O/aiue iiiaaiea
A eiioea aaniu 1889 aiaea i?ioanni? Aeaeii O. Iae, eioi?ue /eoae eaeoeee
ii a?a/aneiio ycueo a iaaieueoii eieeaaeaea Iaa?eei (ooao Iaaei),
ia?aoeeny e iaeiiio ec nooaeaioia, eco/aaoeo eeanne/aneea ycuee e
eeoa?aoo?o, n i?inueaie iiaeo/eoue oeceeo, /oiau ia aoaeouee aiae
i?aiiaeaaaoue yeaiaioa?iue eo?n yoie iaoee.
– Ii y ia ciath oeceee.
– Eaaeaeue, eoi oi?ioi onaaeaaao a?a/aneee, iiaeao i?aiiaeaaaoue oeceeo.
– Oi?ioi, – neacae nooaeaio, – ii ca ana iineaaenoaey ioaa/aaoa au.
Iineaaenoaeyie ieacaeenue aeaa iaeaieaa ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiey
a iaeanoe oeceee XX aaea. Ieeeeeai ioaaoee i?ioanni?o niaeaneai, oae eae
ioaeaeaeny a aeaiueaao. E eco/aieth eeanneee ii ia aa?ioeny.
?iaa?o Ieeeeeai ?iaeeeny 22 ia?oa 1868 aiaea a ooaoa Eeeeiien a naiuea
nayuaiieea. Aai aeaonoai i?ioei a iaaieueoii, noiyaoai ia aa?aao ?aee,
ai?iaeea Iaeaieaoa (ooao Aeiaa). “Iie ioaoe e iaoue ainieoaee oanoa?uo
aeaoae – o?ao aeaai/ae e o?ao iaeue/eeia, aeeay ia aeaeiaaiuea
nayuaiieea iaaieueoiai ai?iaeea a ouny/o o?enoa aeieea?ia a aiae, –
?anneacuaae ii. – Iu iineee einothiu e ieaouey ec neiae aoiaaeiie oeaie
e oiaeeee aineeii, ia/eiay n ieii/aiey oeieu a iaa e aei ia/aea caiyoee
a naioya?a. Ceiie iu, iaeue/eee, ?anieeeaaee aaeaaeiaaii aeanyoue
/aou?aooooiauo a?aaai. Oae i?iaeieaeaeinue aei oao ii?, iiea iu ia
iaieeeaaee aeanyoue ei?aeia (1 ei?ae = 3,63 eoaiiao?a) ae?ia. Ai a?aiy
eaieeoe ii oo?ai iu aeieaeiu auee ?aaioaoue a naaeo, ii iinea iaaaea o
ian auei naiaiaeiia a?aiy aeey ea?”.
Aeaoe ieaaaee a ?aea, ea?aee a aaenaie, aeaa ?aca a aeaiue aeieee ei?ia,
anoaaaee a o?e /ana ii/e, /oiau ano?aoeoue a?iaey/oth oee?eiaoth o?oiio,
auo/eeenue e?ooeoueny ia naiiaeaeueiuo ia?aeeaeueiuo a?onueyo e ieeiaaea
ia neuoaee i oii, /oi ac?ineue /aeiaae iiaeao ca?aaioaoue naaa ia
aeeciue, i?iaiaey a?aiy a eaai?aoi?ee e ?aaioay iaae eaeie-oi oeceeie.
Aeey ieo neiai “oeceea” naycuaaeinue n iiiyoeai i neaaeoaeueiii (?aca.
physic – neaaeoaeueiia).
Eo?n oeceee a n?aaeiae oeiea Iaeaieaou aae nai aee?aeoi?, eioi?ue a
eaoiea ianyoeu caieiaeny aeaaiui ia?acii iieneaie iiaecaiiuo aiae i?e
iiiiue ?acaeaiaiiiai i?aoiaiai i?ooeea e oae ai anyeii neo/aa ia
i/aiue-oi aa?ee ai anth yoo a?oiaeo, iaia/aoaiioth a o/aaieea: “Eae yoi
iiaeii ec aiei naeaeaoue caoe? A?oiaea, iaeue/eee, yoi ana a?oiaea?” Ii
caoi o/eoaey aeaaa?u Ieeeeeai n oaaaeaieai aniiieiae anth aeeciue.
Eiaaea aio eniieieeinue ainaiiaaeoeaoue, ii iinooiee a Iaa?eeineee
eieeaaeae – a?ao aai aaaooee aue iaeiei ec iniiaaoaeae yoiai o/aaiiai
caaaaeaiey. Ia aoi?ii eo?na eieeaaeaea ii aiiaue i?ineooae eo?n eaeoeee
ii oeceea, eioi?ua auee ie/ooue ia aanaeaa oao, /oi aio /eoaee a
n?aaeiae oeiea. Iaauee a nii?oeaiuo ea?ao e aoeaoeea, i?eia?aoaiiua a
aeaonoaa ia caaeieo aeai?ao, iiiiaee aio iieo/eoue ianoi i?aiiaeaaaoaey
aeiianoeee, a aeioiae io i?aiiaeaaaiey oeceee a n?aaeiae oeiea aua aieaa
oe?aiee aai oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea.
Ieeeeeai, iaaei neacaoue, aeia?iniaanoii ioiineeny e naiei
i?aiiaeaaaoaeueneei iaycaiiinoyi. *oiau eaeoe aia?aaee naieo o/aieeia,
ii eco/ae ana o/aaieee, eaeea oieueei iia aeinoaoue. A oi a?aiy a
aia?eeaineeo eieeaaeaeao auei anaai aeaa eieae ii oeceea – ia?aaaaeaiiua
n o?aioeocneiai ycuea ?aaiou Aaii e Aeaoaiaey.
I?e oaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao Ieeeeeai aeaenoaeoaeueii oi?ioi iao/ee
i?aaeiao.
Ii ieii/aiee eieeaaeaea a 1891 aiaeo Ieeeeeai i?iaeieaeae i?aiiaeaaaoue
oeceeo a Iaa?eeia, iieo/ay iaaieueoia aeaeiaaiuea. Ii aue auioaeaeai
caieiaoueny yoei, eai, eae aiai?ee ii nai, “a oio aiae aeai?annee
ieeaeie aaeainee ia auei”. Iaeiaei i?aiiaeaaaoaee Iaa?eeia cia/eoaeueii
na?ueaciaa ioiineeenue e ?iee Ieeeeeaia a iaoea, /ai ii nai, e aac aai
aaaeiia iai?aaeee aai aeieoiaiou a Eieoiaeeneee oieaa?neoao. Aio auea
i?aaeeiaeaia noeiaiaeey, e Ieeeeeai iinooiee a oieaa?neoao, eai ae?oaie
aiciiaeiinoe iieo/aoue ?aaoey?ii 700 aeieea?ia o iaai ia auei. A
Eieoiaeeneii oieaa?neoaoa ii aia?aua ano?aoeeny n ethaeueie, aeoaiei
eioa?aniaaaoeieny oeceeie, Ieeeeeai ?aoee iineaaeiaaoue eo i?eia?o e
iiiuoaoueny noaoue ianoiyuei o/aiui, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi oaea iiiai eao
oa?caeny niiiaieyie ioiineoaeueii naieo niiniaiinoae.
A 1893 aiaeo iaoea a Aia?eea auea ionoaeie. Oieueei ethaee, iieo/eaoea
ia?aciaaiea a Aa?iia, oi?ioi i?aaenoaaeyee naaa, eae eiaiii neaaeoao
aanoe iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneoth ?aaioo. Ia oece/aneii oaeoeueoaoa
Eieoiaeeneiai oieaa?neoaoa aue oieueei iaeei oaeie /aeiaae – i?ioanni?
Iaeee Iuethiei, iieo/eaoee ia?aciaaiea a Eaia?eaeaea. Ieeeeeai aiai?ee:
“Neooay eo?n iioeee, eioi?ue /eoae aeieoi? Iuethiei, y ana aieueoa
oaeeaeyeny. Aia?aua a aeecie y ano?aoee /aeiaaea, eioi?ue ianoieueei
oi?ioi ciae aiaeeoe/aneea i?ioeannu, /oi, ia aioiaynue e caiyoeyi,
i?eoiaeee aaeaaeiaaii a aoaeeoi?eth e eceaaae naie iunee a aeaea
o?aaiaiee. ss ?aoee iiiuoaoueny iao/eoueny aeaeaoue oi aea naiia”.
Eiaaea n?ie noeiaiaeee, iacia/aiiue Ieeeeeaio aeey eco/aiey oeceee,
enoae, iia ia auea aiciaiiaeaia: Iuethiei i?aaeii/ae Ieeeeeaio ae?oaiai
eaiaeeaeaoa.
Eiaaea aei Iuethieia aeioei, /oi Ieeeeeai inoaeny aac anyeeo n?aaenoa,
ii caeioa?aniaaeny ei ana?ueac. Ia neaaeothuee aiae eiaiii ii ianoiyieth
Iuethieia Ieeeeeai ?aoee iiaoaoue o/eoueny a Aa?iaieth. Ieeeeeaio
i?eoeinue i?eciaoueny, /oi o iaai iao n?aaenoa, e Iuethiei aeae aio
acaeiu iaiaoiaeeioth noiio. Iuethiei oioae iiaea?eoue aio yoe aeaiueae,
ii Ieeeeeai ia niaeaneeny e a?o/ee Iuethieio ?anieneo a iieo/aiee
aeaiaa.
Ia?aae naiui iouacaeii Ieeeeeai ano?aoeeny aua n iaeiei /aeiaaeii,
nua?aaoei cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a aai aeecie. Ai a?aiy eaoiae nannee
Ieeeeeai iiauaae a iaaeaaii ioe?uoii *eeaaneii oieaa?neoaoa, aaea
iiciaeiieeny n A. A. Iaeeaeueniiii. Ie iaeei /aeiaae ieeiaaea ia
i?iecaiaeee ia iieiaeiai o/aiiai noieue neeueiiai aia/aoeaiey. Caeanue
aea ii a 1895 aiaeo iieo/ee aeieoi?neoth noaiaiue.
Ieeeeeai iaoiaeeeny a Aa?iia (?aaioaao a Aa?eeineii e Aaooeiaaineii
oieaa?neoaoao), eiaaea ca na?eae yenia?eiaioaeueiuo ?aaio iineaaeiaae
a?aiaeeiciue ac?ua anao eeanne/aneeo oai?ee. A 1895 e 1896 aiaeao
i?icao/aee a iaoea eiaia Aaeea?aey, ?aioaaia, Eth?e e Oiiniia.
A?iaeaiea aua i?iaeieaeaeinue, eiaaea eaoii 1896 aiaea Ieeeeeai iieo/ee
io A. A. Iaeeaeueniia oaeaa?aiio n i?aaeeiaeaieai caiyoue ianoi
annenoaioa a *eeaaneii oieaa?neoaoa. Ieeeeeaio auei oiaaea 28 eao. “ss
ioaeae iith iaeaaeaeo aianoa n /aiiaeaiii a caeeaae eaieoaio iaeiiai ec
noaeia Aia?eeaineie o?ainii?oiie eeiee, caaa?ea eiiiaieth, /oi y auiea/o
eaieoaio noieiinoue i?iacaea a Iueth-Ei?ea e oieueei iinea yoiai i?eaeo
ca aauaie”.
Neaaeothuea aeaaiaaeoeaoue eao Ieeeeeai i?iaae a ianoaiiaea iaooiieiie
iao/iie aeoeaiinoe, oa?aeoa?iie aeey *eeaai a ia/aea aaea. *eeaaneee
oieaa?neoao nia?ae a naieo noaiao iieiaeuo ethaeae, eioi?uo a nei?ii
a?aiaie iaeeaeaea oe?ieay ecaanoiinoue: ano?iiiia Aeaei?aeaea Aaeey,
enoi?eea Aeaeaeina A?anoaaea, yeiiiienoa Noaoaia Eeeiia, ?iaa?oa Eiaaooa
e iiiaeo, iiiaeo ae?oaeo. A iaeiii iaineiia n Ieeeeeaiii i?iaeeaaee
aeaia thiioae: Oi?noaei Aaaeai e Aa?ieueae Een.
Ia?aua aiaeu, i?iaaaeaiiua a *eeaai, Ieeeeeai iinayoee iaienaieth
oaeiaiaa?eiuo aia?eeaineeo o/aaieeia ii oeceea e caaioai i naiae
iieiaeie naiuea. Iaeeaeuenii acaaeee ia iaai anth i?aiiaeaaaoaeueneoth
?aaioo, eioi?ay ia niioaaonoaiaaea i?aao noa?eea.
A aiaeu ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu (1914-1918) Ieeeeeai aue caianoeoaeai
i?aaenaaeaoaey iaoeeiiaeueiiai enneaaeiaaoaeueneiai niaaoa (?ac?aaaouaae
iaoai?ieiae/aneea i?eai?u aeey iaia?oaeaiey iiaeaiaeiuo eiaeie).
Ieeeeeai ia/ae na?ueacii caieiaoueny iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneie ?aaioie,
eiaaea aio auei ii/oe ni?ie eao. I?iaeaiu aeey enneaaeiaaiey iau/ii
auae?aeenue ei ec /enea oao, eioi?ua oae iio?yne o/aiue ie?, eiaaea ii
aua aue a Aa?iia. Ieeeeeai. iiiaaiea noaaoee oeceeii, iinoaaee aeaa
yenia?eiaioa, eioi?ua e iiiuia yaeythony eeanne/aneei ia?acoeii
ecyuanoaa caiunea e auiieiaiey. Ii caneoaeee iieo/aiioth ei Iiaaeaaneoth
i?aieth (a 1923 aiaeo).
Oaeinoaaiiia /aoaa?oia ninoiyiea iaoa?ee
Aniiieiay naith aeeciue, Ieeeeeai aiai?ee, /oi aieueoa anaai aio
iiaacei, eiaaea Iuethiei ia acye aai naiei annenoaioii. Anee au yoi
i?iecioei, Ieeeeeai ieeiaaea ia iiiae au ca a?aieoeo e ia ieacaeny au a
Aa?iia, eiaaea nia?aiaiiay oeceea oieueei ia/eiaeanue ii-ianoiyuaio.
4 yiaa?y 1896 aiaea Aeeueaaeuei Eii?aae oii ?aioaai aunooiee n
aeieeaaeii a Ath?oeao?aa ia canaaeaiee Ath?oeao?aneiai
oeceei-iaoaiaoe/aneiai iauanoaa, a caoai iiaoi?ee aeieeaae a Aa?eeia ia
aaeaaiaeiie eiioa?aioeee Aa?iaineiai oece/aneiai iauanoaa. Aai niiauaiea
yaeeinue nainaoeeae aeey aeaoo iaoe: ?aioaai ?anneacae ia ioe?uoee
niaa?oaiii iiaie oi?iu ?aaeeaoeee, iicaieeaoae aio oioia?aoe?iaaoue
i?aaeiaou neaicue iai?ic?a/iua oaa?aeua ye?aiu. Ii i?iaeaiiino?e?iaae
oioia?aoeth /anoae naiaai nianoaaiiiai aeeaiai neaeaoa – einoae ?oee.
Aeey iaaeeoeeineiai ie?a eo/e ?aioaaia auee /oaeii, eioi?ia neaaeiaaei
iaiaaeeaiii iinoaaeoue ia neoaeao aeeaaiinoeea. Aeey ie?a oeceee a oio
iiiaio ai?acaei aaaeiaa auei iauyniaiea yaeaiey, iaaeaee aai i?eiaiaiea.
Iienee yoiai iauyniaiey e yaeeenue aiineaaenoaee ia?aui i?uaeeii a
aoiiiue e noaaoiiiue ie?.
*oaeaniua eo/e, ioe?uoua ?aioaaiii, eiaee oaea ii e?aeiae ia?a
ni?ieaeaoithth enoi?eth a aa?iiaeneie iaoea. A 1863 aiaeo o?aioeocneee
oecee Iannii iai?aaee yeaeo?e/aneoth ene?o aunieiai iai?yaeaiey ia
noaeeyiiue ninoae, ec eioi?iai aue auea/ai ii/oe aanue aicaeoo. Ninoae
aiacaiii iaiieieeny y?eei iacaiiui io?io?iui naa/aieai.
A 60-a e 70-a aiaeu i?ioeiai aaea Aeooi?o y E?oen i?iaeieaeeee eco/aiea
yoiai iaiau/iiai yaeaiey. Ecia?aoaiea niaa?oaiiiai aaeooiiiai ianina,
iiiiaoaai Yaeeniio nicaeaoue eaiii/eo iaeaeeaaiey, aeaei aiciiaeiinoue
E?oeno iaaethaeaoue oaeinoaaiiia ca?aai a aaeooia i?e ana
oiaiueoathuainy aeaaeaiee. Oa?aeoa? naa/aiey iaiyeny i?e oiaiueoaiee
aeaaeaiey a ninoaea nia/aea aei iaeiie nioie, a iioii e aei iaeiie
ouny/iie aoiinoa?u. Iii nia/aea noaei aua y?/a, caoai ?annuiaeinue ia
ioaeaeueiua naonoee naaoa e, iaeiiaoe, iiooneiaei e nianai en/acei.
Eiaaea a ninoaea nicaeaaaeny aeinoaoi/ii aieueoie aaeooi, naa/aiea
i?iiaaeaei, ii caoi noaeeyiiua noaiee ninoaea ia/eiaee eceo/aoue
i?ec?a/iue caeaiiaaoue naao.
O?oaea E?oena ii oi?ia iaiiieiaea aieueooth a?ooo, ia iaieo eiioeao
eioi?ie ii aiaye iaoaeee/aneea ieanoeiee. E?oen onoaiiaee, /oi naa/aiea
a o?oaea iauyniyaony i?ioiaeaeaieai eo/ae /a?ac aaeooi iaaeaeo aeaoiy
iaoaeee/aneeie aeeneaie – yeaeo?iaeaie, eiaaea iaoaeee/aneea ieanoeiee
niaaeeiyee n enoi/ieeii aunieiai iai?yaeaiey. Eo/e iacaaee eaoiaeiuie
eo/aie, a ninoae – eaoiaeiie eo/aaie o?oaeie.
E?oen oaeaea caiaoee, /oi oaeinoaaiiua eo/e, ii-aeaeeiiio, eiatho ianno
e nei?inoue. Iaeiaei i?e?iaeu yoeo eo/ae ii ia iiieiae e n/eoae eo
“/aoaa?oui ninoiyieai iaoa?ee”, a ioee/ea io aeeaeeiai, aaciia?aciiai e
oaa?aeiai.
A aeaeueiaeoai onoaiiaeee, /oi eaoiaeiua eo/e eiatho yeaeo?e/aneoth
i?e?iaeo, oae eae iaaieo, iiaeianaiiue e o?oaea, ioeeiiye iioie eo/ae.
Oae aea aeaenoaiaae ia ieo e yeaeo?e/aneee oie. Ae?oaea enneaaeiaaoaee
aeieacaee, /oi eaoiaeiua eo/e iiaeii iai?aaeoue ca i?aaeaeu o?oaee, anee
iinoaaeoue ia eo iooe oiieoth ieanoeieo ec aethieieaaie oieueae. Iaeiaei
a aicaeooa eaoiaeiua eo/e ?ani?ino?aiyeenue ia i/aiue iaaieueoia
?annoiyiea.
Iaeioi?ua oeceee iieaaaee, /oi “/aoaa?oia ninoiyiea iaoa?ei” auei ia /ai
eiui, eae oaeinoaaiiie yeoiieaciie, iienaiiie nie?eoaie. Ia a?aiy ?acei
aic?in ni?in ia aeooia.
Inaiueth 1895 aiaea Eii?aae oii ?aioaai i?iaiaeee iiuou n o?oaeie
E?oena, ieioii caaa?iooie a /a?ioth aoiaao, /oiau eceo/aiea ia
au?aaeinue ia?oaeo. Niaa?oaiii neo/aeii ii caiaoee, /oi a oaiiie eiiiaoa
“aoiaaeiue ye?ai, i?iiuoue oeeaieaeii ieaoeiu e aa?ey, y?ei caai?aaony e
oeoi?anoee?oao, iacaaeneii io oiai, ia?aaioaiiay eee aea ia?aoiay
noi?iia ye?aia ia?auaia e ?ac?yaeiie o?oaea”.
Aoiaaeiue ye?ai iiiauaeny ia ?annoiyiee ii/oe a oanoue oooia io
aiia?aoa. ?aioaai ciae, /oi eaoiaeiua eo/e canoaaeytho oeoi?anoee?iaaoue
ia?aaioaiiue yoei ?anoai?ii ye?ai, ii ia oaeia ?annoiyiea eaoiaeiua eo/e
ieeiaaea ia i?iieeaee! Ii iaia?oaeee anei?a, /oi ana aauanoaa a oie eee
eiie noaiaie i?iieoeaaiu aeey yoeo oaeinoaaiiuo iiauo eo/ae. Oieueei
naeiaoe ieacaeny iai?ic?a/iui aeey ieo.
?aioaai caiaoee oaeaea, /oi eo/e yoe canaa/eaaee nooea oioiieanoeiee e
ieaieo, e yoi iicaieyei i?eiaiyoue eo/ e aeey oioinuaiee. Ii aeia?aeny e
aei enoi/ieea eo/ae. Iie aicieeaee a oii ianoa ia iiaa?oiinoe noaeea, ia
eioi?ia iaaeaee eaoiaeiua eo/e i?e aunieii iai?yaeaiee. ?aioaai oiaaea
cayaee, /oi iiaua eo/e iiaeii iieo/eoue, iai?aaea eaoiaeiua eo/e ia
oaa?aeia oaei. *oiau iiaeoaa?aeeoue yoi, ii neiino?oe?iaae o?oaeo,
eceo/aaooth aieaa eioaineaiue iioie iiauo eo/ae, eioi?ui ca iaeiaieai
eo/oaai ii aeae iacaaiea “een – eo/e” (X – iaecaanoiia).
Oaea /a?ac ianeieueei ianyoeaa iinea niiauaiea ?aioaaia aai o?oaea iaoea
?aciiia?aciia i?eiaiaiea a iaaeeoeeia aeey ianeaaeiaaiey ia?aeiiia,
aeoaieeo ?aiaiee e aioo?aiiaai no?iaiey /aeiaa/aneiai oaea.
Iao/iua aeo?iaeu aaaeoueo no?ai auee caiieiaiu noaoueyie oeceeia,
iiaoi?yaoeo iiuou ?aioaaia e eaaeaeue ?ac ii-iiaiio iauyniyaoeo yoi
yaeaiea. Nai ?aioaai ana aua ia iiieiae nouiinoe naiaai ioe?uoey e
aiai?ee, /oi yoi “i?iaeieueiua aea?aoeee a yoe?a”.
Ioe?uoea ?aioaaia canoaaeei iiiaeo oeceeia aieaa ouaoaeueii
enneaaeiaaoue yaeaiea oeoi?anoeaioeee.
?aaeeiaeoeaiinoue e oioiyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo
Ianyoe nionoy Ai?e Aaeea?aeue iinoaaee iiuo, enneaaeoy oeoi?anoee?othuea
naienoaa aeaieiiai noeueoaoa o?aia e eaeey. Eiaaea iaeioi?ua aauanoaa,
iinea oiai, eae eo iiaea?aeaee ia naaoo, ia/eiaee naaoeoueny a oaiiioa,
i?i ieo aiai?eee, /oi iie oeoi?anoee?otho. Auei ecaanoii iiiaeanoai
oaeeo aauanoa, e iaeiei ec ieo aue i?eiaiaiiue Aaeea?aeai o?ai.
A yenia?eiaioa Aaeea?aey o?aiiaay nieue nia/aea iiaeaa?aaeanue
aeaenoaeth nieia/iiai naaoa, a iioii ecia?yeenue aa oeoi?anoee?othuea
naienoaa. Eae-oi enii?oeeanue iiaiaea, e Aaeea?aeue ioeiaeee i?aia?ao a
noi?iio ia ianeieueei aeiae. Niaa?oaiii neo/aeii nieue ieacaeanue a
iaeiii yueea noiea n ai?eie oioia?aoe/aneeo ieanoeiie. Aoi?ie
neo/aeiinoueth auei oi, /oi Aaeea?aeue ?aoee i?iaa?eoue oioiieanoeiee
ia?aae aiciaiiaeaieai iiuoa.
Ii i?iyaee ia?aoth ieanoeieo, eaaeaaooth naa?oo, e, e naiaio
oaeeaeaieth, iaia?oaeee, /oi iia canaa/aia, i?e/ai canaa/aiiia iyoii
eiaei oaeoth oi?io, neiaii /oi-oi ioa?anuaaei i?e canaa/eaaiee oaiue ia
ieanoeieo. Eua iauyniaiea, Aaeea?aeue iaia?oaeee, /oi anee
?anniao?eaaoue iyoii n iaeioi?ie aeieae aiia?aaeaiey iii ia/eiaao
iaiiieiaoue ii oi?ia iaoaeee/aneee aeene, a eioi?ii o?aieeanue o?aiiaay
nieue. Neo/enue yoi ?aiueoa, Aaeea?aeue aua?inee au ieanoeieo e caaue
i?i iaa. Ii ooi aie?oa een – eo/ae canoaaee anao oeceeia
ianoi?iaeeoueny. Aaeea?aeue ?aoee ?acia?aoueny a i?ienoiaeyuai aei
eiioea.
Ii aiiaue aunoaaee o?aiiaoth nieue ia nieia/iue naao. a iioii iiianoee
aa a oaiiue yuee noiea iiaa?o oioiieanoeiee, caaa?iooie a /a?ioth
aoiaao. E niiaa o?aiiaue noeueoao canaaoee ieanoeieo.
A oa/aiea ianeieueeeo ianyoeaa Aaeea?aeth eacaeinue, /oi aeey oiai,
/oiau canaaoeoue ieanoeieo, noeueoao o?aia ioaeii i?aaeaa?eoaeueii
iiaea?aeaoue a nieia/iuo eo/ao.
Ii anei?a ii iaia?oaeee, /oi i?aia?ao o?aiiaiai noeueoaoa, e ia aoaeo/e
iiaeaa?aioo aeaenoaeth nieia/iiai naaoa, canaa/eaaao ieanoeieo n
iaiaiueoae eioaineaiinoueth. ssaeaiea eacaeinue oaeinoaaiiui,
iaiinoeaeeiui. Caoai Aaeea?aeue ioe?ue, /oi /enoue o?ai, ia yaeyaoeeny
oeoi?anoee?othuei aauanoaii, i?iecaiaeeo aua aieaa neeueiia aeaenoaea ia
oioiieanoeieo, /ai o?aiiaia niaaeeiaiea, oae /oi oeoi?anoeaioeeth iiaeii
auei na?ineoue ni n/aoia. Aeaeaa Aaeea?aeue iaia?oaeee, /oi yoe
iaaeaeeiua eo/e, enioneaaiua o?aiii, iaeaaeaee naienoaii ?ac?yaeaoue
oaea, ianouea yeaeo?e/aneee ca?yae. Oi aea naienoai ioe?ue ?aioaai e o
een – eo/ae. Aaeea?aeue iacaae yoi iaecaanoiia aei oie ii?u yaeaiea
“?aaeeiaeoeaiinoueth”.
Eo/e Aaeea?aey (eo iacaaee eiaiii oae) auee noieue aea oaeeaeoaeueiu,
eae e ?aioaaiianeea eo/e, e aucuaaee o oeceeia ?aaiue eioa?an. Aeaa
annenoaioa Aaeea?aey – Iuea? Eth?e e aai aeaia Ia?ey noaee
?ac?aaaouaaoue yoo i?iaeaio. Ii i?ioanoaee iaeioi?iai a?aiaie iie
iaia?oaeeee, /oi nouanoaotho aeaa ae?oaeo oeie/aneeo yeaiaioa n oaie aea
naienoaaie. Iaa iie ia auee ?aiaa ecaanoiu iaoea. Iaeei ec ieo aue
iacaai iieiieai – a /anoue ?iaeeiu a-aee Eth?e, ae?oaie – ?aaeeai.
Eacaeinue, /oi aaeeeea eeanne/aneea oai?ee oeceee iio?ynaiu aei naiiai
iniiaaiey. Oeceee iieaaaee, /oi een – eo/e ii?iaa?aatho caeiiu
Iaenaaeea, ii iioii ?aioaai aeieacae, /oi iie ia i?ioeai?a/ao yoe?iie
oai?ee, oae eae iaeaaeatho ii?iaeueiuie iioe/aneeie naienoaaie –
io?aaeaieai, ?ao?aeoeeae e eioa?oa?aioeeae. ssaeaiea ?aaeeiaeoeaiinoe,
caia/aiiia Aaeea?aeai, eacaeinue, icia/aei eiiaoe e?aneaie oai?ee
nio?aiaiey yia?aee. Eaeei ia?acii aauanoai aac onoaee au?aaaouaaao
yia?aeth, ii anae i/aaeaeiinoe, ieeae ia iiiieiyy aa caiania?
Ethaiiuoiia ioe?uoea auei naeaeaii a 1887 aiaeo. Aai?eo Aa?oe
iaia?oaeee, /oi oeueo?aoeieaoiaue naao, iaaeay ia yeaeo?iae, eioi?ue
i?eniaaeeiai e oeaie n aunieei iai?yaeaieai, canoaaeyao ene?o
ioneaeeaaoue cia/eoaeueii aeaeueoa. Aeae. Aeae. Oiinii aeieacae, /oi yoi
i?ienoiaeeo ec-ca oiai, /oi oeueo?aoeieaoiaue naao nicaeaao ia
iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea io?eoeaoaeueiue ca?yae. ssaeaiea iieo/eei iacaaiea
“oioiyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo”.
Ioe?uoea een – eo/ae canoaaeei oeceeia ia oieueei i?enoaeueiaa
i?eniio?aoueny e yaeaieth oeoi?anoeaioeee, ii e iiaoaeeei eo aa?iooueny
e i?e?iaea eaoiaeiuo eo/ae. Nouanoaiaaee aeaa oi/ee c?aiey. Iaiaoeeea
o/aiua iieaaaee, /oi eaoiaeiua eo/e a o?oaea i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
aea?aoeee a yoe?a. Aiaeeeneea oeceee neeiiiu auee n/eoaoue yoe eo/e
ca?yaeaiiuie yeaeo?e/anoaii /anoeoeaie, eae yoi i?aaeneacuaae
Aaiaeaeaiai O?aieeei. Auaeathueiny au?aceoaeai aiaeeeneie oeieu aue
Aeae. Aeae. Oiinii.
A 1897 aiaeo Oiinii iioaeeeiaae eeanne/aneoth noaoueth iiae iacaaieai
“Eaoiaeiua eo/e”, a eioi?ie ii naeaeae iaci? anao iiuoia n eaoiaeiuie
eo/aie. Noaouey aeeth/aea oaeaea iienaiea iaeioi?uo ec aai nianoaaiiuo
iiuoia. Ii i?eoae e auaiaeo, /oi eaoiaeiue eo/ – yoi ia naiii aeaea
iioie aeaeaeoueony i?e aunieii iai?yaeaiee io?eoeaoaeueii ca?yaeaiiuo
/anoeoe ai?acaei iaiueoaai ?acia?a, /ai naiue iaeue aoii. Eniieuecoy
i?aaeeiaeaiiia Noiie iacaaiea, Oiinii aeae yoie /anoeoea eiy “yeaeo?ii”.
Ii ooaa?aeaeae, /oi oioiyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo anoue ia /oi eiia, eae
auaeaaiea yoeo yeaeo?iiia ec iaoaeee/aneie iiaa?oiinoe eo/ii
oeueo?aoeieaoiaiai naaoa. Oiinii ianoaeaae e ia oii, /oi yeaeo?ii aue
oaeaea ninoaaiie /anoueth eo/ae Aaeea?aey.
Ooaa?aeaeaiea Oiiniia eacaeinue oaioanoe/aneei oeaeiio iieieaieth
o/aiuo, eioi?ua ia oioaee i?eciaaaoue aeiioaco, /oi iaoa?ey ninoieo ec
aoiiia. I?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi nouanoaoao /anoeoea aua iaiueoay, /ai aoii,
aucaaei ao?th. Iaeioi?ua o/aiua auee aioiau niaeaneoueny n oai, /oi
yeaeo?e/anoai – yoi iioie i/aiue iaeaiueeeo /anoeoe, eiathueo
yeaeo?e/aneee ca?yae, ii aua iaaei auei aeieacaoue, /oi eaaeaeay oaeay
/anoeoea iaeaaeaea ii?aaeaeaiiie iannie e ii?aaeaeaiiui yeaeo?e/aneei
ca?yaeii. Ioaeii auei i?iaanoe iiuo, /oiau ?ac e iaanaaaea aeieacaoue,
/oi yeaeo?iiu nouanoaotho ia naiii aeaea.
A 90-o aiaeao i?ioeiai aaea aue ana aea iaeei iaiaoeeee o/aiue, eioi?ue
ia ?acaeaeye yoe?ioth oai?eth een – eo/ae. Aai caaee Aeueaa?o Yeiooaei.
Ia yoiai o/aiiai i?iecaae aeoaieia aia/aoeaiea iiuo Iaeeaeueniia n
eioa?oa?iiao?ii. E aua iaeei iaiaoe aic?aaeae i?ioea yoe?iie oai?ee –
Iaen Ieaie. Ii naeaeae a ?aaiie noaiaie ?aaeeeaeueiia i?aaeiieiaeaiea:
eo/aaoth yia?aeth, o. a. naao, neaaeoao i?aaenoaaeyoue a aeaea
“eaaioia”, eee iaeue/aeoeo /anoeoe. Yeiooaei eniieueciaae eaaioiaoth
oai?eth Ieaiea aeey iauyniaiey oioiyeaeo?e/aneiai yooaeoa e ninoaaee
ecoieoaeueiia ii e?anioa noiie?othuaa o?aaiaiea. Ii a oi a?aiy iunee
Yeiooaeia i oioiyeaeo?e/aneii yooaeoa ia ano?aoeee aeiaa?ey.
Ieeeeeai – iaeei ec iaiiiaeo aia?eeaineeo anie?aioia, ?aaioaaoeo oiaaea
a Aa?iia, – aue oai /aeiaaeii, eioi?iio noaeaeaii auei iinea aeieaeo eao
o?oaeia e ?acaeoiee iinoaaeoue aeaa aaaeiaeoeo yenia?eiaioa yiioe: iaeei
iiuo iiaeoaa?aeee i?aaeeueiinoue yeaeo?iiiie oai?ee Oiiniia; aoi?ie aeae
aeieacaoaeuenoai oai?ee oioiyeaeo?e/aneiai yooaeoa Yeiooaeia e oiai, /oi
eaaioiaay oai?ey – ia/oi aieueoaa, /ai “a?aae” iaoaiaoeea.
Yeaeo?ii ia eaiea ianea
“E eiioeo ia?aiai aeanyoeeaoey, i?iaaaeaiiiai a *eeaaneii oieaa?neoaoa
(1906 aiae), y ana aua aue i?aiiaeaaaoaeai-annenoaioii, – ienae ?iaa?o
Ieeeeeai. – O iaiy ?inei aeaia nuiiaae. ss ia/ae no?ieoue aeii,
?ann/eouaay iieaoeoue ?anoiaeu ca n/ao iieo aiii?a?ia, ii y ciae, /oi
aei neo ii? ia caieiae neieueei-ieaoaeue caiaoiiai ianoa n?aaee
oeceeia-enneaaeiaaoaeae”.
O/aaiee, iaae eioi?ui ii ?aaioae, aue oaea a ecaeaoaeuenoaa. Iaeiiaoe ii
niia i?enooieoue e eioaineaiie enneaaeiaaoaeueneie ?aaioa. A aai o/aiie
ea?uea?a ia/aeny iiaue yoai.
“Ana oeceee eioa?aniaaeenue aaee/eiie yeaeo?e/aneiai ca?yaea yeaeo?iia,
e, oai ia iaiaa, aei neo ii? ia oaeaeinue aa ecia?eoue…”
Iiiai iiiuoie i?iaanoe yoi ?aoathuaa ecia?aiea oaea i?aaei?eiye Aeae.
Aeae. Oiinii, ii i?ioei aeanyoue eao ?aaiou, e annenoaio Oiiniia A.
Aeeuenii niiauee, /oi iinea iaeeiiaaeoeaoe ?acee/iuo ecia?aiee iie
iieo/eee iaeeiiaaeoeaoue ?acee/iuo ?acoeueoaoia.
I?aaeaea /ai ia/aoue enneaaeiaaiey ii naiaio nianoaaiiiio iaoiaeo,
Ieeeeeai noaaee iiuou ii iaoiaeo, i?eiaiyaoaiony a Eaia?eaeaeneii
oieaa?neoaoa. Oai?aoe/aneay /anoue yenia?eiaioa caeeth/aeanue a
neaaeothuai. Ianna oaea ii?aaeaeyeanue iooai ecia?aiey aeaaeaiey,
i?iecaiaeeiiai oaeii iiae aicaeaenoaeai neeu oyaeanoe ia /aoo aania.
Anee niiaueoue aaneiia/ii iaeie /anoeoea aauanoaa yeaeo?e/aneee ca?yae e
anee i?eeiaeeoue iai?aaeaiioth aaa?o yeaeo?e/aneoth neeo, ?aaioth neea
oyaeanoe, iai?aaeaiiie aiec, oi yoa /anoeoea aoaeao iaoiaeeoueny a
ninoiyiee ?aaiiaaney, e oecee iiaeao ?ann/eoaoue aaee/eio yeaeo?e/aneiai
ca?yaea. Anee a aeaiiii neo/aa /anoeoea aoaeao niiauai yeaeo?e/aneee
ca?yae iaeiiai yeaeo?iia, iiaeii aoaeao aun/eoaoue aaee/eio yoiai
ca?yaea.
Eaia?eaeaeneay oai?ey auea aiieia eiae/iie, ii oeceee ieeae ia iiaee
nicaeaoue i?eai?, i?e iiiiue eioi?iai iiaeii auei au caieiaoueny
enneaaeiaaieyie ioaeaeueiuo /anoeoe aauanoa. Ei i?eoiaeeeinue
aeiaieuenoaiaaoueny iaaethaeaieai ca iiaaaeaieai iaeaea ec aiaeyiuo
eaiaeue, ca?yaeaiiuo yeaeo?e/anoaii. A eaia?a, aicaeoo ec eioi?ie aue
/anoe/ii oaeaeai, nicaeaaaeinue iaeaei ia?a. E aa?oiae /anoe eaia?u
iiaeaiaeeeny oie. *a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy eaiaeueee ooiaia a iaeaea
oniieaeaaeenue. Caoai neaicue ooiai i?iioneaee een – eo/e, e aiaeyiua
eaiee iieo/aee yeaeo?e/aneee ca?yae.
I?e yoii enneaaeiaaoaee iieaaaee, /oi yeaeo?e/aneay neea, iai?aaeaiiay
aaa?o, e iaoiaeyuaeny iiae aunieei iai?yaeaieai e?uoea eaia?u, aeieaeia
yeiau oaea?aeeaaoue eaiee io iaaeaiey. Iaeiaei ia aeaea ia auiieiyeinue
ie iaeii ec neiaeiuo oneiaee, i?e eioi?uo, e oieueei i?e eioi?uo,
/anoeoeu iiaee au iaoiaeeoueny a ninoiyiee ?aaiiaaney.
Ieeeeeai ia/ae eneaoue iiaue iooue ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu. Aeaei auei ia a
aiia?aoa, a a oii, eae ei iieueciaaoueny. Ii aian a aai eiino?oeoeeth
?yae iaaieueoeo eciaiaiee, eioi?ua “aia?aua iicaieeee i?iaanoe ana
ecia?aiey ia iaeiie e oie aea ioaeaeueiie eaiaeueea”.
“A ea/anoaa ia?aiai oaaa a iaeanoe oniaa?oainoaiaaiey a 1906 aiaeo
neiino?oe?iaae iaaieueooth ii aaaa?eoai aaoa?ath ia 10 ouny/ aieueo (/oi
naii ii naaa auei a oi a?aiy iaiaeui aeinoeaeaieai), eioi?ay nicaeaaaea
iiea, aeinoaoi/ii neeueiia aeey oiai, /oiau oaea?aeeaaoue aa?oithth
iiaa?oiinoue iaeaea Aeeueniia a iiaeaaoaiiii, eae “a?ia Iaaiiaoa”,
ninoiyiee. Eiaaea o iaiy ana auei aioiai e eiaaea ia?aciaaeinue iaeaei,
y iiaa?ioe aueeth/aoaeue e iaeaei ieacaeinue a yeaeo?e/aneii iiea. A oi
aea iaiiaaiea iii ia iieo aeacao ?anoayei, ae?oaeie neiaaie – io oeaeiai
iaeaea ia inoaeinue e iaeaiueeiai eoni/ea, eioi?ue iiaeii auei au
iaaethaeaoue i?e iiiiue eiio?ieueiiai iioe/aneiai i?eai?a, eae yoi
aeaeae Aeeuenii e niae?aeny naeaeaoue y. Eae iia nia/aea iieacaeinue,
aanneaaeiia en/aciiaaiea iaeaea a yeaeo?e/aneii iiea iaaeaeo aa?oiae e
ieaeiae ieanoeiaie icia/aei, /oi yenia?eiaio caeii/eeny
aac?acoeueoaoii… Iaeiaei, iiaoi?ea iiuo, y ?aoee, /oi yoi yaeaiea
ai?acaei aieaa aaaeiia, /ai y i?aaeiieaaae. Iiaoi?iua iiuou iieacaee,
/oi iinea ?annaeaaiey iaeaea a iiuiii yeaeo?e/aneii iiea ia aai ianoa
iiaeii auei ?acee/eoue ianeieueei ioaeaeueiuo aiaeyiuo eaiaeue”.
Nicaeaaay iiuiia yeaeo?e/aneia iiea, Ieeeeeai iaeciaiii ?annaeaae
iaeaei. Io iaai inoaaaeinue i/aiue iaaieueoia /enei /anoeoe, ianna e
yeaeo?e/aneee ca?yae eioi?uo iaoiaeeeenue a eaeaaeueiii ?aaiiaanee. Ia
naiii aeaea, eiaiii oa eaiee, eioi?ua auee oaia?ue oaeaeaiu ec eaia?u,
ia?ooaee ana i?aaeoanoaiaaaoea ecia?aiey.
“ss iaaethaeae i?e iiiiue iiaai ei?ioeioieoniiai oaeaneiia ca
iiaaaeaieai yoeo iaoiaeyueony a ?aaiiaanee eaiaeae a yeaeo?e/aneii iiea.
Iaeioi?ua ec ieo ia/eiaee iaaeeaiii aeaeaaoueny aiec, a caoai,
iinoaiaiii oa?yee aan a ?acoeueoaoa enia?aiee, inoaiaaeeaaeenue,
iiai?a/eaaeenue… e iaaeeaiii ia/eiaee aeaeaaoueny aaa?o, oae eae neea
oyaeanoe ana oiaiueoaeanue aneaaenoaea enia?aiey… Anee yeaeo?e/aneia
iiea aiacaiii en/acaei, ana iaoiaeyueany a ?aaiiaanee eaiaeueee,
iioiaeea ia caacaei/ee ia oaiiii iiea, ia/eiaee iaaeaoue – iaeie
iaaeeaiii, ae?oaea ai?acaei auno?aa. Yoe iineaaeiea eaiaeueee ieacaeenue
ai acaaoaiiii ninoiyiee iioiio, /oi iie ianee ia naaa aeaa, o?e, /aou?a,
iyoue e aieueoa yeaeo?iiia aianoi iaeiiai… Yoi auei, iaeiiaoe, ia?aia
io/aoeeaia, yniia e iaaeaoniuneaiiia aeieacaoaeuenoai oiai, /oi
yeaeo?e/anoai aaeeii ii no?oeoo?a”.
Yoi iineaaeiaa iaaethaeaiea auei a oi a?aiy oaeoe/anee cia/eoaeueii
aieaa aaaeiui, /ai ecia?aiea ca?yaea yeaeo?iia.
Ieeeeeai caeii/ee ia?aua ecia?aiey ca?yaea yeaeo?iia a naioya?a 1909
aiaea e iacaiaaeeeoaeueii aunooiee n niiauaieai ia niaauaiee A?eoaineie
annioeeaoeee niaeaenoaey iaoea a Aeiieiaaa. Oioy aai eiaie ia auei a
nienea aeieeaae/eeia, aio aeaee aiciiaeiinoue aunooieoue. I?aaaea, ii ia
ieoae ieeaeeo eeethcee. Ii oi?ioi iiieiae, /oi ?acoeueoaou aai iiuoia
yaeythony eeoue i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuie e /oi n iiiiuueth aieaa niaa?oaiiuo a
oaoie/aneii ioiioaiee i?eai?ia iiaoo auoue iieo/aiu aieaa oi/iua
aeaiiua.
“Aica?auaynue a *eeaai n yoiai niaauaiey, y niio?ae ec ieia iiae
ii/oiaie ea?aou ia ?aaieiu Iaieoiau e aiacaiii neacae naaa: “Eaeie
aeoiaoe! Iuoaoueny oaeei a?oaui niiniaii i?ae?aoeoue enia?aiea aiaeu a
aiaeyiuo eaiaeueeao a oi a?aiy, eae /aeiaa/anoai cao?aoeei iineaaeiea
o?enoa eao ia oniaa?oainoaiaaiea ianea aeey niacee /ania, no?aiynue
iieo/eoue niaci/iia aauanoai, eioi?ia aiiaua ia enia?yaony!”
Eiaaea y aa?ioeny a *eeaai, o aoiaea a eaai?aoi?eth y ano?aoee
Iaeeaeueniia. Iu onaeenue ia ii?iaa e ia/aee aieoaoue. ss ni?inee aai,
ianeieueei, ii aai iiaieth, oi/ii ecia?ee ii nei?inoue naaoa. Ii
ioaaoee, /oi ecia?aiea i?iecaaaeaii n oi/iinoueth i?eia?ii aei iaeiie
aeanyoeouny/iie. “Oae aio, – neacae y, – y i?eaeoiath iaoiae, i?e iiiiue
eioi?iai y niiao ii?aaeaeeoue aaee/eio ca?yaea yeaeo?iia n oi/iinoueth
aei iaeiie ouny/iie, eee a?io iia oeaia”.
ss iaiaaeeaiii iai?aaeeny a ianoa?neoth e iii?inee iaoaieea ecaioiaeoue
aicaeooiue eiiaeainaoi?, ninoiyuee ec aeaoo e?oaeuo eaooiiuo ieanoei
ieiei 10 aetheiia a aeeaiao?a, eioi?ua auee au cae?aieaiu ia ?annoiyiee
i?eia?ii oanoe aeanyouo aetheia iaeia io ae?oaie. A oeaio?a aa?oiae
ieanoeiu auei i?inaa?eaii ianeieueei iieoieeeeiao?iauo ioaa?noee,
neaicue eioi?ua eaiaeueee niaci/iiai ianea, iinooiathuea ec ?aniueeoaey,
iiaee au iiianoue a i?ino?ainoai iaaeaeo ieanoeiaie. E ieanoeiai auee
iiaeeeth/aiu auaiaeu iiae aaoa?ae ia 10 ouny/ aieueo”… Ieeeeeai
iaia?aaaeny ca?yaeeoue eaiaeueee ianea i?e iiiiue iioiea een -eo/ae, eae
ii aeaeae yoi ?aiueoa n aiaeie.
A oa/aiea o?ao eao, n 1909 ii 1912 aiae, ii iinayuae ana naia a?aiy
iiuoai iaae eaiaeueeaie niaci/iiai ianea.
“Iaiy ca/a?iauaaea oa aaniethoiay oaa?aiiinoue, n eioi?ie iiaeii auei
oi/ii ia?an/eoaoue eiee/anoai yeaeo?iiia, neaeaaoeo ia aeaiiie eaiea,
aoaeue yoi iaeei yeaeo?ii eee ethaia eo /enei, aei nioie aeeth/eoaeueii.
Aeey yoiai o?aaiaaeinue eeoue canoaaeoue enneaaeoaioth eaieth
i?iaeaeaoue aieueooth na?eth ia?aiauaiee aaa?o e aiec, oi/ii ecia?ea
a?aiy, iio?a/aiiia ath ia eaaeaeia ia?aiauaiea, a caoai aun/eoaoue
iaeiaiueoaa iauaa e?aoiia aeiaieueii aieueoie na?ee nei?inoae.
Aeey oiai /oiau iieo/eoue iaiaoiaeeiua aeaiiua ii iaeiie ioaeaeueiie
eaiea, eiiaaea o?aaiaaeinue ianeieueei /ania. Iaeiaaeaeu a-aea Ieeeeeai
e y i?eaeaneee e iaaaeo ainoae. Eiaaea i?iaeei oanoue /ania, o iaiy auea
anaai eeoue iieiaeia iaiaoiaeeiuo iia aeaiiuo. Iiyoiio y auioaeaeai aue
iicaiieoue a-aea Ieeeeeai ii oaeaoiio e neacaoue, /oi oaea a oa/aiea
iieooi?a /ania iaaethaeath ca eiiii e aeieaeai caeii/eoue ?aaioo. ss
i?inee aa iaaaeaoue aac iaiy. Iicaeiaa ainoe inuiaee iaiy eiiieeiaioaie
ii iiaiaeo iiaai i?eno?anoey e aeiiaoiaio oicyenoao, iioiio /oi, eae iie
iauyniyee, a-aea Ieeeeeai niiaueea ei, /oi y a oa/aiea iieooi?a /ania
noe?ae e aeaaeee e aeieaeai aue caeii/eoue ?aaioo”(aiae. “watch an ion”-
iaaethaeaoue ca eiiii; “washed and ironed” – noe?ae e aeaaeee).
Ieeeeeai iioaeeeiaae ?acoeueoaou naieo iiuoia inaiueth 1910 aiaea e
ieacaeny a oeaio?a aieiaiey oeceeia anaai ie?a. Iaiaoeeay oeiea, a oii
/enea e ?aioaai, ioe?uaoee ca 15 eao aei yoiai een – eo/e, iieiinoueth
eciaieea naith oi/eo c?aiey. I?aaenoaaeoaeue yoie oeieu, aaeeeee o/aiue
a iaeanoe oece/aneie oeiee Inoaaeueae a 1912 aiaeo ienae: “Oaia?ue y
oaaaeaeai… Iieo/aiiua iiuoiui iooai aeieacaoaeuenoaa… eioi?ua ethaee
aaconiaoii eneaee a oa/aiea nioai e ouny/ eao… oaia?ue… aeatho
aiciiaeiinoue aeaaea naiiio inoi?iaeiiio o/aiiio aiai?eoue i oii, /oi
oai?ey aoiiiiai no?iaiey aauanoaa yenia?eiaioaeueii aeieacaia”.
?aaiethoeey a iaeanoe naaoa
A ia?eiae n 1921 ii 1945 aa. Ieeeeeai – aee?aeoi? Eaai?aoi?ee Ii?iaia
A?eaeaea Eaeeoi?ieeneiai oaoiieiae/aneiai einoeoooa.
A 1921 aiaeo Aeueaa?o Yeiooaei aue oaeinoiai Iiaaeaaneie i?aiee ca
?ac?aaioeo oai?ee, iauynieaoae oioiyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo. Nionoy aeaa
aiaea ?iaa?o Ieeeeeai iieo/ee Iiaaeaaneoth i?aieth ca i?iaaaeaiea iiuoa,
iiaeoaa?aeeaoaai oai?eth Yeiooaeia. Oai?ey Yeiooaeia auea auaeaeiooa a
1905 aiaeo. Aaeeeee yenia?eiaio Ieeeeeaia aue i?iaaaeai ii/oe aeanyoue
eao nionoy. Aeaieiia i?enoaeaeaiea i?aiee icia/aei oniao iaeiie ec naiuo
aaeeeeo ?aaiethoeee a iaeanoe oeceee.
Enaae Iuethoii iaiaaoee oeceeo aeaoiy oai?eyie: ia?aay eanaeanue caeiiia
aeaeaeaiey oae; niaeanii aoi?ie naao i?aaenoaaeye niaie neiieua
e?ioa/iuo /anoeoe naaoyuaeny iaoa?ee. Ia?aay oai?ey Iuethoiia i?eianea
aio ?aiooaoeeth aaieaeueiiai o/aiiai. E oieueei aeaaiaea?y aai i?anoeaeo
auea i?eiyoa aoi?ay oai?ey – i ei?ioneoey?iie no?oeoo?a naaoa, oioy iia
auea cia/eoaeueii neaaaa ia?aie e iauyniyea anaai aeaa ec anao ecaanoiuo
naienoa naaoa.
Ii Iuethoiio, io?aaeaiea – yoi i?inoi ioneaeeaaiea oi?oaeo /anoeoe naaoa
io io?aaeathuae iiaa?oiinoe. ?ao?aeoeey aea, i?aeiieaiea naaoiauo eo/ae
i?e ia?aoiaea ec iaiaa ieioiie n?aaeu, oaeie, iai?eia?, eae aicaeoo, a
aieaa ieioioth, eae, iai?eia?, aiaea, eiaei ianoi a ?acoeueoaoa
eciaiaiey nei?inoe /anoe/ee naaoa a iiiaio i?ioiaeaeaiey aa neaicue
iiaa?oiinoue aieaa ieioiie n?aaeu. Iuethoiiianeay oai?ey naaoa ia iiaea
iauynieoue eioa?oa?aioeee, aeeo?aeoeee e iiey?ecaoeee.
E ia/aeo XVIII noieaoey noaea i?eaeaeaoue aieiaiea aieiiaay oai?ey
naaoa, auaeaeiooay nia?aiaiieeii Iuethoiia – Atheaainii. Ii yoie oai?ee
naao ninoieo ec aea?aoeee a yoe?a. Aaeeeee o?aioeocneee oecee O?aiaeue
iaoaiaoe/anee aeieacae, /oi anee naao aeaenoaeoaeueii aieiiaia yaeaiea,
oi ana aai iaaethaeaaiua i?iyaeaiey eaaei iiaeii iauynieoue. Nionoy
iienoieaoey Aeaeain Iaenaaee iiaee?aiee aieiiaoth oai?eth naaoa,
oai?aoe/anee aeieacaa, /oi naao yaeyaony aea?aoeeae yeaeo?e/aneeo e
iaaieoiuo aiei. Aei iineaaeiaai aeanyoeeaoey XIX aaea a oai?ee Iaenaaeea
ia auei, eacaeinue, ieeaeeo i?ioeai?a/ee.
A 1887 aiaeo Aa?oe caiaoee, /oi naao, iniaaiii oeueo?aoeieaoiaua eo/e,
ca?yaeaee iaoaeee/aneea iiaa?oiinoe yeaeo?e/anoaii. Oiinii aeieacae, /oi
iieiaeeoaeueiue ca?yae ia iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea aue neaaenoaeai
iaiiaaiiiai enioneaiey ei io?eoeaoaeueii ca?yaeaiiuo yeaeo?iiia.
Aeueaa?o Yeiooaei aue aaeeinoaaiiui oeceeii, iiiyaoei, /oi a yoii
oaeeinue i?ioeai?a/ea, eioi?ia aieiiaay oai?ey naaoa ia iiaeao
?ac?aoeoue. A 1905 aiaeo ii auneacae i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi
oioiyeaeo?e/aneee yooaeo iiaeii iauynieoue, oieueei aica?aoeaoenue e
ei?ioneoey?iie oai?ee naaoa, a eioi?oth neaaeoao aianoe iaeioi?ua
aaaeiua eciaiaiey.
Ii iiaieth Yeiooaeia, i?ioeai?a/ea caeeth/aeinue a neaaeothuai: /ai
aieueoa naaoa iaaeaao ia iaoaeee/aneoth iiaa?oiinoue, oai aieueoa
auaeaeyaony yeaeo?iiia; iaeiaei yia?aey eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai yeaeo?iia
n eciaiaieai eioaineaiinoe naaoa ia eciaiyaony, oioy, ii oai?ee
Iaenaaeea, eioaineaiinoue naaoa neoaeeo ia?eeii aai yia?aee.
Yeiooaei i?aaeeiaeee neaaeothuaa iauyniaiea: eo/ naaoa ninoieo ec iioiea
e?ioa/iuo ei?ioneoe, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo ianao ii?aaeaeaiioth yia?aeth.
Yia?aey ei?ioneoeu i?iii?oeeiiaeueia oeaaoo, eee, au?aaeaynue
eeanne/aneei ycueii, /anoioa naaoa, a ia aai aiieeooaea, eae cayaeye
Iaenaaee. Eiaaea naao iaaeaao ia oaa?aeia aauanoai, iaeioi?ua ec
yeiooaeiianeeo ei?ioneoe yia?aee iiaeiuathony. Eiee/anoai iiaeiuaaiie
yia?aee a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ieacuaaaony ianoieueei aieueoei, /oi
yeaeo?iiu iieo/atho aiciiaeiinoue iieeiooue aoiiu, a eioi?uo iie
iaoiaeeeenue. Yia?aey yoeo inaiaiaeaeaiiuo “oioiyeaeo?iiia” aeieaeia
iiyoiio auoue aaniethoii ?aaiie yia?aee iieiaiiuo ei?ioneoe naaoa,
iacuaaaiuo “eaaioaie”, ieion eiee/anoai yia?aee, ioaeiie aeey oiai,
/oiau au?aaoue yeaeo?iiu ec aoiiia.
Yoi iineaaeiaa eiee/anoai, “?aaioa auoiaea”, iiaeao auoue
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ecia?aii.
Yeiooaei niiaueo ia yoii a oi?ia o?aaiaiey, a eioi?ii auea onoaiiaeaia
naycue iaaeaeo nei?inoueth aueaoaaoaai yeaeo?iia, yia?aeae iieiaiiiai
eaaioa naaoa e n ?aaioie auoiaea”.
“Oaeay ei?ioneoey?iay oai?ey, aiai?ee Ieeeeeai, – ia auea
iiaeoaa?aeaeaia yenia?eiaioaeueii, ca eneeth/aieai iaaethaeaiee,
i?iaaaeaiiuo Eaia?aeii a 1900 aiaeo e naiaeeaoeony e oiio, /oi yia?aey,
n eioi?ie yeaeo?iiu aueaoatho ec oeeieiaie ieanoeiee, eaaeaony, ia
caaeneo io eioaineaiinoe naaoa. ss aeoiath, i?aaeeueii aoaeao neacaoue,
/oi iuneue Yeiooaeia i eaaioao naaoa, ianoueony a i?ino?ainoaa a oi?ia
eiioeuenia, eee, eae iu iacuaaai eo oaia?ue, “oioiiia”, i?eaeeceoaeueii
aei 1915 aiaea ia eiaea i?aeoe/anee ie iaeiiai oaaaeaeaiiiai noi?iiieea.
Oiaaea, ia oao ?aiieo yoaiao, aeaaea nai Yeiooaei ia ionoaeaae yoo
iuneue n aeinoaoi/iie ?aoeoaeueiinoueth e ii?aaeaeaiiinoueth”.
Ieeeeeai oiaea aeaeaei ia aue oaaaeaeai a i?aaioa Yeiooaeia, ii,
iineieueeo eaai?aoi?ey a *eeaai, ?oeiaiaeeiay Iaeeaeueniiii, i?iaiaeeea
i/aiue iiiai yenia?eiaioia, iniiaaiiuo ia aieiiaie oai?ee naaoa,
Ieeeeeai ?aoee ?ac e iaanaaaea i?iaa?eoue aeiioaco Yeiooaeia.
“Eae oieueei y aa?ioeny a naith eaai?aoi?eth inaiueth 1912 aiaea, –
ienae Ieeeeeai, – y i?enooiee e eiino?oe?iaaieth iiaiai aiia?aoa, i?e
iiiiue eioi?iai iiaeii auei au iieo/eoue oaaaeeoaeueiia ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu
yoiai oioiyeaeo?e/aneiai o?aaiaiey Yeiooaeia. ss ii/oe ia iaaeayeny, /oi
?aoaiea, anee oieueei y aai iieo/o, aoaeao iieiaeeoaeueiui. Ii aii?in
aue /?acau/aeii aaaeiui, e iaeoe eaeia-oi ?aoaiea auei iaiaoiaeeii. ss
ia/ae oioiyeaeo?e/aneea enneaaeiaaiey a ieoya?a 1912 aiaea, e iie caiyee
i?aeoe/anee ana iia a?aiy, eioi?ia y iinayuae enneaaeiaaieyi ia
i?ioyaeaiee iineaaeothueo o?ao eao”.
Any o?oaeiinoue naiaeeeanue e oiio, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue, a eaeie
caaeneiinoe iaoiaeeony yia?aey io oeaaoa, eee /anoiou. Yeiooaei aiai?ee,
/oi yoa caaeneiinoue auea i?yiie: yia?aey ?aaia /anoioa, iiiiiaeaiiie ia
ii?aaeaeaiiia /enei. Yoi “ii?aaeaeaiiia /enei” auei iinoiyiiui aeey
ethaiai ianoa. Iii aeieaeii auei auoue i?e?iaeiie eiinoaioie. Yeiooaei
i?eiaiyy aeey yoiai /enea iaicia/aiea h ec oaaaeaiey e naiaio eieeaaa
Iaeno Ieaieo.
Ca ianeieueei eao aei yoiai Iaen Ieaie ia?aue noiae ?aoeoue
oai?aoe/aneoth i?iaeaio a iaeanoe ?aaeeaoeee, i?iecaieueii caiaiea a
oi?ioea /eai, iaicia/athuee yia?aeth, ae?oaei /eaiii, a eioi?ue aoiaeeee
iaicia/aiey /anoiou e yoie naiie iinoiyiiie aaee/eiu. Ieaie iaicia/ee
yoo aaee/eio /a?ac h e ?anniao?eaae anth iia?aoeeth eeoue eae oaeiaiue
iaoaiaoe/aneee i?eai, eioi?ue iiiia aio ?aoeoue caaea/o. Yeiooaei aea
oaeaeae, /oi Ieaie iaaieueii naeaeae cia/eoaeueii aieueoa. I?e iiiiue
“iaoaiaoe/aneiai i?eaia” Ieaiea i?iaeaia ?aoaeanue – cia/eo, ii oi/ii
io?aaeae enoeiiia iieiaeaiea aauae.
Yeiooaei i?eaeae yoiio i?eaio aoeaaeueiia cia/aiea, e aai
oioiyeaeo?e/aneia o?aaiaiea noaei ia?aui iaiin?aaenoaaiiui i?eiaiaieai
iiaie eaaioiaie oai?ee. Ieeeeeai ?aoee i?iaa?eoue oai?eth Yeiooaeia,
iiiuoaaoenue iieo/eoue ioaaou ia neaaeothuea o?e aii?ina:
1. Aeaenoaeoaeueii ee yia?aey eaaioa naaoa ?aaia /anoioa naaoa, acyoie h
?ac?
2. ssaeyaony ee /enei h aeaenoaeoaeueii iinoiyiiie aaee/eiie aeey anao
oeaaoia?
3. Niioaaonoaoao ee oioiyeaeo?e/aneia o?aaiaiea Yeiooaeia oiio, /oi
eiaao ianoi a i?e?iaea?
Aeey iiuoia Ieeeeeai neiino?oe?iaae i?eaeiaeueiue aiia?ao, eioi?ue ii
iicaeiaa iacaae “aaeooiiie ia?eeiaoa?neie”. A noaeeyiioth aaeooiioth
eaia?o ii iiianoee iiai?ioiue aeene. Yoio aeene iiaeii auei
iiai?a/eaaoue i?e iiiiue iaaieoa, ?aniieiaeaiiiai ca i?aaeaeaie eaia?u.
N o?ao noi?ii ia aeenea iaoiaeeeenue iaaieueoea eiee/anoaa o?ao
iaoaeeia, ioee/athueony aunieie aeoeaiinoueth, – iao?ey, eaeey e eeoey,
eaaeaeue ?aaae?iaae ia naao oieueei iaeiie ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoiou.
Aneaaenoaea oiai, /oi oniao yenia?eiaioa a ia?iiiie noaiaie caaenae io
oa?aeoa?a iiaa?oiinoe eaaeaeiai ec iaoaeee/aneeo ia?acoeia, a eaia?o
auei oaeaea iiiauaii iaaieueoia i?eniiniaeaiea aeey oeeoiaee iiaa?oiinoe
ia?acoeia. Iii i?eaiaeeeinue a aeaenoaea i?e iiiiue iaaieoia,
?aniieiaeaiiuo aia eaia?u.
I?ioiaey neaicue eeicu e i?ecio, aaeue naao i?aeiieyeny. Neaicue oceoth
uaeue eo/ oiai eee eiiai iniiaiiai oeaaoa iieo/aaoaainy niaeo?a
iai?aaeyeny ia iiaa?oiinoue iaoaeee/aneiai ia?acoea, e Ieeeeeai iia
iaaethaeaoue aeaenoaea eo/a iaeiiai oeaaoa ia iaoaee. A oi a?aiy eae
iaoaeee/aneay iiaa?oiinoue inaauaeanue iineaaeiaaoaeueii eo/ii eaaeaeiai
iniiaiiai oeaaoa, Ieeeeeai ecia?ye eiee/anoaa aueaoaaoeo yeaeo?iiia e eo
yia?aeth, ii?aaeaeyy eiee/anoai yeaeo?e/aneie yia?aee, iaiaoiaeeiie,
/oiau inoaiiaeoue eo. Anee, iai?eia?, aeey oiai, /oiau oaea?aeaoue a
aicaeooa oaei iaecaanoiiai aana, iaiaoiaeeia neea, ?aaiay iyoe ooioai,
oi iiaeii neacaoue, /oi yoi oaei aanyo iyoue ooioia. ?annoaeaeay oaeei
ia?acii. Ieeeeeai ii?aaeaeye nei?inoue yeaeo?iiia iooai ecia?aiey neeu,
o?aaoaiie aeey iieiie inoaiiaee eo. Ciay nei?inoue, ii iia aun/eoaoue
yia?aeth yeaeo?iiia, auaeaeythueony i?e inaauaiee iaoaeee/aneie
iiaa?oiinoe eo/ii eaaeaeiai oeaaoa.
y?a*naeoiae).
Ieeeeeai oaeaea ?ac?aaioae iaoiaeeeo aoiiiie niaeoi?ineiiee a e?aeiae
oeueo?aoeieaoiaie iaeanoe e enneaaeiaae einie/aneea eo/e n iiiiuueth
eiiecaoeeiiiie eaia?u.
Ii oia? 19 aeaeaa?y 1953 aiaea a Nai-Ia?eii.
Aia?eea aeieai aeaeaea oaeiai /aeiaaea, eae Ieeeeeai. Ii aue
auaeathueiny enneaaeiaaoaeai. ?aaioay i?aiiaeaaaoaeai a *eeaai, ii
ioaeaaae iiiai a?aiaie iiaeaioiaea e iiiu?aieth iieiaeuo ethaeae, ia
?aaioo n eioi?uie o Iaeeaeueniia ia oaaoaei oa?iaiey. Auiieiyy
aaeieieno?aoeaiua ooieoeee a Eaeeoi?ieeneii oaoiieiae/aneii einoeoooa,
ii iiaeaioiaee ianeieueei iieieaiee iieiaeuo o/aiuo. O?iaaiue eo
iiaeaioiaee aue ianoieueei aunie, /oi ioiaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue iai?aaeyoue
iieiaeuo aia?eeaioeaa ca a?aieoeo aeey iieo/aiey iao/iiai ia?aciaaiey.
Aeaaiaea?y ?iaa?oo Yiae?thno Ieeeeeaio aia?eeaineay iaoea anooieea a
ii?o c?aeinoe.
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