I?ieiiiaie Aeaiu
11”A”eeann, oeiea ?13
Iaieine, 1998N?aaee ?acee/iuo oece/aneeo oaeoi?ia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu,
eioi?ua iiaoo ieacuaaoue iaaeaaii?eyoiia aicaeaenoaea ia /aeiaaea e
aeieiae/aneea iauaeou, aieueooth neiaeiinoue i?aaenoaaeytho
yeaeo?iiaaieoiua iiey iaeiiece?othuae i?e?iaeu, iniaaiii ioiinyueany e
?aaeei/anoioiiio eceo/aieth. Caeanue iai?eaieai caieiooue oeeee
i?iecaiaenoaa aac aua?ina caa?yciythuaai oaeoi?a a ie?oaeathuoth n?aaeo,
iineieueeo eniieuecoaony oieeaeueiay niiniaiinoue ?aaeeiaiei
?ani?ino?aiyoueny ia aeaeaeea ?annoiyiey. Ii yoie aea i?e/eia
iai?eaieaii e ye?aie?iaaiea eceo/aiey e caiaia oiene/aneiai oaeoi?a ia
ae?oaie, iaiaa oiene/aneee oaeoi?. Iaecaaaeiinoue aicaeaenoaey
yeaeo?iiaaieoiiai eceo/aiey (YIE) ia ianaeaiea e ie?oaeathuoth aeeaoth
i?e?iaeo noaei aeaiueth nia?aiaiiiio oaoie/aneiio i?ia?anno e ana aieaa
oe?ieiio i?eiaiaieth oaeaaeaeaiey e ?aaeeiaauaiey, ?aaeeinayce e
?aaeeieieaoeee, eniieueciaaiey NA*-eceo/athueo i?eai?ia e oaoiieiaee e
o.i. E oioy aiciiaeia ii?aaeaeaiiay eaiaeecaoeey eceo/aiey,
oiaiueoathuay iaaeaeaoaeueiia iaeo/aiea ianaeaiey, e ?aaeaiaioaoeey ai
a?aiy ?aaio eceo/athueo ono?ienoa, aeaeueiaeoee oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann ana
aea iiauoaao aa?iyoiinoue aicaeaenoaey YIE ia /aeiaaea. Iiyoiio caeanue
iaaeinoaoi/iu oiiiyiooua ia?u oiaiueoaiey caa?yciaiey ie?oaeathuae
N?aaeu.
Ii aiciiaeiinoue iaaeaaii?eyoiiai aeeyiey ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea
yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae (YII) auei ia?auaii aieiaiea aua a eiioea 40-o
aiaeia. A ?acoeueoaoa ianeaaeiaaiey ethaeae, ?aaioathueo a oneiaeyo
aicaeaenoaey YII cia/eoaeueiie eioaineaiinoe, auei iieacaii, /oi
iaeaieaa /oanoaeoaeueiuie e aeaiiiio aicaeaenoaeth yaeyaony ia?aiay e
na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoay nenoaia. Iienaiu eciaiaiey e?iaaoai?aiey,
ia?ooaiey ni noi?iiu yiaeie?eiiie nenoaiu, iaoaaiee/aneeo i?ioeannia,
caaieaaaiey i?aaiia c?aiey. Auei onoaiiaeaii, /oi eeeie/aneea i?iyaeaiey
aicaeaenoaey ?aaeeiaiei iaeaieaa /anoi oa?aeoa?ecothony anoaie/aneeie e
aaaaoaoeaiuie ?aaeoeeyie.
A oneiaeyo aeeeoaeueiiai i?ioanneiiaeueiiai iaeo/aiey n ia?eiaee/aneei
iiauoaieai i?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiuo o?iaiae (IAeO) o /anoe ethaeae
ioia/aee ooieoeeiiaeueiua ia?aiaiu a i?aaiao ieuaaa?aiey, au?aaeathueany
a eciaiaiee nae?aoeee e eeneioiinoe aeaeoaei/iiai niea, a oaeaea a
yaeaieyo aeeneeiacee eeoa/ieea.
I?e aeeeoaeueiii i?ioanneiiaeueiii iaeo/aiee auyaeaiu oaeaea
ooieoeeiiaeueiua naeaeae ni noi?iiu yiaeie?eiiie nenoaiu: iiauoaiea
ooieoeeiiaeueiie aeoeaiinoe ueoiaeaeiie aeaeacu, eciaiaiea oa?aeoa?a
naoa?iie e?eaie e o.ae.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu iiyaeythony niiauaiey i aiciiaeiinoe eiaeoeoeee YIE
ceiea/anoaaiiuo caaieaaaiee. Aua iaiiiai/eneaiiua aeaiiua ana aea
aiai?yo, /oi iaeaieueoaa /enei neo/aaa i?eoiaeeony ia iiooiee
e?iaaoai?iuo oeaiae e ia eaeeic a /anoiinoe. Yoi noaiiaeony iauae
caeiiiia?iinoueth eaioea?iaaiiiai yooaeoa i?e aicaeaenoaey ia i?aaieci
/aeiaaea e aeeaioiuo oece/aneeo oaeoi?ia ?acee/iie i?e?iaeu e a ?yaea
ae?oaeo neo/aaa.
Aeaeaiaeenieae ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia (AAeIE) eniieuecotho a
i?ioeanna iianaaeiaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ieeeeiiu neoaeaueo ai anai ie?a.
Eiiiuethoa?ecaoeey a iaoae no?aia i?eieiaao oe?ieee ?aciao, e iiiaea
nioie ouny/ ethaeae i?iaiaeyo aieueooth /anoue ?aai/aai aeiy ia?aae
ye?aiii aeenieay. Ia?yaeo n i?eciaieai ianiiiaiiie iieuecu i?eiaiaiea
eiiiuethoa?iie oaoieee aucuaaao o iieueciaaoaeae IE aaniieienoai ca naia
caei?iauea.
Eiathony noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua, niaeanii eioi?ui eeoea, ?aaioathuea n
YAI, aieaa aaniieieiu, iiaeic?eoaeueiu, /aua ecaaaatho iauaiey, a oaeaea
iaaeiaa?/eau, ?acae?aaeeoaeueiu, neeiiiu e iiauoaiiie naiiioeaiea,
aunieiia?iu, oeene?otho aieiaiea ia iaoaea/ao.
E?oiiaeoeie enoi/ieeaie yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo eceo/aiee yaeythony ?aaeei- e
oaeaaeceiiiua n?aaenoaa nayce e ia?aaioee eioi?iaoeee,
?aaeeieieaoeeiiiua e iaaeaaoeeiiiua n?aaenoaa, eaca?iua nenoaiu,
aicaeooiua eeiee yeaeo?iia?aaea/.
Na?ueaciiai aieiaiey caneoaeeaatho aii?inu aeaeaie/aneie ioeaiee o?iaiae
YIE, eioi?ui iiaeaa?aathony eeoea, ?aaioathuea a ciia aeaenoaey
eceo/aiee, ii ia naycaiiua n ianeoaeeaaieai ?aaeeioaoie/aneeo ono?ienoa.
Ii aeaiiui aia?eeaineiai Aaainoaa ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, ieiei
1% /aeiaa/aneie iiioeyoeee iiaeaa?aathony aicaeaenoaeth YIE
eioaineaiinoueth aieaa 1ieAo/ni2. I?e yoii iaeaieueoea cia/aiey
eioaineaiinoe auee caoeene?iaaiu a aunioiuo caeaieyo, iniaaiii ia
o?iaiyo, niioaaonoaothueo o?iaiyi ?aciauaiey aioaiiuo nenoai.
Naiua iianiua iiey – yoi iiey NA*-aeeaiaciia. Naioeiao?iaua e
ieeeeiao?iaua aieiu aeaenoaotho ia eiaeo. A aeaoeeiao?iaua, i?iieeay ia
aeoaeio 10-15 ni, oaea iai?yioth auetho ii aioo?aiiei i?aaiai.
E niaeaeaieth, a?aaeiia aicaeaenoaea YIE naycaii ia oieueei n
enoi/ieeaie oe?ieiianooaaiiai eceo/aiey. Ecaanoii, /oi iaaieoiia iiea
aicieeaao aie?oa ethaiai i?aaeiaoa, ?aaioathuaai ia yeaeo?e/aneii iiea.
A yoi i?aeoe/anee ethaie i?eai?, nii?iaiaeaeathuee ian a auoo (aeaaea
yeaeo?e/aneea /anu).
Eae ooaa?aeaeatho nio?oaeieee III “Aceao”, “caia?u iai?yaeaiiinoe
iaaieoiuo iieae io auoiauo yeaeo?ii?eai?ia iieacaee, /oi eo
e?aoeia?aiaiiia aicaeaenoaea iiaeao ieacaoueny aeaaea aieaa neeueiui,
/ai aeieaia?aiaiiia i?aauaaiea /aeiaaea ?yaeii n eeieae yeaeo?iia?aaea/.
Anee ioa/anoaaiiua ii?iu aeiionoeiuo cia/aiee iai?yaeaiiinoe iaaieoiiai
iiey aeey ianaeaiey io aicaeaenoaey EYI ninoaaeytho 1000 iAn, oi auoiaua
yeaeo?ii?eai?u nouanoaaiii i?aainoiaeyo yoo aaee/eio”, oaaeeoea 1.
Oaaeeoea 1
O?iaaiue iai?yaeaiiinoe iaaieoiiai iiey ia ?acee/iuo ?annoiyieyo io
i?eai?a aei /aeiaaea, iAn
I?eai? 3 ni 30 ni 100 ni
Oai
Yeaeo?ia?eoaa
Oaeaaeci? 60-20000
150-15000
25-560 1-70
1-90
0,4-20 0,1-3
0,4-3
0,1-2
Yoe aeaiiua iauyniytho oio oaeo, /oi ioaeaeueiua ioae/eiu ioeacuaathony
iieueciaaoueny yeaeo?e/aneeie a?eoaaie, nnueaynue ia aieiaiua aiee.
Iiaeiaiua aeaeiau iiaeii oneuoaoue e io aeaiuei, ?aaoey?ii
eniieuecothueo oai aeey oeeaaeee aiein.
Enneaaeiaaoaee NOA e Oaaoeee onoaiiaeee oaeo aicieeiiaaiey iiooieae o
aeaoae i?e aicaeaenoaee ia ieo iaaieoiuo iieae /anoiou 60 Aoe e
iai?yaeaiiinoueth 2-3 iAn a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo aeiae eee aeaaea /ania.
Oaeea iiey eceo/athony oaeaaeci?ii, ia?niiaeueiie YAI. Iaiaeua
iai?eyoiinoe i?ienoiaeyo e n aaoiiiaeeueiui o?ainii?oii. “Aieueoia
cia/aiea i?iaeaia niaianoeiinoe i?eia?aea n auno?ui ?acaeoeai
aaoio?ainii?oa. Oaea naaiaeiy yeaeo?iiaaieoiia iiea ia 18-32 i?ioeaioao
oa??eoi?ee ai?iaeia oi?ie?oaony a ?acoeueoaoa aaoiiiaeeueiiai
aeaeaeaiey. Yeaeo?iiaaieoiua aieiu, aicieeathuea i?e aeaeaeaiee
o?ainii?oa, nicaeatho iiiaoe oaea- e ?aaeeii?eaio. A oaeaea iiaoo
ieacuaaoue a?aaeiia aicaeaenoaea ia i?aaieci /aeiaaea.”
Aeenieae ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia, auiieiaiiua ia yeaeo?iiii-eo/aauo
o?oaeao (YEO), yaeythony iioaioeeaeueiuie enoi/ieeaie iyaeiai
?aioaaiianeiai, oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai (OO), eio?ae?aniiai (EE), aeaeeiiai,
?aaeei/anoioiiai, naa?o- e iecei/anoioiiai YIE. Nio?oaeieee Oeaio?a
yeaeo?iiaaieoiie aaciianiinoe i?iaaee iacaaeneiia enneaaeiaaiea ?yaea
eiiiuethoa?ia, iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo ia iaoai ?uiea, e onoaiiaeee,
/oi “o?iaaiue yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo iieae a ciia ?aciauaiey iieueciaaoaey
i?aauoaao aeieiae/anee iianiue o?iaaiue.”
Iineaaenoaey ?aaoey?iie ?aaiou n eiiiuethoa?ii aac i?eiaiaiey caueoiuo
n?aaenoa:
caaieaaaiey i?aaiia c?aiey (60% iieueciaaoaeae);
aieacie na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu (60%);
caaieaaaiey aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa (40%);
eiaeiua caaieaaaiey (10%);
?acee/iua iiooiee.
Iniaaiii iianii yeaeo?iiaaieoiia eceo/aiea eiiiuethoa?a aeey aeaoae e
aa?aiaiiuo aeaiuei. Onoaiiaeaii, /oi o aa?aiaiiuo aeaiuei, ?aaioathueo
ia eiiiuethoa?ao n aeenieayie ia yeaeo?iiii-eo/aauo o?oaeao, n
90-i?ioeaioiie aa?iyoiinoueth a 1,5 ?aca /aua neo/athony aueeaeuoe e a
2,5 ?aca /aua iiyaeythony ia naao aeaoe n a?iaeaeaiiuie ii?ieaie.
Iaeioi?ua aeiionoeiua o?iaie YII i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoea 2.
Oaaeeoea 2
I?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiua o?iaie YII i?e e?oaeinooi/iii iai?a?uaiii
eceo/aiee
Iao?e/aneia iiae?acaeaeaiea aeeaiaciia
*anoiou Aeeeiu
aiei I?aaeaeueii
aeiionoeiue
o?iaaiue
Eeeiiao?iaua aieiu,
ieceea /anoiou
Aaeoiiao?iaua aieiu,
n?aaeiea /anoiou
Aeaeaiao?iaua aieiu,
aunieea /anoiou
Iao?iaua aieiu,
i/aiue aunieea /anoiou
Aeaoeeiao?iaua aieiu,
oeueo?aaunieea aieiu
Naioeiao?iaua aieiu,
naa?oaunieea /anoiou
30-330 eAoe
0,3-3 IAoe
3-30 IAoe
30-300 IAoe
300-3000 IAoe
3-30 AAoe
10-1 ei
1-0,1 ei
100-10 i
10-1 i
1-0,1 i
10-1 ni
25 A/i
15 A/i
10 A/i
3 A/i
10 ieao/ni2
10 ieao/ni2
Ia?niiaeueiua eiiiuethoa?u (IE) caiyee i?i/iia ianoi a aeayoaeueiinoe
iiiaeo ethaeae. Nae/an oaea iaaiciiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue iieiioeaiioth
o?oaeiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue ia i?aaei?eyoeyo, a /anoiii aeciana, aea e a
i?ioeanna iao/aiey aac IE. Ii ana yoi ia iiaeao ia aucuaaoue
iaaniieiaiiinoe a ioiioaiee eo a?aaeiiai aeeyiey ia ninoiyiea caei?iauey
iieueciaaoaeae. Iaaeiioeaiea iniaaiiinoae ?aaiou n aeenieayie, iiieii
nieaeaiey iaaeaaeiinoe e yooaeoeaiinoe ?aaiou n ieie, i?eaiaeeo e
nouanoaaiiui i?iaeaiai ni caei?iaueai.
?aeiiaiaeoaony, iai?eia?, /oiau ye?ai aeenieay iaoiaeeeny io aeac
iieueciaaoaey ia ?annoiyiee ia aeeaea, /ai 50-70 ni.
?aaeeiu o?oaea e ioaeuoa i?e ?aaioa n IYAI caaenyo io eaoaai?ee
o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ana ?aaiou n IYAI aeaeyony ia o?e eaoaai?ee:
Yieciaee/aneia n/eouaaiea e aaiae eioi?iaoeee ia aieaa 2 / ca 8-/aniaoth
?aai/oth niaio.
N/eouaaiea eioi?iaoeee eee oai?/aneay ?aaioa ia aieaa 4 / ca 8-/aniaoth
niaio.
N/eouaaiea eioi?iaoeee eee oai?/aneay ?aaioa aieaa 4 / ca 8-/aniaoth
niaio.
I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue iai?a?uaiie ?aaiou n IYAI ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 2
/.
Anee a iiiauaiee yenieoaoe?oaony aieaa iaeiiai eiiiuethoa?a, oi neaaeoao
o/anoue, /oi ia iieueciaaoaey iaeiiai eiiiuethoa?a iiaoo
aicaeaenoaiaaoue eceo/aiey io ae?oaeo IYAI, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ni
noi?iiu aieiauo, a oaeaea e caaeiae noaiee iiieoi?a. O/eouaay, /oi io
eceo/aiey ni noi?iiu ye?aia iiieoi?a iiaeii caueoeoue i?eiaiaieai
niaoeeaeueiuo oeeueo?ia, iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau iieueciaaoaeue ?aciauaeny io
aieiauo e caaeieo noaiie ae?oaeo aeenieaaa ia ?annoiyiee ia iaiaa 1i.
Ia iiieoi?u ?aeiiaiaeoaony onoaiaaeeaaoue caueoiua oeeueo?u eeanna
iieiie caueou (Total shield), eioi?ua iaania/eaatho i?aeoe/anee iieioth
caueoo io a?aaeiuo aicaeaenoaee iiieoi?a a yeaeo?iiaaieoiii niaeo?a e
iicaieytho oiaiueoeoue aeee io yeaeo?iiii-eo/aaie o?oaee, a oaeaea
iiauneoue /eoaaiinoue neiaieia.
Caiaaeiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue oaea ?aaae?oao ia iiauoathueeny ni?in e
auoiaui i?eai?ai e ia?niiaeueiui eiiiuethoa?ai, /uea eceo/aiea ia
oa?iaeaao aeecie e caei?iaueth ethaeae, ?eneioaoeo iaeaa/eoue naaa
aeeciue n eo iiiiuueth. Oae a NOA iiiaea oe?iu auioneatho aaciianiua
i?eai?u, ia/eiay io oothaia n aeoeey?iie iaiioeie e eii/ay iaeceo/aaiuie
eiiiuethoa?aie.
A iaoae no?aia nouanoaoao Oeaio? yeaeo?iiaaieoiie aaciianiinoe, aaea
?ac?aaaouaathony anaaiciiaeiua n?aaenoaa caueou io yeaeo?iiaaieoiuo
eceo/aiee: niaoeeaeueiay caueoiay iaeaaeaea, oeaie e i?i/ea caueoiua
iaoa?eaeu, eioi?ua iiaoo iaaciianeoue ethaie i?eai?. Ii aei aiaae?aiey
iiaeiaiuo ?ac?aaioie a oe?ieia e iianaaeiaaiia eo eniieueciaaiea iiea
aeaeaei. Oae /oi eaaeaeue iieueciaaoaeue aeieaeai iicaaioeoueny i
n?aaenoaao naiae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie caueou nai, e /ai nei?aa, oai eo/oa.
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