Aaaaeaiea
1.Ainnoaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa NNN? a iineaaiaiiua
aiaeu (1945-1953 aa.)
1.1.Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay «iooaiaeue» ia?auo iineaaiaiiuo eao
1.2.Ainnoaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa NNN?
1.3.Oe?aieaiea oioaeeoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneie nenoaiu
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
Enoi?ey iiiaeo ainoaea?noa – yoi eaeaeaeineii aa?ie/aneeo e o?aae/aneeo,
?aaeinoiuo e ia/aeueiuo niauoee, naycaiiuo n aeeciueth ia?iaeia,
?acaeoeai yeiiiieee e eoeueoo?u, ai?ueaie ca nai? ianoiyuaa e aoaeouaa.
Ia ciay i?ioeiai no?aiu, o?oaeii ioeaieaaoue ianoiyuaa e ioeaieaaoue
aoaeouaa.
Iaeiei ec a?iciuo eniuoaiee aeey niaaoneiai ia?iaea auea Aaeeeay
Ioa/anoaaiiay aieia. Iaiaaeaiea aeoea?ianeie Aa?iaiee ia iaoo no?aio
i?a?aaei ie?iue niceaeaoaeueiue o?oae iiiai iaoeeiiaeueiie naiuee
ia?iaeia NNN? – ia?aiai ia ieaiaoa nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa.
?acaycaiiay oaoenoaie aieia noaea naiie aeanoieie e oyae?eie ec anao
aiei a enoi?ee iaoae ?iaeeiu.
A ai?ueaa n oaoenoneeie caoaao/eeaie, a ainnoaiiaeaiee ?ac?ooaiiiai
a?aaii oicyenoaa Niaaoneee Nithc iie?aeny ia yeiiiie/aneoth aaco,
nicaeaiioth a aiaeu aei aiaiiuo iyoeeaoie. Ia?aaace?iaaiea a ia/aea
aieiu i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee ia ainoie no?aiu eiaei ?aoathuaa
cia/aiee aeey oe?aieaiey aiaiiie iiue, yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu,
?aca?iia a?aaa, ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
Ianooaau ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo ?aaio auee oaeeie, eaeeo ia ciaea iaoa
no?aia ca anth iiiaiaaeiaoth enoi?eth. A ?acoeueoaoa aiaiiuo aeaenoaee,
a?aiaiiie ieeoiaoeee /anoe oa??eoi?ee, aa?aa?noaa e caa?noa aa?iaineeo
oaoenoia iaoaio ainoaea?noao aue iaian?i iaaeaeaiiue a enoi?ee
yeiiiie/aneee oua?a e o?ii a ethaeneeo ?ano?nao. Niaaoneee Nithc iioa?ye
ieiei 30% iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa e 20 iei. /aeiaae. Auei ?ac?ooaii
1710 ai?iaeia e iin?eeia, aieaa 70 oun. n?e e aea?aaaiue. Oieueei a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe auee auaaaeaiee ec no?iy iniiaiua oiiaeu noieiinoueth a
42 ie?ae. ?oa. Iauee yeiiiie/aneee oua?a, iaian?iiue iaoaio
ainoaea?noao, ninoaaee 2,6 o?ei. ?oa.
Caaieiaeii oniaoa, aeinoeaiooiai a ainnoaiiaeaiee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
no?aiu, auea ioae?ay iieeoeea Eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee – eieoeeaoi?a,
aaeioiiaeoaey e ?oeiaiaeeoaey anao aaaeiaeoeo ainoaea?noaaiiue
ia?ii?eyoee; aaeeeay ae?oaeaa niaaoneeo ia?iaeia, eo eioa?iaoeeiiaeeci e
acaeiiiiiiuue.
Eoiaii naiiioaa?aeaiiiai o?oaea ?aai/eo, eieoiciiai e?anoueyinoaa e
eioaeeeaaioeee anao nithciuo ?anioaeee auei ainnoaiiaeaiea ai?iaeia e
n?e, caaiaeia e eieoicia – anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa iaoae no?aiu.
N caaa?oaieai Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu no?aia aa?ioeanue e ie?iiio
niceaeaoaeueiiio o?oaeo. Ia?aae ainoaea?noaii, anai niaaoneei ia?iaeii
noiyee aeaaiua caaea/e ainnoaiiaeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea – cae?aieoue
iiaaaeo, a e?ao/aeoee n?ie ainnoaiiaeoue ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, aeiaeoueny
iiuiiai iiaeuaia yeiiiieee e eoeueoo?u, iaania/eoue aeaaininoiyiea e
aeinoieiue aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue niaaoneeo ethaeae. Yoe caaea/e aeieaeai
aue ?aoeoue /aoaa?oue iyoeeaoiee ieai ainnoaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa NNN? ia 1946-1950 aiaeu.
1. . AINNOAIIAEAIEA E ?ACAEOEA IA?IAeIIAI OICssENOAA NNN? A IINEAAIAIIUA
AIAeU (1945 – 1953 aa.)
1.1. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay «iooaiaeue» ia?auo iineaaiaiiuo eao
Aieia, ?aneieia ie? ia aeaa a?aaeaeothueo eaaa?y, aaeeeie iiaaaeie
aiiaue niaaeeieea aai, iaaeyaeii i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaa i?ei?eoao
iaua/aeiaa/aneeo eioa?ania iaae eeanniauie. Ianoaiiaea a ie?a e nai
eeeiao iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee eciaieeenue. A?aiaiii
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo anaie aaaeoueie aea?aeaaaie
(Aa?iaiey e ssiiiey iaaeieai auauee eo /enea) i?eia?aee ia?oia?neee,
eacaeinue, aeaaea ae?oaeanoaaiiue oa?aeoa?. Iaaeaaeaeu ia ie?iia,
aa?iiie/iia ?acaeoea aiooaei e nicaeaiea I?aaiecaoeee Iauaaeeiaiiuo
Iaoeee. NNN? aia?aua noae ia oieueei iieiii?aaiui /eaiii ie?iaiai
niiauanoaa, ii e iaeiei ec aai i?eciaiiuo eeaea?ia. Aeey aeanyoeia e
nioai ieeeeiiia ethaeae aia?aua ca iiiaea aiaeu en/ac ia?ac aiaoiaai
a?aaa. Eieinnaeueiue aeeaae a iiaaaeo Niaaoneiai Nithca aucaae anieane
neiiaoee ia Caiaaea, canoaaee caauoue i ?aneoea/eaaiee e “aieueoii
oa??i?a”. Aeaaiaea?y naiiioaa?aeaiiie ai?ueaa n oaoeciii e ?inioneo
Eiieioa?ia (a 11943 a.) ?acei aic?in aaoi?eoao eiiia?oee ia Caiaaea (n
1939 ii 1946 a. eo /eneaiiinoue aic?inea a 2,9 ?aca). Iie ia?anoaee
?anniao?eaaoueny a ea/anoaa iiae?uaiuo i?aaiecaoeee E?aiey, a a
iaeioi?uo no?aiao auee aeecee e i?eoiae)/ e aeanoe.
Aeey NNN? aieia yaeeanue ii nouanoao, ia?aui “ioe?uoeai” Caiaaea. Ia?aue
e, eae i?aaeei, iineaaeiee) ?ac iiauaaa ca a?aieoeae, iiiaea ieeeeiiu
niaaoneeo a?aaeaeai (a ninoaaa aeaenoaothuae a?iee – aei 8-10 iei. e aua
5,5 iei. ?aiao?eaioia) niiaee naie ioeaieoue e niiinoaaeoue aeinoeaeaiey
caiaaeiie oeeaeeecaoeee ni naieie nianoaaiiuie. Aani?aoeaaeaioiia ca
anth niaaoneoth enoi?eth oe?ieia nio?oaeie/anoai n “eiia?eaeenoe/aneeie
no?aiaie” a ai?ueaa n iauei a?aaii e ineaaeaiea eaeaieiae/aneiai
iaieioee?iaaiey a aiaeu aieiu iieieaaaee ooaa?aeeaoeany noa?aioeiu e
aucaaee eioa?an e neiiaoee e Caiaaeo.
Eiia/ii, yoi iioaieaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eeeiaoa ia iiaei auoue ia
aeoaieei, ie aeeeoaeueiui. A ionoonoaea niea/eaathuee ie? nia?oaeueiie
oa?icu (eaeiaie yaeyeny oaoeci, a aiineaaenoaee noaea iianiinoue
yaea?iiai naiioie/oiaeaiey /aeiaa/anoaa) ecia/aeueii caeiaeaiiua
i?ioeai?a/ey aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee, aaiiieeoe/aneea eioa?anu
aea?aeaa iaecaaaeii aaee e iiaiio ?aneieo ia a?aaeaeothuea aeiee, a nai
ie – e oieiaeiie aieia.
Oai ia iaiaa, aeanoeay eiio?iioaoeey, ia ?ac iiaeaiaeeaoay ie? e
i?aaeaeaa?eth o?aoueae ie?iaie aieiu, ia niiaea oie/oiaeeoue aei eiioea
eaeae “iauaai aeiia”, ie?iaiai aaeeinoaa. Aeey NNN? aieia aeaea eiioeuen
e aeaiie?aoe/aneiio iaiiaeaieth nenoaiu, eioi?ue cayaeye i naaa oi a
iiiuoeao ?aoi?i, oi ai anieaneao e?eoe/aneie aieiu “nieco”. *a?aaeoynue
n ia?eiaeaie “cae?o/eaaiey aaae”, iauanoaaiiie aiaoee, yoe yaeaiey
nii?iaiaeaeaee niaaoneia iauanoai ia i?ioyaeaiee anae iineaaiaiiie
enoi?ee.
Ianiio?y ia ?ac?ooo, aieiaeioth, a ca/anooth aacaeiiioth aeeciue,
aeiieiaioie iauanoaaiiuo iano?iaiee a ia?aua iineaaiaiiua aiaeu auea
iaaeaaeaea ia eo/oaa aoaeouaa. Iaeiaei e 1947-1948 aa. “a?aiaiiua
o?oaeiinoe”, e?eoe/aneea iano?iaiey a ia?iaea io auoiauo iaiauaiee noaee
iiaeieiaoueny aei e?eoeee aeanoae. Yoiio niinianoaiaaei e oi, /oi aieia
inoaaeea iicaaee oaeooeeaoth aoiinoa?o eiioea 30-o aa. E eciaieea
/anoe/ii iauanoaaiiia niciaiea ieeeeiiia. Aieia i?eo/eea iiiaeo
e?eoe/anee iuneeoue, eieoeeaoeaii aeaenoaiaaoue, a?aoue ia naay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. I?ioaaeoei neaicue ai?ieei aieiu eacaeinue, /oi ie?iay
aeeciue aoaeao ia oieueei niieieiie, caaeeoi/iie, ii e nianai eiie, /ai
i?aaeaea. N?aaee ia?iaea oiaeeee neooe i ?inionea eieoicia e aeaaea
AEI(a). Yoe iayniua, /anoi iainiciaiiua no?aieaiey e naiaiaea ia
iiaeieiaeenue, eae i?aaeei, aei e?eoeee nioeeaeenoe/aneie nenoaiu e
ee/iinoe Noaeeia. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeyee i?eniaaeeiaiiua ia?aae aieiie
iaeanoe Oe?aeiu, Aaei?onnee, I?eaaeoeea, aaea nouanoaiaaei aeoeaiia
iai?eyoea nioeeaeenoe/aneeo eaeae, e a oa/aiea ?yaea eao, a ia Caiaaeiie
Oe?aeia aei ia/aea 50-o aa. aeeth/eoaeueii, iieuoaea ianoiyuay
ia?oecaineay aieia i?ioea Niaaoneie aeanoe. Aieaa ?aaeeeaeueii auei
iano?iaii iiaia, oieueei anooiaaoaa iinea aieiu a aeeciue iieieaiea,
eioi?ia auei iaiueoa ia?aiaiaii eaeaieiae/aneeie aeiaiaie (neaaenoaea
aiaiiie ianoaiiaee e ineaaeaiey eaeaieiae/aneiai “i?iiuaaiey” iicaia). A
n?aaea yoiai iieieaiey aicieeatho iieiaeaaeiua a?oiiu (a Iineaa,
Ai?iiaaea, Naa?aeeianea, *aeyaeinea e ae?oaeo ai?iaeao), eioi?ua
caieiatho aioenoaeeineea (ii i?inioeeaeenoe/aneea) iiceoeee.
Aeaaea cia/eoaeueiie /anoe ia?oeeii-ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa
(nouanoaaiii iaiiaeaiiiai ca aiaeu aieiu) aieia iieacaea iaaiciiaeiinoue
nio?aiaiey a i?aaeiai aeaea anao aeiaiaiiuo ii?yaeeia. A 1946-1947 Aa.
i?e ninoaaeaiee e ianoaeaeaiee (cae?uoii) i?iaeoia iiauo Eiinoeoooeee
NNN? e I?ia?aiiu AEI(a) ia?oeeiuie e ainoaea?noaaiiuie ?aaioieeaie
no?aiu auee auneacaiu iiiaea i?ia?anneaiua ii oai a?aiaiai
i?aaeeiaeaiey: i aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, i
eeeaeaeaoeee noaeia e o?eaoiaeia aiaiiiai a?aiaie, i ?anoe?aiee
aioo?eia?oeeiie aeaiie?aoee, ?ac?aaioea i?eioeeiia ?ioaoeee eaae?ia e o.
i. Iaino?aiea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee, neiioiiu iieeoe/aneie
ianoaaeeueiinoe iinoaaeee ?oeiaiaenoai no?aiu ia?aae aeeeaiiie: eeai –
?aoi?iu, eeai – aica?auaiea e aeiaiaiiiio noaeeineiio eo?no. Noaeei
aua?ae iineaaeiaa.
1.2. Ainnoaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa NNN?
Aaeeeay Ioa/anoaaiiay aieia caeii/eeanue aaeeeie iiaaaeie ia?iaeia iaoae
no?aiu iaae neeueiui e aeanoieei aa?anni?ii. Ii yoi auei aeinoeaiooi
oeaiie ia?iiiuo ethaeneeo e iaoa?eaeueiuo iioa?ue. Ca anth enoi?eth
/aeiaa/anoaa ie iaeia no?aia ia iiianea oaeie o?ii a ?acoeueoaoa aiaiiuo
aeaenoaee. Niaaoneee Nithc iioa?ye ieiei 30% iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa e
aeanyoee ieeeeiiia /aeiaae.
N ia?auo aeiae ecaiaiey oaoenoneeo ieeoiaioia n niaaoneie oa??eoi?ee
ia/aeenue ?aaiou ii ainnoaiiaeaieth oicyenoaa inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiia.
Oaea 29 aeaeaa?y 1941a. auoiaeeo iinoaiiaeaiea NIE NNN? i ainnoaiiaeaiee
oaoo a Iiaeiineiaiii oaieueiii aannaeia. A 1943 a. aeey i?aaiecaoeee
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo ?aaio a Niaaoa Ia?iaeiuo Eiienna?ia NNN? aue
ia?aciaai niaoeeaeueiue eiieoao, a a Ainieaia NNN? — oi?aaeaiea,
iaania/eaathuaa ieaie?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe anao aaaeiinoa, i?e/anoiuo e
yoie ?aaioa. Iinoaiiaeaiea OeE AEI (a) e NIE NNN? io 21 aaaonoa 1943 a.
“I iaioeiaeiuo ia?ao ii ainnoaiiaeaieth oicyenoaa a ?aeiiao,
inaiaiaeaeaiiuo io iaiaoeeie ieeoiaoeee” iaiaoeei i?ia?aiio
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo ?aaio, ii?aaeaeeei n?aaenoaa aeey eo inouanoaeaiey. A
Ainieaia NNN? e iao/iuo o/?aaeaeaieyo auee ?ac?aaioaiu e?aoein?i/iua e
aeieain?i/iua ieaiu ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa eae a oeaeii,
oae e ii ioaeaeueiui io?aneyi.
A ?acoeueoaoa oneeee anao niaaoneeo ia?iaeia ii aic?iaeaeaieth
i?iiuoeaiiinoe inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiia ainnoaiaaeeaaeny yeiiiie/aneee
iioaioeeae no?aiu. Ana ?anioaeeee iiiiaaee ainnoaiaaeeaaoue naeueneia
oicyenoai a inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiao. Iai?eia?, aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey a ieo
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa Eacaoneay NN? auaeaeeea 550 oun. aieia neioa,
Ee?aecneay NN? — nauoa 130 oun., A?oceineay NN? — ieiei 30 oun. aieia.
Oaeei ia?acii, aic?iaeaeaaiua eieoicu iieo/eee 1,7 iei. aieia neioa e
516,8 oun. aieia aeiiaoiae ioeoeu. Ainoaea?noai iaaeaeyei eieoicieeia
naiaiiui oiiaeii. A 1944 a. aeey i?iaaaeaiey iinaaiie eaiiaiee ec
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?aca?aia auaeaeeee 50 oun. o ca?ia. Oieueei a
Eeoianeoth NN? auei caaacaii a 1945 a. 10 oun. o naiyi ca?iiauo e 4 oun.
o ea?oioaey. Oaea a 1944 a. a inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiao auei canayii nauoa
16 iei. aa iaoie. A ia/aea 1945 a. ia inaiaiaeaeaiiie caiea auei
ainnoaiiaeaii 84700 eieoicia, 1883 niaoica e 3093 iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iua
noaioeee. Eie auei canayii 72% aeiaiaiiuo ieiuaaeae e iieo/aii 51%
aeiaiaiiie naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, a oii /enea iieiaeia
oiaa?iiai ca?ia, nauoa 75% naoa?iie naaeeu, 30% iieiea e iiei/iie
i?iaeoeoeee, 25% neioa e ioeoeu.
Iinea ieii/aiey aieiu, ianiio?y ia oneeey, aeiaiaiiue o?iaaiue ?acaeoey
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ii iniiaiui iieacaoaeyi ia aue aeinoeaioo. Iauai
i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee ninoaaee 91% e o?iaith 1940 a., aeiau/a oaey —
90%, iaooe — 62%, auieaaea /oaoia — 59%, noaee — 67%, auione oeaie —
41%, a?ociiai?io anao aeaeia o?ainii?oa — 76%, ?icie/iue oiaa?iiai?io —
43%, n?aaeiaaiaeiaay /eneaiiinoue ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo — 87%. Iinaaiua
ieiuaaee nie?aoeeenue ia 37 iei. aa, a iiaieiauea neioa oiaiueoeeinue ia
7 iei. aieia. Aeioiae no?aiu a 1945 a. ninoaaee 83% e o?iaith 1940 a.
Iaeaieaa oyaeaei io?aceeanue aieia ia o?oaeiauo ?ano?nao: /enei ?aai/eo
e neoaeaueo nieceeinue ia 5,3 iei. /aeiaae, a oii /enea a i?iiuoeaiiinoe
— ia 2,4 iei., a naeueneie ianoiinoe eiee/anoai o?oaeiniiniaiiai
ianaeaiey oiaiueoeeinue ia 1/3, o?oaeiniiniaiuo ioae/ei – ia 60%1.
E yeiiiie/aneei i?iaeaiai NNN? aeiaaaeeenue e aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea. Oaea a
ia/aea 1946 a. auaoea nithcieee ii aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee
iaoiaeeeenue a ninoiyiee “oieiaeiie aieiu”. Niaaoneee Nithc aue eeoai
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie iiiiue e a ainnoaiiaeaiee ?ac?ooaiiiai aieiie
oicyenoaa aeieaeai aue iie?aoueny ia nianoaaiiua neeu.
Iyoeeaoiee ieai ainnoaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
A ia?oa 1946 a. ia nannee Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? aue ooaa?aeaeai
iyoeeaoiee ieai ainnoaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ia
1946—1950 aa. Iniiaiay aai caaea/a — ainnoaiiaeoue iino?aaeaaoea io
aieiu ?aeiiu no?aiu, aeinoe/ue aeiaiaiiiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa, a caoai i?aacieoe aai. Iyoeeaoiee
ieai aue iaoeaeai ia auno?aeoaa ainnoaiiaeaiea ?aeiiia, iino?aaeaaoeo io
oaoenoneie ieeoiaoeee, aeeth/aiea eiathueony a ieo i?e?iaeiuo,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e ethaeneeo ?ano?nia a yeiiiie/aneee iioaioeeae
ainoaea?noaa.
Aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aaeoniio?aiiuo iyoeeaoiei ieaiii ?aaio ii
ainnoaiiaeaieth e ?acaeoeth ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa iaiaoiaeei aue
cia/eoaeueiue iauai eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee. Ca aiaeu /aoaa?oie iyoeeaoee
?acia? eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e eiiia?aoeaiuo
i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee ninoaaee 348,7 ie?ae. ?oa. Ec yoie noiiu
aieaa /aoaa?oe auei i?aaeinoaaeaii ?aaeiiai, iino?aaeaaoei ai a?aiy
aieiu. Oeiaine?iaaiea eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee o?aaiaaei cia/eoaeueiuo
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia. Aaiaeeiua a yenieoaoaoeeth ainnoaiiaeaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey ioaeii auei iaaeaeeoue iaiaoiaeeiuie iai?ioiuie
n?aaenoaaie. Inouanoaeaiea nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee oaeaea
o?aaiaaei oaaee/aiey athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee.
A iineaaiaiiua aiaeu ia ninoiyiee niaaoneeo oeiainia aeaaii?eyoii
io?aceeenue eciaiaiey a no?oeoo?a iauanoaaiiiai i?iaeoeoa. Oaaee/eeanue
aeiey i?iiuoeaiiinoe a i?iecaiaenoaa niaieoiiiai iauanoaaiiiai
i?iaeoeoa. Cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eeenue oaiiu ?inoa iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea no?aiu. A 1949 a. aeioiae aic?in ia 17%, a a 1950 a. — oaea ia
21% e i?aaeuaeouaio aiaeo (ca 1949—1950 aa. aaeaaiaeii oaaee/eaaeny ia
19%). Aaaeiaeoeie oaeoi?aie ?inoa iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea auee
oaaee/aiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea, nouanoaaiiay yeiiiiey a
?anoiaeiaaiee anao ?ano?nia ia aaeeieoeo i?iaeoeoeee.
Oaeei ia?acii, niaa?oainoaiaaiea no?oeoo?u iauanoaaiiiai i?iaeoeoa,
?acaeoea i?iecaiaenoaa niaeaenoaiaaee ?inoo iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea
no?aiu, oe?aieaieth oeiainiaie nenoaiu e aeeiaie/iiio ?acaeoeth
ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa NNN?, eioi?ue ca aiaeu iineaaiaiiie
iyoeeaoee au?in n 325 aei 422 ie?ae. ?oa.
Oe?aieaieth oeiainiaie nenoaiu a iineaaiaiiua aiaeu niinianoaiaaea e
aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia 1947 a. A aiaeu aieiu a ?acoeueoaoa ia?iiiuo aiaiiuo
?anoiaeia e aeaoeoeeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ainoaea?noai
auioaeaeaii auei i?eaaaiooue e aeaiaaeiie yiennee. E?iia oiai, ia
a?aiaiii ieeoie?iaaiiuo oa??eoi?eyo oaoenou a oeaeyo iiae?uaa yeiiiieee
NNN? ionoeee a iai?io cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai oaeueoeauo aeaiaa. Ana
yoi i?eaaei e oiio, /oi iinea aieiu a ia?auaiee eiaeanue aeaiaaeiay
ianna, a 3,8 ?aca i?aauoathuay aeiaiaiioth e cia/eoaeueii i?aauoathuay
iio?aaiinoe ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, aneaaenoaea /aai iieoiaoaeueiay
niiniaiinoue ?oaey nieceeanue.
Aeey ?acaeoey oic?an/aoa, oe?aieaiey oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee a
ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, ainnoaiiaeaiey iieiioeaiiinoe niaaoneiai ?oaey,
iiauoaiey ?iee aeaiaa iaiaoiaeeii auei ecuyoue ec ia?auaiey eceeoae
aeaiaaeiie iannu. Iaeiia?aiaiii n aeaiaaeiie ?aoi?iie auea ioiaiaia
ea?oi/iay nenoaia. Aueaeaeaiiua a 1946—1950 aa. ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai
athaeaeaoa 708,4 ie?ae. ?oa. noaee aeaaiui enoi/ieeii oeiaine?iaaiey
ia?ii?eyoee ii ainnoaiiaeaieth io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, eo
oaoie/aneiio ia?aaii?oaeaieth. Ainnoaiiaeaiea io?aneae ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa naea?aeeaaeinue o?oaeiinoyie, eioi?ua eniuouaaei ia?iaeiia
oicyenoai a iineaaiaiiua aiaeu. A eo /enea iaoaaoea o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia,
no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia, iai?oaeiaaiey, nu?uey.
Ia?aaiae yeiiiieee a aiaeu aieiu ia aiaiiua ?aeuenu i?eaae e
aeeni?iii?oeeyi a ?acaeoee ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eioi?ua
iaaei auei i?aiaeieaoue. I?aaenoiyei ainnoaiiaeoue ?ac?ooaiiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua nayce ia oieueei iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie,
ii e i?iiuoeaiiuie oeaio?aie no?aiu, ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoue, niia?acoynue n
caaea/aie ie?iiai a?aiaie, iaoa?eaeueiua, oeiainiaua e o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu
iaaeaeo io?aneyie ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, cia/eoaeueii iiauneoue a iauai
iauaia i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa oaeaeueiue aan a?aaeaeaineie
i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee.
Ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie iineaaiaiiiai ia?eiaea auei ni/aoaiea
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo ?aaio n iiaui no?ieoaeuenoaii i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee. Oieueei a inaiaiaeaeaiiuo io oaoenoia ?anioaeeeao e
iaeanoyo auei ia/aoi no?ieoaeuenoai 263 iiauo i?aaei?eyoee. A eo /enea
oaeea e?oiiua iauaeou, eae Eo?neee caaiae ?aceiioaoie/aneeo ecaeaeee,
Ieineee aaoiiiaeeueiue caaiae, ?aeueni-aaei/iue noai e aethieia ia
iaoaeeo?ae/aneii caaiaea “Acianoaeue” e ae?. Ianooaau e oaiiu
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo ?aaio e iiaiai no?ieoaeuenoaa auee oaeiau, /oi
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iieacaoaee ii aaaeiaeoei io?aneyi ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
e eiioeo iyoeeaoee auee auoa, /ai aei aieiu. Oae, oaey auei aeiauoi ia
57% aieueoa, /ai a 1940 a., iaooe — ia 22%, i?iecaiaenoai /a?iuo
iaoaeeia aic?inei ia 45%, i?iaeoeoeee iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo caaiaeia — a
aeaa ?aca.
Aieia iaianea oyaeaeaeoee o?ii naeueneiio oicyenoao. Oaoenou ?ac?ooeee e
?aca?aaeee aieaa 40% anao eieoicia e niaoicia. O?oaeiniiniaiia ianaeaiea
a naeueneie ianoiinoe nie?aoeeinue n 35,4 iei. aei 23,9 iei. /aeiaae.
*eneaiiinoue o?aeoi?ia a naeueneii oicyenoaa ninoaaeea 59% aeiaiaiiiai
o?iaiy, a eiee/anoai eioaaeae nieceeinue n 14,5 aei 6,5 iei. aieia. Yoi
i?eaaei e nie?auaieth iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae ia 36 iei. aa e nieaeaieth
aaeiaiai nai?a ca?ia n 762 aei 333 iei. oe. A oeaeii iauai aaeiaie
i?iaeoeoeee naeueneiai oicyenoaa oiaiueoeeny ia 40%. Iinea Aaeeeie
Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu o?iaaiue naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ii
n?aaiaieth n aeiaiaiiui ieacaeny ieaea, /ai o?iaaiue iinea Ia?aie
ie?iaie aieiu e A?aaeaeaineie aieiu.
A ia?aue aiae iineaaiaiiie iyoeeaoee e ia?iiiiio oua?ao, iaianaiiiio
naeueneiio oicyenoao aieiie, i?eaaaeeinue noeoeeiia aaaenoaea. A 1946 a.
Oe?aeio, Iieaeaaeth, iaeanoe Oeaio?aeueii-*a?iicaiiie ciiu, Ieaeiaa e
/anoue N?aaeiaai Iiaieaeuey ioaaoeea canooa. Yoi auea naiay aeanoieay
canooa, ii?aceaoay iaoo no?aio ca i?aaeoanoaothuea iyoueaeanyo eao. A
yoio aiae eieoicu nia?aee ca?ia a 2,6 ?aca iaiueoa, /ai aei aieiu.
Canooa oyaeaei io?aceeanue e ia aeeaioiiaiaenoaa. A ioaa/aiiuo canooie
?aeiiao /eneaiiinoue oieueei e?oiiiai ?iaaoiai neioa nieceeanue ia 1,5
iei. aieia. Ia au?o/eo ?aeiiai, iino?aaeaaoei io canooe, i?eoee
o?oaeaieee ae?oaeo ?aaeiiia no?aiu, auaeaeeaoea ec naieo neoaeiuo
?ano?nia iaoa?eaeueiua e oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa.
Aaeaaiaeii oaaee/eaaeenue anneaiiaaiey ia ?acaeoea naeueneiai e eaniiai
oicyenoaa ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa. I?e yoii aic?anoaee ia
oieueei aaniethoiue ?acia? yoeo n?aaenoa, ii e eo oaeaeueiue aan a
?anoiaeao ia ia?iaeiia oicyenoai. Anee a 1946 a. iie ninoaaeyee 12,9
ie?ae. ?oa., eee 11,9% ?anoiaeia ia ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, oi a 1950 a. eo
iauai ninoaaee 34 ie?ae. ?oa., a oaeaeueiue aan — 21,6%. Anaai ca aiaeu
iineaaiaiiie iyoeeaoee ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa auei iai?aaeaii a
naeueneia e eaniia oicyenoai 115,5 ie?ae. ?oa.
E?iia oeaio?aeeciaaiiie iiiiue naeueneiio oicyenoao ni noi?iiu
ainoaea?noaa, ia iaiaa aaaeiie auea iiiiuue i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e
aeeoaeae ai?iaeia. Ai?iaeneea i?aaei?eyoey iino?ieee e io?aiiioe?iaaee
aeanyoee ouny/ aeeeuo aeiiia, iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iuo noaioeee,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caeaiee, aeaoneeo naaeia, eeoaia, aeaeeioae e o. i.
Ana yoi iicaieeei oe?aieoue iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneoth aaco naeueneiai
oicyenoaa. Iaeiaei n?aaenoa aeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa ia oaaoaei.
Iaaeinoaoi/iia ?ano?niia iaania/aiea naeueneiai oicyenoaa iniaaiii
i?iyaeeinue a canooo 1946 a. Ia?aae ainoaea?noaii ni anae ino?ioie
anoaea caaea/a ieaiiia?iiai i?aia?aciaaiey i?e?iaeu canooeeauo ?aeiiia
no?aiu, n oai /oiau nieceoue caaeneiinoue naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa io iiaiaeiuo oneiaee.
Iiuo iiiaeo iieieaiee caieaaeaeueoeaa, iao/iua ?ac?aaioee aeieacuaaee,
/oi iaeiei ec iaoiaeia ai?ueau n canooie yaeyaony eani?acaaaeaiea a
noaiiuo ?aeiiao. Iieacaueoiua eaniua iieinu io?aiytho iiey io nooiaaaa,
oeo/oatho aiaeiue ?aaeei ii/au, oaeaaeiytho aicaeoo, nicaeatho
aeaaii?eyoiue iee?ieeeiao aeey iinaaia, i?aaeioa?auatho auaeoaaiea
aa?oiaai ieiaei?iaeiiai neiy e y?iceth ii/au. Aeey oiai /oiau i?eaeaoue
eani?acaaaeaieth a noaiiuo e eaninoaiiuo ?aeiiao i?aaieciaaiiue oa?aeoa?
e ainoaea?noaaiiua ianooaau, aue i?eiyo “Ieai iieacaueoiuo ianaaeaeaiee,
aiaae?aiey o?aaiiieueiuo naaiiai?ioia, no?ieoaeuenoaa i?oaeia e
aiaeiaiia aeey iaania/aiey aunieeo e onoie/eauo o?iaeaaa a noaiiuo e
eaninoaiiuo ?aeiiao Aa?iiaeneie /anoe NNN?”. Iniaia aieiaiea a iai
oaeaeyeinue eani?acaaaeaieth. A oa/aiea 1950—1965 aa.
i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue nicaeaiea a 16 iaeanoyo a iniiaiii a ?NON?, ONN?
ainueie e?oiiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo eaniuo iiein iauae i?ioyaeaiiinoueth
5320 ei. E?iia oiai, iaia/aeinue ianaaeaeaiea caueoiuo eaniuo iiein ia
iieyo niaoicia e eieoicia iauae ieiuaaeueth 5 iei. 709 oun. aa.
Aaniie 1949 a. oe?ieei o?iioii ia/aeenue eaniiinaaei/iua ?aaiou.
Iniaaiii aeoeaii iie aaeenue a E?aniiaea?neii e?aa, Noaeeia?aaeneie,
?ycaineie, ?inoianeie e Ooeueneie iaeanoyo.
Ia/aoua a aiaeu ia?aie iineaaiaiiie iyoeeaoee ?aaiou ii i?aia?aciaaieth
caiee, oeo/oaieth oneiaee aeey naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
aeaee iieiaeeoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou. Eieoicu, niaoicu e eanoicu caeiaeeee
aei 1951 a. iieacaueoiua eaniua iieinu ia ieiuaaee 1852 oun. aa: Eaiuoei
— Aieaia?aae, Ai?iiaae — ?inoia-ia-Aeiio, Iaica — Eaiaine, Aaeai?iae —
Aeii, *aiaaane — Aeaaeeie?iaea e ae?. Eo i?ioyaeaiiinoue ninoaaeyea
aieaa 6 oun. ei.
Nicaeaiiua aieaa 40 eao iacaae eaniianaaeaeaiey e naaiaeiy caueuatho
ieiei 25 iei. aa naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oaiaeee e yaeythony i?eia?ii
ie?iiai i?eeiaeaiey /aeiaa/aneeo nee e ioae?iai ioiioaiey e caiea e
i?e?iaea.
Oaeei ia?acii, ca aiaeu ia?aie iineaaiaiiie iyoeeaoee a ?acoeueoaoa
ainnoaiiaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai e naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
auno?i i?iaaaeaiiie eiiaa?nee aiaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iauai i?iiuoeaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee ii n?aaiaieth n 1940 a. aic?in ia 73%, eaieoaeueiua
aeiaeaiey — a o?e ?aca, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea — ia 37%, a
i?iecaaaeaiiue iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae — ia 64%.
1.3. Oe?aieaiea oioaeeoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneie nenoaiu
Eoiae aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu ioe?uaaee aiciiaeiinoue aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
iaiiaeaiey ie?a, e?ooaiey aeaniioe/aneeo ?aaeeiia, oe?ieiai
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai aeeaeiaa. Ii oiaaeaoiea iieeoe/aneea eeaea?u
aaaeoueo ie?iauo aea?aeaa ia noiaee eniieueciaaoue yoio enoi?e/aneee
oain. N en/aciiaaieai iauaai a?aaa eaaa?ue iiaaaeeoaeae noae
?aneaeuaaoueny, iinoaiaiii ioiioaiey iaaeaeo auaoeie nithcieeaie –
no?aiaie aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee, noaee yaiethoeeiie?iaaoue io
nio?oaeie/anoaa e eiio?iioaoeee. Ai?ueaa n oaoeciii niaieeanue
aeiaaeueiui i?ioeainoiyieai nioeeaeenoe/aneie e eaieoaeenoe/aneie
nenoai, Ainoiea e Caiaaea, /oi yaeeinue aeaaiie iniaaiiinoueth e
onoie/eaie oaiaeaioeeae iineaaiaiiiai ie?iaiai ?acaeoey. ?aneie ie?a,
ia/aaoeeny a 1917 a., i?iaeieaeae oaeoaeyoueny, i?eia?aoay iiaue,
aeiiey?iue oa?aeoa? n iaee/eai aeaoo oeaio?ia neeu – NNN? e NOA.
Iiaaaea i?eianea iaaeaeaiiue ?ino iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaoi?eoaoa NNN?,
i?eciaiea aai yeiiiie/aneie e aiaiiie iiue. Iia ?aaioaea ia eiy Noaeeia,
ia i?anoeae no?aiu, ia nioeeaeenoe/aneoth eaeath. Iinea iiaaaeu a aieia
aeeyiea NNN? ?ani?ino?aieeinue ia no?aiu Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu e
THai-Ainoi/iie Acee, iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii inaiaiaeaeaiiuo E?aniie
A?ieae. I?e iauae i?eaioaoeee ia aeaiie?aoe/aneea e aoiaienoe/aneea
i?ei?eoaou a yoeo ainoaea?noaao, ii nooe, ia/aea oi?ie?iaaoueny
noaeeineay iiaeaeue nioeeaeecia, oi anoue aaoi?eoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneay
nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoe/aneie aeanoe. Noaee aicieeaoue no?aiu
ia?iaeiie aeaiie?aoee, oi?ie?iaaeanue ie?iaay nenoaia nioeeaeecia
(“nioeeaeenoe/aneee eaaa?ue”), aiaoia i?aaenoaaeyaoay niaie iiiieeoiue
aeie iiae yaeaeie Iineau. A 1947 a. nicaeaaony “Eioi?iaoeeiiiia ath?i
eiiioienoe/aneeo e ?aai/eo ia?oee” – i?aaiiee Eiieioa?ia. A yiaa?a 1949
a. aeey eii?aeeiaoeee e ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee nicaeaaony Niaao
yeiiiie/aneie acaeiiiiiiue (NYA). NNN? any/anee iaaycuaae
“nioeeaeenoe/aneei” no?aiai naith iiaeaeue i?aia?aciaaiee, ethaia
ioeeiiaiea io ii?i aini?eieiaeinue noaeeineei ?oeiaiaenoaii e?aeia
a?aaeaeaaii e aeanoiei iaeacuaaeinue (THaineaaey).
A eiioea 40-o aiaeia a ainoaea?noaao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu oa?aeoa?
?aaiethoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia ?acei eciaieeny: ia?iaeiay aeaiie?aoey auea
ioaeaia a aea?oao aeeeoaoo?a i?ieaoa?eaoa, a eo ?oeiaiaenoai auei
noaeeii e caiaiaii aa?iuie noaeeioeaie. A ie?a oae oaeaea e iauaeoeaii
iaoneiaeaiiue i?ioeann e?ooaiey eieiieaeueiie nenoaiu, iiyaeaiey iiauo
iacaaeneiuo ainoaea?noa.
NOA, eae e NNN?, cia/eoaeueii oneeeeenue iinea aieiu. Iaee/ea aoiiiiai
i?oaeey o NOA (n 1945 a.) e o NNN? (n 1949 a.) a ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie
naea?aeeaaei aicieeiiaaiea e?oiiuo aiaiiuo eiioeeeoia iaaeaeo ieie, e a
oi aea a?aiy noaiiaeeinue e?aeia iianiui. Ai?ueaa i?eiyea oi?iu
“oieiaeiie aieiu” – eaeaieiae/aneiai, iieeoe/aneiai e
aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneiai i?ioeainoiyiey eaieoaeecia e nioeeaeecia,
eioi?ia, oi caoeoay, oi iaino?yynue, i?iaeieaeaeinue ieiei iieoaaea e
au?aaeaeinue ai acaeiiie iiae?uaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iiaeic?eoaeueiinoe,
i?iiaaaiaeenoneeo iaee/aieyo, ?aaeiiaeueiuo eiioeeeoao, aiiea
aii?oaeaiee, nicaeaiee «ia?aca a?aaa».
Iaeiei ec ia?auo i?iyaeaiee «oieiaeiie aieiu» noaea i?aaeauai?iay (a
Aa?oiaiue Niaao NNN?) ?a/ue E.A. Noaeeia (oaa?aeue 1946 a.), a eioi?ie
aiai?eeinue i iaecaaaeiinoe eiia?eaeenoe/aneeo aiei e ia?anoaiee iiue
E?aniie A?iee, a aa?anneaiie iieeoeea iaaeiyeny Caiaae. Anei?a iinea
ieii/aiey Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu a NOA aue ninoaaeai iaii?aiaeoi ia ioai?a
20-oe iaeaieaa aaaeiuo oeaeae ia oa??eoi?ee NNN? aeey eo (aiciiaeiie)
aoiiiie aiiaa?aee?iaee.
Oeaee Caiaaea noi?ioee?iaae O. *a?/eeeue a naiae ?a/e a aia?eeaineii
ai?iaea Ooeoiia (1946 a.), eioi?ua auee caoai eiie?aoece?iaaiu
i?aceaeaioii NOA A. O?oiyiii a aai “aeieo?eia” (1947 a.). Iie ninoiyee a
oii, /oiau inoaiiaeoue niaaoneoth eaeaieiae/aneoth e aiaiioth
yeniaineth, i?aaieciaaoue aiaiii-iieeoe/aneee nithc i?ioea NNN?,
anaia?ii naea?aeeaaoue ?ani?ino?aiaiea “ainoi/iiai eiiioiecia”. Noaeei
oiaaea ?anoeaiee ?a/ue *a?/eeey eae “i?ecua e aieia n NNN?”, e i?e/eneee
iaaeaaieo nithcieeia e “iiaeaeeaaoaeyi aieiu”, a ianeieueei iicaea (1952
a.) ii naeaeae auaiae i iaecaaaeiinoe aiei a ie?a, iiea nouanoaoao
eiia?eaeeci.
Ainnae?aoa?ue NOA Ae. Ia?oaee auaeaeioe a 1947 a. ieai “yeiiiie/aneiai
icaei?iaeaiey” aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa – oeiainiaoth iiiiuue a ?acia?a
13 ie?ae. aeieea?ia, eioi?ie oiaaea ainiieueciaaeenue 17 no?ai. NNN? aea
iin/eoae, /oi yoio ieai iinoaaeo iiae oa?ico aai iieeoe/aneee
noaa?aieoao e aeeyiea ia ainoi/ii-aa?iiaeneea ainoaea?noaa, e aianoa n
ieie ioeacaeny io aia?eeaineie iiiiue. ?aoay ana naie i?iaeaiu a
iaeeii/eo, NNN? i?iaeieaeae oe?aieyoue naie noaoon aaeeeie aea?aeaau
iooai iaoeeiiiiai ia?aueaaiey aiaiiiai iioaioeeaea, ana aieaa
eciee?oynue io caiaaeiiai ie?a.
Eeiey ?aneiea a Aa?iia i?ieaaea /a?ac Aa?iaieth, eioi?ay, ii acaeiiie
aeiaiai?aiiinoe (sseoeineea e Iionaeaineea niaeaoaiey) aeieaeia auea
noaoue aaeeiui ie?iethaeaui ainoaea?noaii. Eaoii 1948 a.
NNN? ia/ae onoaiaaeeaaoue aeieaaeo Caiaaeiiai Aa?eeia, /oiau iiiaoaoue
caiaaeiui aea?aeaaai aeinooi a iaai, aiciee oae iacuaaaiue “Aa?eeineee
e?ecen”. Ii yoi i?ioeainoiyiea noeioee?iaaei ia?aciaaiea a ai?aea 1949
a. aiaiii-iieeoe/aneiai aeueyina – IAOI (10 caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo
ainoaea?noa, NOA e Eaiaaea). A iaa 1949 a. ia oa??eoi?ee o?ao caiaaeiuo
cii ieeoiaoeee Aa?iaiee ia?acoaony O?A, a ioaao, a ieoya?a 1949 a., a
ciia niaaoneie ieeoiaoeee nicaeaaony aoi?ia iaiaoeeia ainoaea?noai –
AAe?.
Ieeii aeieiaiai i?ioeainoiyiey noaea a?aaeaeaineay aieia a Ei?aa
(1950-1953 aa.), ia i?eianoay iiaaaeu ie iaeiie ec noi?ii (EIAe?-THaeiay
Ei?ay), ianiio?y ia iiiiuue aiththuei noi?iiai NNN? e NOA. Iiaeii
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acaycuaaiea “oieiaeiie aieiu”,
naiie aeeeoaeueiie ec anao aiei XX aaea, eaaeeo ia iaaeo noi?iiao. O.
*a?/eeeue n/eoae aa «o?aoueae ie?iaie aieiie, eioi?ay ia/aeanue
i?aaeaea, /ai caeii/eeanue aoi?ay».
Caeeth/aiea
N caaa?oaieai Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu no?aia aa?ioeanue e ie?iiio
niceaeaoaeueiiio o?oaeo. Ia?aae ainoaea?noaii, anai niaaoneei ia?iaeii
noiyee aeaaiua caaea/e ainnoaiiaeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea – cae?aieoue
iiaaaeo, a e?ao/aeoee n?ie ainnoaiiaeoue ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, aeiaeoueny
iiuiiai iiaeuaia yeiiiieee e eoeueoo?u, iaania/eoue aeaaininoiyiea e
aeinoieiue aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue niaaoneeo ethaeae. Yoe caaea/e aeieaeai
aue ?aoeoue /aoaa?oue iyoeeaoiee ieai ainnoaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa NNN? ia 1946-1950 aiaeu. Iaia/aeinue aeaeueiaeoaa
oe?aieaiea nioeeaeecia a NNN? e a ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneeo no?aiao.
Ainnoaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa NNN? a iineaaiaiiua aiaeu
i?ioiaeeei a neiaeiuo oneiaeyo. No?aia, iniaaiii aa aa?iiaeneay /anoue,
iaoiaeeeanue a iieiie ?ac?ooa – i?iiuoeaiiinoue e naeueneia oicyenoai
i?aeoe/anee iaaei auei ainnoaiaaeeaaoue caiiai. No?aia iioa?yea ieiei
30% iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa. Iieiaeaiea onoaoaeeinue iaoaaoeie
oeiainiauo e ethaeneeo ?aca?aia.
No?aoaae/aneay caaea/a /aoaa?oie iyoeeaoee (1946-1950 aiaeu)
caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oiau a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ainnoaiiaeoue ?aeiiu
no?aiu, iaoiaeeaoeany a ieeoiaoeee, aeinoe/ue aeiaiaiiiai o?iaiy
?acaeoey i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa e caoai i?aacieoe eo
(niioaaonoaaiii ia 48 e 23%). Ieai i?aaeoniao?eaae ia?aii/a?aaeiia
?acaeoea io?aneae oyaeaeie e iai?iiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Iaeiie ec iaeaieaa o?oaeiuo caaea/ iineaaiaiiie iyoeeaoee auei
ainnoaiiaeaiea e aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea naeueneiai oicyenoaa. Iia
ineiaeiyeanue oai, /oi a 1946 aiaeo no?aio ii?aceea aeanoi/aeoay canooa,
ioaaoeaoay Oe?aeio, Iieaeaaeth, i?aaiaa?aaeiua ?aeiiu Ieaeiaai
Iiaieaeuey, Naaa?iue Eaaeac, oeaio?aeueiua /a?iicaiiua iaeanoe.
Oioaeeoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneay nenoaia a eiioea 40-o – ia/aea 50-o aa.,
aieaa oe?aieeanue e ieii/aoaeueii ioi?ieeanue. Ii ia?a oaanaiey
yiooceacia, oa?aeoa?iiai aeey iaeioi?uo ai?iaeneeo neiaa a 30-a aa., ana
aieaa i?inooiaee /a?ou ath?ie?aoe/aneiai ?aaeeia n aaeaa ee ia
aaniethoiui eiio?ieai ia?oeeii-ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa, ee/ii Noaeeia
iaae oaeaie, aeooaie e iiiuneaie a?aaeaeai. Eoeueo Noaeeia aeinoea
naiaai aiiaay. Noaeei ieii/aoaeueii i?aa?aoeeny a aeeaia aiaeanoai,
o?aaothuaa anaiauaai iieeiiaiey. Iieeoe/aneay aoiinoa?a iineaaeieo eao
aeecie Noaeeia ia iicaieyea noaaeoue aii?inu i anooieaiee no?aiu ia
iooue ?aoi?i.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Aicianaineee I.A. Iyoeeaoiee ieai ainnoaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa NNN? ia 1946-1950 aa. – Eca?aiiua
i?iecaaaeaiey.1931-1947aa.,I.,1979.
2. Ai?aa/?a I. N. Aannia?oiue iiaeaea niaaoneiai ia?iaea: Aeieeaae ia
oi?aeanoaaiiii nia?aiee a e?aie?aneii Aeai?oea nuacaeia, iinayu?iiue
40–eaoeth Iiaaaeu niaaoneiai ia?iaea Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieia, 8 iay
1985 a. – I.: Iieeoecaeao, 1985. – N. 7–8.
3. Enoi?ey Ioa/anoaa /E?aoeee i/a?e. aui.2/ I.,1992.
4. E?aa/aiei A. N. Yeiiiieea NNN? a aiaeu Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu
(1941–1945 aa.). – 2-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e aeii. – I.: Yeiiiieea, 1970. –
N. 95.
5. E oe?aieaieth oioaeeoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneie nenoaiu: NNN? a 1945-1953
aa.
6. Eaiei A. E. Ia aeaeiaoth ii/ao// Iiei. nia?. ni/. – O. 35. – N. 408.
Iieye A.A. Iineaaiaiiia ainnoaiiaeaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
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