?aoa?ao ii aeenoeeieeia «Enoi?ey ie?iauo
oeeaeeecaoeee»
ia oaio:
Caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneee aa?eaio n?aaeiaaaeiaiai
iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
Eacaiue, 2006
Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
Aeaaa 1. «Aeaonoai» Aa?iiu
Aa?aa?noai i?ioea oeeaeeecaoeee
?ac?ooaiea eee niceaeaiea?
Aaeeinoai eee iiiaiia?acea Aa?iiu?
Aeaaa 2. Ainoaea?noai e oea?eiaue
Eaeaae oaie?aoee
Oea?eiaue e ie?neay aeanoue
Aeaaa 3. Aeanoue e iauanoai
Caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneia iauanoai a n?aaeiea aaea
Aeeaeiae aeanoe e iauanoaa
Aeaaa 4. Aeooiaiue ie? n?aaeiaaaeiauey
Io aa?u e ciaieth
Oea?eiaue e iannu
«Iiiiiaiou» oea?eae
Aeaaa 5. Aa?iia ia ii?iaa iiaiai a?aiaie
Eiaaea caeii/eeinue n?aaeiaaaeiauea?
Aa?iia e ie?: ?iaeaeaiea aeiaaeueiie oeeaeeecaoeee
E iiaui iaaanai e iiaie caiea
Aeaaa 6. Enoiee «Aa?iiaeneiai /oaea»: ?iaeaeaiea eaieoaeecia
Eaieoaeeci a ai?iaea e a aea?aaia
Iiiieia aeanoe
Oneiaey aeey iiyaeaiey eaieoaeecia
Aeaaa 7. A iieneao iiaie ee/iinoe: ?aiannain e ?aoi?iaoeey
?aiannain: iiaaaeu e o?aaaaeee eiaeeaeaeoaeecia
?aoi?iaoeey: a?aieoeu eiaeeaeaeoaeecia
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
Caiaaeo, ineoaeaaoaio e aa?aa?eciaaiiiio, noaeaeaii auei ia enoiaea
N?aaeiaaaeiauey ia?anoe iiaua neeu e au?aaoueny ia ie?iaua i?inoi?u.
A enoi?ee oeeaeeecaoeee, eae e a /aeiaa/aneie aeecie, aeaonoai eiaao
?aoathuaa cia/aiea. Iii ai iiiaii, anee ia ai anai, i?aaeii?aaeaeyao
aoaeouaa.
AEae Ea Aioo, nia?aiaiiue o?aioeocneee enoi?ee.
Aeaaa 1. «Aeaonoai» Aa?iiu
«Aeaonoai» Aa?iiu i?ioaeaei a eaoano?ioe/aneie, ao?iie ianoaiiaea
Aaeeeiai ia?anaeaiey ia?iaeia, noieeiiaaiee aeaoo niaa?oaiii
i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo e, eacaeinue au, ianiaianoeiuo ie?ia – ie?a aa?aa?neeo
aa?iaineeo ieaiai e oeeaeeecaoeee ?eia.
Aa?aa?noai i?ioea oeeaeeecaoeee
Ia?aia ciaeiinoai n aa?iaioeaie i?iecioei aua a I a. aei i. y. Oiaaea
iaeioi?ua aa?iaineea ieaiaia ia?aoee /a?ac ?aei e iuoaeenue inanoue a
?eineie i?iaeioeee Aaeeee. Ii eo iaoene aue ioaeo, e naiue ?aoeoaeueiue
oaea? iaian ciaiaieoue iieeiaiaeaoe THeee Oeaca?ue, ioa?ineaoee
aa?iaioeaa ca ?aei. E eiioeo I a. i. y. ii yoie ?aea e i?ieaaea
a?aieoea, ioaeaeythuay ?eineea aeaaeaiey io caiaeue naiaiaeiuo
aa?iaineeo ieaiai. Aeaeueoa, aei Aeoiay, oee iia?aie/iua oe?aieaiey,
eioi?ua iacuaaeenue ?eineei aaeii.
Any eo aeeciue i?ioiaeeo a ioioa e aiaiiuo caiyoeyo: n ?aiiaai aeaonoaa
iie (caeaeythony), i?eo/aynue e oyaioai, eo no?iaiai ia?aca aeecie.
THeee Oeaca?ue i aieinoaaiiuo aa?iaioeao a I a. aei i. y.
Aa?iaineea ieaiaia, aeeaoea aie i aie n ?eieyiaie, eiia/ii, aieouaaee
?eineoth eoeueoo?o e auee ai?acaei aieaa «oeeaeeeciaaiiuie» ii
n?aaiaieth n oaie ieaiaiaie, eioi?ua auee oaeaeaiu io a?aieoeu. Yoi
ie?iia ninouanoaiaaiea auei ia?ooaii oaea ai II-III aa. i. y., eiaaea a
aeaeaeaiea i?eoee ainoi/iiaa?iaineea ieaiaia – aiou. Iinaeeaoenue a
I?e/a?iiii?uea, iie niaa?oaee ioooaea iaaaae ia eiia?eth. A IV a.
ia/aeinue Aaeeeia ia?anaeaiea ia?iaeia – ianniaua ia?aiauaiey aa?iaineeo
e iaaa?iaineeo ieaiai. Iiae iaoeneii aoiiia – ei/aaieeia oth?eneiai eee
iiiaieueneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, eioi?ua oee n ainoiea ia caiaae, aanoaiou
inaee ia oa??eoi?ee eiia?ee, a nia?aiaiiie Aieaa?ee, eae nithcieee
?eieyi. Ii oaea a ia/aea V a. iie aoi?aeenue a Eoaeeth, a 410 a. acyee
?ei, a iioii ia?aoee a Aaeeeth. Oai, a ?aeiia nia?aiaiiiai ai?iaea
Ooeocu, a 418 a. auei nicaeaii ia?aia aa?aa?neia ei?ieaanoai ia
oa??eoi?ee ?eineie eiia?ee. A ia/aea V a. a Aaeeeth oeuioee e ae?oaea
aa?iaineea ieaiaia (aaiaeaeu, aeaiu e naaau), ainiieueciaaaoeany oai,
/oi ?ei aue caiyo ai?ueaie n aanoaioaie. Iniaaiii iianiuie auee
aaiaeaeu. Aeeeea e aa?anneaiua, iie ia oee ia aeiaiai?u n eiia?eae,
i?aaeii/eoay niaa?oaoue iaaaae e a?aaeoue iiaua e iiaua oa??eoi?ee. A
20-a aa. V a. aaiaeaeu ?aci?eee aiaaoua i?eii?neea ai?iaea ainoi/iiai
iiaa?aaeuey Ie?aiaeneiai iieoino?iaa, a caoai aunaaeeeenue a Naaa?iie
Ao?eea. E?iia aa?iaioeaa a oii aea V a. ia oa??eoi?eth eiia?ee noaee
aoi?aaoueny aoiiu, ai aeaaa eioi?uo noiye ciaiaieoue aiaeaeue Aoeeea,
i?icaaiiue nia?aiaiieeaie «ae/ii Aiaeueei». Ieaiy ao?aoiaeia, aeeaoeo
i?aaeaea ia N?aaeiai ?aeia, iinea iiaaaeu ?eieyi iaae aoiiaie auei
/anoe/ii ia?anaeaii e AEaiaaneiio ica?o. Oai a 457 a. iiyaeeinue iiaia
Ao?aoiaeneia ei?ieaanoai, eioi?ia anei?a ?anoe?eeinue e naaa?o e aiec ii
?aea ?iia, a noi?iio I?iaaina. A yoie ao?iie eaoano?ioe/aneie ianoaiiaea
i?aeoe/anee iacaia/aiiui i?ioei ciaiaiaoaeueiia niauoea – a 476 a.
aa?aa?aie-iaaiieeaie aue ieceiaeai iineaaeiee ?eineee eiia?aoi? e
Caiaaeiay ?eineay eiia?ey i?ae?aoeea naia nouanoaiaaiea. Ai?i/ai, yoa
aeaoa ai iiiaii oneiaia: ?aaeueii naith aeanoue ?eineea eiia?aoi?u
iioa?yee ai?acaei ?aiueoa. Iaaeaeo oai ia oa??eoi?eth auaoae Caiaaeiie
?eineie eiia?ee i?iaeieaeaee aoi?aaoueny aa?iaineea ieaiaia. Iaeii ca
ae?oaei ia?aciauaaeenue aa?aa?neea ei?ieaanoaa. A 439 a. aaiaeaeu
nicaeaee ei?ieaanoai a Naaa?iie Ao?eea. A 486 a. a Naaa?ioth Aaeeeth
aoi?aeenue o?aiee, ?aiaa aeeaoea a ieaeiai oa/aiee ?aeia. A VI a.
O?aieneia ei?ieaanoai caiyei caiee a THaeiie Aaeeee e Ao?aoiaeee. N
na?aaeeiu V a. aa?iaineea ieaiaia noaee aeoeaii inaaeaaoue A?eoaieth,
aithy n ianoiui eaeueoneei ianaeaieai. A ?acoeueoaoa e eiioeo VI a. a
A?eoaiee ia?aciaaeinue naiue aa?aa?neeo ei?ieaanoa. Ia?aciaaiea
aa?aa?neeo ei?ieaanoa ia nicaeaei ianoaiiaee noaaeeueiinoe. Iiaua
ainoaea?noaa aaee iaaeaeo niaie iinoiyiiua aieiu, eo a?aieoeu auee
iaiinoiyiiu, a aeeciue, eae i?aaeei, iaaeieaiaa/iie. Oae, a 488 a. a
Eoaeeth aoi?aeenue inoaiou, eioi?ua anei?a naa?aee ei?iey aanoaioia
Iaeiae?a e ia?aciaaee iaoe?iia Inoaioneia ei?ieaanoai, aeeth/eaoaa a
naay Eoaeeth, Neoeeeeth, /anoue Iaiiiiee e Eeee?ee, a iicaeiaa –
I?iaain. Ii a 555 a. aai caaiaaaea Aecaioey, a caoai yoa oa??eoi?ey auea
caoaa/aia ae?oaei aa?iaineei ieaiaiai – eaiaiaa?aeaie. Yoa aeiaieueii
oaioe/iay ea?oeia aeiiieiyeanue iai?a?uaiuie ia?aiauaieyie ii Aa?iia
iiiai/eneaiiuo aa?iaineeo, oth?eneeo, e?aineeo e neaayineeo ieaiai, aua
ia nicaeaaoeo nianoaaiiie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe. Aieiu aa?aa?neeo iaoanoaee
iinoaiaiii oniieaeaaeenue, ii ianoaiiaea a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia aua aeieai
inoaaaeanue iai?yaeaiiie. N VIII aei na?aaeeiu XI a. ia Caiaaeioth
Aa?iio iaaiaeeee oaean iaaaae aieinoaaiiuo ii?iaiiia – aa?iaineeo
ia?iaeia, ianaeyaoeo neaiaeeiaaneea no?aiu. A eiioea VII – ia/aea VIII
a. iieiaeay eneaineay oeeaeeecaoeey iiaaea ianooieaiea ia aa?iiaeneee
ie? e ooaa?aeeea naia ainiiaenoai iaae Naaa?iie Ao?eeie e aieueoae
/anoueth Eniaiee.
?ac?ooaiea eee niceaeaiea?
Ia Caiaaea iiyaeeny iiaue ie?, aicieeoee aeaaiaea?y neeyieth ?eineiai e
aa?aa?neiai ie?ia.
AEae Ea Aioo. Oeeaeeecaoeey n?aaeiaaaeiaiai Caiaaea
Eaeoth ?ieue nua?aee aa?aa?u a noaiiaeaiee iiaie oeeaeeecaoeee?
Eacaeinue au, ioaaoeoue ia yoio aii?in eaaei. Aa?aa?u ?ac?ooeee
oeeaeeecaoeeth ?eia, a aianoa n iae e oio o?iaaiue oeeaeeeciaaiiinoe,
eioi?ue nicaeaaaeny ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo aaeia. Ia neo/aeii ia?aua aaea
iinea aeaaee eiia?ee iacuaatho «oaiiuie». Ianaeaiea no?aaeaei io
aeanoieinoe caaiaaaoaeae e aieiaea; ionoaee ai?iaea, ?ac?ooaeenue
aanoeaiiua i?iecaaaeaiey eneonnoaa, caie?aea oi?aiaey. ?inei /enei
caiouaiiuo, ieeai ia ia?aaaouaaaiuo caiaeue. Oae au?eniauaaeny iaeee
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu a ia/aea aa nouanoaiaaiey: ia?iiiua i?ino?ainoaa eania
e iieae n ?aaeeeie, ?aciauaiiuie ino?iaeaie aea?aaaiue. Nia?aiaiieee n
oaeanii iienuaaee aaaenoaey, ia?ooeaoeany ia iaeiaaea i?ioeaaoaaoea
caiee.
Ia Eniaieth iaa?ineeenue aa?aa?u; n iaiaiueoae y?inoueth ia?ooeeenue
ca?aciua aieacie… Aieiae nae?ainoaoao noieue aeanoieee, /oi ethaee
iiaee?atho /aeiaa/eio… A ai?iaeao, aea?aaiyo, aeeeao, aaeieue aei?ia e
ia ia?ae?anoeao, caeanue e oai – iianthaeo nia?oue, no?aaeaiea,
iiaea?eua, ?oeiu e nei?aue. Eeoue aeui inoaeny io Aaeeee, nai?aaoae ai
anaiauai iiaea?a.
Nia?aiaiieee i niauoeyo V a.
Ii, ianiio?y ia yoe no?aoiua ea?oeiu, iacaaiea «oaiiua aaea» ia
iauyniyao iai anaai, /oi i?ienoiaeeei a oo yiioo, eiaaea caeeaaeuaaeny
ooiaeaiaio iiaie oeeaeeecaoeee. Noaiaiue aa?aa?ecaoeee auea
iaiaeeiaeiaa; iiiaia caaenaei io oiai, eaeea eiaiii aa?iaineea ieaiaia
aoi?aaeenue ia oa??eoi?eth ?eineie eiia?ee. Iai?eia?, aanoaiou, inoaiou,
o?aiee aeiaieueii aeieaia a?aiy aeeee ia aa a?aieoeao, e, ?acoiaaony,
aoiaeeee a eiioaeou n ianoiui ianaeaieai, onaaeaay iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou
oeeaeeeciaaiiinoe. A Inoaioneii ei?ieaanoaa i?iaeieaeaea aeaenoaiaaoue
?eineay nenoaia ia?aciaaiey, e aa?aa?u iiiieiyee ?yaeu o/aueony.
Inoaioneee ei?ieue Oaiaei?eo iie?iaeoaeuenoaiaae eneonnoaai e iaoeai,
i?e aai aeai?a oai?eee ?eineea oeeiniou, ienaoaee e enoi?eee. Ii i?eeaco
Oaiaei?eoa a ?eia, Aa?iia e ?aaaiia auee ainnoaiiaeaiu iiiaea ae?aaiea
nii?oaeaiey e iino?iaiu iiaua; aic?iaeaeaeenue oee?eiaua e oaao?aeueiua
i?aaenoaaeaiey. Oaiaei?eo, i/aaeaeii, iuouae naay i?aaiieeii,
i?iaeieaeaoaeai ?eineeo o?aaeeoeee; ii ienae aecaioeeneiio eiia?aoi?o,
/oi aai aaeeinoaaiiia aeaeaiea – yoi naeaeaoue naia ei?ieaanoai
«aeaieieeii» «aani?eia?iie» Aecaioee. Inoaioneia aic?iaeaeaiea (oae
iacuaatho yoio ?anoeaao eoeueoo?u enoi?eee) auei oieeaeueiui aeey V-VI
aa. e ia neeoeii aeieaia?aiaiiui yaeaieai. Eia/a e ieiaeai oeeaeeecaoeee
ioiineeenue oa aa?aa?u, eioi?ua ia eiaee iiuoa iauaiey n ?eieyiaie.
Eaiaiaa?aeu, iiei?eaoea Eoaeeth, ia auee aioiau e onaiaieth aioe/iuo
aeinoeaeaiee e iioiio iineaaenoaey aoi?aeaiey yoiai ieaiaie ieacaeenue
ai?acaei aieaa ?ac?ooeoaeueiuie. Ii aaaeii auei oaea oi, /oi aa?aa?u
caoaaoeee oeeaeeeciaaiiia i?ino?ainoai: a naiie Eoaeee e ?eineeo
i?iaeioeeyo auee auno?iaiu aeaaaeoee e oa?iu, aicauoaeenue ae?aaiea
ai?iaea, oe?aoaiiua o?aiaie e noaooyie. Yoi i?ino?ainoai ia iiaei
en/aciooue n?aco, eae e noa?ua nioeeaeueiua ioiioaiey, e caeiiu, eae e
ethaee, anei?ieaiiua eoeueoo?ie ?eia. Ii aeey noaiiaeaiey aoaeouae
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee eiaei cia/aiea ia oieueei eoeueoo?iia
ianeaaeea ?eia, eioi?ia a oie eee eiie noaiaie ia?aieiaee aa?aa?u. A
yiioo aa aeaonoaa i?iecioae aaaeiaeoee naeaea – ia?aoiae e oaiaeaeecio.
E yoio neiaeiaeoee i?ioeann ?acaeaaeny i?e naiii aeoeaiii o/anoee
aa?aa?ia. Iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou oaiaeaeecia iiyaeeenue, i?aaaea, e a
?eineie eiia?ee iaeaioia aa aeaaee (o?oae eieiiia), ii ieii/aoaeueii
iiaua nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey ooaa?aeeeenue ia aieueoae
/anoe oa??eoi?ee Aa?iiu /a?ac acaeiiaeaenoaea iicaeiaai ?eineiai
iauanoaa n aa?aa?neei. Oaeie iooue ?acaeoey oaiaeaeecia iacuaaaony
neioaciui. Eaeei ia?acii i?ienoiaeee neioac? Ia oa??eoi?ee auaoae
?eineie eiia?ee /anoe/ii auee oie/oiaeaiu, a /anoe/ii aua nio?aiyeenue
aieueoea iiianouey ?eineie ciaoe. Ii, eae au iiiieoa, eo aeaaeaeueoeu a
iniiaiii eniieueciaaee o?oae eieiiia, a ?aaia naaeaee ia caieth e
aeaaaee ei aiciiaeiinoue aanoe nianoaaiiia oicyenoai. E eieiiu, e ?aau,
iinaaeaiiua ia caieth, oaeoe/anee auee a?aiaeaoi?aie. ?yaeii n oaeeie
iiianoueyie naeeeenue iaueiu aa?iaioeaa. E V-VI aa. aa?iaineay iaueia
oaea ia/aea ?anneaeaaoueny: aa /eaiu eiaee o/anoee caiee, eioi?ua iiaeii
auei i?iaeaaaoue, iieoiaoue, aea?eoue eee caaauaoue, o. a.
iieueciaaoueny eie eae /anoiie nianoaaiiinoueth. A eieeaeoeaiie
nianoaaiiinoe iaueiu inoaaaeenue oieueei eana, ionoioe e ianoaeua.
Aeaaiaea?y ?anneiaieth iaueiu e aiciiaeiinoe iieoiaoue e i?iaeaaaoue
caieth n?aaee aa?iaioeaa ?inei e?oiiia caieaaeaaeaiea. Oae
ca?iaeaeaeenue aeaa eeanna oaiaeaeueiiai iauanoaa: oaiaeaeu –
nianoaaiieee caiee, e e?anoueyia, iieo/aaoea caieth io oaiaeaeia iiae
ii?aaeaeaiiua oneiaey, o. a. caaeneiua e?anoueyia. Oaiaeaea e caaeneiiai
e?anoueyieia naycuaaei ia/oi a?iaea acaeiiiai aeiaiai?a: oaiaeae ia iia
eniieueciaaoue naith caieth aac o?oaea e?anoueyieia, a oio ia eiae naiae
nianoaaiiie caiee, a, e?iia oiai, ino?i ioaeaeaeny a oo ianiieieioth
yiioo a aiaiiie caueoa. Ii oaiaeaeecaoeey iauanoaa i?ioiaeeea a ?aciii
oaiia aeaaea a oao ?aaeiiao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu, aaea inouanoaeeny neioac
?eineiai e aa?aa?neiai ie?ia. Auno?aa anaai noaiiaeaiea oaiaeaeecia oei
oai, aaea ?eineea e aa?aa?neea ia/aea auee o?aaiiaaoaiu (a
Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie Aaeeee), iaaeeaiiaa – oai, aaea aa?aa?u ia noiaee
?ac?ooeoue ?eineea ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneea aeeeu (Eoaeey), e oai, aaea
?eineea ia/aea auee neeoeii neaauie (A?eoaiey, Aa?iaiey iaaeaeo ?aeiii e
Yeueaie) eee ionoonoaiaaee aiiaua (Neaiaeeiaaey). Niioaaonoaaiii a
Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie Aaeeee oaiaeaeeci ooaa?aeeeny oaea a VIII-IX aa., a
Eoaeee – e O a., a A?eoaiee – e XI a., a Aa?iaiee – oieueei e XII
noieaoeth.
Aaeeinoai eee iiiaiia?acea Aa?iiu?
O?aouey aeiey caiee ciaaony, a?aouey, Aa?iiie.
Iiiai aeeaao a iae ieaiai: iacaaiueyie, i?aaaie, auoii,
?a/ueth e aa?ith a Aiaa iie ae?oa io ae?oaa ioee/iu.
N?aaeiaaaeiaue iiyo-iiiao Yeeaoa?o, X a.
Caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneay oeeaeeecaoeey, eaeie iu ciaai aa nae/an, – yoi
neiaeiue eiiieaen, ninoiyuee ec ?acee/iuo e aanueia iiiai/eneaiiuo
ainoaea?noa, aiieia naiinoiyoaeueiuo e aianoa n oai naycaiiuo ae?oa n
ae?oaii yeiiiie/aneeie, iieeoe/aneeie e eoeueoo?iuie ocaie. Ii yoa
iniaay oi?ia nithca neiaeeeanue ia n?aco. Ia ia?auo ii?ao Caiaaeiay
Aa?iia ninoiyea ec ?yaea ?aciauaiiuo e aeiaieueii iaonoie/eauo
aa?aa?neeo ei?ieaanoa. Ia eo oa??eoi?eyo, e?iia naieo aa?aa?ia, aeeei
ianoiia ?eineia ianaeaiea, ?acei ioee/aaoaany io caaiaaaoaeae ii o?iaith
eoeueoo?u. Aa?iaineea ieaiaia ia auee aaeeiu: iie ioee/aeenue ae?oa io
ae?oaa ii ycueo e iau/ayi, aeaaea oa, eoi i?eiye o?enoeainoai,
i?iaeieaeaee aa?eoue a naieo noa?uo aiaia. E ana-oaee eaeay
iieeoe/aneiai aaeeinoaa Aa?iiu iiyaeeanue aeinoaoi/ii ?aii – ia ?oaaaea
VIII-IX aa. Aa ?iaeeiie noaei O?aieneia ei?ieaanoai, eioi?ia a oo
ianiieieioth yiioo ieacaeinue naiui aeecianiiniaiui e neeueiui
ainoaea?noaii. Aeinoeaioa iaeaunoaai ?anoeaaoa i?e ei?iea Ea?ea Aaeeeii
(aiaeu i?aaeaiey 768—814), eioi?ue aeoeaii aae caaiaaaoaeueioth
iieeoeeo, iii i?aa?aoeeinue a ia?iiioth eiia?eth, iauaaeeieaooth
?acee/iua ieaiaia. Aa a?aieoeu i?inoe?aeenue io N?aaeiae Eoaeee ia thaa
aei THoeaiaeee ia naaa?a, io Aa?naeiiu ia thai-caiaaea aei Aiaaineeo ai?
e Aaineiai eana ia ainoiea. Ea?e Aaeeeee e aai i?eaeeaeaiiua aeaeaee a
naiai iiaii ainoaea?noaa aic?iaeaeaiea ?eineie eiia?ee. A 800 a. iaia
Eaa III ei?iiiaae Ea?ea e i?iaicaeanee aai ?eineei eiia?aoi?ii. Ii
eiia?ey auea iai?i/iui ia?aciaaieai e ?aniaeanue anei?a iinea nia?oe
naiaai nicaeaoaey. Niaeanii Aa?aeaineiio aeiaiai?o 843 a. iia auea
iiaeaeaia iaaeaeo iioiieaie Ea?ea Aaeeeiai ia o?e aieueoea /anoe:
Caiaaeii-O?aieneia, Ainoi/ii-O?aieneia ei?ieaanoaa e eiia?eth,
aeeth/aaooth Eoaeeth e caiee aaeieue ?aeia (eiia?ey Eioa?y, iaeiiai ec
aioeia Ea?ea). ?acaeae iieiaeee ia/aei enoi?ee o?ao nia?aiaiiuo
aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa – O?aioeee, Aa?iaiee e Eoaeee. Aua iaeia iiiuoea
ooaa?aeeoue i?aainoaaiiinoue Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu io ?eineie aea?aeaau auea
i?aaei?eiyoa aa?iaineei ei?ieai Iooiiii I (aiaeu i?aaeaiey 936-973).
Niaa?oea ianeieueei aiaiiuo iioiaeia a Eoaeeth, a 962 a. ii aeiaeeny
ei?iiaoeee a ?eia. Oae auea nicaeaia iiaay «?eineay Eiia?ey»,
aeeth/aaoay a naie ninoaa Aa?iaieth, a oaeaea Naaa?ioth e N?aaeithth
Eoaeeth. Iicaea iia noaea iacuaaoueny Nayuaiiie ?eineie eiia?eae. Yoi
iicaieeei aa?iaineei eiia?aoi?ai aiaoeaaoueny ai aioo?aiiea aeaea
aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, ieacuaaoue aeeyiea ia iainoai, n/eoaoue naay
oicyaaaie Eoaeee. Nayuaiiay ?eineay eiia?ey auea, ii nooe, aeinoaoi/ii
?uoeui ia?aciaaieai. Iia ia iiaea iiiaoaoue iniiaiie oaiaeaioeee
iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey Aa?iiu – auaeaeaieth naiinoiyoaeueiuo
iaoeeiiaeueiuo ainoaea?noa. Yoi aue aeeeoaeueiue e io/eoaeueiue
i?ioeann, nii?iaiaeaeaaoeeny aieiaie e ia?aaeaeaie a?aieoe, i?ioeann,
eioi?ue ia caaa?oeeny aeaaea ia enoiaea n?aaeiaaaeiauey. E ana-oaee
eiia?ee Ea?ea Aaeeeiai e Iooiia I auiieieee naith iauaaeeiythuoth ?ieue,
eioi?ay i?iyaeeanue e a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaieyo aioo?e Aa?iiu, e a
ooaa?aeaeaiee eaeae i nayce iieiaeie caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee n
aa aaeeeei i?aaeoanoaaiieeii – ?eiii. Eaeay aaeeinoaa
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee iinoaiaiii oi?ie?iaaeanue e iiae
aicaeaenoaeai ?einei-eaoiee/aneie oea?eae, eioi?ay i?aoaiaeiaaea ia
?ieue aunoaai a?aeo?a a iieeoe/aneie aeecie Aa?iiu. E?iia oiai,
oea?eiaue aeeaaeuaaea a niciaiea naiae ianoau eaeath i nouanoaiaaiee
iniaiai o?enoeaineiai ie?a, ioaeaeaiiiai io ae?oaeo no?ai
eneeth/eoaeueiinoueth aa?ieniiaaaeaiey. Ii aeaaiui enoi/ieeii aaeeinoaa
a enoi?e/aneii ?acaeoee ?aciiieaiaiiie Aa?iiu auee iauea
oeeaeeecaoeeiiiua iniiau: ianeaaeea aioe/iinoe e aa?aa?neiai aa?iaineiai
ie?a. Ia?iiiia cia/aiea eiaee e eiioaeou (iieeoe/aneea, yeiiiie/aneea,
eoeueoo?iua) iaaeaeo aa?iiaeneeie no?aiaie: iie naycuaaee eo a nenoaio
iaeiie oeeaeeecaoeee. ?aciua ?aaeiiu Aa?iiu ia auee iaeeiaeiau. Oa eee
eiua eciaiaiey aicieeaee a ieo ianeio?iiii, eaaeaeay no?aia eiaea naith
niaoeeoeeo. Ii yoo ianeio?iiiinoue iiiiaaee aui?aaeyoue nayce e aeaaea
naii ninaaenoai n oaie no?aiaie, a eioi?uo auno?aa ca?iaeaeaeenue iiaua
oaiaeaioeee. ?acee/iua aa?iiaeneea no?aiu aiineee naie aeeaae a aeeciue
anae oeeaeeecaoeee. Iaeioi?ua enoi?eee n/eoatho, /oi a yoii – iaeia ec
i?e/ei aa aeeiaie/iinoe e aeieaieaoey. Caiaaeiay Aa?iia ia/aea naith
enoi?e/aneoth aeeciue a o?oaeiuo oneiaeyo: yeiiiieea auea ?ac?ooaia,
o?iaaiue oeeaeeeciaaiiinoe ?acei oiae, noa?ay oeaio?aeeciaaiiay
ainoaea?noaaiiinoue auea oie/oiaeaia. Iiiuoee aic?iaeeoue ?eineoth
eiia?eth i?e anai eo cia/aiee ia oaeaeenue. Aioo?e ioaeaeueiuo
ei?ieaanoa ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue aeieaia a?aiy inoaaaeanue aeiaieueii
neaaie.
Aeaaa 2. Ainoaea?noai e oea?eiaue
Iinea oiai eae o?enoeainoai a 313 a. auei i?eciaii ainoaea?noaaiiie
?aeeaeae, oea?eiaue ia?anoaea auoue oieueei aeooiaiie iaueiie,
iauaaeeiythuae nia?aoueaa ii aa?a. A oo yiioo, eiaaea ?eineay eiia?ey
noiyea ia e?ath aeaaee, ia/aeny i?ioeann i?aa?auaiey oea?eae a
iieeoe/aneoth neeo, «ainoaea?noai a ainoaea?noaa Oea?eiaue iieo/aea a
aea? io eiia?aoi?ia e ?eineie ciaoe caiaeueiua aeaaeaiey; ioi?ieyeanue
aa aioo?aiiyy i?aaiecaoeey. Ia anaeaineeo niai?ao – aunoeo «nuacaeao»
aeooiaainoaa – ?ac?aaaouaaeanue aeiaiaoeea o?enoeaineiai aa?io/aiey, e
yoi, anoanoaaiii, oe?aieyei eaeaeiia aaeeinoai oea?eae. Ia/eiay n VI a.
a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia noaee iiyaeyoueny iiianou?e. Ia?aue aue iniiaai
nayoui Aaiaaeeeoii (ie. 480 – ie. 547) a Iiioaeanneii. Ei aea aue
?ac?aaioai e iiianou?neee onoaa, eioi?ue iineoaeee ia?acoeii aeey
iineaaeothueo a?aonoa. Caiaaeiay oea?eiaue ia iiiu?yea iieiiai aneaoecia
ainoi/iuo iiianou?ae, ii oaeaea o?aaiaaea io iiiaoia niaethaeaiey iaaoia
aaaeiinoe, oeaeiioae?ey e iineooaiey. Iiianou?e auee ia i?ioyaeaiee
ianeieueeeo aaeia aaeeinoaaiiuie oeaio?aie i?inaauaiey. Iiianou?neea
oeieu aioiaeee nayuaiiineoaeeoaeae; iniaia cia/aiea i?eaeaaaeinue
ia?aienuaaieth ?oeiienae, e a ?acoeueoaoa aeaaiaea?y oneeeyi iiiaoia aei
iaoeo aeiae aeioee e aiaineianeea o?oaeu, e iiiaeanoai i?iecaaaeaiee
aioe/iie eeoa?aoo?u.
Eaeaae oaie?aoee
Aeey oea?eae iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo aue aii?in ia ioiioaiee e ie?neie
aeanoe. Io aai ?aoaiey caaenaea aa aeaeueiaeoay noaeueaa, oa ?ieue,
eioi?oth ae i?aaenoiyei nua?aoue a aeecie caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie
oeeaeeecaoeee. Ioaao aue aeai iacaaeieai aei aeaaee ?eia, eiaaea o
nia?aiaiieeia noaea en/acaoue aa?a a iacuaeaiinoue e neeo ainoaea?noaa.
A 413 a., iinea oiai eae ?ei aue acyo aanoaioaie, Aa?aeee Aaaonoei
(354-430), iaeei ec naiuo auaeathueony iooeia oea?eae, ia/ae ienaoue
naia ciaiaieoia i?iecaaaeaiea «I A?aaea Aiaeueai». Enoi?ey /aeiaa/anoaa
aeey Aaaonoeia – yoi iinoiyiiay ai?ueaa niiauanoaa i?aaaaeieeia,
ninoaaeythueo A?aae Aiaeee, e a?aoieeia – naayethaoeaa, caauaathueo a
naiai ineaieaiee i Aiaa, eioi?ua ia?acotho A?aae Caiiie, A caiiie
aeecie, aaea iaa «a?aaea» nouanoaotho aianoa e i?aaaaeieee niaoaiu n
a?aoieeaie, oieueei oea?eiaue a eaeie-oi noaiaie aeecea e aiieiuaieth
A?aaea Aiaeueaai. Iiyoiio eiaiii ae Aaaonoei ioaiaeee ?ieue aunoaai
a?aeo?a ia oieueei a aeaeao aa?u, ii e a oi?aaeaiee ainoaea?noaii. Oioy
caiiay aeanoue, ii aai oai?ee, oiaea enoiaeeo io Aiaa, ii noieo ai?acaei
ieaea oea?eae, eai neeoeii yaienoe/ia e iaianuoia a naiai no?aieaiee e
ainiiaenoao e iaiaauaieth. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, naaoneay aeanoue aeieaeia
aani?aeineiaii iiae/eiyoueny aeooiaiiio ?oeiaiaenoao oea?eae. Oaeie oei
oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaii iacuaaaony oaie?aoeae. Eaeae Aaaonoeia iieo/eee
i?eciaiea a caiaaeiii ie?a, a oi a?aiy eae ainoi/iay oea?eiaue eca?aea
eiie iooue ai acaeiiioiioaieyo n ainoaea?noaii. Ii ia?a oiai eae ?inee
?aciiaeaney a aeiaiaoeea e ia?yaeao caiaaeiie e ainoi/iie oea?eaae, ?ei
i?aa?auaeny a oeaio? caiaaeiiai o?enoeainoaa. «Aa/iue ai?iae», ianiio?y
ia ana ia?aaeeoua eaoano?iou, nio?aiee neaao noieeoeu iaeiaaea
iiaouanoaaiiie eiia?ee. E?iia oiai, ?ei n/eoaeny ai?iaeii aiinoiea
Iao?a, o?aieoaey eeth/ae io ?ay. Oaea a eiioea IV – ia/aea V a. ?eineea
aieneiiu i?enaieee ‘naaa i?aai iacuaaoueny iaiaie, o. a. aeaaaie
oea?eae, e aini?eieiaeenue eae i?aaiieee aiinoiea Iao?a, ia?aiai
aieneiia ?eia. Caiee, iaoiaeeaoeany a ?oeao iaiu, noaiiaeeenue aio/eiie
Nayoiai Iao?a, a nai iaia – eo naaoneei i?aaeoaeai. A ?acoeueoaoa
ianeieueei iicaea, a VIII a., ia?aciaaeinue Iaineia ainoaea?noai, a
eioi?ia aoiaeeee caiee ?eineie iaeanoe e ?aaaiineiai yeca?oaoa.
Yeiiiie/aneay iiuue oea?eae aic?anoaea: aei XV a. aeooiaainoai aeaaeaei
o?aoueth anae ia?aaaouaaaiie caiee a aieueoeinoaa no?ai Caiaaeiie
Aa?iiu. I?e Ea?ea Aaeeeii auea ocaeiiaia oea?eiaiay aeanyoeia – iaeia,
eioi?ui iaeaaaeinue ana aa?iiaeneia ianaeaiea. Iiyaeaiea iainoaa
nieioeei oea?eiaue; oaia?ue iia ieii/aoaeueii ioi?ieeanue eae
ea?a?oe/aneay, aeanoei oeaio?aeeciaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey ai aeaaa ni naiei
ainoaea?ai» – iaiie.
Oea?eiaue e ie?neay aeanoue
Aiieia anoanoaaiii, /oi ia yoii yoaia iia i?aaenoaaeyea niaie ai?acaei
aieueooth neeo, /ai iieiaeay, oieueei ca?iaeaeathuayny
ainoaea?noaaiiinoue. A ianiieieioth yiioo aa?aa?neeo iaoanoaee iaiu
aeoeaii aiaoeaaeenue a ie?neea aeaea. Iai?eia?, A?eai?ee Aaeeeee (aiaeu
i?aaeaiey 590-604), /aeiaae aeanoiue e yia?ae/iue, acye a naie ?oee
caueoo ?eia io iaoanoaey eaiaiaa?aeia, niaaaeae ianaeaiea
i?iaeiaieuenoaeai.
…A oaina aa?aa?neeo iaoanoaee aieneiiu e iiiaoe… noaee
oieaa?naeueiuie ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie ?acaaeeaathuaainy iauanoaa: e naiae
?aeeaeiciie ?iee iie i?eaaaeee iieeoe/aneoth, anooiay a ia?aaiai?u n
aa?aa?aie, oicyenoaaiioth, ?ani?aaeaeyy i?iaeiaieuenoaea e ieeinouith,
nioeeaeueioth, caueuay neaauo io iiaouanoaaiiuo, e aeaaea aiaiioth…
AEae Ea Aioo. Oeeaeeecaoeey n?aaeiaaaeiaiai Caiaaea
Naaoneay aeanoue, eiaaea yoi auei iaiaoiaeeii, eniieueciaaea aaoi?eoao
oea?eae aeey ooaa?aeaeaiey naiaai i?anoeaea. Ia neo/aeii Ea?e Aaeeeee,
no?aiynue aic?iaeeoue ?eineoth eiia?eth, ei?iiiaaeny a ?eia. Yoi
i?iecaaei neeueiia aia/aoeaiea ia nia?aiaiieeia e eae au neiaieece?iaaei
nithc oea?eae e ainoaea?noaa. Iaeiaei yoi aue iaonoie/eaue nithc:
oea?eiaue, aeaey a ainoaea?noaa naith iii?o, oai ia iaiaa i?aoaiaeiaaea
ia iieeoe/aneia eeaea?noai. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, naaoneay aeanoue, neea
eioi?ie iinoaiaiii ia?anoaea, no?aieeanue iiae/eieoue naaa iainoai.
Iiyoiio acaeiiioiioaiey oea?eae e ainoaea?noaa a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia
aeeth/aee a naay i?ioeaiai?noai e iaecaaaeiua eiioeeeoiua neooaoeee.
Iinea nia?oe Ea?ea Aaeeeiai iainoai iiiaei a aieueooth caaeneiinoue io
naaoneeo aeaaeue. Ia/eiay n Iooiia I eiia?aoi?u Nayuaiiie ?eineie
eiia?ee noaee ii naiaio auai?o iacia/aoue aieneiiia e naieo iai.
Aieneiiu e ianoiyoaee iiianou?ae iieo/aee io ciaoe aeaaeaiey e eiiaaea
aeaaea ianee aiaiioth neoaeao. Ii oea?eiaue ia nie?eeanue n oaeei
iieiaeaieai. Oaea a X a. ia/aeanue aa ai?ueaa ca «i/euaiea», ca
inaiaiaeaeaiea io aeeyiey ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Iaeaieueoeo oniaoia
oea?eiaue aeiaeeanue a XI-XIII aa. Aiaaonoao iai iiaee iicaaeaeiaaoue
eiua aa?iiaeneea ei?iee. O oea?eae aue naie noae, ?acaaoaeaiiay
ath?ie?aoe/aneay nenoaia. Iaiu ?eineea aeoeaii aiaoeaaeenue a aeaea
aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa, a iiae/an e a ee/ioth aeeciue iiia?oia. Ai anao
oea?eiaiuo aii?inao eo aaoi?eoao n/eoaeny iai?a?aeaaiui. A 1096-1270 aa.
oea?eiaue i?aaieciaaea e?anoiaua iioiaeu – ?aeeaeiciua aieiu ai eiy
inaiaiaeaeaiey A?iaa Ainiiaeiy a Ea?onaeeia, iaauaa ca yoi i?iuaiea
a?aoia e neaci/iua aiaaonoaa.
Iaiu ?eineea iaaeayeenue i?aa?aoeoue aani?anoaiiua aieiu a Aa?iia a
iaeio ni?aaaaeeeaoth aieio, a ai?ueao n iaaa?iuie. …?acoiaaony,
oea?eiaue e iainoai ?ann/eouaaee aeaaiaea?y e?anoiaui iioiaeai…
iieo/eoue iaeiia?aiaiii n?aaenoai ainiiaenoaa ia naiii Caiaaea.
AEae Ea Aioo. Oeeaeeecaoeey n?aaeiaaaeiaiai Caiaaea
Iiae eicoiaii caueou o?enoeaineiai ie?a io «iaaa?iuo» oee aieiu i?ioea
a?aaneie Eniaiee. Iaiai e ia/ii ia?auaeenue a eaoiee/anoai caiaaeiua
neaayia, aaia?u e aeeoaee I?eaaeoeee. Iaea?aeeaay iiaaaeu a iieeoe/aneie
aeecie, oea?eiaue oa?yea naie aeooiaiue aaoi?eoao: i?aaenoaaeoaee
aeooiaainoaa /anoi iaiiieiaee eiaeeo eio?eaaiia, a ia enoeiiuo
neoaeeoaeae Aiaa. Inoaeaeaiea iiiaeo aa?othueo aucuaaea i?iaeaaea
eiaeoeueaaioeee – ioiouaiee a?aoia: iieo/aeinue, /oi ianoi a ?ath iiaeii
auei eoieoue ca aeaiueae. I iaianuoiii no?aieaiee oea?eae e aeanoe e
iaiaauaieth a oi a?aiy aiai?eee iiiaea ienaoaee e iiyou.
Aicaeaaeyoue anaeaiioth i?ecaai ?ei, ii neaa?iu Iieii ii, e neaa?iith
ana iieii aacia?iie, Eai ca?aceoaeueii aayiuea ii?iea, E io ii/au
aieeinoiie auoue ia iiaeao i?iea.
Ia neo/aeii iaio aaaeue eiaiotho iaiie: Iainoaoy, ii oainoaoao
oea?noaothuae eaiie. Ii ni anyeei oi/ao auoue a iaa, a iaa, a iaa: Iiiie
yoi anyeee ?ac, e iaia iiaenooiay.
Aaeueoa? Oaoeeuiineee, iiyo, XII a.
Ii e iieeoe/aneia iiaouanoai oea?eae auei ia neeoeii aeieaei. Oaea a
eiioea XIII e a XIV a. iaae?athuay neeo ainoaea?noaaiiinoue aeaea ioii?
oea?eae. Ia/aeny caeao iainoaa. A XIV a. ineaaeaiea iainoaa
aeiaa?oeeinue aaeeeie noeciie – ?aneieii aioo?e eaoiee/aneie oea?eae:
ec-ca aioo?aiieo ?aciiaeanee iiyaeeenue nia/aea aeaa, a iioii o?e iaiu,
i?e/ai ana iie aeieacuaaee naie i?aaa ia aeanoue e iauyaeyee ae?oa
ae?oaa aioeo?enoaie. Iinea yoiai ?einei-eaoiee/aneay oea?eiaue oaea ia
noiaea aa?iooue i?aaeiea iiceoeee, a ia enoiaea n?aaeiaaaeiauey, a XVI
a., ae iaianea iiuiue oaea? ?aoi?iaoeey. Caiaaeiay oea?eiaue, eioi?ay
?oeiaiaenoaiaaeanue oaie?aoe/aneei eaeaaeii e naeaeaea iieeoeeo iaeiie
ec aaaeiaeoeo noi?ii naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, auea aieaa «ie?neie» ii
n?aaiaieth n oea?eiaueth i?aaineaaiie. Iia nicaeaaaea na?ueaciue
i?ioeaiaan ainoaea?noao e auioaeaeaea aai eaeoe ia eiii?iiennu.
Aeaaiaea?y oea?eae aua a ?aiiai n?aaeiaaaeiauea a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia
ia/aea nicaeaaaoueny ianoaiiaea aeeaeiaa a iieeoe/aneie aeecie. A yoi
auei aaaeiaeoei oneiaeai aeey iiyaeaiey iniaiai, aa?iiaeneiai oeia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe – aeanoe, auioaeaeaiiie n/eoaoueny n iauanoaii e
eaeoe n iei ia eiii?iiennu.
Aeaaa 3. Aeanoue e iauanoai
Iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo aeinoeaeaiee caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee – yoi
nia?aiaiiay aeaiie?aoe/aneay nenoaia. Iiiaea enoi?eee n/eoatho, /oi aa
iniiau auee caeiaeaiu aua a n?aaeiea aaea.
Caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneia iauanoai a n?aaeiea aaea
N?aaeiaaaeiaia aa?iiaeneia iauanoai auei ea?a?oe/aneei. Ai aeaaa aai
noiye ei?ieue – aa?oiaiue nthca?ai anao oaiaeaeia. Ia neaaeothuai o?iaia
?aniieaaaeenue e?oiiua naaoneea e aeooiaiua oaiaeaeu – eiycuey, a?aou,
a?oeaieneiiu e aieneiiu, n/eoaaoeany aannaeaie ei?iey. Iieo/ay caiee
(ia?aaeei yoi auee oeaeua iaeanoe), iie i?eiineee i?enyao aa?iinoe.
Naaoneea oaiaeaeu iieo/aee caieth iiae oneiaea ianaiey aiaiiie neoaeau e
auiieiaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa. Oaeea aeaaeaiey iacuaaeenue
oaiaeaie. E?oiiua oaiaeaeu iiaee, a naith i/a?aaeue, eiaoue aannaeia,
ioaeaaay naie caiee oaiaeaeai aieaa iaeeiai ianooaaa – aa?iiai eee
?uoea?yi – ia oao aea oneiaeyo. ?uoea?e oaea ia eiaee naieo aannaeia, a
eo iaiin?aaenoaaiiii iiae/eiaiee iaoiaeeeenue e?anoueyia, eioi?ui iie
ioaeaaaee caieth a aea?aeaiea. Oaiaeaeueiua e?anoueyia auee aeaaiuie
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie a yiioo n?aaeiaaaeiauey e naiui iiiai/eneaiiui eeannii
n?aaeiaaaeiaiai iauanoaa. Ia iieo/aiiuo io oaiaeaeia iaaeaeao iie aaee
nianoaaiiia oicyenoai, ?aniieaaaee nianoaaiiuie i?oaeeyie o?oaea e
neioii. Iaeiaei iie ia auee nianoaaiieeaie caiee, ia eioi?ie
o?oaeeeenue, aeaaea a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea eiaee i?aai ia?aaeaaaoue aa ii
ianeaaenoao. «?anieaoie» ca caieth auea ?aioa, eioi?ay nouanoaiaaea a
o?ao oi?iao: a aeaea aa?ueiu, iaoo?aeueiiai eee aeaiaaeiiai ia?iea.
Icia/aei ee yoi, /oi n?aaeiaaaeiaue e?anoueyiei a ioee/ea, neaaeai, io
?aaa aue ee/ii naiaiaeai? Neooaoeey neeaaeuaaeanue ii-?aciiio a ?aciua
yiioe. A ?aiiaa n?aaeiaaaeiauea iicaiaeueiay caaeneiinoue e?anoueyi
iinoaiaiii aeiiieiyeanue ana aieaa aeanoeeie oi?iaie ee/iie caaeneiinoe,
ouaieaieai iieeoe/aneeo e a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa. Oaiaeae iia nai
inouanoaeyoue noae iaae e?anoueyiaie, ia?aie/eaae eo naiaiaeo a
ianeaaeiaaiee n iiiiuueth iiai?a, eioi?ue iacuaaeny i?aai ia?oaie ?oee,
aceiae aunieoth a?a/ioth iioeeio, anee iaaanoa eee aeaieo i?eiaaeeaaeaee
ae?oaiio naiuei?o. N XII-XIII aa. oi?iu ee/iie caaeneiinoe noaee
niya/aoueny, aa?ueia ii/oe ai anao no?aiao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu onooiaea
ianoi ia?ieo – nia/aea iaoo?aeueiiio, a iioii e aeaiaaeiiio. Ii e a yoio
ia?eiae e?anoueyia ia auee iieiinoueth ee/ii naiaiaeiuie e th?eaee/anee
iieiii?aaiuie ethaeueie. Aua iaeiie i?ineieeie n?aaeiaaaeiaiai iauanoaa,
oiaea i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiiie oaiaeaeai, ii ai?acaei iaiaa iiiai/eneaiiie ii
n?aaiaieth n e?anoueyinoaii, auee ai?iaeaia. Iiiaea n?aaeiaaaeiaua
ai?iaea ?aniieaaaeenue ia caieyo oaiaeaeia e auee auioaeaeaiu
iiae/eiyoueny ei, o. a. yaeyeenue naiaai ?iaea aannaeaie. Oaeei ia?acii,
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie eeannaie e neiyie n?aaeiaaaeiaiai
aa?iiaeneiai iauanoaa auee neiaeiuie e /?aaaouie nioeeaeueiuie
eiioeeeoaie. Ea?a?oe/aneay no?oeoo?a iauanoaa cao?oaeiyea ia?aoiae n
iaeiie aa «nooiaie» ia ae?oaoth, oioy a i?eioeeia ii aue aiciiaeai.
Iaeiaei a yoii «?acuaaeeiaiiii» iauanoaa nouanoaiaaee e?aieea nayce
aioo?e eaaeaeiai nioeeaeueiiai neiy eee eeanna. N?aaeiaaaeiaue /aeiaae
anaaaea /oanoaiaae naay /anoueth oeaeiai, /anoueth eieeaeoeaa.
Iauiinoae, eioi?ua iauaaeeiyee ethaeae ii ?aciui i?eciaeai, auei aaeeeia
iiiaeanoai. Iauiinoyie (aua eo iacuaatho ei?ii?aoeeyie) yaeyeenue
naeueneea iaueiu, iiianou?e, ?aianeaiiua oeaoe, aieineea ae?oaeeiu,
iiiaoaneea e aeooiaii-?uoea?neea i?aeaia, /eaiaie eioi?uo auee
aieiu-iiiaoe. A n?aaeiea aaea nouanoaiaaee aeaaea ei?ii?aoeee ieueo e
ai?ia. Aieueoie iauiinoueth, iauaaeeiyaoae a naaa iiiai ae?oaeo, aieaa
iaeeeo, aue ai?iae. O ei?ii?aoeee, eae i?aaeei, auea nianoaaiiay eacia,
iaaeaeaeeiinoue, eiaeenue onoaau, /anoi – aeaaea iniaay iaeaaeaea e
cia/ee. AEeciue ei?ii?aoeee iniiauaaeanue ia i?eioeeiao nieeaea?iinoe,
acaeiiiiaeaea?aeee e aeaiie?aoecia. Ana i?iaeaiu ?aoaeenue ia iaueo
nia?aieyo, aieueiui e aaaeiui ieacuaaee iiiiuue, ono?aeaaee niaianoiua
o?aiacu. Ei?ii?aoeee ia ?ac?ooaee oaiaeaeueiie ea?a?oee (ia auei
ei?ii?aoeee, eioi?ua iauaaeeiyee au e?anoueyi e oaiaeaeia), ii
i?eaeaaaee neeo e niei/aiiinoue ?acee/iui neiyi e eeannai
n?aaeiaaaeiaiai iauanoaa. Ia iniiaa ei?ii?aoeaecia neiaeeeenue e iniaua,
oieeaeueiua aeey oie yiioe ioiioaiey aeanoe e iauanoaa.
Aeeaeiae aeanoe e iauanoaa
Iaeaieaa e?oiiua nioeeaeueiua iauiinoe (ai?iaeaia, naaoneea oaiaeaeu,
aeooiaiua oaiaeaeu), eioi?ua i?ioeainoiyee ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e
aeiaeaaeenue ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aa – th?eaee/anee cae?aieaiiuo e
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiuo oeaio?aeueiie aeanoueth, – ia?aciauaaee nineiaea. A
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia noi?ie?iaaeenue o?e nineiaey: aeooiaainoai, aeai?yinoai
e ai?iaeneia nineiaea. Iieiaeaiea eo auei iaiaeeiaeiaui: ai?iaeaia ia
niiaee o?aaiyoueny a i?aaao n aeai?yinoaii. *oi eanaaony e?anoueyinoaa,
oi iii aiiaua ia noiaei noaoue nineiaeai, o. a. aeiaeoueny i?eciaiey
naieo i?aa ia iauaainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaia. Eae eiaiii yoi i?ienoiaeeei?
Aa?iainy iacaae, e aa?aa?neei ei?ieaanoaai, e iiniio?ei, eae
neeaaeuaaeenue ioiioaiey aeanoe e iauanoaa n iiiaioa ca?iaeaeaiey
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee. Ii ia?a oiai eae ooiaeeei a i?ioeia
iaueiiia ia/aei, ia eioi?ii no?ieeanue aeeciue aa?iaineeo ieaiai,
aic?anoaei cia/aiea ei?ieaaneie aeanoe: ei?ieue nicaeaaae caeiiu,
aaiaeee iaeiae; aai aeanoue noaiiaeeanue ianeaaenoaaiiie e
aini?eieiaeanue eae ia/oi nayuaiiia. Oaea ia yoii yoaia o aeanoe, eae iu
iiiiei, aue iiuiue niia?iee – oea?eiaue. Aeiaieueii nei?i iiyaeeanue e
ae?oaay neea, inia?eaaaoay i?aai ia?aainoaa a ainoaea?noaa – oaiaeaeu. A
Aa?iia aeinoaoi/ii ?aii, n VIII-IX aa. (a ?aaeiiao aanneioaciiai
?acaeoey n IX-XI aa.), noaea aicieeaoue e?oiiay caiaeueiay
nianoaaiiinoue. E?oiiua oaiaeaeu, oi?iaeueii iiae/eiyaoeany ei?ieth eae
aannaeu, ia naiii aeaea auee aiieia iacaaeneiu. Iie eiaee i?aai
/aeaieoue iiiaoo, aanoe aieiu e ia?aaeei inouanoaeyoue noae a naieo
aeaaeaieyo. A eo ?anii?yaeaiee auee nianoaaiiua aannaeu. Iiceoeee
ianoiie ciaoe iinoaiaiii oe?aieyeenue, ?inee aa iieeoe/aneay
iacaaeneiinoue e aiaiiay neea, o. a. oae i?ioeann, eioi?ue iaecaaaeii
i?eaiaeee e oaiaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, e
ineaaeaieth aeanoe ei?iey. Naaoneay e aeooiaiay ciaoue caaiaauaaea ana
aieaa i?i/iua iiceoeee a oi?aaeaiee ainoaea?noaii, o/anoaoy a
ei?ieaaneii niaaoa. Aieueoea iieiiii/ey auee o niaaoia iaaiaoia, eioi?ua
niae?aeenue ?ac a aiae. Iie aeaaaee niaeanea ia iaeiae, eiaee
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua, a eiiaaea e noaeaaiua i?aaa. Iiyoiio enoi?eee
iacuaatho ?aiiaoaiaeaeueiua ainoaea?noaa aeaiie?aoeae ciaoe. Ii
i?eoyaaoaeueiinoue oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe ia en/acaea: e?oiiua oaiaeaeu
aaee ai?ueao ca o?ii, a i?aayuea aeeianoee anaie neeaie iuoaeenue
nio?aieoue i?eioeei ianeaaeiaaiey, aieioue aei oiai, /oi ei?iiiaaee
ianeaaeieea i?e aeecie iooea. Iaaeaeo oai ia iieeoe/aneoth a?aio
auoiaeeee ai?iaea. N X ii XIII a. ii anae Caiaaeiie Aa?iia ia?anoaea
aieia ai?iaeneeo aeaeaeaiee, oeaeue eioi?uo ninoiyea a oii, /oiau
nie?aoeoue iiai?u oaiaeaeia, iieo/eoue oi?aiaua i?eaeeaaee e, aeaaiia,
aeiaeoueny i?aaa ia ai?iaeneia naiioi?aaeaiea. Eioa?anii, /oi yoa
ai?ueaa ia anaaaea aueeaaeanue a o?aaeeoeeiiiua ainnoaiey; eiiaaea
ai?iaeai oaeaaaeinue ca aeaiueae aueoieoue i?eaeeaaee, a naeaeea
ioi?ieyeanue a niaoeeaeueiuo ai?iaeneeo oa?oeyo. A oi a?aiy aieueiinoe
aeiaeeenue iiiaea ai?iaea Naaa?iie O?aioeee (Aaeiueii, Aiay, Noannii,
Eai e ae?.); ieiei noa eao aue iacaaeneiie a?enoie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeeie
Ia?naeue. A Eoaeee, aaea oeaio?aeueiay aeanoue auea e?aeia neaaie, /enei
ai?iaeia-?anioaeee ?inei iniaaiii auno?i. Oaea a IX-XII aa. noaee
iacaaeneiuie Aaiaoeey, Aaioy, Neaia, Oei?aioeey, ?aaaiia e iiiaea
ae?oaea ai?iaea. A Aa?iaiee yoio i?ioeann oae n iaeioi?ui iiicaeaieai,
ii e oai a XII-XIII aa. iiyaeeenue aieueiua ai?iaea, eeoue oi?iaeueii
iiae/eiyaoeany eiia?aoi?o: Ethaae, Ith?iaa?a, O?aie-oo?o-ia-Iaeia.
Iacaaeneiua ai?iaea oi?aaeyeenue nianoaaiiuie ai?iaeneeie niaaoaie,
eiaee i?aai iauyaeyoue aieio, caeeth/aoue nithcu, /aeaieoue iiiaoo. Iie
iacuaaeenue eiiioiaie. Iaeiia?aiaiii n ai?iaeneeie ?acaeaaeenue e
naeueneea eiiioiaeueiua aeaeaeaiey, o/anoieee eioi?uo aeiaeaaeenue
?anoe?aiey i?aa iaueiu a ioiioaieyo n oaiaeaeii. Eiiaaea naeueneea e
ai?iaeneea eiiioiu iauaaeeiyeenue a naiae ai?ueaa, e oaeea nithcu
i?eaiaeeee e aieueoei oniaoai. Iaeei ec y?eeo i?eia?ia – iiaaaeu
naeueneeo iauei a Eoaeee a eiioea XII a. I?e iiaeaea?aeea ai?iaeia iie
iieo/aee naiioi?aaeaiea e inaiaiaeaeaeenue io iaeioi?uo oaiaeaeueiuo
iiai?ia. A XII-XIV aa. oaeea naiioi?aaeythueany iaueiu ecae?aee
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, nicaeaaaee naie oeiainiaue e noaeaaiue aiia?ao,
ecaeaaaee caeiiu, ?aaoee?iaaaoea eo aioo?aiithth aeeciue.
…Naeueneea e ai?iaeneea iaueiu… auee iniiaaiu ia i?eioeeiao,
canoaaeyaoeo o?aiaoaoue aanue oaiaeaeueiue ie?.
AE. Ea Aioo
Eiia/ii, ia ana ai?iaea e naeueneea iaueiu iieo/aee aaoiiiieth, a
iieo/ea aa, eiaee neeu oaea?aeaoue aeinoeaiooia. Naeueneea eiiioiu
iau/ii iiiaaeaee a caaeneiinoue e ai?iaeai, a aeey ai?iaeia aiana ia
eneeth/aeanue aiciiaeiinoue niiaa ieacaoueny iiae aeanoueth oaiaeaea.
Oai ia iaiaa eiiioiaeueiua aeaeaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyee niaie cia/eoaeueioth
neeo. Aeoeaiinoue iauanoaa ieacaea aicaeaenoaea ia iieeoe/aneoth
no?oeoo?o. Iiaue oei ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ue noae iiyaeyoueny a
aieueoeinoaa aa?iiaeneeo no?ai a eiioea XII-XIV a., iieo/ee iacaaiea
nineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie iiia?oee. A oo yiioo ?acei oneeeeanue
oeaio?aeecaoeey, ii i?e yoii aeanoue i?iaicaeaoaea, /oi iia au?aaeaao
«iauoth aieth» e iaania/eaaao «iauaa aeaai». A nouiinoe, yoi icia/aei,
/oi ei?ieue aue auioaeaeai i?eciaoue iieeoe/aneea i?aaa nineiaee. Yoi
eanaeinue a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oaiaeaeia e ai?iaeneiai nineiaey.
?acoeueoaoii niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo aeanoueth e nineiaeai noaee
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiua nia?aiey: ia?eaiaio a Aiaeee, Aaia?aeueiua ooaou ai
O?aioeee, ei?oanu a Eniaiee, ?eenaeaa a Oaaoeee. Nineiaiua nia?aiey
iaeaaeaee cia/eoaeueiuie i?aaaie, iie iiaee iaeeaaeuaaoue aaoi ia
aeiiieieoaeueiua iaeiae e oaeei ia?acii eiio?iee?iaaoue ei?iey a
oeiainiauo aii?inao. E?iia oiai, iie o/anoaiaaee a ianoaeaeaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeae, ?aaeaeoe?iaaee i?iaeou caeiiia. A yiioo
nineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo iiia?oee iiyaeeanue ciaiaieoay oi?ioea
n?aaeiaaaeiaie aeaiie?aoee: «/oi eanaaony anao, aeieaeii auoue iaeia?aii
anaie». Iia ia io?aaeaea, eiia/ii, ?aaeueiiai iieiaeaiey: enoeiiiai
ia?iaeii?aanoaa a nineiaiuo nia?aieyo ia auei. Iniiaioth eo /anoue
ninoaaeyee oaiaeaeu; e?anoueyinoai iau/ii aiiaua ia auei a ieo
i?aaenoaaeaii (oieueei a ei?oanao Eanoeeee e a oaaaeneii ?eenaeaaa auei
aeinoaoi/ii iiiai i?aaenoaaeoaeae e?anoueyinoaa). E ana-oaee nineiaiua
nia?aiey ia aeaaaee oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe i?aa?aoeoueny a
aeaniioe/aneoth. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, nai ei?ieue aue caeioa?aniaai a
iiaeaea?aeea nineiaee e aeaaea ioaeaeaeny a iae. Eoae, a iiyaeaiee
n?aaeiaaaeiaiai «aeaiie?aoecia» aieueooth ?ieue nua?aea iniaay
neooaoeey, a eioi?ie ieacaeanue aa?iiaeneay ainoaea?noaaiiinoue. N
naiiai ia/aea ae i?eoiaeeeinue noaeeeaaoueny n na?ueaciuie i?ioeaieeaie
– oea?eiaueth, oaiaeaeaie, ai?iaeneeie e naeueneeie eiiioiaie. N yoeie
i?ioeaieeaie eee niia?ieeaie aaeanue ai?ueaa eee onoaiaaeeaaeinue
nio?oaeie/anoai; a ?acoeueoaoa iniiaiay eeiey ?acaeoey ninoiyea a
iinoaiaiiii ia?aie/aiee i?iecaiea aeanoe.
Aeaaa 4. Aeooiaiue ie? n?aaeiaaaeiauey
Eoeueoo?a n?aaeiaaaeiaie Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu auea i?iiecaia aeooii
o?enoeainoaa. A eioaeeaeooaeueiie aeecie aeaaainoaothuaa iieiaeaiea
caieiaea oaieiaey, eioi?oth n/eoaee «oea?eoeae» anao iaoe.
Io aa?u e ciaieth
Oaieiaey auea aeinoiyieai eca?aiiuo – aeooiaiie yeeou iauanoaa,
ioee/aaoaeny io iniiaiie iannu aunieie o/aiinoueth, oi?ioei ciaieai
ae?aaieo ycueia. Oaieiae iainiiauaaee aaaeiaeoea aeiaiaou aa?u,
eiiiaioe?iaaee Nayuaiiia Ienaiea, iauyniyee ie? n iiceoeee o?enoeainoaa.
Oaieiaey auea oanii naycaia n oeeinioeae, ii iie aunooiaee ia ia ?aaiuo
i?aaao: aeieaia a?aiy oeeinioey n/eoaeanue «neoaeaieie aiaineiaey».
Aaconeiaiuie aaoi?eoaoaie aeey aiaineiaia auee Ienaiea e o?oaeu iooeia
oea?eae – iniiaiiieiaeieeia o?enoeaineie aeieo?eiu. Ii iiieii yoiai
oaieiae Caiaaea ia?auaeenue e e aioe/iie oeeinioee. Ia/aei yoie
o?aaeeoeee auei iieiaeaii aua a ia?aua aaea o?enoeainoaa; iooeu oea?eae
auee ethaeueie, iieo/eaoeie aeanoyuaa ?eineia ia?aciaaiea. Eco/aiea
aioe/iuo oeeinioia ?ac?aoaeinue, ii eniieueciaaoue ec eo ni/eiaiee
neaaeiaaei oieueei oi, /oi ia i?ioeai?a/eei aeiaiaoai o?enoeainoaa. A
?acoeueoaoa naycue n aioe/iinoueth ia auea ii?aaia. Iineieueeo ycueii
oea?eae auea eaouiue, aeinooi e aioe/iie eeoa?aoo?a e oeeinioee
inoaaaeny ioe?uoui aeey ia?aciaaiiuo ethaeae. Iniaia aeeyiea ieacuaaee
ia caiaaeiuo oaieiaia eaeae ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai oeeinioa A?enoioaey,
eioi?ue n/eoae, /oi n iiiiuueth ?acoia /aeiaae iiaeao i?aaeeueii
iiciaoue ie?oaeathuee aai ie?. A caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneii aiaineiaee ?aii
iiyaeeenue eaeae i oii, /oi iooue e Aiao eaaeeo /a?ac iiciaiea /aeiaaea
e i?e?iaeu.
…Aaaeiaeoee e aaeaa ee ia aaeeinoaaiiue iooue e iiciaieth enoeiu –
nia/aea iiciaoue e aicethaeoue /aeiaa/aneoth i?e?iaeo… aaaeue anee
/aeiaa/aneay i?e?iaea ia aaaeaao, /oi niaa?oaaony a iae naiie, eae iia
oi/ao ciaoue, /oi ia?aoaaony i?aauoa aa?
Eiaai Neio Y?eoaaia, e?eaiaeneee aiaineia, IX a.
Iniaia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iie iieo/eee e XII a. Aieueooth ?ieue a yoii
nua?aee a?aaneea e aa?aeneea oeeiniou, aeeaoea a Eniaiee: Aaeoeaiia (Eai
Neia, 980-1037), Aaa??iyn (Eai ?ooae, 1126-1198), Iienae Iaeiiieae
(1135-1204). A ionoeueiaineie Eniaiee a oi a?aiy i?ioeaaoaee iaoee e
eneonnoaa, aeoeaii ia?aaiaeeeenue aioe/iua eeanneee: Ieaoii,
A?enoioaeue, Aaeeeae, Ioieaiae, i?e/ai ia oieueei ia a?aaneee ycue, ii e
ia eaouiue. A o?enoeaineoth Aa?iio i?iieeaee e ia?aaiaeu, e
naiinoiyoaeueiua ni/eiaiey eniaineeo oeeinioia-?aoeeiiaeenoia. Iiiuoee
iauynieoue ie? n iiiiuueth ?acoia, eiia/ii, aucuaaee nii?ioeaeaiea.
I?ioea aunooiaee a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aiaineiau-ienoeee, eioi?ua n/eoaee,
/oi aa?eoue iaaei aii?aee ?acoio, aeaaea anee eaeea-oi aeiaiaou eaaeoony
iaeaiuie eee iaaa?iyoiuie.
Aa?a aeaai/anoeauo aa?eo, a ia ?annoaeaeaao.
Aa?ia? Eea?aineee, aiaineia-ienoee, XII a.
Ii ?acaeoea ?aoeeiiaeecia auei iaaiciiaeii i?einoaiiaeoue. A XIII a.
iiyaeeanue oai?ey i aeaoo enoeiao, eee aeaienoaaiiie enoeia, aaoi?ii
eioi?ie aue auaeathueeny o?aioeocneee oaieia Neaa? A?aaaioneee
(1240-1281/84), ?aaioaaoee a Ia?eaeneii oieaa?neoaoa. Nooue yoie oai?ee
caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oi enoeiu aiaineianeea e enoeiu, eioi?ua ioe?uaaao
/aeiaae n iiiiuueth naiaai ?acoia, iiaoo ia niaiaaeaoue e aeaaea
i?ioeai?a/eoue ae?oa ae?oao. E ia noieo ioeacuaaoueny io iaeiie enoeiu a
iieueco ae?oaie: iaa eiatho i?aai ia nouanoaiaaiea. Oai?ey aeaoo enoei
auea inoaeaeaia oea?eiaueth. Ii aii?in i oii, eae niioiineoue ?acoi e
aa?o, inoaaaeny ioe?uoui. Caueoeoue ?aeeaeth, i?eie?eoue aa?o e ?acoi
iinoaaee naiae oeaeueth ciaiaieoue oaieia Oiia Aeaeineee (1225 eee
1226-1274). Ii i?eciaaae oeaiiinoue ?acoia e aai aieueoea aiciiaeiinoe,
ii n/eoae, /oi anoue e iaeea naa?o?acoiiua yaeaiey, eiae/anee iauynieoue
eioi?ua /aeiaae ia a neeao. Yoi ioiineony e nioai?aieth ie?a,
aiieiuaieth nuia Aiaeueaai a /aeiaa/aneii iaeeea e o. ae. A aeaiiii
neo/aa neaaeoao ioaeaaaoue i?aaeii/oaiea aa?a – enoeiai, eioi?ua
iieo/atho ia n iiiiuueth ciaiey, a /a?ac ioe?iaaiea. Oiia Aeaeineee
naeaeae aieueoea onooiee ?aoeeiiaeecio, ii ae?oaea oaieiae iioee
aeaeueoa. A XIV a. aiaeeeneee aiaineia Oeeueyi Ieiai i?iaicaeanee, /oi
oaieiaey aiiaua ia aeieaeia aiaoeaaoueny a oeeinioeth – oea?noai ?acoia.
Iaaei neacaoue, /oi noi?iiieee ?acaeaeaiey aa?u e ?acoia aeaeaei ia
anaaaea niiiaaaeenue a enoeiiinoe aeiaiaoia o?enoeainoaa e aiiaua auee
aa?othueie ethaeueie. Ii eo oai?ee, a eiia/iii n/aoa, aaee e ?ac?ooaieth
?aeeaeiciie ea?oeiu ie?a. ?aoeeiiaeeci, ?iaeeaoeeny a iaae?ao
aiaineiaey, inaiaiaeaeae io aicaeaenoaey ?aeeaee anoanoaaiiua iaoee. N
ae?oaie noi?iiu, ?acaeoea iaaeeoeeiu, aeoeiee (i?aaeoanoaaiieoeu
nia?aiaiiie oeiee), aaia?aoee e ae?oaeo iaoe iiiiaaei onoaiiaeaieth
?aoeeiiaeenoe/aneiai acaeyaea ia ie?.
Oea?eiaue e iannu
Aaaeiaeoae caaea/ae oea?eae auei ainieoaiea iann a aeooa o?enoeainoaa.
Yoi aue aeeeoaeueiue e neiaeiue i?ioeann. Ai ana oaieee Aa?iiu
?annueaeenue ienneiia?u. Iiaay ?aeeaey iinoaiaiii iaeaaeaaaea aa?aa?neei
ie?ii. Ii naii ii naaa ia?auaiea a o?enoeainoai aua ia icia/aei, /oi
a/a?aoiea ycu/ieee i?eioo iiaua i?aaenoaaeaiey i ie?a e Aiaa, onaiyo
iiaua ii?iu ii?aee – iaeiei neiaii, noaioo o?enoeaiaie ia aeaea, a ia
oi?iaeueii. Oai aieaa /oi e?auaiea /anoi i?ienoiaeeei ianeeuenoaaiii e
ioiioaiea e ycu/ieeai niaa?oaiii ia niioaaonoaiaaei o?enoeaineiio
aoiaiecio.
Eiioia Ieaa… ?anneaaeiaae, eae ia?iae niaethaeaao o?enoeaineoth aa?o.
A anee aio aaea eacaeinue /oi-ieaoaeue iai?aaeeueiui, ii o/ee ia?iae
enoeiiie aa?a. Oao aea, eoi ia oioae ionooieoueny io ycu/anoaa, ii
aeanoiei ea?ae: iaeieo ecaiiye ec no?aiu, ae?oaei ii aai i?eeaco
io?oaaee ?oee eee iiae eee aueaeuaaee aeaca, eiuo ii aaeae iiaaneoue eee
ca?oaeoue.
Naaa ia Ieaaa Nayoii, ii?aaaeneii ei?iea, 1015-1028
Ioaeii auei eciaieoue niciaiea ethaeae, e aieueooth ?ieue a yoii nua?aee
i?eoiaeneea nayuaiieee. A i?eoiaea, ieciaii caaia oea?eiaiie
i?aaiecaoeee, nayuaiiee iauyniye naiei i?eoiaeaiai niune o/aiey O?enoa,
aiooae iiiyoey i a?aoa e aeia?iaeaoaee. Ia?iiiia oeeaeeecothuaa cia/aiea
eiaei oaeinoai eniiaaaee: iii canoaaeyei /aeiaaea ioeaieaaoue naie
nianoaaiiua iinooiee e iiiuneu, i?eo/aei e naiiaeenoeeieeia e
naiiia?aie/aieth. I?e yoii oea?eiaue, eae i?aaeei, oea ia eiii?iiennu n
ianniaui niciaieai, no?aiynue i?eaea/ue e naaa ethaeae e niciaaay, /oi
aeaeaei ia anai aeinooiiu neiaeiua oaieiae/aneea i?iaeaiu. Aeey
«i?inoaoeia» auea nicaeaia niaoeeaeueiay eeoa?aoo?a, a eioi?ie
aeiaiaoeea o?enoeainoaa oi?iuaeanue e aeaaea aeaeieciaiyeanue,
i?eii?aaeeaaynue e ia?iaeiui aa?iaaieyi. Ia?iae iaaeaeye nayouo
/oaeiaeaenoaaiiuie neeaie e ia?auaeny e iei n i?inueaaie i aeaaiiieo/ee.
I?eoiaeneea nayuaiieee, ioneoaeea neoaeao a oea?eae, oee a iiea e oai
caeeeiaee i?e?iaeo, /oiau iia aeaea aiaaoue o?iaeae, neiaii ycu/aneea
ae?aoeu. Ii o?enoeaineea eaeaaeu, ionoue aeaaea oi?iuaiiua, aieouaaeenue
a niciaiea. N?aaeiaaaeiaue /aeiaae aini?eieiae ie? eia/a, /ai iu.
Iaeeiaeiai ?aaeueiuie auee aeey iaai ie? aeaeeiue, ie?oaeathuee aai a
iianaaeiaaiie aeecie, e ie? iaaeaeeiue, a eioi?ii i?aauaatho Aia e
aeueyaie, aiaaeu e aeaiiiu. N/eoaeinue, /oi yoio iaaeaeeiue aunoee ie?
eiiaaea iiaeao ioe?uoueny /aeiaaeo e i?e aeecie – a niao eee aeaeaieyo.
Noaeueaa, iaeeaeathuay /aeiaaea iinea nia?oe, – yoi aue aaaeiaeoee e,
iaaa?iia, naiue io/eoaeueiue aii?in. No?ao ia?aae nia?oueth niaaeeiyeny
ni no?aoii ia?aae Aiaeueei noaeii, ia eioi?ii i?aaenoieo ee/ii ioaa/aoue
ca naie a?aoe, ia?aae iaeacaieyie a aaeo. Oea?eiaue o/eea, /oi enoi?ey
eiia/ia e aeieaeia caaa?oeoueny Aoi?ui i?eoanoaeai O?enoa e No?aoiui
noaeii, ia eioi?ii eaaeaeiio aicaeanony «ii aeaeai aai». A Nayuaiiii
Ienaiee ia oeacaia oi/iay aeaoa No?aoiiai noaea, e iiaeii auei oieueei
aaaeaoue, eiaaea i?iecieaeao yoi niauoea. Ianeieueei ?ac ia i?ioyaeaiee
n?aaeiaaaeiauey oaean ia?aae aeeceei No?aoiui noaeii e aiciacaeeai
ioaaouaae aieueoea iannu ethaeae. Yoi nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ianniaie
enoa?eae, ii aei?iaai oiaeeee oieiu ae/othueo naay ethaeae, iiyaeyeenue
«i?i?iee» e «i?i?i/eoeu», i?aae?aeaaoea i?eaeeaeaiea anaie?iie
eaoano?iou. «*oanoai iaoaa?aiiinoe – aio /oi aeeyei ia oiu e aeooe
ethaeae n?aaeiaaaeiauey e ii?aaeaeyei eo iiaaaeaiea… Yoa eaaeaaoay a
iniiaa anaai iaoaa?aiiinoue, a eiia/iii n/aoa, auea iaoaa?aiiinoueth a
aoaeouae aeecie… Oai?eiua aeueyaieii iianiinoe iiaeaaee eacaeenue
noieue iiiai/eneaiiuie, a oainu ia nianaiea noieue ie/oiaeiuie, /oi
no?ao iaecaaaeii i?aiaeaaeae iaae iaaeaaeaeie», – ienae AE. Ea Aioo.
«Iiiiiaiou» oea?eae
Iaeiaei aeooiaiay aeeciue Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu, ?acoiaaony, ia
en/a?iuaaeanue oieueei o?enoeainoaii. Aeooiaiay eoeueoo?a, nicaeaiiay a
n?aaeiea aaea, ii?aaeaao iiiaineieiinoueth e ?aciiia?aceai. Aeiaiaou
oea?eae inia?eaaeenue a?aoeeaie – eaoa?aie (a ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai
neiai «eaoa?u» icia/aao «/enoua»), aeueaeaieoeaie, aaeueaeainaie,
eioi?ua n/eoaee caiiie ie? oai?aieai ia Aiaa, a aeueyaiea, iaeoaeueth
cea. Io?eoeay aai oeaiiinoue, a?aoeee ioaa?aaee onoaiiaeaiey iauanoaa,
ainoaea?noaa e oea?eae, i?ecuaaee e aeooiaiiio niaa?oainoaiaaieth e
iieiiio i?aiaeieaieth ieioneeo aeaeaiee. A XII-XIII aa. a?ane aeinoeaee
oaeiai ?aciaoa, ioaaoea e iecu, e aa?oe iauanoaa, /oi oea?eiaue
o/?aaeeea eieaeceoeeiiiua noaeu – nayuaiiua o?eaoiaeu, iiae/eiaiiua iaia
?eineiio. Eiua eaeaaeu, ioee/athueany io oao, eioi?ua i?iiiaaaeiaaea e
oea?eiaue, e a?aoeee, ?acaeaaeenue a n?aaeiea aaea aeaaiaea?y ia?iaeiie
eoeueoo?a e naaoneie eeoa?aoo?a. O?aieoaeyie ia?iaeiie eoeueoo?u (ia
oieueei a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, ii e a Aecaioee, e a ?innee) auee a?iaey/ea
aeoa?u – aeiiaea?u (neiii?ioe). Oea?eiaue aua a ia?aua aaea naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey inoaeeea ianniaua c?aeeua ca eo a?aoiaiinoue, ca
«iai?eee/ioth» aeey o?enoeaieia aanaeinoue, ii ia niiaea enei?aieoue eo
iieiinoueth. Ia?iae aeieai o?aiee a iaiyoe ae?aaiea ycu/aneea
i?acaeieee, eioi?ua ii a?aiaie /anoi niaiaaeaee n o?enoeaineeie: ia
?iaeaeanoai e ia Ianeaieoeo (ia?aae Aaeeeei iinoii) ii oeeoeai
aea?aaaiue e ai?iaeia oiaeeee ?yaeaiua, ia ieiuaaeyo ono?aeaaeenue
oaioeu, ninoycaiey e ea?u. Aieueoie iiioey?iinoueth iieueciaaeenue
«i?acaeieee aeo?aeia», ia?iaee?othuea oea?eiaioth neoaeao. Oiaaea iecoaa
aeooiaainoai i?yii a oea?eae, iaaeaa ia naay /oaeiaeuiua ianee, iaei
?acoaeaeua ianie, ie?iaaei e ea?aei a einoe. Ana naiia nayoia aeey
n?aaeiaaaeiaiai /aeiaaea iiaeaa?aaeinue iniayieth. Eae aea ioiineeenue e
yoiio i?aaenoaaeoaee aunoaai aeooiaainoaa? Iaeuecy neacaoue, /oiau
oea?eiaue iiiu?yea oaeea yaeaiey, ii a oeaeii ioiioaiea e o?aaeeoeeyi
ia?iaeiie eoeueoo?u auei ai?acaei aieaa oa?ieiui, /ai, neaaeai, e
a?aoe/aneei o/aieyi. Oea?eiaue aeaeaea a yoeo ac?uaao iaiaocaeaiiiai,
«ie?neiai» aanaeuey iaecaaaeiue e aeaaea iaiaoiaeeiue auoiae yia?aee.
Onoiay ia?iaeiay eoeueoo?a i?iieeaea a ienueiaiioth iiae/an a ii/oe
iaeneaaeaiiii aeaea. Oea?eiaue, ai?iaoayny n ycu/anoaii, oai ia iaiaa
nio?aieea ia?acoeu ae?aaiaai ieoieiae/aneiai yiina. E?eaiaeneea iiiaoe
caienuaaee noa?eiiua eaeueoneea naae (yie/aneea neacaiey i aiaao e
aa?iyo); a 1000 a. auea caienaia aiaeinaeniineay iiyia «Aaiaoeueo»; a
XII-XIII aa. – eneaiaeneee yiin «Noa?oay Yaeaea». Yiin i?iaeieaeae
?acaeaaoueny a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, i?eia?aoay iiaua,
oaiaeaeueii-?uoea?neea /a?ou. O?aioeocneay «Ianiue i ?ieaiaea» e
eniaineay «Ianiue i iiai Neaea» ainiaaaee aiieia naaoneea eaeaaeu:
ioaeanoai, aa?iinoue aeieao e iao?eioeci aieiia. A ienueiaiiie
eeoa?aoo?a naaoneay oaiaoeea iiyaeeanue aeinoaoi/ii ?aii, oaea a XII a.
Yoo yiioo iaeioi?ua enoi?eee iacuaatho n?aaeiaaaeiaui ?aiannainii. Ia
thaa O?aioeee, a I?iaaina, a oi a?aiy ?anoeaaoaea ecuneaiiay iiycey
o?oaaaeo?ia, i?ineaaeyaoeo ethaiaue e I?ae?aniie Aeaia, ?aaeinoe
ieioneie aeecie e e?anioo caiiiai ie?a. Ioooaea naaoneay ee?eea
?ani?ino?aieeanue a ae?oaea no?aiu Aa?iiu. Iaeiia?aiaiii ca?iaeaeaeny
?uoea?neee ?iiai. «?iiai i O?enoaia e Ecieueaea», iaeii ec naiuo
ecaanoiuo i?iecaaaeaiee yoiai aeai?a, iienuaaao ethaiaue «neeueiaa
nia?oe», eioi?ay i?aiaeieaaaao ana i?aiyonoaey, aeaaea o?aaeeoeeiiiua
i?aaenoaaeaiey i a?aoa. Naaoneia ia/aei a oeaeii, eiia/ii, ia ?ac?ooaei
a oo yiioo o?enoeaineiai ie?iaini?eyoey; ii a nenoaia oeaiiinoae
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai n?aaeiaaaeiauey caiiua eaeaaeu iaoeeiiii
caaiaauaaee naia ianoi.
– Aeaaeu/eoea, aeaaeeoa ee ioaao?
Aio iie aii?in… Ana nia?oue iiaeioeo ianoueth.
Oi?ai: y – nei?i, au – /?ac iiiai eao.
(Aaaeue e aeecie ia iiaeaa?aeai y i?eno?anoueth;
Caoai, /oi e aai ai?th iai?aniie no?anoueth.)
Oi?ao ee e ethaiaue ca iaie aneaae?
Ie? aoaeao i?aaeai oeaaeiiio iaianoueth?
– I iao, Oeai! Ethaiaue aannia?oia. Iao!Au oooeoa, no?aoa oaeie
iaianoueth…
Ii eieue oi?ai iu n aaie (aea, e ian/anoueth),
Ethaiaue, eae i?aaeaea, aoaeao io/eoue naao
E i?aaeiae a ie?a iieueciaaoueny aeanoueth.
Ec ethaiaiie ee?eee Oeai, a?aoa Oaiiaineiai, XIII a.
Aeaaa 5. Aa?iia ia ii?iaa iiaiai a?aiaie
Eiaaea caeii/eeinue n?aaeiaaaeiauea?
O?oaeii oi/ii ii?aaeaeeoue a?aieoeo, ioaeaeythuoth iaeio yiioo io
ae?oaie. Eiaaea n?aaeiea aaea niaieeenue iiaui a?aiaiai? Aeey iiiaeo
enoi?eeia a?aieoeae yaeyaony aiaeeeneay ao?aeoaciay ?aaiethoeey, ai
a?aiy eioi?ie auea ?ac?ooaia noa?ay iieeoe/aneay nenoaia e ioe?ueny
naiaiaeiue iooue aeey ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia. Ii caeao n?aaeiaaaeiauey
ia/aeny ai?acaei ?aiueoa – n XV a. Ia neo/aeii yoi a?aiy iacuaatho
yiioie aaeeeiai i?i?uaa. Aaia?aoe/aneea ioe?uoey ?acaeaeioee a?aieoeu
caiaaeiie oeeaeeecaoeee, ?anoe?eee e?oaici? aa?iiaeoea. No?aieoaeueii
?anoouea iao/iua ciaiey eiiaee i?eau/ioth ea?oeio ie?a. A XV a. noaee
caeeaaeuaaoueny iniiau ao?aeoaciiai i?iecaiaenoaa, iiyaeeny iiaue
nioeeaeueiue oei, i?aaenoaaeaiiue aeaeueoeii, i?aaei?eieiaoaeai.
Ianooieei a?aiy ao?iiai ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa, a eioi?ii ana aeoeaiaa
eniieueciaaeenue oaoie/aneea ecia?aoaiey. Oi?aiaey naycuaaea oaia?ue
oeaeua eiioeiaiou. A ?aeeaee, eeoa?aoo?a e eneonnoaa i?ienoiaeeee
eciaiaiey, ?ac?ooaaoea n?aaeiaaaeiaoth nenoaio oeaiiinoae. Yoi ia
icia/aao, /oi n?aaeiaaaeiauea ionooieei ia?aae iiauie aayieyie: a
ianniaii niciaiee o?aaeeoeeiiiua i?aaenoaaeaiey nio?aiyeenue ai?acaei
aeieueoa, /ai a niciaiee ienaoaeae, oeeinioia eee ooaeiaeieeia.
Oea?eiaue auea aeinoaoi/ii neeueia, /oiau aeaoue ioii? iiaui eaeayi. Iia
ai?ieanue n ieie, eniieuecoy aiieia n?aaeiaaaeiaia n?aaenoai –
eieaeceoeeth, eee naia o?ainoi?ie?iaaeanue iiae eo aeeyieai. Eaeay
naiaiaeu /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe i?iaeieaeaea nouanoaiaaoue a iauanoaa,
?acaeaeaiiii ia nineiaey. Ia en/acaea aei eiioea oaiaeaeueiay oi?ia
caaeneiinoe e?anoueyi, a a iaeioi?uo no?aiao (a Aa?iaiee, a
Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iia) i?iecioae aica?ao e e?aiinoie/anoao. Oaiaeaeueiay
nenoaia i?iyaeyea aeinoaoi/ii aieueooth aeecianoieeinoue. Eaaeaeay
aa?iiaeneay no?aia ecaeeaaea aa ii-naiaio e a naieo o?iiieiae/aneeo
?aieao. Eaieoaeeci aeieaia a?aiy nouanoaiaae eae oeeaae, ioaaouaay eeoue
/anoue i?iecaiaenoaa e a ai?iaea, e a aea?aaia. Oai ia iaiaa n XV a.
ea?aeeiaeueiua eciaiaiey ioaaoeee ana iaeanoe oeeaeeecaoeee. Eiui noae
nai oaii aa aeecie: iao?ea?oaeueiay n?aaeiaaaeiaay iaaeeeoaeueiinoue
noaea ionooiaoue a i?ioeia. Yoo yiioo enoi?eee iacuaatho eee yoaiii
ia?aoiaea e iiaiio a?aiaie, eee ?aiiei iiaui a?aiaiai, eai oaea oiaaea
caeeaaeuaaeenue iniiau nia?aiaiiie caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee.
…Ia Caiaaea i?iecioae oio aaeeinoaaiiue, cia/eiue, nouanoaaiiue aeey
anaai ie?a i?i?ua, /uee neaaenoaey i?eaaee e neooaoeee iaoeo aeiae e
/uea ieii/aoaeueiia cia/aiea ana aua ia i?iyaeeinue iieiinoueth.
E. ssnia?n. Enoiee enoi?ee e aa oeaeue, 1948 a.
Aa?iia e ie?: ?iaeaeaiea aeiaaeueiie oeeaeeecaoeee
XV aae noae ia?aeiiiie yiioie a ioiioaieyo Aa?iiu n ae?oaeie
oeeaeeecaoeeyie. Aeieaia a?aiy Caiaae aeee ioiineoaeueii caieiooi. Nayce
n Ainoieii e ?inneae ia?aie/eaaeenue a iniiaiii oi?aiaeae. Iiiuoea
ianne?iaaiiiai i?i?uaa ia Ainoie auea i?aaei?eiyoa a XI-XIII aa., a
yiioo e?anoiauo iioiaeia. Iaeiaei yoi noieeiiaaiea n Ainoieii
caeii/eeinue iaoaea/ae: Aa?iia auea auioaeaeaia ionooieoue; ana caiee,
caoaa/aiiua e?anoiiinoeaie, niiaa ia?aoee e ionoeueiaiai. A XV a.
neooaoeey iieiinoueth eciaieeanue: Aa?iia no?aieoaeueii ?acaeaaeanue.
?anoeaao oi?aiaee aucuaae ino?oth iaiaoiaeeiinoue a ae?aaioeaiiuo
iaoaeeao. Eoioeia e iooaoanoaaiieeia iaieee iaiieiaeio oaioanoe/aneea,
iaiieiaeio i?aaaeeaua ?anneacu i ianiaoiuo aiaaonoaao e /oaeanao
Ainoiea. Aa?iiaeneea ii?aieaaaoaee oaea iaeiieee aeinoaoi/ii aieueoie
iiuo a iaaeaaoeee, iiyoiio aeeeoaeueiua e o?oaeiua yeniaaeeoeee noaee
aiieia aiciiaeiu. Ia?auie ia iiene neaci/iuo nie?iaeu Eiaeee
ono?aieeenue ii?ooaaeueoeu, a ianeieueei iicaea – eniaioeu. Oeaeue ?yae
yeniaaeeoeee oae aaeieue iiaa?aaeuey Ao?eee. A 1456 a. ii?ooaaeueneea
ei?aaee aeia?aeenue aei Caeaiiai iuna, a a 1486 a. yeniaaeeoeey A.
Aeeana iaiaioea Ao?eeaineee eiioeiaio n thaa, ieiiaaa iun Aeia?ie
Iaaeaaeaeu. Inaaeaay iiaa?aaeuea Ao?eee, ii?ooaaeueoeu iaeiia?aiaiii
iinueaee ei?aaee a ioe?uoue ieaai, ia caiaae e thai-caiaae. A
?acoeueoaoa ia ea?oao iiyaeeenue iaecaanoiua ?aiueoa Aci?neea ino?iaa e
ino?ia Iaaeae?a. A 1492 a. naa?oeeinue aaeeeia niauoea – X. Eieoia,
eoaeueyiaoe, ia?aa?aaoeeny a Eniaieth, a iieneao iooe a Eiaeeth ia?anae
Aoeaioe/aneee ieaai e aunaaeeeny o Aaaaineeo ino?iaia, ioe?ua iiaue
eiioeiaio – Aia?eeo. Ioe?uoey neaaeiaaee iaeii ca ae?oaei: a 1498 a.
eniaineee iooaoanoaaiiee Aanei aea Aaia, iaiaioa Ao?eeo, oniaoii i?eaae
naie ei?aaee e aa?aaai Eiaeee. N XVI a. aa?iiaeoeu i?iieeatho a Eeoae e
ssiiieth, i eioi?uo ?aiueoa eiaee eeoue naiia niooiia i?aaenoaaeaiea. N
1510 a. ia/eiaaony caaiaaaiea Aia?eee (Eiieenoa). A XVII a. auea ioe?uoa
Aano?aeey. Aiaeeeneea iooaoanoaaiieee e eo niia?ieee – aieeaiaeoeu –
ianoie/eai eneaee iooue e Iieoeeneei ino?iaai aie?oa Aia?eee e Acee. Ia
ea?oa ie?a inoaaaeinue ana iaiueoa aaeuo iyoai. N iaa noaee en/acaoue
oaioanoe/aneea no?aiu, eo ianoi caiyee aiieia ?aaeueiua, oieueei /oi
ioe?uoua caiee. Eciaieeinue i?aaenoaaeaiea i oi?ia caiee: e?oainaaoiia
iooaoanoaea ii?ooaaeueoea O. Iaaaeeaia (1519-1522) iiaeoaa?aeeei
aeiaaaeeo i oii, /oi iia eiaao oi?io oa?a. A?aieoeu ie?a eae au
?acaeaeioeenue. Oi?aiaua iooe oaia?ue i?ieaaee /a?ac ieaaiu, naycuaay
iaaeaeo niaie eiioeiaiou. Oae aeaaiaea?y Aaeeeei aaia?aoe/aneei
ioe?uoeyi auee nicaeaiu iniiau aeey oi?ie?iaaiey aeiaaeueiie
oeeaeeecaoeee. Ia oieueei aeaaeaea iiciaiey aeaeea aa?iiaeoea a
iaaaaeiiua no?aiu; ia iaiaa neeueiu auee aeaaeaea cieioa e no?aieaiea
?ani?ino?aieoue eaeaaeu o?enoeainoaa. Iaeei ec o/anoieeia Aaeeeeo
aaia?aoe/aneeo ioe?uoee noi?ioee?iaae naie caaea/e neaaeothuei ia?acii:
«Aia, neaaa e cieioi».
O?enoeaia naieie eiiyie, ia/aie e eiiueyie noaee o/eiyoue iiaieua n?aaee
eiaeaeoeaa e oai?eoue /?acau/aeiua aeanoieinoe. …Aaeeinoaaiiay e
enoeiiay i?e/eia oiai, ii/aio o?enoeaia ?aci?eee e oie/oiaeeee
iiiaeanoai ie a /ai ia iiaeiiuo ethaeae, – yoi aeaeaiea caoaaoeoue eo
cieioi.
Aa?oieiia aea Ean Eanan, 1474-1566, «aiinoie» eiaeaeoeaa.
Noaeeeaaynue n ae?oaeie oeeaeeecaoeeyie, aa?iiaeoeu ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeenue
eiaiii yoeie oeaeyie. Iiyoiio ano?a/a ?acee/iuo eoeueoo?iuo ie?ia
i?eianea ianaeaieth aiiaue ioe?uouo caiaeue iaei oi?ioaai. Ieaiaia iaey,
aoeoaeia e eieia, aeeaoea a Aia?eea, oaea eiaee naith
ainoaea?noaaiiinoue, ii ii o?iaith oeeaeeeciaaiiinoe iaecia?eii
ionoaaaee io Aa?iiu. A i?ioeanna eieiiecaoeee, eioi?ay i?iaeieaeaeanue
i?eia?ii aei na?aaeeiu XVII a., yoe ae?aaiea oeeaeeecaoeee iiaeaee.
Ec-ca iaaeinoaoea ?aai/eo ?oe a Aia?eeo noaee aaiceoueny iaa?u. Ia/eiay
n 1501 a. ii?ooaaeueoeu aaee ianoiyuoth ioioo ia ieo, ia?aaeei anooiay a
nithc n ianoiuie aiaeaeyie. Ii?ooaaeey, a aneaae ca iae Aieeaiaeey,
Aiaeey e O?aioeey ?aaieie?iaaee, eacaeinue au, aeaaii ioaeeaoaa yaeaiea
– ?aaioi?aiaeth. *eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey Ao?eeaineiai eiioeiaioa ?acei
nie?aoeeanue, iniaaiii a caiaaeiuo aai ?aeiiao; ?aniaaeaeenue
neiaeeaoeany aioo?e eiioeiaioa oi?aiaua nayce, caiaaeeyeinue
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia e iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea. Ianeieueei eia/a
neiaeeeenue a oo yiioo ioiioaiey Caiaaea n ae?aaieie auniei?acaeouie
oeeaeeecaoeeyie Eeoay, ssiiiee e Eiaeee. Eeoae e iniaaiii ssiiiey i?inoi
«cae?uee» naie no?aiu, i?aeoe/anee iieiinoueth cai?aoea auacae
eiino?aioeai. A oa/aiea iaeioi?iai a?aiaie, iiea nio?aiyeny
ii?aaeaeaiiue aaeain nee iaaeaeo yoeie no?aiaie e Caiaaeii, aa?iiaeoeai
i?eoiaeeeinue ie?eoueny n oaeie neooaoeeae. Ai?acaei aieueoaai oniaoa
ii?ooaaeueneea, a iioii aiaeeeneea, aieeaiaeneea e o?aioeocneea eoioeu
aeiaeeenue a iieeoe/anee ?acae?iaeaiiie Eiaeee, aaea i?eoiaeeea a
oiaaeie iaeiaaea neeueiay aea?aeaaa Iiaieia. Aa?iiaeneea oi?aiaua
eiiiaiee i?i/ii ooaa?aeeeenue oai e na?aaeeia XVII a., iinoaiaiii
aeiaeaoenue e iieeoe/aneiai aeeyiey, /oi ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeeei
aeaeueiaeooth noaeueao ae?aaiae oeeaeeecaoeee. Ia?aay noaaeey
aa?iiaecaoeee ie?a i?ioaeaea a ianeeuenoaaiiuo e iiae/an no?aoiuo
oi?iao, a?iceaoeo aeaaeueth naiiauoiui eoeueoo?ai e oeaeui ia?iaeai.
Aeey naiie Aa?iiu yoa ao?ii ?acaa?ioaoayny yeniainey eiaea e?aeia
aaaeiua iineaaenoaey. Nianoeeenue oi?aiaua oeaio?u: N?aaeecaiiiii?uea
noaei oa?youe naia i?aaeiaa cia/aiea, onooiay ianoi Aieeaiaeee, a iicaea
– Aiaeee. I?eoie cieioa aucaae ?aaiethoeeth oeai. Oneiaeieeenue
oeiainiaay nenoaia e aaieianeia aeaei. Iiaua ?uiee nauoa aeaee iiuiue
eiioeuen ?acaeoeth i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oi?aiaee, a, a eiia/iii n/aoa –
neeaaeuaaieth eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee.
E iiaui iaaanai e iiaie caiea
A XVI-XVII aa. i?eau/iay n?aaeiaaaeiaay ea?oeia ie?a noaea ?ac?ooaoueny.
Naie aeeaae a yoio i?ioeann aianee Aaeeeea aaia?aoe/aneea ioe?uoey. Ii
aeaaiia – iao/iay iuneue Aa?iiu ia?aaeeaaea iaaeaeaiiue aceao. Ia?aeii,
i?ienoaaeoee ia enoiaea n?aaeiaaaeiauey, i?iecaae naiaai ?iaea
?aaiethoeeth a oiao. Ie? ?ane?ueny ia?aae /aeiaaeii a eiuo e?aneao, a
eiii ecia?aiee. Iiiaea o?aaeeoeeiiiua i?aaenoaaeaiey i iai auee
ii?iaa?aioou iaoeie; niiniaiinoue /aeiaa/aneiai ?acoia i?iieeiooue a
naiua iaaeinooiiua, eacaeinue au, iaeanoe iiaeoaa?aeaeaeanue aii/eth.
Oaeea eciaiaiey auee au iaaiciiaeiu aac ia?iiiiai ?uaea, eioi?ue
i?iecioae a oaoieea e a anoanoaaiiuo iaoeao. Aeaeueiea ii?neea
iooaoanoaey iiiu?yee ?acaeoea ano?iiiiee; aaia?aoe/aneea ioe?uoey
iiuoiui iooai aeieacaee, /oi Caiey eiaao oi?io oa?a; eniieueciaaiea
eiiiana (aa?iiaeoeu caeinoaiaaee aai a Eeoaa) i?eaaei e eco/aieth
iaaiaoecia. Ecia?aoaiea eeic aeey i/eia iiaoaeeei ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia
caeiiu i?aeiieaiey naaoa. ?aianei niaa?oainoaiaaeinue, e yoi nicaeaaaei
iniiao aeey ecia?aoaiey iiauo neiaeiuo i?eai?ia: a eiioea XVI – ia?aie
iieiaeia XVII a. iiyaeeenue aeae?iiao?, ?oooiue aa?iiao?, oaeaneii e
iee?ineii. I?eai?u ?anoe?eee a?aieoeu ie?a, ioe?ua oi, /oi ?aiueoa auei
iaaeaeeii aeaco. ?o/iie o?oae noae auoaniyoueny iaoeiiui, iai?eia?, a
ai?iii aeaea. A oo aea yiioo aue ecia?aoai ia/aoiue noaiie. Aceao
iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u oae ?oea ia ?oeo n ?acaeoeai anoanoaiciaiey, iaa
i?ioeanna eae au iiaeieouaaee ae?oa ae?oaa. N?aaee iiiai/eneaiiuo
ioe?uoee, eioi?uie auea oae aiaaoa oa yiioa, iaeii caieiaao iniaia ianoi
ii naiaio aicaeaenoaeth ia oiu ethaeae. Yoi aaeeioeaio?e/aneay oai?ey
iieueneiai o/aiiai I. Eiia?ieea (1473-1543), eioi?ay aeaea iiaia
aeaeaiea Anaeaiiie e iiaia iiieiaiea ianoa a iae Caiee e /aeiaaea.
?aiueoa oeaio?ii ie?a n/eoaeanue iaiiaeaeaeiay Caiey n ia?auathueieny
aie?oa iaa naaoeeaie. Oaia?ue oi/ea ion/aoa nianoeeanue; Caiey
i?aa?aoeeanue a ie/oiaeioth iueeieo a einiina, iiaenooth a ionoioa.
Ea?oeia ie?a noaea ioaathua neiaeiie. Eaeath Eiia?ieea iiaeoaa?aeeee aai
iineaaeiaaoaee – eoaeueyineee iuneeoaeue Aeae. A?oii (1548-1600) e
ano?iiii, oecee A. Aaeeeae (1564-1642). Eaeia aea aia/aoeaiea i?iecaaee
yoe ioe?uoey ia nia?aiaiieeia? I?aaeaea anaai, iaaei neacaoue, /oi iiaua
i?aaenoaaeaiey ooaa?aeaeaeenue ia aac ai?ueau. Niaeua oai?ee
?iaeaeaeenue a ?aieao n?aaeiaaaeiaiai iauanoaa, oyaioaaoaai e
o?aaeeoeeiiiui, onoie/eaui noaiai. I?i?ua, naeaeaiiue iaoeie, oaeoaee aa
?ac?ua n oea?eiaueth. Eiioeeeou n iae /anoi caeai/eaaeenue aeey o/aiuo
o?aae/anee: aniiiiei noaeueao Aeae. A?oii, eioi?iai niaeaee eae a?aoeea,
e A. Aaeeeay, eioi?iai canoaaeee io?a/ueny io naieo acaeyaeia.
I?iecaaaeaiey, a eioi?uo auneacuaaeenue iiaua eaeae, aiineee a nienee
cai?auaiiuo eiea. Ia?iiiia aeeyiea anoanoaiciaiea ieacaei ia oeeinioeth:
iiaay ea?oeia ie?a o?aaiaaea oeeinioneiai iniuneaiey. ?aaeoeey
iuneeoaeae oie yiioe auea ?aciie. Iiae/an iia a?aie/eea ni no?aoii;
ioe?uaaaoayny aaneiia/iinoue Anaeaiiie aiooaea ?anoa?yiiinoue. Oae,
ecaanoiue o?aioeocneee oeeinio XVII a. Aeac Ianeaeue ienae: «Aa/iia
iie/aiea yoeo aaneiia/iuo i?ino?ainoa ii?aaeaao iaiy oaeanii». *aeiaaea,
eacaaoaainy iniaaiii ie/oiaeiui ia oiia yoie aaee/anoaaiiie ea?oeiu,
Ianeaeue n?aaieaae n o?oieei iuneyuei o?inoieeii. Ii aicieeaee e
ae?oaea, aieaa iioeienoe/iua oai?ee. Auee oeeiniou, aeey eioi?uo oniaoe
iaoee yaeyeenue iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai aaca?aie/iuo aiciiaeiinoae /aeiaaea.
O?aioeocneee iaoaiaoee e oecee ?aia Aeaea?o (1596-1650) nicaeae iiaoth
ea?oeio ie?icaeaiey e auaae caeiiu, eioi?ua ei oi?aaeytho. I?e yoii ii
iniiauaaeny ia aeaiiuo anoanoaaiiuo iaoe, aaiaey eo a oeeinioeth. Ie?
i?aaenoaaeyeny aio ia?iiiui iaoaieciii, aeaeaeaiea eioi?iai ii?aaeaeaii
Aiaii – «aaeeeei aaiiao?ii», eae iacuaae aai Aeaea?o. Aiaeeeneee o/aiue
e iieeoee O?ainen Ayeii (1561-1626) a naiai ciaiaieoii o?oaea «Iiaue
I?aaiii» aeieacuaae, /oi ie?oaeathuee ie?, i?e?iaeo neaaeoao eco/aoue,
aeiaa?yy oieueei iiuoo, iao/iiio yenia?eiaioo. Aio aea i?eiaaeeaaeeo
eaeay, eioi?ie noaeaeaii auei nua?aoue eeth/aaoth ?ieue a
eioaeeaeooaeueiie aeecie XVIII a., i oii, /oi iaoea aeano /aeiaaeo
aeanoue iaae ie?ii, eciaieo aeeciue e aeaaea iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey.
Aa?iiaeneee ?aoeeiiaeeci, i?iaoaeeaoeeny aua a ?aiiaa n?aaeiaaaeiauea,
iieo/ee a XVI-XVII aa. iaaa?iyoii iiuiue eiioeuen. I?ieaeao aua iaiiiai
a?aiaie, e iunee i iiciaaaaiinoe ie?a, i «iaoaie/aneeo» caeiiao,
oi?aaeythueo ei, i aaca?aie/iie aeanoe iaae i?e?iaeie e iauanoaii,
eioi?oth aeaao /aeiaaeo iaoea, noaioo aaeaa ee ia aeneiiaie a niciaiee
aa?iiaeoeaa.
Aeaaa 6. Enoiee «Aa?iiaeneiai /oaea»: ?iaeaeaiea eaieoaeecia
Caiaaeiay Aa?iia – ia?aay oeeaeeecaoeey, a eioi?ie ca?iaeeeenue, ia?aee
neeo e a eiioea eiioeia iaea?aeaee iiaaaeo iiaua ao?aeoaciua ioiioaiey,
oi anoue niaa?oeeny aua iaeei oi?iaoeeiiiue naeaea – io oaiaeaeecia e
eaieoaeecio. Aia?aua iie iiyaeeenue a e?oiiuo oi?aiauo ai?iaeao Eoaeee
(oaeeo, eae Oei?aioeey, Aaioy) aua a eiioea XIV a., a XV-XVI aa.
?ani?ino?aieeenue ai iiiaeo no?aiao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu: a Aa?iaiee,
O?aioeee, Aiaeee, Eniaiee e Ii?ooaaeee. N oa/aieai a?aiaie yoio i?ioeann
ioaaoee aieueooth /anoue ie?a, ii «aoyaeaaiea» a iaai i?ienoiaeeei oaea
a oneiaeyo ?ac?anoaaoaeny aa?iiaecaoeee ie?a e oe?aieaiey naycae e
yeiiiie/aneie caaeneiinoe no?ai ae?oa io ae?oaa.
Eaieoaeeci a ai?iaea e a aea?aaia
Oeaio?aie ?acaeoey ao?aeoaciuo ioiioaiee auee ai?iaea. Oai
neeaaeuaaeanue iiaay i?ineieea ethaeae, ninoiyuay a iniiaiii ec eoioeia,
?inoiaueeia e oeaoiauo ianoa?ia. Ana iie ?aniieaaaee eaieoaeaie (naiue
auno?ue iooue e eo i?eia?aoaieth ioe?uaaeny /a?ac oi?aiai-?inoiaue/aneea
iia?aoeee), eioi?ua ia i?yoaeenue a noiaeoeao, a aeeaaeuaaeenue a
i?iecaiaenoai. I?e/ai i?iecaiaenoai iiaiai oeia, aieaa yooaeoeaiia,
aeathuaa aunieoth i?eaueue. A yoo yiioo ia niaio oeaoo noaea i?eoiaeeoue
iaiooaeoo?a – e?oiiia i?iecaiaenoai, iniiaaiiia a ioee/ea io oeaoa ia
aioo?aiiai ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea e iaaiiii o?oaea. Ianeoaeeaaeenue
iaiooaeoo?u i?e iiiiue iaaiiie ?aai/ae neeu; ai aeaaa aa noiye
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue, aeaaeathuee n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa e i?aaiecothuee
i?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaa. Nouanoaiaaei aeaa oi?iu iaiooaeoo?u:
oeaio?aeeciaaiiay (eoiaoe-i?aaei?eieiaoaeue nai nicaeaaae ianoa?neoth,
aa?oue eee oaooo, nai i?eia?aoae nu?uea, iaoa?eaeu, iai?oaeiaaiea) e
ai?acaei aieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiay – ?annayiiay (i?aaei?eieiaoaeue
?acaeaaae nu?uea iaaeiiieeai-?aianeaiieeai e iieo/ae io ieo aioiaue
oiaa? eee iieooaa?eeao). A ao?aeoaciua ioiioaiey ai?acaei iaaeeaiiaa,
/ai ai?iae, aoyaeaaeanue e aea?aaiy – aeaaiue iieio oaiaeaeecia. Oai
ia?aciauaaeenue oa?ia?neea oicyenoaa, n iaaiiui o?oaeii e?anoueyi,
eeoeaoeony naiae caiee, o. a. ia?anoaaoeo auoue e?anoueyiaie a iieiii
niunea yoiai neiaa. Yoio i?ioeann ?ane?anoueyieaaiey oae /a?ac ?aciua
i?iiaaeooi/iua oi?iu, eae i?aaeei, /a?ac ia?aoiae ia a?aiaeo, /oi
icia/aei ioiaio oeene?iaaiiuo ieaoaaeae e i?aa ia ianeaaenoaaiiia
aea?aeaiea. A aea?aaia a ?iee i?aaei?eieiaoaeae iiaee aunooiaoue aiaaoua
e?anoueyia, eoioeu eee eiiaaea naie oaiaeaeu, oae i?iecioei, iai?eia?, a
Aiaeee, aaea iiaua aeai?yia (aeaeaio?e) naiiyee e?anoueyi n caiee e
i?aa?auaee aa a ianoaeua aeey iaaoe, caieiaynue i?iaeaaeae oa?noe. Ii,
eae i?aaeei, caieaaeaaeaeueoeu i?aaeii/eoaee nio?aiyoue noa?ua ii?yaeee.
Io auno?iou i?iieeiiaaiey ao?aeoaciuo ioiioaiee a aea?aaith, ai?acaei
aieaa eiina?aaoeaioth, /ai ai?iae, ii i?iecaiaeeaooth iniiaioth /anoue
i?iaeoeoeee, caaenaee oaiiu ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia. Auno?aa anaai i?ioeann
oae a Aiaeee e a Naaa?iuo Ieaea?eaiaeao, aaea ao?iue ?anoeaao iaiooaeoo?
niaiae n iao?aeoaceaaieai aea?aaie. A oo yiioo iiyaeeny iiaue «aa?ie
a?aiaie», i?aaei?eei/eaue, yia?ae/iue /aeiaae, niiniaiue auaea?aeaoue
aeanoeoth eiieo?aioeeth, nicaeaoue eaieoae a aoeaaeueiii niunea ec
ie/aai. ?acaeoea eaieoaeecia nii?iaiaeaeaeinue oaoie/aneei i?ia?annii,
?ac?ooaieai o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ei?ii?aoeaiuo naycae, neeaaeuaaieai aaeeiuo
?uieia – iaoeeiiaeueiuo e iauaaa?iiaeneiai. Ii a XV-XVI aa. aeaaea a oao
no?aiao, aaea oniaoii ?acaeaaeenue ao?aeoaciua ioiioaiey, iiaue oeeaae
ana-oaee nouanoaiaae a «eiioaenoa» oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee, aua
aeinoaoi/ii neeueiuo e ia aeaeathueo onooiaoue naia ianoi aeia?iaieueii.
Aaca eaieoaeecia auea neaaie, iiyoiio inoaaaeenue aiciiaeiinoe aeey
aeaeaeaiey aniyoue, /oi e i?iecioei a ?yaea aa?iiaeneeo no?ai. A eo
/enea ieacaeenue Eoaeey, Eniaiey, Ii?ooaaeey, Aa?iaiey.
Iiiieia aeanoe
A ia?aoiaeioth yiioo ?acei eciaieeanue ?annoaiiaea nee iaaeaeo aeanoueth
e iauanoaii. Eo aeeaeia noae niaiyoueny aeeeoaoii ei?iey. Ei?ieaaneay
aeanoue aeiaeaaaony iaeneioia oeaio?aeecaoeee e naiinoiyoaeueiinoe ii
ioiioaieth e iauanoao. Nicaeathony ia?iiiue ath?ie?aoe/aneee aiia?ao
(iniaaiii ai O?aioeee), iinoiyiiia aienei, iaoiaeyuaany ia
ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeaa. Ei?ieue nai ecaeaao caeiiu, ii naiaio
oniio?aieth ?anii?yaeaaony oeiainaie. Nineiaiua nia?aiey eee ia?anoatho
nicuaaoueny aiiaua, eee ieacuaathony a iieiie caaeneiinoe io aeanoe.
Oaeie aeae iiia?oee iieo/ee iacaaiea aaniethoiie. Aa iiyaeaiea auei
aiciiaeiui eeoue a iniaie neooaoeee, eiaaea ao?aeoacey, auaeaeeaoayny ec
ai?iaeneiai nineiaey, anooiaea a niia?ie/anoai n aeai?yinoaii. Yoi
oaaee/eaaei iaiaa?aiiinoue aeanoe, ?anoe?yei i?ino?ainoai aa naiaiaeu.
E?iia oiai, neeaaeuaaiea aaeeiiai aioo?aiiaai ?uiea o?aaiaaei
oeaio?aeecaoeee, eeeaeaeaoeee oaiaeaeueiuo nioo. Eae i?aaeei, iiia?oe
no?aieeenue iiaeaea?aeeaaoue iaeee aaeain nee a iauanoaa, eaae?oy
iaaeaeo i?ioeaiai?noaothueie nioeeaeueiuie neiyie, ii inoaaaynue i?e
yoii oi?iie aeanoe aeai?yinoaa. Io eca?aiiie oaeoeee ia?aaeei caaenaei e
i?ioeaaoaiea no?aiu, e aeieaieaoea naiie iiia?oee. Oae, ai O?aioeee
Aai?eo IV (1589-1610), n iaeiie noi?iiu, no?aieeny iiaeaea?aeaoue
?aci?yaoaany e?anoueyinoai (iiiecee iaeiae, inaiaiaeee io iaaeieiie,
cai?aoee i?iaeaaaoue ca aeieae neio e i?oaeey o?oaea), n ae?oaie –
iiiu?ye nicaeaiea iaiooaeoo? e oi?aiaeth. Iieeoeea icaei?iaeaiey
yeiiiieee no?aiu e niaethaeaiey aaeaina nee i?iaeieaeaeanue e i?e
ea?aeeiaea ?eoaeuea (oaeoe/anee i?aaee no?aiie n 1624 ii 1642 a.). A
aieaa neiaeiii iieiaeaiee ieacaeanue aaniethoiay iiia?oey a Aiaeee, aaea
aoyaeaaiea aea?aaie a ao?aeoaciua ioiioaiey auei iniaaiii ao?iui e
i?eaiaeeei e aieueoei iio?ynaieyi. A yoie neooaoeee Othaei?u
iiaeaea?aeeaaee iiaua i?ioeannu (aeaaaee eueaiou eoioeai, iiiu?yee
eieiieaeueiua caoaaou, caeiiaie i?ioea a?iaeya iaania/eaaee aeaoaaecio
iaaiiie ?aai/ae neeu), ii iaeiia?aiaiii iuoaeenue i?einoaiiaeoue eo.
Caueuay oeaoe, iie oi?iiceee ?ino iaiooaeoo?, cai?auaee iai?aaeeaaiey,
eioi?ua iaianee o?ii naeueneiio oicyenoao e iiae?uaaee nioeeaeueioth
noaaeeueiinoue a no?aia. A eoiaa no?aieaiea ainoaea?noaa ?aaoee?iaaoue
yeiiiieeo aeiaieueii auno?i caeii/eeinue e?ecenii aeanoe e ?aaiethoeeae.
Eiie i?eia? aeaao iai Eniaiey, aaea aaniethoiay iiia?oey inoaaaeanue
e?aeia eiina?aaoeaiie, ia iiaeaea?aeeaaea ?aianei e oi?aiaeth, a,
iaiai?io, aeooeea ai?iaea iaeiaaie, i?eaioe?oynue i?aeiouanoaaiii ia
aeai?yinoai. A ?acoeueoaoa iiyaeyaoeany oaea a Eniaiee iaiooaeoo?u
ca/aoee, oi?aiaey nie?auaeanue, yeiiiieea i?eoiaeeea a oiaaeie, e
Eniaiey, ianiio?y ia ia?iiiue i?eoie cieioa ec eieiiee, i?aa?aoeeanue a
iaeio ec naiuo ionoaeuo no?ai Aa?iiu.
Oneiaey aeey iiyaeaiey eaieoaeecia
Ii/aio ao?aeoaciua ioiioaiey naiica?iaeeeenue eiaiii a Aa?iia? Aaaeue e
a ae?oaeo oeeaeeecaoeeyo auee aiciiaeiinoe aeey iiyaeaiey eaieoaeecia,
iai?eia? a Eeoaa, e iniaaiii a ssiiiee. Oioy iaoea aua ia aeaea
en/a?iuaathueo ioaaoia ia yoe aii?inu, ana-oaee iiaeii auaeaeeoue
iaeioi?ua iniaua /a?ou caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai aa?eaioa oeeaeeecaoeeiiiiai
?acaeoey, eioi?ua ioe?uaaee iooue aeey «aa?iiaeneiai /oaea». Caiaaeiay
Aa?iia auea i?yiie ianeaaeieoeae a?aei-?eineiai ie?a, ie?a n iaiau/ii
aunieei aeey ae?aaiinoe o?iaiai ?acaeoey oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee, n
i?aaii ia ia?aaeaiaioe?iaaiioth nianoaaiiinoue, n i?eaioaoeeae ia
aeoeaioth niceaeaoaeueioth ee/iinoue. Noaiiaeaiea eaieoaeecia auei au
iaaiciiaeii aac ai?iaeneeo eiiioiaeueiuo aeaeaeaiee. A ai?iaea, eioi?ue
ioaiaauaae naiioi?aaeaiea e naiinoiyoaeueiinoue io ainoaea?noaa,
oi?ie?iaaeanue i?ineieea ethaeae, ?aniieaaathuay naiaiaeiuie eaieoaeaie,
eioi?ay e aeaea aeeciue aoaeouae ao?aeoacee. Ioi?ieaiea aeoeaiuo,
ionoaeaathueo naie i?aaa nineiaee canoaaeei ainoaea?noai iieoe ia
nio?oaeie/anoai n ieie. Aiciiaeiinoe aeaaeaiey ia iauanoai, ia
yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu, anoanoaaiii, inoaaaeenue (e eniieueciaaeenue),
ii ana-oaee auee ia?aie/aiu. Aaaeia auea e iiceoeey oea?eae ii
ioiioaieth e yeiiiie/aneei aii?inai e eiiia?oeee. Oaea n XIII a. iia
niya/aao naie aeieo?eiu ii iiaiaeo oao caiyoee, eioi?ua o?aaeeoeeiiii
n/eoaeenue «ia/enouie». Inoaeaeay ?inoiaue/anoai, oea?eiaue ia
inoaeaeaea aaenaey, caeiae, eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey. Yoi aaei e oiio, /oi
oi?aiaey a iauanoaaiiii niciaiee iinoaiaiii iieo/aea «i?aaa
a?aaeaeainoaa», a iinea ?aoi?iaoeee noaea n/eoaoueny aanueia aeinoieiui
caiyoeai.
Aeaaa 7. A iieneao iiaie ee/iinoe: ?aiannain e ?aoi?iaoeey
A XV-XVI aa. aeaa yaeaiey a eoeueoo?a – ?aiannain e ?aoi?iaoeey –
i?iecaaee naiaai ?iaea ?aaiethoeeth a aeooiaiie aeecie Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.
Eacaeinue au, iaaeaeo ieie iaei iauaai. ?aiannain – yoi aic?iaeaeaiea
aioe/iiai ianeaaeey, ie?neiai ia/aea. ?aoi?iaoeey yaeeanue iaiiaeaieai
oea?eae e nii?iaiaeaeaeanue anieaneii aeoaieeo ?aeeaeiciuo /oanoa. Oai
ia iaiaa iauaaeeiyao eo oi, /oi iie ?ac?ooaee noa?oth n?aaeiaaaeiaoth
nenoaio oeaiiinoae e oi?ie?iaaee iiaue acaeyae ia /aeiaa/aneoth
ee/iinoue.
?aiannain: iiaaaeu e o?aaaaeee eiaeeaeaeoaeecia
Eoeueoo?a ?aiannaina ca?iaeeeanue a Eoaeee ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIV a. e
i?iaeieaeaea ?acaeaaoueny ia i?ioyaeaiee XV e XVI aa., iinoaiaiii
ioaaouaay iaeio ca ae?oaie ana no?aiu Aa?iiu. Nia?aiaiieee aini?eieiaee
yoo yiioo eae «naaoeue» aae, eae i?iaoaeaeaiea io «oueiu»
n?aaeiaaaeiauey. Naii iacaaiea «n?aaeiea aaea» iiyaeeinue eiaiii oiaaea.
Ae?aaiyy A?aoeey e ?ei i?aa?aoeeenue a iauaeou no?anoiie iinoaeueaee e
iieeiiaiey. Aica?ao e aioe/iinoe, ?aaieiaoeey aa eaeaaeia i?iyaeeenue a
naiuo ?aciuo noa?ao: a oeeinioee, eeoa?aoo?a, eneonnoaa. Eoeueoo?a
Aic?iaeaeaiey iiyaeeanue nia/aea n?aaee eioaeeaeooaeia e auea
aeinoiyieai iaiiiaeo, ii iinoaiaiii iiaua eaeae, ionoue a oi?iuaiiii
aeaea, i?ina/eaaeenue a ianniaia niciaiea, iaiyy o?aaeeoeeiiiua
i?aaenoaaeaiey. Iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo aeinoeaeaiee Aic?iaeaeaiey – yoi
iiyaeaiea aoiaiecia a oeeinioee. ?aiiea aoiaienou: iiyo e oeeinio O.
Iao?a?ea (1304-1374), ienaoaeue Aeae. Aieea//i (1313-1375) – oioaee
nicaeaoue i?ae?anioth /aeiaa/aneoth ee/iinoue, naiaiaeioth io
i?aae?annoaeeia n?aaeiaaaeiauey, e iiyoiio, i?aaeaea anaai, iuoaeenue
eciaieoue nenoaio ia?aciaaiey: aaanoe a iaa aoiaieoa?iua iaoee, naeaeaa
aeoeaio ia eco/aiee aioe/iie eeoa?aoo?u e oeeinioee. I?e yoii aoiaienou
ioithaeue ia ieni?iaa?aaee ?aeeaee, oioy naia ii naaa oea?eiaue e aa
neoaeeoaee auee iauaeoaie ianiaoae. Nei?aa, iie no?aieeenue niaianoeoue
aeaa oeaeu oeaiiinoae. A naiae «Eniiaaaee» Iao?a?ea ienae, /oi
aneaoe/aneay ii?aeue o?enoeainoaa i/euaao aeooo, ii ia iaiaa aaaeii e
iniciaiea oeaiiinoe caiiiai auoey, oianeaaeiaaiiia io a?aeia e ?eieyi.
Oaeei ia?acii, ono?aiyeinue n?aaeiaaaeiaia i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea ieioe e
aeooa. ?aaaeeeoaoeey caiiiai i?iyaeyeanue a oo yiioo, i?aaeaea anaai a
aicaaee/eaaiee e?aniou ie?a e /aeiaa/aneiai oaea, ieioneie ethaae.
Ooaeiaeieee noaee aeaeaoue ie? eia/a: ieineinoiua, eae au aanoaeaniua
ecia?aaeaiey n?aaeiaaaeiaiai eneonnoaa onooieee ianoi o?aoia?iiio,
?aeueaoiiio, auioeeiio i?ino?ainoao. ?aoayeue Naioe (1483-1520),
Eaiia?aei aea Aei/e (1452-1519), Ieeaeaiaeaeaei Aoiia??ioe (1475-1564)
ainiaaaee naiei oai?/anoaii niaa?oaiioth ee/iinoue, a eioi?ie oece/aneay
e aeooiaiay e?anioa neeaathony aiaaeeii a niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie
aioe/iie ynoaoeee. *aeiaae n aai caiiuie no?anoyie e aeaeaieyie iiyaeeny
e a eeoa?aoo?a. Cai?aoiay i?aaeaea oaia ieioneie ethaae,
iaoo?aeenoe/aneea aa iienaiey iieo/eee i?aai ia nouanoaiaaiea. Iaeiaei
ieioneia ia iiaeaaeyei aeooiaiiai. Eae e oeeiniou, ienaoaee noa?aeenue
nicaeaoue aa?iiieth aeaoo ia/ae, eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a, eo o?aaiiaaneoue.
A ciaiaieoii «Aeaeaia?iia» Aieea//i ici?iua o?eaieueiua iiaaeeu i
neanoiethaoeao /a?aaeothony n o?aae/aneeie ?anneacaie i aacioaaoiie eee
naiiioaa?aeaiiie ethaae. A niiaoao Iao?a?ee, iinayuaiiuo i?ae?aniie
Eao?a, iaaaniie ethaae i?eaeaiu caiiua /a?ou, ii e caiiua /oanoaa
aicauoaiu aei iaaaniie aa?iiiee. ?enoy eaeaae /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe,
aeayoaee Aic?iaeaeaiey iiae/a?eeaaee aa aeia?ioo, neeo, aa?ieci,
niiniaiinoue oai?eoue e nicaeaaaoue aie?oa naay iiaue ie?. Iai?aiaiiui
oneiaeai aeey yoiai eoaeueyineea aoiaienou Ei?aioei Aaeea (1407-1457) e
E. Aeueaa?oe (1404-1472) n/eoaee iaeiieaiiua ciaiey, eioi?ua iiiiaatho
/aeiaaeo naeaeaoue auai? iaaeaeo aeia?ii e ceii. Aunieia i?aaenoaaeaiea
i /aeiaaea auei ia?ac?uaii naycaii n eaeaae naiaiaeu aai aiee: ee/iinoue
naia ecae?aao naie aeeciaiiue iooue e naia ioaa/aao ca naith noaeueao.
Oeaiiinoue /aeiaaea noaea ii?aaeaeyoueny aai ee/iuie aeinoieinoaaie, a
ia iieiaeaieai a iauanoaa.
Aeaai?iaenoai – neiaii iaeia neyiea, enoiaeyuaa io aeia?iaeaoaee e
ica?ythuaa aa iaeaaeaoaeae, eaeiai au i?ienoiaeaeaiey iie ie auee.
Ec «Eieae i aeaai?iaenoaa» Iiaeaei A?a//ieeie, eoaeueyineiai aoiaienoa,
XV a.
Ianooiaea yiioa noeoeeiiai e aoeiiai naiiooaa?aeaeaiey /aeiaa/aneie
ee/iinoe, inaiaiaeaeathuaeny io n?aaeiaaaeiaie ei?ii?aoeaiinoe e ii?aee,
iiae/eiythuae eiaeeaeaea oeaeiio. Yoi auei a?aiy oeoaiecia, eioi?ue
i?iyaeeny e a eneonnoaa, e a aeecie. Aeinoaoi/ii aniiiieoue aa?ie/aneea
ia?acu, nicaeaiiua Ieeaeaiaeaeaei, e naiiai eo oai?oea – iiyoa,
ooaeiaeieea, neoeueioi?a. Ethaee, iiaeiaiua Ieeaeaiaeaeaei eee Eaiia?aei
aea Aei/e, yaeyee niaie ?aaeueiua ia?acoeu aaca?aie/iuo aiciiaeiinoae
/aeiaaea. Iaeiaei oeoaieci eiae e naith ia?aoioth noi?iio, i?eaiaey ia
oieueei e aeia?o, ii e ei ceo. Yiioa Aic?iaeaeaiey neaaeeanue e
ceiaaueie, oiaea oeoaie/aneeie oeao?aie, oaeeie, eae Oeaca?ue Ai?aeaeea
eee Ei?aioei Iaaee/e. N Ei?aioei Iaaee/e, i?aaenoaaeoaeai ciaoiiai
oei?aioeeneiai naiaenoaa, aue naycai ?anoeaao eneonnoaa ai Oei?aioeee a
XV a. Iaeiaei yoio ia?aciaaiiue ooii/aiiue iie?iaeoaeue i?ae?aniiai,
eacaeinue au, aiieioeaoee a naaa eaeaae ee/iinoe yiioe, ia i?aiaa?aaae
eio?eaaie, a a ai?ueaa n i?ioeaieeaie eniieueciaae yae e eeiaeae. Nui
iaiu ?eineiai Oeaca?ue Ai?aeaeea aue ecaanoai caa?neeie i?anooieaieyie.
Noeoeeiue aacoaea?aeiue eiaeeaeaeoaeeci eiae naie ecaea?aeee. Ii
ii?iaeaeae i?iaeaio ee/iiai auai?a iaaeaeo aeia?ii e ceii. A?aiy
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie naiaiaeu iinoaiaiii noaei ii?iaeaeaoue o?aae/aneia
ioiioaiea e aeecie, eioi?ia iniaaiii y?ei i?iyaeeinue a XVI a. – a yiioo
iicaeiaai Aic?iaeaeaiey. Ia neo/aeii a iueanao aaeeeiai aiaeeeneiai
ae?aiaoo?aa O. Oaenie?a (1564-1616) /aeiaae /anoi ecia?aaeai e
aa?ie/anee, e o?aae/anee. Oaeia Aaieao, a eioi?ii oeoaieci oia
niaiauaaony ni neaainoueth, n iuouaieai naieo ia?aie/aiiuo aiciiaeiinoae
ia?aae eeoeii ie?oaeathuaai ie?a, iieiiai ceiau e no?anoae. Iiyaeeny a
aai i?iecaaaeaieyo e ae?oaie oei eiaeeaeaeoaeenoa – yaienoa, ?aouaainy e
aeanoe e anoathuaai iaae ii?aeueth (Iaeaao). Eia/a aii?in ia
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie naiaiaea ?aoaea ?aoi?iaoeey.
?aoi?iaoeey: a?aieoeu eiaeeaeaeoaeecia
?iaeeiie ?aoi?iaoeee noaea Aa?iaiey. Aa ia/aeii n/eoatho niauoey 1517
a., eiaaea aeieoi? aiaineiaey Ia?oei Ethoa? (1483-1546) aunooiee ni
naieie 95 oacenaie i?ioea i?iaeaaee eiaeoeueaaioeee. N yoiai iiiaioa
ia/aeny aai aeeeoaeueiue iiaaeeiie n eaoiee/aneie oea?eiaueth.
?aoi?iaoeey auno?i ?ani?ino?aieeanue a Oaaeoea?ee, Ieaea?eaiaeao,
O?aioeee, Aiaeee, Eoaeee. A Aa?iaiee ?aoi?iaoeey nii?iaiaeaeaeanue
E?anoueyineie aieiie, eioi?ay oea n oaeei ?aciaoii, /oi n iae ia iiaeao
n?aaieoueny ie iaeii nioeeaeueiia aeaeaeaiea n?aaeiaaaeiauey. Naieo
iiauo oai?aoeeia ?aoi?iaoeey ia?aea a Oaaeoea?ee, aaea aiciee aoi?ie
iinea Aa?iaiee e?oiiaeoee aa oeaio?. Oai ieii/aoaeueii ioi?iee
?aoi?iaoeeiiioth iuneue AEai Eaeueaei (1509-1564), eioi?iai i?icaaee
«aeaiaaneei iaiie». ?aoi?iaoeey ?ac?ooaea i?aaenoaaeaiey i iacuaeaiie
aeooiaiie aeanoe oea?eae, i aa ?iee iin?aaeieoeu iaaeaeo Aiaii e
ethaeueie. Ia oaeinoaa oea?eae i?eiauatho /aeiaaea e aeaaiaeaoe, a
ee/iay aa?a. Aaeeinoaaiiui aaoi?eoaoiui enoi/ieeii aeey o?enoeaieia
yaeyaony Ienaiea, a ia aeae?aou iai. O?aaoy ?aoi?ie?iaaoue oea?eiaue, I.
Ethoa? aeieacuaae, /oi ioaeii naeoey?eciaaoue oea?eiaiia eiouanoai,
?anionoeoue iiiaoaneea i?aeaia, a a iiianou?yo ?acianoeoue oeieu e
aieueieoeu. Eicoia «aeaoaaie oea?eae» aue i/aiue iiioey?ai, ii aeaaiia
aeinoeaeaiea ?aoi?iaoeee auei a oie iniaie ?iee, eioi?ay i?eaeaaaeanue
ee/iinoe a aa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii iauaiee n Aiaii. Eeoaiiue
iin?aaeie/anoaa oea?eae /aeiaae oaia?ue nai aeieaeai aue ioaa/aoue ca
naie iinooiee, o. a. ia iaai aiceaaaeanue ai?acaei aieueoay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. ?aoi?iaoeey aicauoaea cia/aiea ie?neie aeecie e
aeayoaeueiinoe. Eaeueaei o/ee, /oi ciae Aiaeanoaaiiiai aeaaiaieaiey e
/aeiaaeo ?ane?uaaaony a aai i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe: oniao eee
iaoniao – e?eoa?ee, iicaieythuee iiiyoue, i?ieeyoea eee aeaaiaeaoue
eaaeeo ia /aeiaaea. O?oaeiaay yoeea ?aoi?iaoeee inayuaea i?aeoeoeeci,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai.
?acoeueoaoii ?aoi?iaoeee… auei, i?aaeaea anaai, oi, /oi a i?ioeaiaan
eaoiee/aneie oi/ea c?aiey ii?aeueiia cia/aiea ie?neiai
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai o?oaea e ?aeeaeiciia aicaeayiea ca iaai /?acau/aeii
au?inee.
I. Aaaa?. I?ioanoaioneay yoeea
E ?aoi?iaoeey, e ?aiannain iinoaaeee a oeaio? /aeiaa/aneoth ee/iinoue,
yia?ae/ioth, ono?aieaiioth ia i?aia?aciaaiea ie?a, n y?ei au?aaeaiiui
aieaaui ia/aeii. Ii ?aoi?iaoeey i?e yoii eiaea aieaa aeenoeeieeie?othuaa
aicaeaenoaea: iia iiiu?yea eiaeeaeaeoaeeci, ii aaiaeeea aai a no?iaea
?aiee ii?aee, iniiaaiiie ia ?aeeaeiciuo oeaiiinoyo. ?aoi?iaoeey ieacaea
ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia ianniaia niciaiea aa?iiaeoeaa. A Aa?iia, auno?i
ioaa/aiiie eaeayie ?aoi?iaoeee, noaee ia?aciauaaoueny iiaua,
?aoi?ie?iaaiiua oea?eae – aiaeeeaineay, ethoa?aineay, eaeueaeienoneay,
ia iiae/eiyaoeany ?einei-eaoiee/aneie. Ia?aaeei ooaa?aeaeaiea iiauo
?aeeaeiciuo eaeaaeia aeaeei ca niaie e?iaii?ieeoiua
a?aaeaeainei-?aeeaeiciua aieiu, oaeea eae aieia i?ioanoaioneeo eiycae n
eaoiee/aneei eaaa?ai ai aeaaa n eiia?aoi?ii Aa?iaiee, aieia eaoieeeia e
aoaaiioia (eaeueaeienoia) ai O?aioeee.
Caeeth/aiea
N?aaeiea aaea – aaaeiaeoay nooiaiue a ?acaeoee caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie
oeeaeeecaoeee. A yoo yiioo neiaeeeenue e noaee ?acaeaaoueny oa iniaua
/a?ou, eioi?ua auaeaeeee Aa?iio n?aaee ae?oaeo oeeaeeecaoeee e
iaeiia?aiaiii iiaeeyee (e i?iaeieaeatho aeeyoue) ia ie?iaoth
oeeaeeecaoeeth a oeaeii. Oaea a n?aaeiea aaea auee caeiaeaiu iniiau
nia?aiaiiie aa?iiaeneie aeaiie?aoee, noaee neeaaeuaaoueny i?aaenoaaeaiey
i i?aaao e oeaiiinoe /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe.
Ia enoiaea n?aaeiaaaeiauey a Aa?iia a iaeaieaa /enoie naiae oi?ia
ca?iaeeeny iiaue oei nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee – eaieoaeeci.
Aianoa n oai a enoi?ee n?aaeiaaaeiaie Aa?iiu anoue iaiaei i?a/iuo
no?aieoe. Onoaiiaeaiea i?ia?anneaiuo ao?aeoaciuo ioiioaiee oei ?oea ia
?oeo n aoaaenoe/aneie ?aaioi?aiaeae. N XVI ii XIX a. auei ia?auaii a
?aanoai e auaacaii n Ao?eeaineiai eiioeiaioa ieiei 10 iei. iaa?ia.
Oieueei a XIX a. ai iiiaeo aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao aue i?eiyo caeii i
cai?aoa oi?aiaee ?aaaie. ?ino i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?eaae e iaaccaiaeeaaieth e
?aci?aieth e?anoueyinoaa. A Aa?iia ?aii iiyaeeenue eaeae aoiaiecia, ii
yoi ia iaoaei eieaeceoeee e a XVII a. naeeaaoue a?aoeeia e «aaaeuei».
?aoi?iaoeey aeaea Aa?iia iiaue oei ee/iinoe e iiaoth nenoaio oeaiiinoae,
ii aua iaeiei aa ?acoeueoaoii auee Aa?oieiiaaaneay ii/ue, aeanoieea
?aeeaeiciua aieiu. I/aaeaeii, aeaaiia aeinoeaeaiea Aa?iiu n?aaeiaaaeiaie
e i?eaeeaeathuaeny e iiaiio a?aiaie – yoi aeeiaieci, iiaeeueiinoue,
auno?ay i?eniiniaeyaiinoue oeeaeeecaoeee e iaiythueiny enoi?e/aneei
oneiaeyi, oiaiea eniieueciaaoue nianoaaiiua aeinoeaeaiey.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. A. I. Oa/aoo?yi. Enoi?ey ie?iauo oeeaeeecaoeee, o/., Iineaa 2001a.
2. Aaeiooaei I. E., Caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneay n?aaeiaaaeiaay enoi?eia?aoey, I.
– E., 1964a.
3. Yiaaeuen O., O?aieneee ia?eiae, Ia?en E. e Yiaaeuen O., Ni/., 2
ecae., o. 19.
4. Yiaaeuen O., I?ienoiaeaeaiea naiuee, /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e
ainoaea?noaa, Ia?en E. e Yiaaeuen O., Ni/., 2 ecae., o. 21.
5. Iaonuoei A. E., Aicieeiiaaiea caaeneiiai e?anoueyinoaa eae eeanna
?aiiaoaiaeaeueiiai iauanoaa a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia VI–VIII aa., I., 1956a.
6. Ei?noineee A. ?., Ia?aciaaiea ?aiiaoaiaeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, I., 1963a.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
