EAAI?AOI?IAss ?AAIOA ? 4
ENNEAAeIAAIEA ?AAIOU ?AI?IA?AIIE?OAI0AI IINOIssIIIAI
CAIIIEIATHUAAI ONO?0ENOAA
1. OeAEUe ?AAIOU
Oeaeueth ianoiyuae ?aaiou yaeyaony enneaaeiaaiea iniaaiiinoae
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey aieueoeo eioaa?aeueiuo noai ( AEN ) ?ai?ia?aie?oaiuo
iinoiyiiuo caiiieiathueo ono?ienoa ( ?ICO ) a ?aaeeia caiene e
n/eouaaiey eioi?iaoeee.
2. INIIAIUA OAI?AOE*ANEEA IIE0AEAIEss
2.1. Ono?ienoaa o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee caieiatho cia/eoaeueiia ianoi a
no?oeoo?a nia?aiaiiuo oeeo?iauo au/eneeoaeueiuo nenoai. Iniaoth ?ieue
i?e yoii ea?atho iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa,
i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey iino?iaiey aioo?aiiae iaiyoe YAI. E ono?ienoaai
aeaiiiai eeanna ioiinyony iia?aoeaiua caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa ( ICO ),
iinoiyiiua caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa ( ICO ), i?ia?aiie?oaiua iinoiyiiua
caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa ( IICO ) e ?ai?ia?aiie?oaiua iinoiyiiua
caiiieiathuea ono?ienoaa ( ?ICO ).
2.2. Iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua ICO iaania/eaatho caienue, o?aiaiea e
n/eouaaiea eioi?iaoeee, iinooiathuae ec oeaio?aeueiiai i?ioeanni?a eee
ono?ienoa aiaoiae iaiyoe YAI. Iie oa?aeoa?ecothony aunieei
auno?iaeaenoaeai, iaeiaei i?e ioeeth/aiee ieoaiey eioi?iaoeey,
caienaiiay a 0CO aeaiiiai oeia, noe?aaony.
I3O i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey aeeeoaeueiiai o?aiaiey eioi?iaoeee
iiiaie?aoiiai eniieueciaaiey ( eiinoaiou, oaaeeoeu aeaiiuo, noaiaea?oiua
i?ia?aiiu e o.ae. ). Caienue eioi?iaoeee a ICO i?iecaiaeeony a i?ioeanna
eo ecaioiaeaiey. ICO ooieoeeiie?otho oieueei a ?aaeeia n/eouaaiey e
nio?aiyao eioi?iaoeeth i?e ioeeth/aiee ieoaiey.
A ioee/ee io ICO i?ia?aiie?oaiua ICO iicaieytho iieueciaaoaeth
i?iecaiaeeoue iaeiie?aoioth caienue ( i?ia?aiie?iaaiea ) eioi?iaoeee ii
eaaeaeiio aae?ano. Iniiaiui ?aaeeiii ?aaiou IICO oaeaea yaeyaony ?aaeei
n/eouaaiey eioi?iaoeee.
Enneaaeoaiua a ianoiyuae ?aaioa ?ICO nio?aiytho eioi?iaoeeth i?e
ioeeth/aiee enoi/ieeia ieoaiey, a oaeaea aeiioneatho aiciiaeiinoue aa
iiiaie?aoiie ia?acaiene yeaeo?e/aneeie neaiaeaie iaiin?aaenoaaiii naiei
iieueciaaoaeai, /oi eiaao i?eioeeieaeueiia cia/aiea i?e ioeaaeea oao eee
eiuo nenoai. A ioee/ea io ICO auno?iaeaenoaea yoeo ono?ienoa a ?aaeeia
caiene eioi?iaoeee cia/eoaeueii ieaea, /ai a ?aaeeia n/eouaaiey
eioi?iaoeee. A nayce n yoei iiaeii n/eoaoue, /oi iniiaiui ?aaeeiii
?aaiou ?ICO yaeyaony ?aaeei n/eouaaiey eioi?iaoeee.
2.3. Iniiaiuie ii?aaeaeythueie ia?aiao?aie caiiieiathueo ono?ienoa
yaeythony eioi?iaoeeiiiay aieinoue e auno?iaeaenoaea. A ea/anoaa
aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey eioi?iaoeeiiiie aieinoe eniieuecothony aeo,
i?aaenoaaeythuee niaie iaeei ( ethaie ) ?ac?yae aeaie/iiai /enea. *anoi
eniieuecothony i?iecaiaeiua aaeeieoeu:
aaeo ( 1 aaeo = 8 aeo );
Eaaeo ( 1 Eaaeo = 210 aaeo );
Iaaeo ( 1 Iaaeo = 220 aaeo ) e ae?.
Eioi?iaoeeiiiay aieinoue caienuaaaony, eae i?aaeei, a aeaea
i?iecaaaeaiey
Neio = n x m, aaea
n – /enei aeaie/iuo neia;
m – ?ac?yaeiinoue neiaa.
Iai?eia?, aieinoue ICO oeia E155?O1 ninoaaeyao
Neio = 16 o 1 aeo = 16 aeo.
Aieinoue IICO oeia E155?AC ?aaia
Neio = 32 o 8 aeo = 256 aeo = 32 aaeoa.
Oaeay oi?ia caiene oa?aeoa?ecoao oaeaea e i?aaiecaoeeth iaiyoe. Oae, a
i?eaaaeaiiii i?eia?a ICO oeia E155?O1 niaea?aeeo 16 neia n
?ac?yaeiinoueth 1, a IICO oeia E155?AC niaea?aeeo 32 neiaa n
?ac?yaeiinouea 8.
Auno?iaeaenoaea caiiieiathuaai ono?ienoaa oa?aeoa?ecoaony aaee/eiie
a?aiaie ia?auaiey. A?aiy ia?auaiey – yoi eioa?aae a?aiaie io iiiaioa
iiaea/e neaiaea caiene eee n/eouaaiey eioi?iaoeee aei iiiaioa caaa?oaiey
iia?aoeee, o.a. ieieiaeueiue eioa?aae a?aiaie iaaeaeo aeaoiy
iineaaeiaaoaeueiuie neaiaeaie ia?auaiey e caiiieiathuaio ono?ienoao. Yoi
a?aiy iiaeao ninoaaeyoue io aeieae aei aaeeieoe iee?inaeoiae a
caaeneiinoe io oeia ono?ienoaa.
2.4. A ea/anoaa i?eia?a caiiieiathuaai ono?ienoaa ?anniio?ei AEN ?ICO
oeia E?1601??1 eioi?iaoeeiiiie aieinoueth
Neio 1E o 4 = 4 Eaeo (1E = 210 =1024 ).
Oneiaii-a?aoe/aneia iaicia/aiea iee?inoaiu i?eaaaeaii ia ?en.1.
?en.1
Ia ?en.1 eniieueciaaiu neaaeothuea iaicia/aiey:
A0 ( A9 – aoiaeu aae?ana
D0 ( D3 – aoiaeu / auoiaeu aeaiiuo
CS – auai? e?enoaeea
RD – aoiae neaiaea n/eouaaiey
PR – aoiae neaiaea i?ia?aiie?iaaiey
ER – aoiae neaiaea noe?aiey
UPR -aoiae iai?yaeaiey i?ia?aiie?iaaiey
?aaeeiu ?aaiou iee?inoaiu i?aaenoaaeaiu a oaaeeoea 1.
Oaaeeoea 1
CS ER PR RD A0(A9 UPR D1/0 ?aaeei
0 X X X X X Roff O?aiaiea
1 0 1 0 X -33(-31 B X Iauaa noe?aiea
1 0 0 0 A —//— X Ecae?aoaeueiia noe?aiea
1 1 0 0 A —//— D1 Caienue aeaiiuo
1 1 1 1 A -33(5 B D0 N/eouaaiea
2.4.1. A ?aaeeia o?aiaiey ia aoiae N iiaeaaony eiae/aneee “0”, i?e yoii
iacaaeneii io oa?aeoa?a neaiaeia ia ae?oaeo oi?aaeythueo e aae?aniuo
aoiaeao ia auoiaeao aeaiiuo onoaiaaeeaaaony aunieiiiiia ninoiyiea ( Roff
).
2.4.2. I?e iiaea/a CS = 1, ER = 0, PR = 1 e RD = 0 i?ienoiaeeo
noe?aiea eioi?iaoeee ai anao y/aeeao iaiyoe iee?inoaiu, /oi
niioaaonoaoao aeey aeaiiie iee?inoaiu onoaiiaeaiea anao y/aae a
ninoiyiea eiae/aneie “1”.
2.4.3. I?e iiaea/a neaiaeia CS = 1, ER = RD = 0 i?ienoiaeeo
ecae?aoaeueiia noe?aiea eioi?iaoeee oieueei ii iaeiiio aae?ano A,
onoaiiaeaiiiio ia aoiaeao AI ( A9 .
2.4.4. Aeey i?ia?aiie?iaaiey ?ICO ia aoiae iiaeaaony neaiaeu NS = 1 e
PR = 0. I?e yoii iaania/eaaaony caienue ii caaeaiiiio aae?ano A
eioi?iaoeee, iinooieaoae ia aoiaeu DI ( D3.
2.4.5. Aeey n/eouaaiey eioi?iaoeee ii aae?ano A ia aoiae iee?inoaiu
iiaeathony neaiaeu NS = RD = 1. N/eouaaaiay eioi?iaoeey iinooiaao ia
auoiaeu D0 ( DC iee?inoaiu.
2.4.6. A ?aaeeia noe?aiey e i?ia?aiie?iaaiey ia aoiae UPR iiaeaaony
iiauoaiiia iai?yaeaiea -33 ( -31 A. A ?aaeeia n/eouaaiey yoi iai?yaeaiea
iiaeao eiaoue ethaia cia/aiea a eioa?aaea io -33 A aei 5 A.
3. IIENAIEA IAUAEOA E N?AAeNOA ENNEAAeIAAIEss
Ooieoeeiiaeueiay noaia enneaaeoaiiai ono?ienoaa i?aaenoaaeaia ia ?en.2.
3.1. Enneaaeoaiay iee?inoaia caiiieiathuaai ono?ienoaa AeAe2
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?ICO n yeaeo?e/aneei noe?aieai eioi?iaoeee oeia
E?1601??1, ?anniio?aiiia auoa.
3.2. Aeey caaeaiey eiaea aae?ana ?I3O eniieuecothony aeanyoue eiiiie n
oeenaoeeae SA7 ( SA16. Ioaeaoiio ninoiyieth eiiiee niioaaonoaoao neaiae
eiae/aneiai “0”, iaaeaoiio ninoiyieth – neaiae eiae/aneie “1” ( i?e yoii
caai?aaony niioaaonoaothuee naaoiaeeiae ).
3.3. Aeaiiua aeey caiene a ?ICO oi?ie?othony n iiiiuueth aaia?aoi?a
ia/ee eiioeuenia e n/ao/eea NO ( AeAe1 ). *enei eiioeuenia caaeaaony n
iiiiuueth /aou?ao eiiiie n oeenaoeeae ia aeiea E32 iiae iaaeienueth
“I?ia?aiiaoi? NE”. Aaia?aoi? caioneaaony iooai iaaeaoey iii/a?aaeii
eiiiie “Onoai.I” e “Ione”. *enei eiioeuenia iiaen/eouaaaony n/ao/eeii,
nia?aiiii ia iee?inoaia oeia E155EA5, e a aeaie/iii eiaea /a?ac oeiiue
oi?ie?iaaoaeue AAe iiaeaaony ia aoiae aeaiiuo ?ICO. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
n/ao/ee NO iiaeao auoue iaioeai n iiiiuueth eiiiee SA6.
3.4. Oeiiue oi?ie?iaaoaeue AeAeC auiieiyao ooieoeeth eiiiooaoi?a,
iaania/eaathuaai caaeaiioth ia?anueeo /aou?ao?ac?yaeiuo neia aeaiiuo. N
yoie oeaeueth a iee?inoaia AeAeC i?aaeoniio?aiu o?e ?acee/iua a?oiiu
aoiaeia / auoiaeia.
3.4.1. Aoiaeu D1 i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey i?eaia aeaiiuo io aiaoieo
ono?ienoa ( iai?eia?, n/ao/eea eiioeuenia ) e ia?anueee eo a ?I3O.
3.4.2. Auoiaeu D0 i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey ia?aaea/e n/eouaaaiuo aeaiiuo ia
aeie eiaeeeaoeee AE2.
3.4.3. Auaiaeu D1/0 i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aoiaeu eee auoiaeu iee?inoaiu
a caaeneiinoe io iai?aaeaiey ia?aaea/e aeaiiuo.
3.4.4. I?e iiaea/a ia oi?aaeythuee aoiae oeiiiai oi?ie?iaaoaey A
neaiaea eiae/aneiai “0” aeaiiua n aoiaeia D1 iiaeathony ia auoiaeu D
1/0. I?e iiaea/a ia aoiae A neaiaea eiae/aneie “1” aeaiiua n aoiaeia
D 1/0 ia?aaeathony ia auoiae DI.
3.5. Aeie oi?ie?iaaiey eiioeuenia oi?aaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
ono?ienoai, oi?ie?othuaa neaiae oi?aaeaiey ?aaioie ?ICO.
3.5.1. A ?aaeeia “0auaa noe?aiea” AOE oi?ie?oao ia aoiaea ER ?ICO
neaiae eiae/aneiai “0”. Neaiae oi?ie?oaony n iiiiuueth eiiiee SA1 ia
aeiea E32 iooai ia?aaiaea aa a iaaeaoia ninoiyiea e ia?aoii.
3.5.2. A ?aaeeia “Ecae?aoaeueiia noe?aiea” AOE oi?ie?oao ia aoiaeao A?
e ?? ?ICO neaiaeu eiae/aneiai “0”. Neaiaeu oi?ie?othony n iiiiuueth
eiiiee SA2 iooai ia?aaiaea aa a iaaeaoia ninoiyiea e ia?aoii.
3.5.3. A ?aaeeia “Caienue eioi?iaoeee” AOE oi?ie?oao neaiaeu
eiae/aneiai “0” ia aoiaea PR ?ICO e ia aoiaea A oeiiiai oi?ie?iaaoaey.
Neaiaeu oi?ie?othony n iiiiuueth eiiiee SAC iooai ia?aaiaea aa a
iaaeaoia ninoiyiea e ia?aoii. Oeacaiiua neaiaeu oi?ie?othony i?e
oneiaee, /oi iaeia ec eiiiie SA1 eee SA2 iaoiaeeony a ioaeaoii
ninoiyiee.
3.5.4. A ?aaeeia “N/eouaaiea eioi?iaoeee” AOE oi?ie?oao neaiae
eiae/aneie “1” ia aoiaea RD ?ICO e ia aoiaea A oeiiiai oi?ie?iaaoaey.
Neaiaeu oi?ie?othony n iiiiuueth eiiiee SA4 iooai ia?aaiaea aa a
iaaeaoia ninoiyiea e ia?aoii. N/eouaaiea eioi?iaoeee i?iecaiaeeony ec
y/aeee iaiyoe n caaeaiiui aae?anii A. Iinea n/eouaaiey aeaiiua /a?ac
oeiiue oi?ie?iaaoaeue iinooiatho ia aeie eiaeeeaoeee AE2.
3.6. Aeie eiaeeeaoeee AE1, ?aniieiaeaiiuee neaaa ia ia?aaeiae iaiaee
aeiea E32, ?aaeno?e?oao /enei, iaoiaeyuaany a n/ao/eea NO2 ( AeAe1 ).
*enei i?aaenoaaeyaony a aeanyoe/iie oi?ia n iiiiuueth aeaoo
naienaaiaioiuo eiaeeeaoi?ia ( o?aoueaai e /aoaa?oiai ). Eiiiea ” IO |_
2”, ?aniieiaeaiiay iiae eiaeeeaoi?ii, aeieaeia iaoiaeeoueny a ioaeaoii
ninoiyiee.
Aeie eiaeeeaoeee AE2, ?aniieiaeaiiue ia iaiaee ni?aaa, ?aaeno?e?oao
aeaiiua, n/eouaaaiua ec ?ICO. Eioi?iaoeey ia aeiea eiaeeeaoeee iiaeao
auoue i?aaenoaaeaia eae a aeaie/iie, oae e a aeanyoe/iie oi?ia,
3.7. Auoaoeacaiiue ?yae ieoathueo iai?yaeaiee, iaiaoiaeeiue aeey
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey enneaaeoaiiai ono?ienoaa, oi?ie?oaony n iiiiuueth
aeieia ie-
?en.2
oaiey noaiaea. Aeey iiaea/e iaiaoiaeeiuo iai?yaeaiee niioaaonoaothuea
eiiiee ieoaiey aeieaeiu iaoiaeeoueny a iaaeaoii ninoiyiee, /oi
nii?iaiaeaeaaony naa/aieai eiaeeeaoi?ia “+5” , “+15” , “-15” , “-30”.
4. II?ssAeIE AUIIEIAIEss ?AAIOU
Aeey enneaaeiaaiey ?aaeeiia ?aaiou ?ICO iiaeaioiaeoue enoiaeioth
eioi?iaoeeth a aeaea aeiea aeaiiuo a aeaie/iii eiaea e caianoe yoe
aeaiiua a oaaeeoeo (oaae.2 ). Cia/aiey aeaiiuo a aeanyoe/iii eiaea
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii niaeaniaaoue n i?aiiaeaaaoaeai.
4.1. Enneaaeiaaoue ?aaioo ?ICO a ?aaeeia iauaai noe?aiey eioi?iaoeee.
4.1.1. Auiieieoue iia?aoeee, oeacaiiua a i.3.5.1. n o/aoii i.2.4., e
i?iaanoe iauaa noe?aiea eioi?iaoeee a ?ICO.
4.1.2. I?iaanoe n/eouaaiea eioi?iaoeee ec ?ICO ii 8 iineaaeiaaoaeueii
?aniieiaeaiiui aae?anai, ia/eiay n aae?ana A = 1. ?acoeueoaou ecia?aiee
caianoe a oaaeeoeo ( oaae.2 ). Naeaeaoue auaiaeu i ?aaioa ?ICO a aeaiiii
?aaeeia.
4.2. Enneaaeiaaoue ?aaioo ?ICO a ?aaeeia caiene eioi?iaoeee.
4.2.1. Auiieieoue iia?aoeee, oeacaiiua a i.3.5.3., e i?iaanoe caienue
enoiaeiuo aeaiiuo ii 8 iineaaeiaaoaeueii ?aniieiaeaiiui aae?anai,
ia/eiay i aae?ana A 1 a niioaaonoaee n oaae.2
Oaaeeoea 2
? i/i Aae?an Enoiaeiua
aeaiiua Iauaa
noe?. Caienue Ecae?.
noe?. Iauaa
noe?.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
4.2.2. Auiieieoue iia?aoeee, oeacaiiua a i.4.1.2., e i?iaanoe n/eouaaiea
caienaiiie a ?ICO eioi?iaoeee. ?acoeueoaou ecia?aiee caianoe a oaaeeoeo
(oaae.2). I?iaanoe n?aaiaiea ?acoeueoaoia caiene n enoiaeiie
eioi?iaoeeae.
4.3. Enneaaeiaaoue ?aaioo ?ICO a ?aaeeia ecae?aoaeueiiai noe?aiey.
4.3.1. Auiieieoue iia?aoeee, oeacaiiua a i.3.5.2. aeey ia?auo 4-o
aae?ania, ia/eiay n aae?ana A = 1, i?iaaaey ecae?aoaeueiia noe?aiea
eioi?iaoeee ii oeacaiiui aae?anai.
4.3.2. I?iaanoe n/eouaaiea anaai aeiea ec 8-ie aeaiiuo. ?acoeueoaou
n/eouaaiey caianoe a oaaeeoeo ( oaae.2 ). Naeaeaoue auaiaeu i ?aaioa
?ICO a ?aaeeia ecae?aoaeueiiai noe?aiey eioi?iaoeee.
4.4. I?iaanoe iauaa noe?aiea eioi?iaoeee a ?ICO, a caoai iiaoi?iia
n/eouaaiea enoiaeiiai aeiea aeaiiuo, ia/eiay n aae?ana A = 1.
Oaaaeeoanue, /oi eioi?iaoeey a caaeaiiii ianneaa niioaaonoaoao
enoiaeiiio ninoiyieth e ?ICO iiaeaioiaeaii e iiaoi?iiio
i?ia?aiie?iaaieth.
5. NIAeA?AEAIEA IO*AOA
1. Iacaaiea e oeaeue ?aaiou.
2. Iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee enneaaeoaiiai ?ICO.
3. Ooieoeeiiaeueiay noaia enneaaeoaiiai ono?ienoaa.
4. Oaaeeoea ii i.4 e auaiaeu i ?aaioa ?ICO.
6. EIIO?IEUeIUA AII?INU
1. Aeaeoa ii?aaeaeaiea iniiaiuo aeaeia caiiieiathueo ono?ienoa.
2. Iaciaeoa ioee/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe ICO,ICO, IICO e ?ICO.
3. I?eaaaeeoa iniiaiua ia?aiao?u caiiieiathueo ono?ienoa e aaeeieoeu eo
ecia?aiey.
4. Iauynieoa iniiaiua ?aaeeiu ?aaiou ?ICO.
7. NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U
Uaaieaaa E.E.,
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