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Вторая мировая война: причины, итоги, уроки

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Aoi?ay ie?iaay aieia: i?e/eiu, eoiae, o?iee

Ai Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieia iiaeaei: NNN? – 27 000 000, Aa?iaiey – 7
300 000, O?aioeey – 600 000, NOA – 500 000, Aaeeeia?eoaiey – 370 000.

Niaaoneay enoi?eia?aoey i?eoiaiueoaao ?ieue nithcieeia a aieia. Ii?a
?acia?aoueny n yoei aii?inii e neacaoue nithcieeai i?inoia /aeiaa/aneia
«nianeai», eai 9 Iay – aeaiue ieii/aoaeueiie iiaaaeu iaae oaoeciii –
aeaiue iaeeiaeiai aaaeiue aeey o?iioiaeeia – o/anoieeia Aoi?ie ie?iaie
aieiu. Iioa?e ianee ana e anyeea. Oo?ii ?aii iaaeaaatho iaaeaee e
i?aeaia o?iioiaeee Aa?iiu e NOA. Auieaatho ai?ueeoth /a?o ca ie?,
niio?yo a ca?eaei aaeiau e oa, eoi inoaaaeny a oueo. Eai iao ia caiea
neiaa neeueiaa yoiai: iiaaaea. Iieeiieiny aaeeeei oai aiaeai. E i?inoei
aacoiea oaoecia, oi anoue i?inoei oai iaiaoeeei nieaeaoai, eioi?ua
eniieiyee naie aeiea, eai iie oiaea no?aaeaee,… iiaeao auoue, aeaaea
aieueoa oai oa, eoi ai?ieny n oaoeciii. I?ioeia iaeuecy caauaaoue, ii
iaaei aeoiaoue i aoaeouai, e caeia n/anouey ia caiea anoue ie?.

*oi iiaeaioiaeei e?iaaaoth aieith noieueeeo ia?iaeia e no?ai, /oi
i?eaaei e oiio, /oi ?acaycaeanue Aoi?ay ie?iaay aieia e iiaeaei noieueei
ethaeae ia oieueei ia iiea aiy, ii e a ieaio, a eaaa?yo? *oi yaeeinue
i?e/eiie oaoecia, ii?iaeeei oae iiiai no?aaeaiee /aeiaa/aneeo,
ioia?aaeaiiuo oeeinioaie, iiyoaie e ienaoaeyie, i?inoui ia?iaeii (ianie,
/anoooee, o?iioiaua ienueia)? *ai caeii/eeanue aieia e eaeiau aa o?iee e
iineaaenoaey? Iii?iaoai ?acia?aoueny iiaeoaaea, ia/eiay n iineaaeiaai
aii?ina: o?iee aieiu. A iioii aoaeai ?anniao?eaaoue eoiae aieiu. E oae a
naiii eiioea – i?e/eiu, eae a oeeueia, a eioi?ii aeaenoaea iieacaii
?aaeenna?ii a ia?aoiii ii?yaeea. Oaeiaa aoaeao no?oeoo?a ?aaiou.

Aieia neeueii ineaaeea iaiaoeeoth yeiiiieeo, eeoeea iiiaeo iaioeaa
aeeeuey e ?aai/eo iano. Iiiaea ec ieo noaee ia?anaeaioeaie e
aaaeaioeaie, eeoaiiuie oainia ia auaeeaaiea. Aa?iaiey i?aa?aoeeanue a
ionouith. Iiaaaeaeaiiua noaee ?anniao?eaaoueny iiaaaeeoaeyie a ea/anoaa
ethaeae, eeoaiiuo i?aa /aeiaaea – oi aue o?ie aieiu aeey iaioeaa,
eioi?ua a iauai-oi, ii e?aeiae ia?a iiiaea ec ieo auee a aeooa i?ioea
oaoecia e aieiu. Auee ?ac?ooaiu nia?aiaiiua i?iiuoeaiiua ?aaeiiu e
iiiaea ai?iaea: Eaeuei, Ae?acaeai, Eannaeue, Aei?oioiae. Ii/oe 40%
eaa?oe?, aeeeuey aeey iaiiuiuo noa?eeia, eaeae e aeaiuei n aeaoueie auee
?ac?ooaiu. Iiyaeeinue ia?iiiia eiee/anoai ieueo e aacaeiiiuo. Aeaaiue
o?ie aieiu – yoi oi, /oi ethaee iioa?yee naieo aeeceeo – nanoa?,
a?aoueaa, ioaeae e aeai. Iiiaea iaioeu e ?onneea i?iiaee aac aanoe.
Iiiaea iiaaaeaeaiiua i?inoi-iai?inoi iioa?yee naith ?iaeeio e ia ciaee,
eae aeeoue aeaeueoa. Iiiaea, ieeeeiiu ethaeae, aieiaeiuo ethaeae eneaee
a iineaaiaiiii oaina i?enoaieua, ieuo, ?iaeiuo, ae?ocae e e?ia, eioi?ue
aue iioa?yi a ?acoeueoaoa aiiaaaeae. Iiiaea iaioeu auee ioi?aaeaiu ia
i?eioaeeoaeueiua ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua ?aaiou.

«I?aaa iiaaaeaeaiiuo? Ii oiaaea ie? nei?aa caaeaaaeny aii?inii, aeieaeiu
ee aiiaua ?ani?ino?aiyoueny ia iaioeaa i?aaa /aeiaaea. I?ioeaieee,
iiioo/eee eee nio/anoieee i?anooieaiee iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeenoe/aneie
nenoaiu – ana iie, aoaeo/e iaioeaie, noiyee o iici?iiai noieaa,
ioaa?aiooua naiueae ia?iaeia, oaeanaaoaeny oai?eaoeiny a
eiioeaio?aoeeiiiuo eaaa?yo i?anooieaieyie e iaiinoeaeeiui niiauaieyi ec
oaa?ee nia?oe». (O?eaeaiaii Aaaeii?ooea, O?A, «Ia?iae aac ainoaea?noaa»,
aeo?iae «?iaeeia», 1995, ?5, no?.83) … a eioi?uo oai?eeenue oaeanu
a?iaea oao, /oi ono?aeaaee iaiaoeeea a?a/e-oaoenou, eioi?ua noaaeee
iiuou ia ieaiiuo i?ioeaieeao: caii?aaeeaaee a ii?iceeueiuo eaia?ao
ieaiiuo nieaeao, a iioii noaaeee iiuou: /oi nianao auno?aa
caii?iaeaiiiai nieaeaoa – aeeaioiia oaiei (aeaiueia) eee oece/aneia
oaiei (ioia?aaaiea), ono?aeaay ii?ie i?aee, aeiaiaeyuea iaii?iaeaiiuo
ethaeae aei aacoiey. Ai?i/ai, iaiaoeeea a?a/e-ecaa?ae iieo/eee naia:
iiiaea ec ieo auee inoaeaeaiu e iiaaoaiu.

A noaouea Iaeeea Aeaeaeena (Aaeeeia?eoaiey) «I?aainoaeea iiaaaeeoaeae»,
iioaeeeiaaiiie a aeo?iaea «?iaeeia» ca 1995 aiae, iae ianyoe, aiai?eony
i oii, /oi Noaeei ia Oaaa?aineie eiioa?aioeee iiaeiye oino ca
«i?aainoaeea a?oiiu ?anno?aea» e aiai?ee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe 50 000
?anno?aeia, /oi auei, ii-aeaeeiiio, oooeie, oae eae ?acae?aoaeuenoai
auei /aua anaai aanueia iiae?iaiui. Aeaaea ia Ith?iaa?aneii i?ioeanna
iaaeiiaiuo ieacaeinue 14, a oii /enea ii?aaaeaiu auee: Aaeueia? Oaoo,
O?aioe oii Iaiai, Aain O?eaa. E n?aaee iiiaeo, eioi?ua iieo/eee i?eaiai?
– iiaaoaiea, auee e oa, eioi?ua iieo/eee ca naie caa?noaa caeeth/aiea,
i?e/ai ia anaaaea iiaeeciaiiia (Ea?e Aeaieoe, Eiinoaioei oii Iae?ao,
Aeueaa?o Oiaa? e ae?oaea). Aiiaua aiai?y, Ith?iaa?aneee i?ioeann yaeeny
aeaeii iieeoe/aneei, a ia th?eaee/aneei, eai ia auaeyaeaoue a aeacao
ie?iaie iauanoaaiiinoe oa?nii.

«Oieueei a iaa 1945 aiaea, eiaaea oth?a? aue oaea ia?oa, a iiaaaea a
Aa?iia aeinoeaiooa, a?eoaineia i?aaeoaeuenoai iaeiiaoe niaeaneeinue n
aia?eeaineei e niaaoneei eo?nii ia i?iaaaeaiea iieiiianooaaiiai
noaeaaiiai i?ioeanna… N aeeth/aieai O?aioeee a /enei o/anoieeia
iiaeaioiaee i?ioeanna auei i?iaicaeaoaii nicaeaiea IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIAI
(auaeaeaii iiie) aiaiiiai o?eaoiaea n o/anoeai /aou?ao aea?aeaa. A
ninoaa yoiai o?eaoiaea eaaeaeia i?aaeoaeuenoai aeieaeii auei iacia/eoue
iaeiiai noaeueth e iaeiiai caianoeoaey noaeuee, a oaeaea iaaeieoaeae.
*eaiu o?eaoiaea anei?a eca?aee i?aaenoaaeythuaai Aaeeeia?eoaieth
ei?aea-noaeueth Aeaeaoo?e Eio?aina i?aaenaaeaoaeai ia neooaieyo aeaea,
aeeeaoeony n iiya?y 1945 ii ieoya?ue 1946 aiaea. Aai caianoeoaeue, ny?
Ii?iaii Ae?eao, aue ianiiiaiii i?aa, n/eoay, /oi iie ia/aee «aaee/aeoee
a enoi?ee noaeaaiue i?ioeann». («?iaeeia», 1995, ?5, no?. 62 – 63, Iaeee
Aeaeaeen, «Ith?iaa?aneee i?ioeann: naao e oaie»).

A aiaeu aieiu ?inney caneoaeeaaea neiiaoeth aa?iiaeneeo ia?iaeia e NOA.
«Ioaeanoai niaaoneiai ia?iaea, noiaaoaai inoaiiaeoue iaoeenoneea aienea,
eacaeinue, aeieacuaaei ia oieueei neeo ainoaea?noaa, ii e
ni?aaaaeeeainoue nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?eioeeiia… Neiiaoey e NNN? eae e
nithcieeo ii aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee, eioa?an e nioeeaeueiiio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao e ieaiiaie yeiiiieea ia icia/aee, ?acoiaaony,
i?eie?aiey n eaeaae aeeeoaoo?u i?ieaoa?eaoa». («?iaeeia», 1998, ?8,
Ethaeieea Oaaeaaaa, «Io ethaae aei iaiaaenoe»)… /oi auei iaeiie ec
i?e/ei oieiaeiie aieiu, eioi?ay iineaaeiaaea, oi anoue yaeeanue eoiaii
Aoi?ie ie?iaie, eiaaea oaioe/iay Aia?eea noaea i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoueny
nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?innee n ieaiiaie yeiiiieeie.

Iiaay ?annoaiiaea nee a ie?iaii niiauanoaa noaea iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo
eoiaia Aoi?iaie ie?iaie aieiu. Ana aieaa ia?anoaei i?ioeainoiyiea
iaaeaeo aaaeoueie eaieoaeenoe/aneeie aea?aeaaaie e nioeeaeenoe/aneie
?inneae. Ia ia?aue ieai aunooieei i?ioeainoiyiea ?innee e NOA, eioi?ua
ia ne?uaaee naiaai no?aieaiey aeiaeoueny ie?iaiai ainiiaenoaa. Iniaue
ae?aiaoeci yoiio i?ioeainoiyieth i?eaeaaaei oi, /oi ana yoi i?ienoiaeeei
a yaea?ioth yiioo. Eae ecaanoii, a aaaonoa 1945 ii ?anii?yaeaieth
i?aceaeaioa NOA auee a?ioaiu aoiiiua aiiau ia yiiineea ai?iaea Oe?ineia
e Iaaanaee. A Niaaoneii Nithca aue ?ani?ino?aiai ia yoo oaio no?aoiue e
oaeanathuee ioeueooeeuei «Ainiiiaee Aai», i iaeue/eea, eioi?ue
iaaethaeaao nia?oue io yaea?iie io?aau naieo ?iaeiuo. Iaaeaeo i?i/ei,
no?aoiaa oeeueia oaeania.

Ae?oaie eoia Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi NNN? aian
cia/eoaeueiue aeeaae a iiaaaeo iaae oaoeciii. Niaaonei-aa?iaineee o?iio
ii naiei ianooaaai yaeyeny aeaaiui. Eiaiii ia iai Aa?iaiey iioa?yea
aieaa 75% aii?oaeaiey e 73% ee/iiai ninoaaa.

Niaaoneei Nithcii iiaaaea auea aeinoeaiooa ca n/ao neaaeothueo oeeo?:
1 710 ai?iaeia e nauoa 70 ouny/ nae e aea?aaaiue auee ?aci?aiu e eaaeaee
a ?acaaeeiao. Oie/oiaeaii auei 32 ouny/e oaa?ee e caaiaeia, ?aca?aaeaii
e aci?aaii 427 iocaaa e 43 ouny/e aeaeeioae, oie/oiaeaii 65 ouny/
eeeiiao?ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo iooae, caoiieaii 1 135 oaoo. O?aoe
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa no?aiu aue iaianai iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a.
Nie?auaiea iiaieiauey neioa auei ia 50%, naeiae – ia 65%, e?oiiiai
?iaaoiai neioa – ia 20%. Aac e?iaa inoaeinue 35 ieeeeiiia /aeiaae. Noiia
i?yiuo iioa?ue, i?e/eiaiiuo aieiie, ioeaiaia a 679 ieeeea?aeia ?oaeae.
Anaai yoiai iiaeii auei au ecaaaeaoue, anee a ia ioeaee niaaoneiai
eiiaiaeiaaiey a ia?aua aiaeu aieiu.

Aica?auaiea e ie?iie aeecie a NNN? icia/aei ia?ano?ieeo «aiaiiie
yeiiiieee» ia ie?iue eaae. A iineaaiaiiii iaono?ienoaa ia?iiioth ?ieue
nua?ae i?eoie aeaiuei a ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, i?ei?eoao oaoie/aneie e
i?ioanneiiaeueiie eiiiaoaioiinoe. Aue ineaaeai eiio?ieue ainoaea?noaa
iaae iaeioi?uie oneiaeyie ?uiea – a ?acoeueoaoa iiauneeenue aeioiaeu
naeueneeo aeeoaeae, oae eae iiiu?yeinue iaeeioiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai.
Ianiiiaiii, niya/aiea ia? iiiiaei ?aaeeio i?ieoe eniuoaiea oieiaeiie
aieiie, oae eae iinea aieiu n oaoeciii iaaethaeaeinue iao?eioe/aneia
aaeeiaiea.

Iieiay iieeoeei-ainoaea?noaaiiay eaieooeyoeey Aa?iaiee anooieea a neeo 5
ethiy 1945 aiaea. Iia auea iauyaeaia NOA, Aaeeeia?eoaieae, O?aioeeae e
NNN? eae aeaeea?aoeey AEE: «Cayaeaiea i ii?aaeaiee Aa?iaiee e i?eiyoee
ia naay aa?oiaiie aeanoe iaae Aa?iaieae i?aaeoaeuenoaaie Niaaeeiaiiiai
Ei?ieaanoaa, Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia Aia?eee, Nithca Niaaoneeo
Nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ?anioaeee e A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa O?aioeocneie
?anioaeeee» aianoa n cayaeaieai ia ieeoiaoeeiiiuo ciiao e eiio?ieueiii
iaoaiecia a Aa?iaiee». («?iaeeia», 1995, ?5, no?. 56, ?aeia? Aainai,
O?A, «Eaieooeyoeey: iieiay, ieii/aoaeueiay, aaciaiai?i/iay»).

Ia sseoeineie eiioa?aioeee 4 – 11 oaa?aey 1945 aiaea, eiaaea aeecinoue
iiaaaeu iaae Aa?iaieae auea oaea ii?aaeaeaia, niaaoneay noi?iia
aeiaeeanue neaaeothueo ?acoeueoaoia:

– Ainoi/iay a?aieoea Iieueoe i?ieaeao ii «eeiee Ea?caia»;

– Aiciiaeiia ?an/eaiaiea Aa?iaiee ia ieeoiaoeeiiiua ciiu;

– Ioe?uoea aiaiiuo aeaenoaee i?ioea ssiiiee /a?ac o?e ianyoea iinea
eaieooeyoeee Aa?iaiee: i?eniaaeeiaiea e NNN? THaeiiai Naoaeeia e
Eo?eeueneeo ino?iaia, a?aiaea Ii?o-A?oo?a, eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeey ii?oa
Aeae?ai e yenieoaoaoeey aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai eiiieaena Iaiue/aeo?ee;

– 10 ieeeea?aeia aeieea?ia ?aia?aoeee n Aa?iaiee.

A NNN? aieia iaeaieaa oyaeaei io?aceeanue ia naeueneii oicyenoaa.
Oieueei a 1947 – 1948 aiaeao a ?ON? io aieiaea e naycaiiuo n iei
aieaciae ioi?aaeeenue ia oio naao ieiei 1 ieeeeiia /aeiaae. *enei
o?oaeiniiniaiiai ianaeaiey ca a?aiy aieiu oiaiueoeeinue ii/oe ia o?aoue.
Iioa?e auee ia?iiiu: nie?aoeeanue ieiuaaeue iinaaiuo iieae, oooaeoeeanue
eo ia?aaioea. Ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo eao naei ii/oe ia iieo/aei iiaie
oaoieee, /oi auei naycaii n o?oaeiinoyie ia?aono?ienoaa yeiiiieee ia
ie?iue eaae. A 1946 aiaeo canooa ni?iaioee?iaaea neeueiue aieiae ia
Oe?aeia, a Iieaeaaee, a i?aaiaa?aaeiuo ?aeiiao Ieaeiaai Iiaieaeuey,
Naaa?iii Eaaeaca e a oeaio?aeueiuo /a?iicaiiuo iaeanoyo. Aeey oiai,
/oiau ia?ano?ieoue yeiiiieeo ia ie?iue eaae iaiyeanue ia oieueei
oaoiieiaey i?iecaiaenoaa, ii e i?ienoiaeeea niaia eaae?ia. Oai ia iaiaa,
e eiioeo ia?aie iineaaiaiiie iyoeeaoee niaaoneee ia?iae aeiaeeny o?iaiy
i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ue ia 73% i?aauoae aeiaiaiiue.
Ainnoaiiaeaiea o?ainii?oa e eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe i?eaaei e oaaee/aieth
/eneaiiinoe ?aai/aai eeanna, i?ieaoa?eaoa ia 11 ieeeeiiia /aeiaae. Auee
nicaeaiu aaciaay e aaoiiiaeeueiay, iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuay e
yeaeo?ioaoie/aneay, oi?oyiay io?anee, ?anoeaao eioi?uo iaoneiaeei
ianniaia iineaaiaiiia aiiaeooaaeaiea: ia?iae onoae io aieiu e ?aae aue
aa?iooueny e ie?iie aeecie, ianiio?y ia ai?a, eioi?ia iinaoeei ii/oe
eaaeaeoth naiueth. Iaei eoi ia iieo/ae iioi?iieo eee ia eiae
?iaenoaaiieeia, i?iiaaoeo aac aanoe.

Nithcieee – NNN?, NOA, Aaeeeia?eoaiey, O?aioeey – auioaeea oaoenoneoth
Aa?iaieth e iieiie e aaciaiai?i/iie eaieooeyoeee, ieeoie?iaaee aa
oa??eoi?eth. Aa?iaiey a ?acoeueoaoa Iinoaeaineie eiioa?aioeee (17 ethey
– 2 aaaonoa 1945 aiaea), ia eioi?ie i?enoonoaiaaee A. O?oiyi, O.
*a?/eeeue (n 27 ethey E. Yooee) e E. A. Noaeei a Aa?iaiee aue onoaiiaeai
a?aiaiiue ieeoiaoeeiiiue ?aaeei, niaeanii eioi?iio iiyaeeinue /aou?a
ciiu: niaaoneay ia ainoiea, aia?eeaineay, aiaeeeneay e o?aioeocneay ia
caiaaea. Iaiaoeeea aii?oaeaiiua neeu auee ?aniouaiu, ooaa aa?iaineie
a?iee eeeaeaee?iaai, aiaiiuo i?anooiieeia auei ?aoaii i?aaeaoue noaeo.
Aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiue iioaioeeae iiaaaeaeaiiie Aa?iaiee n oai, /oiau iia
aieueoa ieeiaaea ia i?iecaiaeeea i?oaeea, auei ?aoaii eeeaeaee?iaaoue.
Aeaiie?aoe/aneea einoeooou Aa?iaiee, eae oi: naiaiaea neiaa, ia/aoe,
nia?aiee, ianoiia naiioi?aaeaiea, – aaeeeiaeooii ainnoaiaaeeaaeenue. Aue
nicaeai Nithciue eiio?ieueiue Niaao, eioi?ue oi?aaeye ieeoie?iaaiiie
no?aiie. Yoi ana aeeeeinue aei aeaeaa?y 1946 aiaea, eiaaea auei
inouanoaeaii nia/aea naia?aoiia oi?aaeaiea aia?eeaineie e aiaeeeneeie
ciiaie, a iioii e anai o?aiy. Ana yoi i?eaaei e aicieeiiaaieth aeaoo
aa?iaineeo ainoaea?noa: ia caiaaea – Oaaea?aoeaiie ?anioaeeee Aa?iaiee,
ia ainoiea – Aa?iaineie Aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeee.

A O?A aeaaie ainoaea?noaa Eiinoeoooeey i?iaicaeaneea i?aceaeaioa,
ecae?aaiiai ia iyoue eao, iaeaieaa aeeyoaeueiie ia?oeae noaea
O?enoeainei-Aeaiie?aoe/aneay. Iiae aa ?oeiaiaenoaii O?A i?aiaeieaea
iineaaiaiioth ?ac?ooo e auoea ia iaeii ec ia?auo iano ii iauaio iauaio
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea. Iiaia aa?iaineia
ainoaea?noai auei iniiaaii ia ia/aeao oaaea?aeecia – aeaa iaeaou
ia?eaiaioa: Aoiaeanoaa e Aoiaean?ao.

Ainoi/iay Aa?iaiey, caiyoay Niaaoneie a?ieae e oi?aaeyaiay niaaoneie
aiaiiie aaeieieno?aoeeae, i?iaaea ?aoi?iu nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a:
eiioeneaoeeth eiouanoaa iiiiiieee, aa?a?ioth ?aoi?io e ana oi, /oi
niioaaonoaiaaei nioeeaeenoe/aneie i?eaioaoeee a i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
naeueneii oicyenoaa. Auea au?aaioaia eiinoeoooeey aoaeouae AAe?.
I?aaeoaeuenoai NNN? i?aaeinoaaeei iieiiii/ey oi?aaeaiey no?aiie
i?aaeoaeuenoao AAe?. Nioeeaeenoe/aneay aaeeiay ia?oey Aa?iaiee (NAIA) a
1952 aiaeo i?eiyea ?aoaiea i no?ieoaeuenoaa nioeeaeecia a AAe?. Oae
i?iecioei «?acaeaiaiea» oaoenoneie Aa?iaiee iinea aieiu. Caaaaay
aia?aae, iiaeii neacaoue, /oi ionoaaaiea AAe? io O?A ii o?iaith aeecie
i?eaaei a aeaeueiaeoai e neeyieth aeaoo i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo ii iano?ith, ii
?aaiuo ii ycueo, o?aaeeoeeyi e enoi?ee no?ai a iaeio no?aio.

Aa?anney ieeeoa?enoneie ssiiiee e oaoenoneie Eoaeee oaeaea auea
iiaaaeaeaia. A ssiiiee aue onoaiiaeai aia?eeaioeaie ieeoiaoeeiiiue
?aaeei. Yeiiiie/aneee no?ie ssiiiee noae eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneei. A
Eoaeee aue onoaiiaeai aia?eeaioeaie ieeoiaoeeiiiue ?aaeei. Yeiiiie/aneee
no?ie ssiiiee noae eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneei. A Eoaeee, a eioi?ie
ia?iiioth ?ieue a ai?ueaa n oaoeciii nua?aei Aeaeaeaiea nii?ioeaeaiey, n
iiiiuueth aiaei-aia?eeaineeo aiene auea onoaiiaeaia ?anioaeeea. 10
aeaeaa?y 1974 aiaea no?aiaie aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee aue caeeth/ai
ie?iue aeiaiai? n Eoaeeae. I?iaicaeaoaeinue ?acaeoea Eoaeee eae
naiaiaeiiai aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa; ca Aeaaieae e Yoeiieae,
eioi?ua Eoaeey ?aiaa caoaaoeea, i?eciaaaeny noaa?aieoao. Auee aica?auaiu
oa??eoi?ee A?aoeee. Io Eeaee, Eoaeueyineie Niiaee e Y?eo?ae Eoaeey
ioeacaeanue, e ath auee auiea/aiu ?aia?aoeee oai no?aiai, eioi?ui iia
iaianea oua?a.

O?aioeey, inaiaiaeaeaiiay aiaei-aia?eeaineeie aieneaie io iaiaoeeeo
caoaao/eeia a 1944 aiaeo, noaea a 1946 aiaeo ia?eaiaioneie ?anioaeeeie.
Aaeeeia?eoaiey iinea Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu i?eciaea i?aai Eiaeee ia
iacaaeneiinoue. E oae aeaeaa.

Iaeia ec i?e/ei Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu – yoi yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen 1929 –
1933 aiaeia, no?aieaiea anao no?ai, iino?aaeaaoeo io iaai, i?aiaeieaoue
aai iaaaoeaiua iineaaenoaey.

«A iieneao ?acaycee i?iaeai, iaeiieaoeony a noa?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, auei ?aoaii nicaaoue niaoeeaeueioth
eiioa?aioeeth, eioi?ay ia/aea naith ?aaioo a ethia 1933 a. a Eiiaeiia.
Iia iieacaea eeoue oi, /oi a n?aaea aaeeeeo aea?aeaa nouanoaotho
niaa?oaiii ianoueothueany acaeyaeu ia oi, eae aeieaeai ?aaioaoue
iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaethoii-oeiainiaue iaoaieci». («Anaiauay enoi?ey»,
ni?aai/iee nooaeaioa, ANO Ecaeaoaeuenoai, Iineaa, 1999, no?. 532).

Ia?aie noaea aeaenoaiaaoue ssiiiey: a ieoya?a 1931 aiaea iia
ieeoie?iaaea Iaiue/aeo?eth. A yiaa?a 1933 aiaea a Aa?iaiee e aeanoe
i?eoae Aeoea?. Ii oioae ooaa?aeeoue «iiaue ie?iaie ii?yaeie, /oi
i?aaeii?aaeaeeei iiaue ie?iaie aeiaaeueiue eiioeeeo. A Aa?iia auee
neeueiu aioeniaaoneea iano?iaiey, /oi iiiaoaei naeeaeaieth O?aioeee e
NNN? i?ioea Aeoea?a.

A ieoya?a 1933 aiaea Aa?iaiey auoea ec Eeae iaoeee, /oi auei auciaii
ie?iaiio niiauanoao. A Aa?iaiee iieiui oiaeii oei ia?aueaaiea aiaiiie
iiue. Aaeeeia?eoaieth aieiiaae aii?in i iiaeeeth/aiee Aeoea?a e
i?ioeanno iiaea?iecaoeee Aa?naeuenei-Aaoeiaoiineie nenoaiu. Aa?iaiey,
Eoaeey e ssiiiey auee caeioa?aniaaiu a auno?aeoai aeaiiioaaea
Aa?naeuenei-Aaoeiaoiineie nenoaiu iin?aaenoaii ioe?iaaiiiai ?ac?ooaiey
aa aaciauo oeiaeaiee. A 1935 – 1937 aiaeao auei oaea ynii, /oi yoe
no?aiu acyee eo?n ia ?acaae nouanoaothueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee.
Aiaeey, O?aioeey, NNN?, NOA iieaaaee a iaeeii/eo ni?aaeoueny n
iianiinoueth. Iiyoiio «aea?aeaaai ine» aue iaania/ai oniao a ia/aea
aieiu. Ecaaaeaoue aieiu auei iaaiciiaeii iinea inaie 1938 aiaea, eiaaea
29 – 30 naioya?y a Ithioaia auei aeaii aeia?i Aiaeeae e O?aioeeae ia
?an/eaiaiea *aoineiaaeee. Ia/aeny ia?ae?ie ea?ou ie?a. Aoi?ay ie?iaay
aieia ia/aeanue 1 naioya?y 1939 aiaea iaiaaeaieai Aa?iaiee ia Iieueoo.

Ianiio?y ia ana naie oaeanu e iioa?e, Aoi?ay ie?iaay aieia eciaieea
iaeee anaai ie?a. «Iia ecaaaeea ie? io naiuo oaeaniuo a enoi?ee
?aaeeiia, iieiaeeea eiiaoe aeai?annee e i?ieiaeeea iooue e aani?eia?iiio
?anoeaaoo. Iia ?acaoaeeea a ethaeyo iao?eioeci… Iia onoaiiaeea iiaue
ie?iaie ii?yaeie ai aeaaa n NOA e nicaeaea I?aaiecaoeeth Iauaaeeiaiiuo
Iaoeee». («?iaeeia», 1995, ?5, no?.41, Aeai AEainiii, NOA, «O?aoee
o?iio»)…

Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:

1. «Anaie?iay enoi?ey» iiae ?aaeaeoeeae aeaaeaieea A.A. Iieyea,
i?ioanni?a A.I. Ia?eiaie. Iineaa, «THIEOE», 1997;

2. «?iaeeia», 1995, ?5, ?inneeneee enoi?e/aneee aeo?iae;

3. «?iaeeia». 1998, ?8;

4. «Anaiauay enoi?ey». Ni?aai/iee nooaeaioa, ANO Ecaeaoaeuenoai, Iineaa,
1999;

5. «Anaiauay enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa». O/aaiee iiae ?aaeaeoeeae
E.E. Aaou?a, TH?ENOU, Iineaa, 1998;

6. A.E. Ii?yeia, A.A. Oaaei?ia, TH.A. Uaoeiia, «Enoi?ey ?innee»,
Ecaeaoaeuenoai Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa, Ecaeaoaeuenoai AEN, 1996;

7. A.N. I?eia, A.A. Aai?aeaa, I.A. Aai?aeaaa, O.A. Neaioeia, «Enoi?ey
?innee», o/aaiee, 2-a ecaeaiea, «I?iniaeo», Iineaa, 2002;

8. «Eeth/ e enoi?ee Ioa/anoaa», Ecaeaoaeuenoai Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa,
1995;

9. I. Aa?o, «Enoi?ey Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa», «I?IA?ANN – AEAAeAIEss»,
Iineaa, 1995.

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