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1. Aua a ia?aie iieiaeia XIX a aiaieeneee iaoaiaoee *a?euec Ayaaeaeae
iiiuoaeny iino?ieoue oieaa?naeueiia au/eneeoaeueiia ono?ienoai oi anoue
eiiiuethoa? (Ayaaeaeae iacuaae aai Aiaeeoe/aneie iaoeiie). Eiaiii
Ayaaeaeae aia?aua aeiaeoiaeny aei oiai, /oi eiiiuethoa? aeieaeai
niaea?aeaoue iaiyoue e oi?aaeyoueny n iiiiuueth i?ia?aiiu. Ayaaeaeae
oioae iino?ieoue naie eiiiuethoa? eae iaoaie/aneia ono?ienoai, a
i?ia?aiiu niae?aeny caaeaaaoue iin?aaenoaii ia?oiea?o — ea?o ec ieioiie
aoiaae n eioi?iaoeeae, iaiineiie n iiiiuueth ioaa?noee (iie a oi a?aiy
oaea oe?iei oiio?aaeyeenue a oeaoeeeo noaieao). Iaeiaei aeiaanoe aei
eiioea yoo ?aaioo Ayaaeaeae ia niia — iia ieacaeinue neeoeii n thaeiie
aeey oaoieee oiai a?aiaie.

2. A 40-o aiaeao XX a. n?aco ianeieueei a?oii enneaaeiaaoaeae iiaoi?eee
iiiuoeo Ayaaeaeaea ia iniiaa oaoieee XX a. — yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo ?aea.
Iaeioi?ua ec yoeo enneaaeiaaoaeae ie/aai ia ciaee i ?aaioao Ayaaeaeaea e
ia?aioe?uee aai eaeae caiiai. Ia?aui ec ieo aue iaiaoeeee eiaeaia?
Eii?aae Oeoca eioi?ue a 1941 a. iino?iee iaaieueoie eiiiuethoa? ia
iniiaa ianeieueeeo yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneeo ?aea. Ii ec ca aieiu ?aaiou Oeoca
ia auee iioaeeeiaaiu. A a NOA a 1943 a. ia iaeiii ec i?aaei?eyoee oe?iu
IAI aia?eeaiaoe Aiaa?ae Yeeai nicaeae aieaa iiuiue eiiiuethoa? iiae
iacaaieai Ia?e-1. Ii oaea iicaieye i?iaiaeeoue au/eneaiey a nioie ?ac
auno?aa /ai a?o/ioth (n iiiiuueth a?eoiiiao?a) e ?aaeueii eniieueciaaeny
aeey aiaiiuo ?an/aoia.

Iaeiaei yeaeo?iiaoaie/aneea ?aea ?aaioatho aanueia iaaeeaiii e
iaaeinoaoi/ii iaaeaaeii. Iiyoiio ia/eiay n 1943 a. a NOA a?oiia
niaoeeaeenoia iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Aeaeiia Ii/ee e I?ania?a Yea?oa ia/aea
eiino?oe?iaaoue eiiiuethoa? ANIAN ia iniiaa yeaeo?iiiuo eaii. Nicaeaiiue
eie eiiiuethoa? ?aaioae a ouny/o ?ac auno?aa /ai Ia?e-1. Iaeiaei
iaia?oaeeeinue, /oi aieueooth /anoue a?aiaie yoio eiiiuethoa? i?inoaeaae
— aaaeue aeey caaeaiey iaoiaea ?an/aoia (i?ia?aiiu) a yoii eiiiuethoa?a
i?eoiaeeeinue a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo /ania eee aeaaea ianeieueeeo aeiae
iiaeniaaeeiyoue ioaeiui ia?acii i?iaiaea. A nai ?an/ao iinea yoiai iia
caiyoue anaai eeoue ianeieueei ieioo eee aeaaea naeoiae.

*oiau oi?inoeoue e oauno?eoue i?ioeann caaeaiey i?ia?aii, Ii/ee e Yea?o
noaee eiino?oe?iaaoue iiaue eiiiuethoa?, eioi?ue iia au o?aieoue
i?ia?aiio a naiae iaiyoe. A 1945 a. e ?aaioa aue i?eaea/ai ciaiaieoue
iaoaiaoee Aeaeii oii Iaeiai, eioi?ue iiaeaioiaee aeieeaae ia yoii
eiiiuethoa?a. Aeieeaae aue ?acineai iiiaei o/aiui e iieo/ee oe?ieoth
ecaanoiinoue, iineieueeo a iai oii Iaeiai ynii e i?inoi noi?ioee?iaae
iauea i?eioeeiu ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eiiiuethoa?ia o. a. oieaa?naeueiuo
au/eneeoaeueiuo ono?ienoa. E aei neo ii? iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai
eiiiuethoa?ia naeaeaii a niioaaonoaee n oaie i?eioeeiaie, eioi?ua
eceiaeee a naiai aeieeaaea a 1945 a. Aeaeii oii Iaeiai. Ia?aue
eiiiuethoa?, a eioi?ii auee aiieiuaiu i?eioeeiu oii Iaeiaia aue iino?iai
a 1949 a. aiaeeeneei enneaaeiaaoaeai Ii?enii Oeeenii.

3. A 40-o e 50-o aiaeao eiiiuethoa?u nicaeaaaeenue ia iniiaa yeaeo?iiiuo
eaii. Iiyoiio eiiiuethoa?u auee i/aiue aieueoeie (iie caieiaee ia?iiiua
caeu), aei?iaeie e iaiaaeaaeiuie — aaaeue yeaeo?iiiua eaiiu eae e
iau/iua eaiii/ee /anoi ia?aai?atho. Ii a 1948 a. auee ecia?aoaiu
o?aicenoi?u — ieieaoth?iua e iaaei?iaea yeaeo?iiiua i?eai?u eioi?ua
niiaee caiaieoue yeaeo?iiiua eaiiu. Yoi i?eaaei e oiaiueoaieth ?acia?ia
eiiiuethoa?ia a nioie ?ac e iiauoaieth eo iaaeaaeiinoe. Ia?aua
eiiiuethoa?u ia iniiaa o?aicenoi?ia iiyaeeenue a eiioea 50- o aiaeia a e
na?aaeeia 60- o aiaeia auee nicaeaiu e cia/eoaeueii aieaa eiiiaeoiua
aiaoiea ono?ienoaa aeey eiiiuethoa?ia, /oi iicaieeei oe?ia Digital
Equipment auionoeoue a 1965 a. ia?aue ieie eiiiuethoa? ?D?-8 ?acia?ii n
oieiaeeeueiee e noieiinoueth anaai 20 oun. aeieea?ia (eiiiuethoa?u 40- o
e 50- o aiaeia iau/ii noieee ieeeeiiu aeieea?ia).

Iinea iiyaeaiey o?aicenoi?ia iaeaieaa o?oaeiaieie iia?aoeeae i?e
i?iecaiaenoaa eiiiuethoa?ia auei niaaeeiaiea e niaeea o?aicenoi?ia aeey
nicaeaiey yeaeo?iiiuo noai. Ii a 1959 a. ?iaa?o Iien (aoaeouee
iniiaaoaeue oe?iu Intel) ecia?ae niinia, iicaieythuee nicaeaaaoue ia
iaeiie ieanoeia e?aiiey o?aicenoi?u e ana iaiaoiaeeiua niaaeeiaiey
iaaeaeo ieie. Iieo/aiiua yeaeo?iiiua noaiu noaee iacuaaoueny
eioaa?aeueiuie noaiaie eee /eiaie. A 1968 a. oe?ia Aurroughs auionoeea
ia?aue eiiiuethoa? ia eioaa?aeueiuo noaiao, a a 1970 a. oe?ia Intel
ia/aea i?iaeaaaoue eioaa?aeueiua noaiu iaiyoe. A aeaeueiaeoai eiee/anoai
o?aicenoi?ia, eioi?ia oaeaaaeinue ?acianoeoue ia aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee
eioaa?aeueiie noaiu, oaaee/eaaeinue i?eaeeceoaeueii aaeaia eaaeaeue
aiae, /oi e iaania/eaaao iinoiyiiia oiaiueoaiea noieiinoe eiiiuethoa?ia
e iiauoaiea auno?iaeaenoaey.

4. A 1970 a. aue naeaeai aua iaeei aaaeiue oaa ia iooe e ia?niiaeueiiio
eiiiuethoa?o — Ia?oeai Yaeaa?ae Oioo ec oe?iu Intal neiino?oe?iaae
eioaa?aeueioth noaio, aiaeiae/ioth ii naiei ooieoeeyi oeaio?aeueiiio
i?ioeanni?o aieueoiai eiiiuethoa?a. Oae iiyaeeny ia?aue iee?ii?ioeanni?
Iital-4004 (ni. ?en. ni?aaa), eioi?ue aue auiouai a i?iaeaaeo a 1971 a.
Yoi aue ianoiyuee i?i?ua, eai iee?ii?ioeanni? Intal-4004 ?acia?ii iaiaa
3 ni aue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiaa aeaaioneie iaoeiu ANIAN. I?aaaea,
aiciiaeiinoe Inta1~4004 auee eoaea ne?iiiaa, /ai o oeaio?aeueiiai
i?ioeanni?a aieueoeo eiiiuethoa?ia oiai a?aiaie, — ii ?aaioae ai?acaei
iaaeeaiiaa e iia ia?aaaouaaoue iaeiia?aiaiii oieueei 4 aeoa eioi?iaoeee
(i?ioeanni?u aieueoeo eiiiuethoa?ia ia?aaaouaaee 16 eee 32 aeoa
iaeiia?aiaiii), ii e noiee ii a aeanyoee ouny/ ?ac aeaoaaea. Ii ?ino
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe iee?ii?ioeanni?ia ia canoaaee naay aeaeaoue. A 1973
a. oe?ia Inta1 auionoeea 8-aeoiaue iee?ii?ioeanni? Inta1-8008, a a 1974
a. — aai oniaa?oainoaiaaiioth aa?neth Inta1-8080, eioi?ay aei eiioea
70-o aiaeia noaea noaiaea?oii aeey iee?ieiiiuethoa?iie eiaeono?ee.

5. Aia/aea iee?ii?ioeanni?u eniieueciaaeenue a ?acee/iuo
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo ono?ienoaao, iai?eia?, a eaeueeoeyoi?ao. Ii a 1974
a. ianeieueei oe?i iauyaeee i nicaeaiee ia iniiaa iee?ii?ioeanni?a
Inta1-8008 ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a, o.a. ono?ienoaa, auiieiythuaai
oa aea ooieoeee, /oi e aieueoie eiiiuethoa?, ii ?ann/eoaiiiai ia iaeiiai
iieueciaaoaey. A ia/aea 1975 a. iiyaeeny ia?aue eiiia?/anee
?ani?ino?aiyaiue ia?niiaeueiue eiiiuethoa? Aeueoae?-8800 ia iniiaa
iee?ii?ioeanni?a Inta1-8080. Yoio eiiiuethoa? i?iaeaaaeny ii oeaia ieiei
500 aeie. E oioy aiciiaeiinoe aai auee aanueia ia?aie/aiu (iia?aoeaiay
iaiyoue ninoaaeyea anaai 256 aaeo, eeaaeaoo?a e ye?ai ionoonoaiaaee),
aai iiyaeaiea auei ano?a/aii n aieueoei yiooceaciii: a ia?aua aea
ianyoeu auei i?iaeaii ianeieueei ouny/ eiiieaeoia iaoeiu. Iieoiaoaee
niaaaeaee yoio eiiiuethoa? aeiiieieoaeueiuie ono?ienoaaie: iiieoi?ii
aeey auaiaea eioi?iaoeee, eeaaeaoo?ie, aeieaie ?anoe?aiey iaiyoe e o.ae.
Anei?a yoe ono?ienoaa noaee auioneaoueny ae?oaeie oe?iaie. A eiioea 1975
a. Iie Aeeai e Aeee Aaeon (aoaeouea iniiaaoaee oe?iu Iicrosoft) nicaeaee
aeey eiiiuethoa?a “Aeueoae?” eioa?i?aoaoi? ycuea Aasic, /oi iicaieeei
iieueciaaoaeyi aeinoaoi/ii i?inoi iauaoueny n eiiiuethoa?ii e eaaei
ienaoue aeey iaai i?ia?aiiu. Yoi oaeaea niinianoaiaaei iiioey?iinoe
ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia.

Oniao Aeueoae?-8800 canoaaee iiiaea oe?iu oaeaea caiyoueny
i?iecaiaenoaii ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia. Ia?niiaeueiua eiiiuethoa?u
noaee i?iaeaaaoueny oaea a iieiie eiiieaeoaoeee, n eeaaeaoo?ie e
iiieoi?ii, ni?in ia ieo ninoaaee aeanyoee, a caoai e nioie ouny/ oooe a
aiae. Iiyaeeinue ianeieueei aeo?iaeia, iinayuaiiuo ia?niiaeueiui
eiiiuethoa?ai. ?inoo iauaia i?iaeaae aanueia niinianoaiaaee
iiiai/eneaiiua iieaciua i?ia?aiiu, ?ac?aaioaiiua aeey aeaeiauo
i?eiaiaiee. Iiyaeeenue e eiiia?/anee ?ani?ino?aiyaiua i?ia?aiiu,
iai?eia?, i?ia?aiia aeey ?aaeaeoe?iaaiey oaenoia Word Star e oaaee/iue
i?ioeanni? VisiNaln (niioaaonoaaiii 1978 e 1979 aa.). Yoe (e iiiaea
ae?oaea) i?ia?aiiu naeaeaee iieoieo ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia aanueia
auaiaeiui aeey aeciana: n eo iiiiuueth noaei aiciiaeii auiieiyoue
aooaaeoa?neea ?an/aou , ninoaaeyoue aeieoiaiou e o.ae. Eniieueciaaiea
aea aieueoeo eiiiuethoa?ia aeey yoeo oeaeae auei neeoeii aei?iai.

6. A eiioea 70-o aiaeia ?ani?ino?aiaiea ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia
aeaaea i?eaaei e iaeioi?iio nieaeaieth ni?ina ia aieueoea eiiiuethoa?u e
ieie-eiiiuethoa?u (ieie-YAI). Yoi noaei i?aaeiaoii na?ueaciiai
aaniieienoaa oe?iu IAI— aaaeouae eiiiaiee ii i?iecaiaenoao aieueoeo
eiiiuethoa?ia, e a 1979 a. oe?ia IAI ?aoeea iii?iaiaaoue naie neeu ia
?uiea ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia. Iaeiaei ?oeiaiaenoai oe?iu
iaaeiioeaieei aoaeouoth aaaeiinoue yoiai ?uiea e ?anniao?eaaei nicaeaiea
ia?niiaeueiiai eiiiuethoa?a anaai eeoue eae iaeeee yenia?eiaio — /oi-oi
a?iaea iaeiie ec aeanyoeia i?iaiaeeaoeony a oe?ia ?aaio ii nicaeaieth
iiaiai iai?oaeiaaiey. *oiau ia o?aoeoue ia yoio yenia?eiaio neeoeii
iiiai aeaiaa, ?oeiaiaenoai oe?iu i?aaeinoaaeei iiae?acaeaeaieth,
ioaaonoaaiiiio ca aeaiiue i?iaeo, iaaeaeaiioth a oe?ia naiaiaeo. A
/anoiinoe, aio auei ?ac?aoaii ia eiino?oe?iaaoue ia?niiaeueiue
eiiiuethoa? “n ioey”, a eniieueciaaoue aeiee, ecaioiaeaiiua ae?oaeie
oe?iaie. E yoi iiae?acaeaeaiea niieia eniieueciaaei i?aaeinoaaeaiiue
oain.

I?aaeaea anaai, a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai iee?ii?ioeanni?a eiiiuethoa?a aue
aua?ai iiaaeoee oiaaea 16-?ac?yaeiue iee?ii?ioeanni? Inta1-8088. Aai
eniieueciaaiea iicaieeei cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eoue iioaioeeaeueiua
aiciiaeiinoe eiiiuethoa?a, oae eae iiaue iee?ii?ioeanni? iicaieye
?aaioaoue n 1 Iaaeoii iaiyoe, a ana eiaaoeany oiaaea eiiiuethoa?u auee
ia?aie/aiu 64 Eaaeoaie. A eiiiuethoa?a auee eniieueciaaiu e ae?oaea
eiiieaeoothuea ?acee/iuo oe?i, a aai i?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea auei
ii?o/aii ?ac?aaioaoue iaaieueoie oe?ia Microsoft.

A aaaonoa 1981 a. iiaue eiiiuethoa? iiae iacaaieai IAI ?N aue
ioeoeeaeueii i?aaenoaaeai ioaeeea e anei?a iinea yoiai ii i?eia?ae
aieueooth iiioey?iinoue o iieueciaaoaeae. *a?ac iaeei-aeaa aiaea
eiiiuethoa? IAI ?N caiye aaaeouaa ianoi ia ?uiea, auoaniea iiaeaee
8-aeoiauo eiiiuethoa?ia.

7. Anee au IAI ?N aue naeaeai oae aea, eae ae?oaea nouanoaiaaaoea ai
a?aiy aai iiyaeaiey eiiiuethoa?u, ii au onoa?ae /a?ac aeaa-o?e aiaea, e
iu aeaaii au oaea i iai caauee. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, eoi nae/an iiiieo i
naiuo caia/aoaeueiuo iiaeaeyo oaeaaeci?ia, oaeaoiiia eee aeaaea
aaoiiiaeeae iyoiaaeoeaoeeaoiae aeaaiinoe!

Iaeiaei n eiiiuethoa?aie IAI ?N iieo/eeinue ii-ae?oaiio. Oe?ia IAI ia
naeaeaea naie eiiiuethoa? aaeeiui ia?acuaiiui ono?ienoaii e ia noaea
caueuaoue aai eiino?oeoeeth iaoaioaie. Iaiai?io, iia nia?aea eiiiuethoa?
ec iacaaeneii ecaioiaeaiiuo /anoae e ia noaea aea?aeaoue niaoeeoeeaoeee
yoeo /anoae e niiniau eo niaaeeiaiey a nae?aoa. Iai?ioea, i?eioeeiu
eiino?oeoeee IAI ?N auee aeinooiiu anai aeaeathuei. Yoio iiaeoiae,
iacuaaaiue i?eioeeiii ioe?uoie a?oeoaeoo?u, iaania/ee iio?ynathuee oniao
eiiiuethoa?o IAI ?N, oioy e eeoee oe?io IAI aiciiaeiinoe aaeeiiee/ii
iieueciaaoueny ieiaeaie yoiai oniaoa. Aio eae ioe?uoinoue a?oeoaeoo?u
IAI ?N iiaeeyea ia ?acaeoea ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia:

1. Ia?niaeoeaiinoue e iiioey?iinoue IAI ?N naeaeaea aanueia
i?eaeaeaoaeueiui i?iecaiaenoai ?acee/iuo eiiieaeoothueo e
aeiiieieoaeueiuo ono?ienoa aeey IAI ?N. Eiieo?aioeey iaaeaeo
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie i?eaaea e oaeaoaaeaieth eiiieaeoothueo e ono?ienoa.

2. I/aiue nei?i iiiaea oe?iu ia?anoaee aeiaieuenoaiaaoueny ?ieueth
i?iecaiaeeoaeae eiiieaeoothueo aeey IAI ?N e ia/aee naie niae?aoue
eiiiuethoa?u, niaianoeiua n IAI ?N. Iineieueeo yoei oe?iai ia
o?aaiaaeinue ianoe ia?iiiua ecaea?aeee oe?iu IAI ia enneaaeiaaiey e
iiaeaea?aeaiea no?oeoo?u a?iiaaeiie oe?iu, iie niiaee i?iaeaaaoue naie
eiiiuethoa?u cia/eoaeueii aeaoaaea (eiiaaea a 2-3 ?aca) aiaeiae/iuo
eiiiuethoa?ia oe?iu IAI Niaianoeiua n IAI ?N eiiiuethoa?u aia/aea noaee
i?ac?eoaeueii iacuaaee “eeiiaie”, ii yoa eee/ea ia i?eaeeeanue, oae eae
iiiaea oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaee IAI ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia noaee
?aaeeciauaaoue oaoie/aneea aeinoeaeaiey auno?aa, /ai naia IAI.

3. Iieueciaaoaee iieo/eee aiciiaeiinoue naiinoiyoaeueii
iiaea?iece?iaaoue naie eiiiuethoa?u e iniauaoue eo aeiiieieoaeueiuie
ono?ienoaaie nioai ?acee/iuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae.

8. I?iecaiaenoaii eiiiiiaio e ono?ienoa aeey IAI ?N-niaianoeiuo
eiiiuethoa?ia caieiathony ouny/e oe?i, a /enea eioi?uo — nioie
aeaaioneeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ei?ii?aoeee. Eiieo?aioeey a yoie iaeanoe
ino?aeoay, a ?acoeueoaoa oeaiu ia eiiieaeoothuea e aiaoiea ono?ienoaa
iinoiyiii iaaeatho, a oa?aeoa?enoeee eo — oeo/oathony. Eiiaaea eciaiaiey
ia ?uiea auaatho i?inoi iaaa?iyoiuie, oae, ia/eiay n eaoa 1995 ca aiae
oeaiu ia iee?inoaiu iia?aoeaiie iaiyoe iiaeaoaaaee aieaa /ai a iyoue
?ac!

Iniaoth ?ieue n?aaee i?iecaiaeeoaeae eiiiiiaio ea?aao oe?ia Inta1 —
eeaea? a iaeanoe ?ac?aaioee e i?iecaiaenoaa iee?ii?ioeanni?ia e
iaoa?eineeo ieao aeey IAI ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia. Eiaiii
?ac?aaioee oe?iu Inta1 a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ii?aaeaeytho i?ia?ann
eiiiuethoa?iie eiaeono?ee.

Oaa?eee aeey i?iecaiaenoaa eiiiiiaio e ono?ienoa aeey IAI ?N-niaianoeiuo
eiiiuethoa?ia a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ?aniieaaathony a THai-Ainoi/iie
Acee (Oaeaaiue, Iaeaecey, Neiaaio?, THaeiay Ei?ay) e a E?eaiaeee — oai,
aaea ioiineoaeueii ieceay oeaia ?aai/ae neeu ni/aoaaony n oi?ioae
eio?ano?oeoo?ie, ieceeie iaeiaaie e o.ae. Ai?i/ai, iaeaieaa
aunieioaoiieiae/iua i?iecaiaenoaa eiathony a NOA, Aa?iia e ssiiiee. A
?innee eiiiiiaiou e ono?ienoaa aeey IAI ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia
ii/oe ia auioneathony — ioa/anoaaiiay yeaeo?iiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue
ieeiaaea ia auea eiieo?aioiniiniaiie e ?acaaeeeanue n?aco aea iinea
iiyaeaiey caa?aie/iuo eiieo?aioia, a ca?oaaaeiua eiaanoeoeee a yoie
noa?a ieieiaeueiu — ai?acaei aeaoaaea aacoe eiiiiiaiou ec-ca ?oaaaea,
/ai i?iecaiaeeoue eo a ?innee, ieaoy aeeeea ?inneeneea iaeiae. Ai?i/ai,
eiathony ieaiu i?iecaiaenoaa ei?ionia nenoaiiuo aeieia e eiiiuethoa?iuo
iiieoi?ia…

9. Nai?eo IAI ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia inouanoaeytho nioie ouny/e
?acee/iuo oe?i. Yoi ia oaeeaeoaeueii — naia nai?ea yaeyaony ianeiaeiui
i?ioeannii, eioi?ue iau/ii caieiaao ia aieaa iieo/ana. N?aaee
i?iecaiaeeoaeae eiiiuethoa?ia, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo ia iaoai ?uiea, anoue
ouny/e ianoiuo (?inneeneeo) nai?ueeia e nioie ca?oaaaeiuo. Yoeo
i?iecaiaeeoaeae i?eiyoi aeaeeoue ia eaoaai?ee.

• oe?iu n ie?iaui aaoi?eoaoii, i?iecaiaeyuea aunieiea/anoaaiiua,
“ia?i/iua” eiiiuethoa?u (ii-aiaeeenee — Ueaand-iama), iai?eia?, Nim?aq,
IAI, Iaw1att-?aneaad, ASO, Iinain, e ae?.

• o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiua ei?ii?aoeee, no?aiyueany noaoue eiiiuethoa?iuie
brand-nama;

• iaeeea oe?iu-nai?ueee ec THai-Ainoi/iie Acee;

• e?oiiua e iaeeea ioa/anoaaiiua nai?ueee eiiiuethoa?ia.

A iineaaeiea ianeieueei eao oaiaeaioeeae ?uiea yaeyaony iiauoaiea o?iaiy
e ea/anoaa i?iaeaaaaiuo eiiiuethoa?ia. Enoaoe, ea/anoai eiiiuethoa?ia,
aii?aee ?ani?ino?aiaiiiio iiaieth, caaeneo i?aaeaea anaai io ea/anoaa
eiiieaeoothueo e ouaoaeueiinoe oanoe?iaaiey eiiieaeoothueo e aioiaie
i?iaeoeoeee, a ia io eaaeeoeeaoeee eee oeaaoa eiaee ?aai/eo,
inouanoaeythueo nai?eo — iiaeiaii oiio, eae ea/anoai ia?acaiiie eieaanu
caaeneo i?aaeaea anaai io naiie eieaanu, a ia io oiai, aaea aa ?acaee ia
eiioeee — ia oaa?eea, a iaaaceia eee aeiia.

Anee a eiioea 80-o e ia/aea 90-o aiaeia aieueoeinoai i?iaeaaaaiuo a
iaoae no?aia eiiiuethoa?ia niae?aeenue ?inneeneeie oe?iaie eee iaeeeie
oe?iaie a THai-Ainoi/iie Acee ec ieceiea/anoaaiiuo eiiieaeoothueo, ii
i?eioeeio “eeoue au aeaoaaea”, oi oaea a na?aaeeia 90-o aiaeia
iieueciaaoaee iiiyee, /oi iieoiaoue iaiaaeaaeii ?aaioathuee eiiiuethoa?
e?aeia iaauaiaeii, e noaee eioa?aniaaoueny ea/anoaii, aa?aioeeiui
ianeoaeeaaieai e o.ae. Iiae aicaeaenoaeai eciaiaiey iieoiaoaeueneiai
ni?ina ?inneeneea oe?iu-nai?ueee iiauneee (o?aaiaaiey e eiiieaeoothuei,
noaee i?iaiaeeoue oanoe?iaaiea eiiieaeoothueo i aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee,
i?aeoe/anee ia?anoaee iieoiaoue caaaaeiii a?aeiaaiiua eiiieaeoothuea. A
oe?iu-i?iaeaaoeu noaee i?iaeaeaaoue ia eiiiuethoa?u iaecaanoiie nai?ee
ec THai-Ainoi/iie Acee (eioi?ua aiiaua i?aeoe/anee ia?anoaee
iieoiaoueny), a eiiiuethoa?u aaaeoueo ie?iauo oe?i e ?inneeneeo
nai?ueeia n oi?ioae ?aiooaoeeae. Eiiiuethoa?u ?inneeneie nai?ee iau/ii
noiyo aeaoaaea, ii eiatho aiieia i?enoieiia ea/anoai. A eiiiuethoa?u
aaaeoueo ie?iauo oe?i iieoiatho oa, eoi aeaeaao aa?aioe?iaaiiie
iaaeaaeiinoe e aioia ieaoeoue ca yoi.

?acoiaaony, ia ana iiea /oi ia ?inneeneii ?uiea aeaaeei Oae, iaeioi?ua
e?oiiua e iaeeea ?inneeneea nai?ueee a iiaiia ca aeaoaaeciie
ii-i?aaeiaio eniieuecotho ieceiea/anoaaiiua eiiieaeoothuea, a
aa?aioeeiia ianeoaeeaaiea aeaaea aeey eiiiuethoa?ia aaaeoueo ie?iauo
oe?i /anoi inoaaeyao aeaeaoue eo/oaai. O iiiaeo ?inneeneeo nai?ueeia,
iniaaiii iaeeeo, aa?aioeeiia ianeoaeeaaiea aiiaua ia auaea?aeeaaao
ieeaeie e?eoeee (oi iao eiiieaeoothueo, oi iie iiyoue a?aeiaaiiua, a
eiiaaea oe?ia-i?iaeaaaoe aiiaua iiaeao en/aciooue).

Aaaeouea ie?iaua oe?iu-i?iecaiaeeoaee eiiiuethoa?ia iaania/eaatho
ouaoaeueiue iiaeai? eiiieaeoothueo aeey naieo eiiiuethoa?ia, /anoi
i?iecaiaeyo iaiaoiaeeiua eiiieaeoothuea naie eee aeaeatho niaoeeaeueiua
caeacu ia eo i?iecaiaenoai, aeeaaeuaatho aieueoea aeaiueae a ?ac?aaioeo
iiauo oaoie/aneeo ?aoaiee, iaania/eaatho aunieiea/anoaaiiue
iineai?iaeaaeiue na?aen e aa?aioeeiia ianeoaeeaaiea (iineaaeiaa,
ai?i/ai, ia anaaaea ioiineony e iaoae no?aia) Iaeiaei /anoi eo
eiiiuethoa?u aanueia neiaeiu a iiaea?iecaoeee — aeey ieo iaiaoiaeeii
i?eiaiyoue eiiieaeoothuea (iee?inoaiu iia?aoeaiie iaiyoe, aeanoeea
aeenee, naoaaua eiio?ieea?u e o ae.) oieueei oie aea oe?iu, a iie
nouanoaaiii aei?iaea iau/iuo.

A i?eioeeia, eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiue iieueciaaoaeue iiaeao nia?aoue
eiiiuethoa? e nai, e yoi iiaeao iaieoenue aeaoaaea anaai.

10. I?iecaiaenoai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey nae/an yaeyaony ia oaeaeii
i?ia?aiienoia-iaeeii/ae, a aunieioaoiieiae/iie io?aneueth. Aieueoeinoai
eiiia?/aneeo i?ia?aiiiuo i?iaeoeoia yaeythony i/aiue neiaeiuie
ecaeaeeyie e nicaeaiu eieeaeoeaaie, a eioi?ua /anoi aoiaeyo aeanyoee
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo i?ia?aiienoia. Cia/eoaeueii aieueoa ethaeae a
oe?iao-?ac?aaio/eeao i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey caiyou i?aaiecaoeeae
i?iaeaae, ia?eaoeiaii, eiinoeueoaoeeiiiui ianeoaeeaaieai iieoiaoaeae e
o. ae. Aieueoeinoai eiiia?/anee ?ani?ino?aiyaiuo i?ia?aiiiuo i?iaeoeoia
nicaeaiu a NOA. E?oiiaeoei ?ac?aaio/eeii i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey aeey
1AI ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia yaeyaony oe?ia Iicrosoft — nicaeaoaeue
iia?aoeeiiiuo nenoai IS DOS, Windows, Windows 95, Windows IO, ?aaeaeoi?a
aeieoiaioia Word, oaaee/iiai i?ioeanni?a Aonal e ae?.

A ?innee i?ia?aiienoneea oe?iu a iniiaiii niaoeeaeece?othony a
?ac?aaioea niaoeeoe/aneiai aeey iaoae no?aiu i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey:
aooaaeoa?neeo i?ia?aii, i?ia?aii aaoiiaoecaoeee aaieia, aac aeaiiuo ii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, i?ia?aii ?aniiciaaaiey aaiaeeiuo n iiiiuueth neaia?a
oaenoia e o. ae. Ana aieueoaa ?acaeoea iieo/aao ?ac?aaioea caeaciiai
i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey, iai?eia?, nenoai aaoiiaoecaoeee aeey e?oiiuo
oe?i.

11. Ia?niiaeueiua 1AI ?N-niaianoeiua eiiiuethoa?u yaeythony iaeaieaa
oe?iei eniieuecoaiui aeaeii eiiiuethoa?ia, eo iiuiinoue iinoiyiii
oaaee/eaaaony, a iaeanoue i?eiaiaiey ?anoe?yaony. Yoe eiiiuethoa?u iiaoo
iauaaeeiyoueny a naoe, /oi iicaieyao aeanyoeai e nioiyi iieueciaaoaeae
eaaei iaiaieaaoueny eioi?iaoeeae e iaeiia?aiaiii iieo/aoue aeinooi e
iauei aacai aeaiiuo. N?aaenoaa yeaeo?iiiie ii/ou iicaieytho
iieueciaaoaeyi eiiiuethoa?ia n iiiiuueth iau/iie oaeaoiiiie naoe
iinueaoue oaenoiaua e oaeneieeueiua niiauaiey a ae?oaea ai?iaea e no?aiu
e iieo/aoue eioi?iaoeeth ec e?oiiuo aaieia aeaiiuo. Aeiaaeueiay nenoaia
yeaeo?iiiie nayce 1ntaanat iaania/eaaao ca e?aeia ieceoth oeaio
aiciiaeiinoue iia?aoeaiiai iieo/aiey eioi?iaoeee ec anao oaieeia caiiiai
oa?a, i?aaeinoaaeyao aiciiaeiinoe aieiniaie e oaeneieeueiie nayce,
iaeaa/aao nicaeaiea aioo?eei?ii?aoeaiuo naoae ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee aeey
oe?i, eiathueo ioaeaeaiey a ?aciuo ai?iaeao e no?aiao.

Iaeiaei aiciiaeiinoe IAI ?N-niaianoeiuo ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia ii
ia?aaioea eioi?iaoeee ana aea ia?aie/aiu, e ia ai anao neooaoeeyo eo
i?eiaiaiea ii?aaaeaii.

Iniiaiua oeiu ae?oaeo eiiiuethoa?ia:

iyeio?aeiu, eee aieueoea YAI — yoi eiiiuethoa?u, nicaeaiiua aeey
ia?aaioee aieueoeo iauaiia eioi?iaoeee. Iaeaieaa e?oiiue eo
i?iecaiaeeoaeue — oe?ia IAI. Ioee/athony eneeth/eoaeueiie
iaaeaaeiinoueth, aunieei auno?iaeaenoaeai, i/aiue aieueoie i?iioneiie
niiniaiinoueth eaiaeia aaiaea-auaiaea. E iei iiaoo iiaeniaaeeiyoueny
ouny/e oa?ieiaeia (aeenieaaa n eeaaeaoo?ie) eee ia?niiaeueiuo
eiiiuethoa?ia aeey ?aaiou iieueciaaoaeae. Aieueoeinoai e?oiiuo
ei?ii?aoeee, aaieia, ca?oaaaeiuo i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee
ia?aaaouaatho naie aeaiiua eiaiii ia aieueoeo YAI. Oioy iie iiaoo
noieoue ieeeeiiu aeieea?ia, ni?in ia ieo ia iaaeaao, oae eae
iaania/eaaaiua eie oeaio?aeeciaaiiua o?aiaiea e ia?aaioea aeaiiuo
iaoiaeyony aeaoaaea, /ai ianeoaeeaaiea ?ani?aaeaeaiiuo nenoai ia?aaioee
aeaiiuo, ninoiyueo ec nioai e ouny/ ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia;

noia?-YAI — yoi eiiiuethoa?u, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey ?aoaiey caaea/,
o?aaothueo a?iiaaeiuo iauaiia au/eneaiee. Iniiaiua iio?aaeoaee noia?-YAI
— aiaiiua, iaoai?ieiae, aaieiae e iiiaea i?i/ea o/aiua. Iai?eia?,
ea/anoaaiiue i?iaiic iiaiaeu eee iiaeaee?iaaiea yaea?iiai ac?uaa
o?aaotho eieinnaeueiuo ?an/aoia, oae /oi i?eiaiaiea noia?YAI caeanue
iieiinoueth ii?aaaeaii. Noia?-YAI noiyo aeanyoee ieeeeiiia aeieea?ia
(anee ia aei?iaea), eo i?iecaiaeyo anaai ianeieueei oe?i;

ieie-YAI — yoi eiiiuethoa?u, caieiathuea i?iiaaeooi/iia iieiaeaiea
iaaeaeo ia?niiaeueiuie eiiiuethoa?aie e iyeio?aeiaie. Ca ?oaaaeii iie
eniieuecothony a aieueoeinoaa neieueei-eeai e?oiiuo oe?i, a
oieaa?neoaoao, i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo, oeaio?ao ia?aaioee
aeaiiuo e o.ae. — eae aeey oao caaea/, aeey eioi?uo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia iaaeinoaoi/ii, oae e aeey iaania/aiey
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai o?aiaiey e ia?aaioee aeaiiuo. Iau/ii e ieie-YAI
iiaeeeth/athony aeanyoee eee nioie oa?ieiaeia (aeenieaaa n eeaaeaoo?ie)
eee ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia aeey ?aaiou iieueciaaoaeae;

?aai/ea noaioeee — eae i?aaeei, yoi ieaaeoea iiaeaee ieie-YAI,
i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey ?aaiou n iaeiei iieueciaaoaeai Iau/ii iie eiatho
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue eae o naiuo iiuiuo ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia eee
aeaaea ianeieueei aieueoa;

eiiiuethoa?u oeia Iacintosh — yoi aaeeinoaaiiue neieueei-eeai
?ani?ino?aiaiiue aeae ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia, ia niaianoeiue n IAI
?N. A na?aaeeia e eiioea 80-o aiaeia eiiiuethoa?u Iacintosh,
?ac?aaioaiiua e i?iecaiaeeiua oe?iie A??1a, ninoaaeyee, ianiio?y ia
naith aei?iaiaecio, aeinoieioth aeueoa?iaoeao IAI ?N-niaianoeiui
eiiiuethoa?ai, oae iie iaania/eaaee iaaeyaeiue a?aoe/aneee eioa?oaen
aeey ?aaiou n iieueciaaoaeai e auee cia/eoaeueii i?iua a yenieoaoaoeee.
Iaeiaei a 90-o aiaeao aeey IAI ?N-niaianoeiuo eiiiuethoa?ia auee
?ac?aaioaiu IN n a?aoe/aneei eioa?oaenii — Windows, Windows IO, Windows
95, OS/2, a oaeaea iiiai/eneaiiua ?ann/eoaiiua ia ieo i?ia?aiiu. E
i?aeiouanoaa Iacintosh a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a en/acee.

Iiiaea i?iecaiaeeoaee i?ia?aii aeey Iacintosh noaee auioneaoue aa?nee
naieo i?ia?aii oaeaea e aeey IAI ?N, a aeiey Iacintosh a iauai auionea
ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia noaea nieaeaoueny (nae/an iia ninoaaeyao
ieiei 7-8 % ). Oai ia iaiaa, eiiiuethoa?u Iacintosh oaea?aeeaatho
i?i/iua iiceoeee a ecaeaoaeueneii aeaea, ia?aciaaiee, nicaeaiee
ioeueoeiaaeea-i?ia?aii e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo iaeanoyo;

ea?iaiiua eiiiuethoa?u, eee ee/iua yeaeo?iiiua iiiiuieee, — yoi
iaaieueoea eiiiuethoa?u aanii ieiei 300-500 a?aii, iiiauathueany ia
eenoe iaeiie ?oee. Eae i?aaeei, iie ?aaioatho ia iau/iuo aaoa?aeeao e
iaeiiai eiiieaeoa aaoa?aae ei oaaoaao ia ianeieueei aeanyoeia /ania.
Aieueoeinoai ea?iaiiuo eiiiuethoa?ia ia niaianoeii n ianoieueiuie
eiiiuethoa?aie oeia IAI ?N, ii anoue e IAI ?N-niaianoeiua. A ea?iaiiuo
eiiiuethoa?ao iao ie aeanoeiai aeenea, ie aeeneiaiaea aeey aeeneao, ie
aeeneiaiaea ND-RII (ec-ca eo aieueoiai yia?aiiio?aaeaiey). Iaeioi?ua
ea?iaiiua eiiiuethoa?u eiatho ieieaoth?ioth eeaaeaoo?o, ii anoue e
iiaeaee aac eeaaeaoo?u — a ieo aaiae aeaiiuo inouanoaeyaony iaaeaoeyie
eee ?eniaaieai niaoeeaeueiui ia?ii ii ye?aio.

Eae i?aaeei, a aieueoeo i?aaiecaoeeyo iaeiia?aiaiii eniieuecoaony
ianeieueei oeiia eiiiuethoa?ia, iineieueeo ia eaaeaeii oeia
eiiiuethoa?ia oeaeaniia?acii ?aoaoue naie caaea/e. Iai?eia?, anee a
i?aaiecaoeee aeanyoeai eee nioiyi iieueciaaoaeae iaiaoiaeeii
oeaio?aeeciaaiii ?aaioaoue n aieueoie iauae aacie aeaiiuo, oi aeey
o?aiaiey e ia?aaioee yoie aacu aeaiiuo iiaeao auoue i?eia?aoaia ieie-YAI
eee aeaaea iyeio?aei, a a ea/anoaa ?aai/eo iano iieueciaaoaeae iiaoo
eniieueciaaoueny IAI ?N-niaianoeiua eiiiuethoa?u. I?iecaiaenoai ?aeeaiu
e ecaeaoaeueneie i?iaeoeoeee a oie aea i?aaiecaoeee iiaeao
inouanoaeyoueny ia eiiiuethoa?a oeia Iacintosh (iineieueeo aeey yoeo
eiiiuethoa?ia eiathony aieaa ea/anoaaiiia i?ia?aiiiia iaania/aiea aeey
ecaeaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe), a ?acuacaeiui aaaioai iiaoo auoue
auaeaiu ea?iaiiua eiiiuethoa?u. Ana yoe eiiiuethoa?u iiaoo iaiaieaaoueny
aeaiiuie n iiiiuueth iauaaeeiaiey a eieaeueioth naoue, a oaeaea eiuie
niiniaaie.

?INNEENEAss OAAeA?AOeEss

IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUE OIEAA?NEOAO AECIANA E OI?AAEAIEss

EIIO?IEUeIAss ?AAIOA

II I?AAeIAOO “I?AAIAAss EIOI?IAOEEA”

Oaia ?aaiou: “Enoi?ey ?acaeoey iee?ii?ioeanni?iie oaoieee”

AUIIEIEE: nooaeaio 3 eo?na ioaeaeaiey “I?aaiaaaeaiea” Oeuiooei A. A.

I?IAA?EE:

EINO?IIA

1999 a.

IEAI

1. Aiaeeoe/aneay iaoeia Ayaaeaeaea.

2. Ia?aua eiiiuethoa?u.

3. ?acaeoea yeaiaioiie aacu eiiiuethoa?ia.

4. Iee?ii?ioeanni?u.

5. Iiyaeaiea ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia.

6. Iiyaeaiea IBM PC.

7. Ioe?uoay a?oeoaeoo?a.

8. I?iecaiaenoai eiiiiiaio e ono?ienoa.

9. Nai?ea eiiiuethoa?ia.

10. I?iecaiaenoai i?ia?aiiiiai iaania/aiey.

11. I?eiaiaiea ae?oaeo aeaeia eiiiuethoa?ia.

NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U

1. A.Y. Oeao?iia, “IBM PC aeey iieueciaaoaey. E?aoeee eo?n” , Iineaa,
“Eio?a-I”, 1998 a.

?INNEENEAss
OAAeA?AOeEss

IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUE OIEAA?NEOAO AECIANA E
OI?AAEAIEss

EIIO?IEUeIAss ?AAIOA

II I?AAeIAOO “ENOI?Ess AINOAeA?NOAA
E I?AAA

CA?OAAAEIUO NO?AI”

Oaia ?aaiou: “Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e
i?aaa Ae?aaiaai Ainoi-

ea. Iniiaiua eiaeeoeeaoeee.”

AUIIEIEE: nooaeaio 3 eo?na ioaeaeaiey
“I?aaiaaaeaiea”

Oeuiooei A. A.

I?IAA?EE:

EINO?IIA

1999 a.

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