aeaea ia oieueei aeaiiua, ii e i?ia?aiio. Eino?oeoeee
oaia?ue ia “aiaeaaeenue” a noaiu aiia?aoo?u, a caienuaaeenue yeaeo?iiiui
ia?acii a niaoeeaeueiuo ono?ienoaao, i eioi?uo Yea?o ociae ?aaioay iaae
nicaeaieai ?aaea?a: yoi caiieiaiiua ?oooueth o?oaee, iacuaaaiua eeieyie
caaea?aeee. E?enoaeeu, iiiauaiiua a o?oaeo, aaia?e?iaaee eiioeuenu,
eioi?ua, ?ani?ino?aiyynue ii o?oaea, nio?aiyee eioi?iaoeeth, eae ouaeuea
“o?aieo” yoi. Nouanoaaiii e oi, /oi “Yaeaae” eiaee?iaae aeaiiua oaea ia
a aeanyoe/iie nenoaia, a a aeaie/iie, /oi iicaieeei cia/eoaeueii
nie?aoeoue eiee/anoai yeaeo?iiiuo eaii.
IA*AEI EIIEO?AIOeEE
Eaoii 1946 a. Ii/ee e Yea?o /eoaee oeeee eaeoeee ia yeaeo?iiiuo
eiiiuethoa?ao a Aunoai oaoie/aneii o/eeeua. N?aaee neooaoaeae ieacaeny
aiaeeeneee enneaaeiaaoaeue Ii?en Oeeen, eioi?iai iniaaiii caeioa?aniaae
niinia o?aiaiey i?ia?aii a iaiyoe, eioi?ue i?aaeiieaaaeinue
eniieueciaaoue a iaoeia “Yaeaae”. Aa?ioaoenue a Eaia?eaeaeneee
oieaa?neoao, ii a 1949 a. (ia aeaa aiaea ?aiueoa, /ai iino?ieee iaoeio
“Yaeaae”) caaa?oee nii?oaeaiea ia?aiai a ie?a eiiiuethoa?a n
i?ia?aiiaie, o?aieiuie a iaiyoe. Eiiiuethoa? iieo/ee iacaaiea “Yaenae”
(EDSAC, io Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator—yeaeo?iiiue
aaoiiaoe/aneee eaeueeoeyoi? n iaiyoueth ia eeieyo caaea?aeee).
Yoi ia?aia oniaoiia aiieiuaiea i?eioeeia o?aiaiey i?ia?aiiu a iaiyoe
yaeeinue caaa?oathuei yoaiii a na?ee ecia?aoaiee, ia/aouo a aiaiiia
a?aiy. Oaia?ue aue ioe?uo iooue aeey oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey ana aieaa
auno?iaeaenoaothueo eiiiuethoa?ia, niiniaiuo iaiiaaiii ecaeaeaoue
i?ia?aiu ec iaiyoe e ia oieueei auiieiyoue aaeeenoe/aneea ?an/aou eee
?anoeo?iauaaoue eiaeu, ii e ia?aaaouaaoue naioth ?aciiia?acioth
eioi?iaoeeth.
YAIETHOeEss EIOAA?AEUeIUO NOAI
1
ethey 1948 a., /a?ac aeaa n iieiaeiie aiaea iinea ioaee/iie
aeaiiino?aoeee ia?aiai a ie?a aieueoiai oeeo?iaiai eiiiuethoa?a “Yieae”,
a naiii eiioea aacaou “Iueth-Ei?e oaein” auea iaia/aoaia ei?ioeay
caiaoea. A iae niiauaeinue ia ecia?aoaiee iiaiai ono?ienoaa,
“yeaeo?iiiiai i?eai?a, o?aicenoi?a, eioi?ue iiaeao iaeoe i?eiaiaiea a
?aaeeioaoieea aianoi iau/iuo yeaeo?iiiuo aaeooiiuo eaii”. Oioy iicaea
o?aicenoi? aue i?eciai iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo ecia?aoaiee aaea, a oi a?aiy
iaei eoi niia ii aeinoieinoao ioeaieoue aai. Caiaoea a “Iueth-Ei?e
oaein” auea iiiauaia a naiii eiioea iaeii?eiaoiiai ?acaeaea “Iiainoe
?aaeei” ?yaeii n iauyaeaieai i a?aiaie o?aineyoeee ia?aaea/e “A ?eoia
aaeuena”.
A caiaoea ie/aai ia aiai?eeinue i aiciiaeiie nayce iaaeaeo yoei
ecia?aoaieai e eiiiuethoa?aie oeia “Yieae”, noaouee i eioi?uo
iiiauaeenue ia ia?auo iieinao aacao, eai ii-i?aaeiaio aucuaaee aieueoie
eioa?an, e ana aea aeaaiaea?y o?aicenoi?o—aa?iaieaaiio e?enoaeeo
aaee/eiie n aoeaai/iith aieiaeo, caeeth/aiiiio a iaoaeee/aneee oeeeeiae?
aeeeiie ieiei naioeiao?a,—yeaeo?iieea anooieea ia iooue
ieieaoth?ecaoeee, eioi?ay iicaieyea eiino?oeoi?ai ?acianoeoue anth
eiae/aneoth nenoaio “Yieaea” ia ieaoa aaee/eiie a ea?aeueioth ea?oo.
NICAeAIEA EIOAA?AEUeIIE NOAIU
A ethea 1958 a. nio?oaeiee “Oaenan eino?oiaion” Aeaeae Eeeae nicaeae
ia?aoth a ie?a eioaa?aeueioth noaio (EN). Iia i?aaenoaaeyea niaie
oiieoth aa?iaieaaoth ieanoeieo aeeeiie 1 ni. Yoi ono?ienoai aua ia
ioee/aeinue iniaui ecyuanoaii. Iyoue eiiiiiaioia noaiu (o?aicenoi?ia,
?acenoi?ia e eiiaeainaoi?ia) auee eciee?iaaiu ae?oa io ae?oaa aeaaiaea?y
naiae oi?ia a aeaea aoea U, L e o. i. E?ioa/iua i?iaiei/ee,
niaaeeiythuea eiiiiiaiou noaiu ae?oa n ae?oaii e n enoi/ieeii ieoaiey,
i?inoi i?eiaeaaeenue. Any eiino?oeoeey ne?aieyeanue aineii. Oai ia iaiaa
noaia ?aaioaea. Oe?ia niiaueea i ?iaeaeaiee iiaiai ono?ienoaa a yiaa?a
1959 a. A /oiau i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaoue iioaioeeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe iiaie
oaoiieiaee, eiiiaiey iino?ieea aeey AAN NOA eiiiuethoa?, ninoiyaoee ec
587 EN, iauai eioi?iai ninoaaeye ieiei 40 ni3, o. a. a 150 ?ac iaiueoa,
/ai o aiaeiae/iie iaoeiu noa?iai ia?acoea.
Iaeiaei o iiaiai ono?ienoaa auee nouanoaaiiua iaaeinoaoee. E anei?a
eioaa?aeueiua noaiu Eeeae auno?i auoanieea ae?oaay iiaeaeue, oaoiieiaey
ecaioiaeaiey eioi?ie ieacaeanue i?iua.
EN Oa?ie Iiena auee ianoieueei i?aeoe/iaa noai Eeeae, /oi aeaaea oe?ia
“Oaenan eino?oiaion” i?eiyea eo ia aii?oaeaiea. A 1962 a. ia/aeinue
ianniaia i?iecaiaenoai EN, anei?a i?icaaiiuo “/eiaie”. A 60-a aiaeu, ii
ia?a oiaiueoaiey a ?acia?a ioaeaeueiuo eiiiiiaioia ia e?enoaeea
eiee/anoai eo ia iaeiii /eia aic?anoaei n aieiaie?oaeeoaeueiie
auno?ioie, i?eia?ii oaeaaeaaynue eaaeaeue aiae. Iai?eia?, a 1964 a. ia
e?enoaeea ?acia?ii 7 ni2 oiauaeinue 10 o?aicenoi?ia e ae?oaeo
eiiiiiaioia, a e 1970 a. a e?enoaeea oiai aea ?acia?a niaea?aeaeinue
oaea ia iaiaa 100 yeaiaioia i?eaeeceoaueii i?e oie aea noieiinoe EN.
Eioaa?aeueiua noaiu cia/eoaeueii nie?aoeee ?acia?u ecaeaeee, ono?aieee
iaiaoiaeeiinoue o?oaeiaieiai i?ioeanna iaeee niaaeeiaiee iaaeaeo
eiiiiiaioaie, a oiaiueoaiea /enea niaaeeiaiee niinianoaiaaei iiauoaieth
iaaeaaeiinoe i?eai?ia. Ia iaiaa nouanoaaiii e oi, /oi iie noaee
?aaioaoue auno?aa. Yeaeo?e/aneei eiioeuenii, ?ani?ino?aiythueiny io
iaeiiai ia?aeeth/aoaey e ae?oaiio ni nei?inoueth, i?eaeeceoaeueii ?aaiie
iieiaeia nei?inoe naaoa, oaia?ue i?eoiaeeeinue i?aiaeieaaaoue ?annoiyiey
eeoue a nioua aeiee naioeiao?a. Niaoeeaeenou, ?aaioaaoea iaae aiaiiuie e
einie/aneeie i?iaeoaie, n aiiaeooaaeaieai i?eiyee yoe e?ioa/iua
oaeeaeoaeueiua ono?ienoaa e noaee ano?aeaaoue eo a nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey
ana aieaa neiaeiuo ?aeao e einie/aneeo aiia?aoia. Aieueoay nei?inoue
aeaenoaey iiauo EN ioe?uea oaeaea iooue e ?ac?aaioea iaiaa a?iiicaeeeo,
aieaa auno?iaeaenoaothueo e iiuiuo eiiiuethoa?ia aeey
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oi?aaeai/aneeo e iao/iuo i?eeiaeaiee.
Ia?aay EN aeey eiiiuethoa?iie iaiyoe auea ?ac?aaioaia eiiiaieae “Eioae”
(Intel, integrated electronics—eioaa?aeueiay yeaeo?iieea). A 1968 a.
oe?ia i?aaieciaaea i?aaei?eyoea a ?aeiia Iaei-Aeueoi. *a?ac aeaa aiaea
iia ecaioiaeea ia?aoth EN iaiyoe, niiniaioth o?aieoue oeaeue eeeiaeo
eioi?iaoeee. (Eeeiaeo, eee nie?auaiii E, ?aaai 1024 aeoai, aeaie/iui
yeaiaioai eioi?iaoeee, /oi yeaeaaeaioii i?eaeeceoaeueii 25 iyoeaoeaaiiui
neiaai.)
Ii a yoi a?aiy 34-eaoiee eiaeaia? oe?iu “Eioae” Oioo ?aaioae iaae aua
aieaa caia/aoaeueiui i?iaeoii. Auiouaiiue a eiioea 1970 a.
iee?ii?ioeanni? iieo/ee iaeiaiiaaiea 4004. Oioy ii e ia nianai oi/ii
niioaaonoaiaae naiaio iienaieth, a eioi?ii oe?ia ioa?aeoa?eciaaea aai
eae “eiiiuethoa? a iaeiii e?enoaeea”, ii aue iaaeaeae io yoiai. Ii
auiieiye ana ooieoeee oeaio?aeueiiai i?ioeanni?iiai ono?ienoaa
oieaa?naeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a. E a ni/aoaiee aua n /aou?ueia
iee?inoaiaie—iaiyoe, aeiea oi?aaeaiey e eioa?oaena aaiaea e
auaiaea—i?aaenoaaeye niaie iee?ieiiithoa?—iaoeio, ia onooiaaooth ii
iiuiinoe aieueoei YAI na?aaeeiu 50-o aiaeia.
E 1981 a., nionoy eeoue aeanyoeeaoea iinea ecia?aoaiey Yaeaa?aea Oiooa,
oe?ia “Ouetheaoo-Iaeea?ae” oaea niiaea auionoeoue iee?ii?ioeanni?,
i?aainoiaeyuee ii iiuiinoe oeaio?aeueiua i?ioeanni?u iiiaeo aieueoeo YAI
oiai a?aiaie. Any no?oeoo?a iiiauaeanue ia e?aiieaaii e?enoaeea
ieiuaaeueth ii?yaeea 1 ni2 e caieiaea iaiueoa ianoa, /ai iaeei
o?aicenoi? a?aiai, i?aaeoanoaothueo ecia?aoaieth eioaa?aeueiuo noai.
Iaeiaei oaea a 80-a aiaeu o/aiua ia/aee noaeeeaaoueny n i?iaeaiaie,
naeaeaoaeuenoaothueie, /oi ieieaoth?ecaoeey ia aani?aaeaeueia. Iaeia ec
i?iaeai—yoi anaaic?inoathuay neiaeiinoue i?iaeoe?iaaiey iee?inoaiu.
Ianiio?y ia iiiiuue eiiiuethoa?ia, eioi?ua niiniaiu iiaeaee?iaaoue
aiciiaeiua iooe ?ani?ino?aiaiey yeaeo?e/aneeo eiioeuenia, aeey
ninoaaeaiey ea?ou iee?ii?ioeanni?a o?aaoaony aiae-iieoi?a ?aaiou
aieueoie a?oiiu niaoeeaeenoia, oiaaea eae ia ?ac?aaioeo ia?auo
iee?ii?ioeanni?ia ooiaeeei ianeieueei iaaeaeue. E ii ia?a oiai eae
?acia?u o?aicenoi?a, iinoiyiii oiaiueoaynue, i?eaeeaeathony /ooue ee ia
e aeeeia naaoiaie aieiu, a?aae?iaea iiaa?oiinoe e?enoaeeia aeaaea i?e
naiuo nia?aiaiuo iaoiaeao, iai?eia? n eniieueciaaieai eaca?ia,
iaoaeeeaaaony ia ana aieueoea o?oaeiinoe.
E oiio aea oeceee i?aaeinoa?aaatho: iaiueoa—yoi ia iaycaoaeueii eo/oa.
Naiua e?ioa/iua o?aicenoi?u—eiiaaea ii ?acia?ai iaiueoa
aaeoa?ee—iio?aaeytho oae iaei yia?aee, /oi noaiiayony oycaeiuie aeey
neo/aeiuo iee?iniiee/aneeo aicaeaenoaee. Iai?eia?, einie/aneea eo/e,
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie iioiee yeaiaioa?iuo /anoeoe i/aiue aunieeo
yia?aee, eioi?ua iai?a?uaii aiiaa?aee?otho Caieth, iiaoo ia?ooeoue
?aaioo o?aicenoi?a, aucaaa aai ioeai/iia ia?aeeth/aiea. E neo/aeiui
ia?aeeth/aieyi iiaoo i?eaanoe aeaaea oaeea i?ioeannu, eae iaaeeaiiay
aeeooocey aoiiia i?eiane a e?aiiee, a oaeaea iee?ineiie/aneea ?ac?ooaiey
iaoa?eaea, iaoneiaeaiiua eieaaaieyie oaiia?aoo?.
CIEIOIE AAE I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEAE
A
ia?eiae 1975—1981 aa. eiiiuethoa?iay oaoiieiaey i?aoa?iaea ianoieueei
aeoaieea eciaiaiey, /oi yoe aiaeu iciaiaiiaaee niaie iiai?ioiue ioieo ia
oieueei a enoi?ee au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, ii e ai anae nia?aiaiiie
eoeueoo?a. Iiyaeaiea iee?i-YAI, o. a. ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia,
ieii/aoaeueii oie/oiaeeei “eiiiuethoa?iia ae?a/anoai”.
Oioy ia?niiaeueiue eiiiuethoa? i/aiue auno?i caaiaaae ie?, ia aai
nicaeaiea ooei aeiaieueii iiiai a?aiaie.
Aua a 1966 a. Noaoai A. A?ae, ?aaeaeoi? aeo?iaea Electronics, iaueyaee
ia o/?aaeaeaiee ethaeoaeueneiai eiiiuethoa?iiai iauanoaa, a eioi?ia
ia?aiia/aeueii anooieee 110 yiooceanoia. Iaiaei e i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
eiaeaia?ia, caieiaaoeony eiiiuethoa?aie ii neoaeaa, a naiaiaeiia a?aiy
aac onoaee o?oaeeeenue a aa?aaeao e aeiiaoieo ianoa?neeo, eiino?oe?oy
YAI aeey naay ee/ii. E ana aea iio?aaiaaeinue aua oeaeuo 8 eao, i?aaeaea
/ai i?ia?ann, aeinoeaiooue a iee?iyeaeo?iiiie oaoiieiaee, oaai/aeny
nicaeaieai eiiia?/aneiai ecaeaeey, iieuecothuaainy aieueoei ni?inii.
Ia iaeiaeea yiaa?neiai auionea aeo?iaea Popular Electronics ca 1975 a.
e?aniaaeanue oioia?aoey iaoeiu, iiaeienue e eioi?ie aeaneea:”Ia?aue a
ie?a ieie-eiiiuethoa?iue eiiieaeo, eioi?ue iiaeao niia?ie/aoue n
i?iiuoeaiiuie ia?acoeaie”. Niiauaeanue oeaia iaai?a: $379. A nia?aiiii
aeaea eiiiuethoa? i?iaeaaaeny ii oeaia $498. “Ia iao acaeyae, yoi eae
?ac oi, /oi ioaeii iaoei /eoaoaeyi,—ienae ?aaeaeoi?
aeo?iaea,—nia?aiaiiue ieie-eiiiuethoa?, eioi?ue ii aiciiaeiinoyi ia
onooiaao nouanoaothuei iaoeiai, ii noieo cia/eoaeueii aeaoaaea”.
Yoa iaoeia, iieo/eaoay iacaaiea “Aeueoae?-8800”, auea iino?iaia ia
iniiaa iee?ii?ioeanni?a “Intel-8080”. N naiiai ia/aea iaoeia i?eianea
ia?iiiue oniao oe?iai, i?iecaiaeeaoei ia?niiaeueiua eiiiuethoa?u,
i?aaeaauay ei iiiaiieeeeiiiua i?eauee. Ii eiiiuethoa?iui ia?eai
“Aeueoae?” i?iecioae “ieioeoaea”: aai iino?iee a Aeueaoea?ea ioeoea? AAN
NOA n aeeieiiii eiaeaia?a-yeaeo?iiueea.
N oao ii?, eae iniiaiie eiieo?aio Popular Electronics , aeo?iae Radio
Electronics, iiianoee ia iaeiaeea etheueneiai auionea ca 1974 a. ?aeeaio
eiiiuethoa?a “Ia?e-8”, aeaaiue ?aaeaeoi? Popular Electronics A?oo?
Nienaa?a ?aoee iiaeuneaoue aeey iaeiaeee naiaai aeo?iaea ia/oi aieaa
aia/aoeythuaa. Eiiiuethoa? ?iaa?ona aue eaeaaeueiui a yoii ioiioaiee.
Nienaa?a ii?o/ee ?aaeaeoi?o, aaaeouaio oaoie/aneee ?acaeae, Eanee
Nieiiiio iienaoue yoi ono?ienoai a yiaa?neii auionea aeo?iaea ca 1975 a.
Ii a naiue iineaaeiee iiiaio ?ac?aceeanue eaoano?ioa. Aaeeinoaaiiue
caeii/aiiue ia?acaoe iaoeiu “Aeueoae?” aue ooa?yi eiiiaieae ii aeinoaaea
a?ocia ia iooe ec ooaoa Iueth-Iaeneei a iueth-ei?eneia ioaeaeaiea
aeo?iaea. Iineieueeo iiia? aeo?iaea ioaeii auei ioi?aaeyoue a ia/aoue e
a?aiaie ia nai?eo aua iaeiiai eiiiuethoa?a ia inoaaaeinue, oe?ia IEON, a
eioi?ie ?aaioae ?iaa?on, e ?aaeaeoeey a io/ayiee ?aoeeenue ia iiaeeia.
“Aeueoae?”, noioia?aoe?iaaiiue ia iaeiaeea aeo?iaea, ia naiii aeaea aue
ionoui yueeii, eeoaiiui yeaeo?iiiuo noai e, anoanoaaiii, ia iia
i?iecaiaeeoue ieeaeeo au/eneaiee. Iaeiaei ii auiieiee naith ienneth. Eae
oieueei aeo?iae iinooiee a i?iaeaaeo, aeaea oe?iu IEON ?acei iioee a
ai?o. I?e oeaia iee?ii?ioeanni?a 8080 $360 noieiinoue
eiiiuethoa?a—$397—auaeyaeaea niaoioai?ii ieceie, eoieoue aai auei “ana
?aaii, /oi oe?anoue” (a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ?iaa?on caaeaaia?aiaiii
caeeth/ee n oe?iie “Eioae” aanueia auaiaeioth naeaeeo, aeiaiai?eaoenue i
caeoiea iee?ii?ioeanni?ia iioii, a aieueoeo eiee/anoaao, ii ii oeaia
anaai $75 eaaeaeue).
Yiooceaci, n eioi?ui iauanoaaiiinoue ano?aoeea i?iaeoeoeeth oe?iu IEON,
aue iniaaiii oaeeaeoaeueiui, anee o/anoue, /oi “Aeueoae?” no?aaeae
aanueia nouanoaaiiuie iaaeinoaoeaie, a aiciiaeiinoe aai auee aeiaieueii
ia?aie/aiu. Ec nia?aaeaiee yeiiiiee iiiaea iieoiaoaee i?eia?aoaee
eiiiuethoa? a aeaea iaai?a aeaoaeae, a caoai niae?aee aai nianoaaiiuie
neeaie. *oiau nia?aiiue oaeei ia?acii eiiiuethoa? ?aaioae eae iaaei, io
aai aeaaeaeueoea o?aaiaaeenue iaiaeua iiciaiey e i?aeoe/aneea iaauee a
yeaeo?iieea. Ii, aeaaea anee iiuoiui ethaeoaeyi oaeaaaeinue i?aaeeueii
nia?aoue eiiiuethoa? e caionoeoue aai a ?aaioo, ia iai iaei /oi iiaeii
auei naeaeaoue. “Aeueoae?” eiae i/aiue iaaieueooth iia?aoeaioth
iaiyoue—anaai 256 aaeo. Aieaa oiai, iaoeia ia eiaea ie eeaaeaoo?u, ie
ye?aia. Iieueciaaoaee aaiaeeee i?ia?aiiu e aeaiiua a aeaie/iie oi?ia,
uaeeay iaai?ii iaeaiueeeo eeth/ae, eioi?ua iiaee caieiaoue aeaa
iieiaeaiey—aaa?o e aiec; ?acoeueoaou n/eouaaeenue oaeaea a aeaie/iuo
eiaeao—ii naaoyueiny e oaiiui eaiii/eai.
E n/anoueth aeey ?iaa?ona e aai eiiiaiee, ia?aua iieoiaoaee
aeiaieuenoaiaaeenue oai, /oi eiatho nianoaaiiue eiiiuethoa?—ionoue
iaeaiueeee e ianiaa?oaiiue,—e ie?eeenue ni anaie aai ecuyiaie.
Yiooceanou ienaee nianoaaiiua i?ia?aiiu aeey iaoeiu e aeiiieiyee aa
?acee/iuie ia?eoa?eeiuie ono?ienoaaie.
NICAeAIEA I?IIUOEAIIIE IO?ANEE
Ae?oaea yiooceanou au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, aaeioiiaeaiiua oniaoii
“Aeueoae?a”, oaeaea noaee i?aa?auaoue naie ?ac?aaioee a eiiia?/aneee
i?iaeoeo, eioi?ue a eciaeeee iioae ia ?uiie, iaiaeeaeaiii ioe?uoue
?iaa?onii. Iie Aeeai, iieiaeie i?ia?aiieno ec Ainoiia, a niae?oaeanoaa
ni nooaeaioii Aa?aa?aeneiai oieaa?neoaoa Oeeueyiii Aaeonii iaienaee
i?ia?aiio, ?aaeecothuoth aeey “Aeueoae?a” iiioey?iue ycue Aaenee
(BASIC—Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code—neiaiee/aneee
oieaa?naeueiue ycue i?ia?aiie?iaaiey aeey ia/eiathueo). Oaeei ia?acii,
aeaaeaeueoeu eiiiuethoa?a iieo/eee i/aiue i?inoie e oaeiaiue ycue,
cia/eoaeueii iaeaa/eaoee ninoaaeaiea i?ia?aii. Aiineaaenoaee Aaeon e
Aeeai iniiaaee nianoaaiioth oe?io Microsoft, noaaooth iaeiie ec naiuo
i?aoniaaathueo eiiiaiee ii i?ia?aiiiiio iaania/aieth a iaeanoe
ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia. Iaeiia?aiaiii nouanoaaiiua naeaeae
i?iecioee a aiia?aoiie /anoe eiiiuethoa?ia: aeaia nooaeaioia ec
Noaioi?aea ?ac?aaioaee ono?ienoai, iicaieeaoaa auaiaeeoue a?aoe/aneoth
eioi?iaoeeth n “Aeueoae?a” ia oeaaoiie oaeaaeceiiiue ye?ai.
“Aeueoae?” n aiiaeooaaeaieai i?eiyee ouny/e yenia?eiaioaoi?ia e
ethaeoaeae yeaeo?iiueeia, ia/oaaoeo i nianoaaiiii eiiiuethoa?a. Ii, eae
aiai?eony, aiiaoeo i?eoiaeeo ai a?aiy aaeu. Ii i?ioanoaee anaai aiaea n
iiiaioa iiyaeaiey ia?aiai “Aeueoae?a” a i?iecaiaenoai ia?niiaeueiuo
eiiiuethoa?ia aeeth/eeinue aieaa aeaoo aeanyoeia eiiiaiee.
Ii aieaa ae?oaeo ia yoii iii?eua i?aoniaee “aeaa Noeaa”, iniiaaoaee
oe?iu “Yie” Noeaai Aeaeian e Noeaai Aiciye. E?iia ethaae e yeaeo?iieea
eo iauaaeeiyei oi, /oi iaa aeeee a Ein-Aiaeaeana e o/eeenue a iaeiie
oeiea. Iaa o/aanoaiaaee a iiaeiieueiii aeaeaeaiee “oaeaoiiiuo ie?aoia”
ca?aaioaa ia yoii ia iaeio ouny/o aeieea?ia. Iaa iinooieee ia ?aaioo a
i?anoeaeiua oe?iu E?aiieaaie aeieeiu. A 1975 a., eiaaea Aiciye e Aeaeian
?aoeee nicaeaoue nianoaaiiue ia?niiaeueiue eiiiuethoa?, aeaa aoaeoueo
ieeeeiia?a, ia aiooathueany ii?ie iaaeaaiaeaeiuie iinooieaie, auianee
ioaeiua ei aeaoaee n i?aaei?eyoee oe?i, aaea ?aaioaee.
Ia?aay eo iaoeia “Yie-1” auea ano?a/aia aac iniaiai yiooceacia. Iaeiaei
iiyaeaiea eiiiuethoa?a iicaieeei iiaeeeth/eoue niaoeeaeenoia ii ?aeeaia,
aioiauo aeiaeeoue eaieoae. A 1977 a. “Yie” i?aa?aoeeanue a ei?ii?aoeeth.
*a?ac ianeieueei ianyoeaa iiaia ecaeaeea ei?ii?aoeee, “Yie-2”, auei
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaii ia eiiiuethoa?iie y?ia?ea a Nai-O?aioeenei.
Caeeth/aiiay a e?aneaue ieanoianniaue ei?ion iaoeia aaneea anaai 12
ooioia, eiaea nenoaio oeaaoiie a?aoeee, niaea?aeaea ieieioi iee?inoai e
auea auiieiaia, eae a eiino?oeoi?neii, oae e a eiiia?/aneii ioiioaiee,
aacoei?eciaiii e ia iaaeaeaiiii aeinaea o?iaia. Oaia?ue i?eiyoi
n/eoaoue, /oi eiaiii “Yie-2” ?ac e ia anaaaea ioe?ue aei?iao ia?aae
iiaie eiaeono?eae—i?iecaiaenoaii ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia. Ca iaeei
oieueei aiae ei?ii?aoeey i?iaeaea i?iaeoeoeee ia $2,7 iei.
A ?acoeueoaoa auoiaea ei?ii?aoeee a ie? aieueoiai aeciana Aiciye e
Aeaeian noaee iaeaaeaoaeyie eaieoaea, a noiia ninoaaeyaoaai ieiei $400
iei. Eo no?aieoaeueiue aceao ii?iaeee iiiai/eneaiiua eaaaiaeu. Iaeiaei
iee oniaoa eiiiuethoa?ia “Yie” i?eoaeny eae ?ac ia ia?eiae, eiaaea
caaa?oaeanue oeaeay yiioa a eiaeono?ee, ?iaeaeaiiie yoei oniaoii.
Oaea a neaaeothuai aiaeo ei?ii?aoeey IBM ecaioiaeea naie ia?niiaeueiue
eiiiuethoa?—IBM PC, n iiyaeaieai eioi?iai ia/aeanue iiaay yiioa. Auoiae
ia a?aio IBM icia/ae eiiaoe “naiiaeayoaeueiinoe”, iaoi?iaeueiiai
ethaeoaeueneiai noeey ?aaiou, iaeeaeyaoaai yoo eiaeono?eth ia ia?auo
yoaiao aa ?acaeoey. Ia?niiaeueiua eiiiuethoa?u, neiaieece?iaaaoea
?aiueoa oyea?ia, eioi?ui aue iaiaaenoai e?oiiue aecian, oaia?ue naie
i?aa?aoeeenue a aecian. “Eanoa ae?aoeia” eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneiai
ia?niiaea a aaeuo oaeaoao, ianeoaeeaaaoeo YAI, auea naa?aiooa, iaeiaei
ae ia niaio i?eoea iiaay ea?a?oey—aaeieieno?aoi?ia a einothiao-o?ieeao.
Ii oioy iiaeiaiua eciaiaiey iai?/eee iaeioi?uo yiooceanoia, iai?a?uaiia
niaa?oainoaiaaiea oaoieee naeaeaei IE aeinooiiui aeey oe?ieeo e?oaia
iieueciaaoaeae. Ca ei?ioeee ia?eiae, i?ioaaeoee n aeaathoa “Aeueoae?a”
aei iiyaeaiey IBM PC, e au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieea i?eiaueeinue aieueoa
ethaeae, /ai ca ana aeieaea aiaeu—n iiiaioa ia?auo, aua iayniuo iuneae
*a?eueca Ayaaeaeaea ia Aiaeeoe/aneie iaoeia aei ecia?aoaiey
eioaa?aeueiuo yeaeo?iiiuo noai. Ia?niiaeueiua eiiiuethoa?u, ?acoiaaony,
i?aoa?iaee nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey ca a?aiy naiaai iiaaaeiiai oanoaey ii
ieaiaoa, ii iie eciaieee e nai ie?.
ENOI?Ess ?ACAEOEss
AU*ENEEOAEUeIIE
OAOIEEE
?AOA?AO
nooaeaioa I eo?na (11-ei.)
oeeieiae/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa
OAIO ei. Ae?aaiiaiiaa
E?aaoeiaa Iaeneia TH?ueaae/a
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