?a??o
«A???iyy ???? N??? A?e e E?????
1. N???a ?cy??i
I???i a ???? XVI ?? a A??a ???? ??i? ?cy??i ?????i ??, ??????? ???? ????
??e?eyi, ????i ?ae ????i ?????o ???, ??e e ???i ??ee a ????? ????????y,
???? ??i ?-? ?????? ?o?e ??y?? ???. I??i ???? ?? ???? ??e 1499 — 1500
??a, ??a ???a ??? ??a O??? ?ae ????????i I???? O?a?e-?? ?iy? A??o e ???e
N????. N?????? ????? ????a ????ue ?????i, ????y ? ?a ???ey, ????y?a
i????i ?ay ??? I????i ss?y, e ????a ????e ????e N???? e ???? ????a, ????
??? (??a ??e) ??a. ss?y ?e ???i e ??, a ?i ???ey ???e a ?? ????? ?? e
??????, ???o ??? ????y? ?? ?????o ????. I???ea ??i ????? ?????ey ???e, a
??a ???, e ?????eth ??? ???? ??????y ?????o ???.
A ???? ???i ??????y ?? ?????o ???, n ????y ???? ????ny ?cy????a ????i e
?????? ?ey?a ??e, ????e ???tho ????y ? ??e ??a I???ae E??, ????? ??a i?
????i Ae???e. E???i ??a, ?i ??a A???e e ?i ??? ? ???e ??e ?? ?? ??????a
? ??a O???, ?? A? (cyoy ???a I????), a ? ???e — ? ????e ???e ??????, a
??a ? ?? *????a Ae?? — ???i ????y C??? I?u. E?? ??, a ??a ??o ?a??
?????a ??e ???? ??a ????o ?y?o: ??o A?-A?? N?? e ??a A?-A?? A??a ????
???o ????? a ?????yo A??u. Ia ??? ???? y?o ?y?o ?????a ??e ??e ???e —
????y? ??o ???oe e ????, ??i ???i, a ?? ???yae?? ???? ??e.
I ??a ???i ???a ?????y ?cy??a ?????o ??? a A??a ??a??? ?? ????. E???i
??, ?i ?? ??e E??a (Ae???e), ??a A?? y?y?y ??ue ???i ????i e ?e ?? ??? ?
??y ??i?y??. Ia ??th??, ?i ???y?e ?? ?y?? n ????i ????????y ????e
??????e, ??a ??? ??????? ???? ??o ???a, ????o e ??a ??? ????????i. O??
???y ??????i, ?i a 1544 ?? ??a A?? ??e o ???a E???? ??o? ????? ????o
???, ??? ? ??e ????e ????? ?????ue ??a ???a, a ?y ???a ???? A??o a 3000
???. N? ? o?? E??, ????? a ????? ????a ????i, ?a a ??? thi?? ?? ith??i
??? ? ??o ??ey?? a N??? A?e ??? ??a?u XVI ?? ??? (?????o ?????a), ??e
E??e. I?? ??? E??e a 1549 ?? ?i ?a?? e ??????e, ????ue ?c ???y, ???e e
??a E??o. N?aee ????? ?ae ?i ???? ????? ?e e ??? E????, ? ?? e???i A???,
?????? ???? ??th??y ????? e ?????i, ??a E?? ?? ???? ?ey?a.
A 1557 ?? A??? ??a ??? n ???e ??????e ???ue ?????? ????ue A??o, ??a ??
?i A??? ?? ??i, ??a E?? ???e ??e o?? ?ue-??? e ????a ??u ??????? ?????a,
???ynue ?e y?i ???i ????? e ???? ??????i ???? ??. ?a???ny, y? ??????? ?y
??e e ??????e ??????e a???e a ?? ???o ????, a ?i ??a e ???. E?? ??, a
???y??a ??e ??? e ?a ???? ??e, ??????? ??oyi, ???ayi ?y?o e o. ae.
A??????? ?? A??? ????o ??o ????, ?i ? ?????o ????e ??ue ????e ????e ??u
n ?i, ??u ?eth?? a ?a ????ue, ? ???e ????? ?? e ??? ????e ?????? ??e e
?????ue ????i ??? ????a ? ??uo ??????. I??i e y?i ? ?????? ???e ??. A???
??e ??, a ???i ???ey ??e E??a e ???ath?a e ?? ??e ??? n ????y? ?? ?uy??u
????? ??e e ?i ???? e ??????ue ? ???a a ??? ?????a.
I????i ??a E?? ??e ??????? y? ????eth ? ?a ??e, ???a ?o ??????, e, ???y?
?????i ???a, ?????? ?????: «A???? e ????a o ?i ?y????a… ?? ???? ???i,
?i ??? ?i ??e, ??eth?a, ???a e ??a ??? ???? ?? e ?? ?????i ????e ? ??yi
e ???yi. A ??? ??e e ? ??? ?? ? ???? ?????? ??? aeey ??, ??u ?????ue ??e
??a e ???? ? ?i ???o ???. E???i, ?i ???a ????a ???e ?????? ??a ?????e?i
?????a a A??a, I???a, I??a, E???a e I??, ?i ? ?? 10 o?. ???a, 500 ???e
(y? ?? ?i?), 500 ??eth?a, a ??a 7 ?n. ???o ??o, ????? ???????o aeey ???
?????e a I??. A ?cy??a ??e ????ue, ??a ????o Io ?? ??????, o?? 300 ??a,
a ?????y????a ?iy?y ? ???ye ??????a??? ?y????ueth: ??a E?? y?y?y ??????i
??y??i ?e???a ???? ????e a ?? ???? ???i-??y, ??e e ?????o ?????, ???e
???o ? ??iy?i ????y. E???i, ????, ?i ??e ? ???? ?o (1544 —1563) ???? ???
??e 104 ??e e ??a??a ? ??o ??i 5500 ???, a ??a ?? ???oe ??e ????ueth a 2
— 3 ?n. ???.
I???o? ???n ??e ???? ?a-?? ??y, ??? e ??o ??e ?o ?????? ???? 2500 ? ????
?????, ?i ???? a 30 ?n. ???. N?y ? ??????y ?????, ??a ? ??? ??? ?????? e
?i??? ???e o ? ?????, ???ue ???? ?????a a ??ue ???? ???? — ? ??? ???
???? e ??? ??o ???? ??i ? ???a ??? ?????a, ??? ??? a ??i ??? ??a ?iya?
???n e ??a, ? ???e ?a ??? ? ??i e ???y ????a ?a???? ??o ? ????a e
???eth. E?? ??e ??e, ??a E?? ?????? ????? a ??????ue ??a e «??? n ???
??? e ?cy????? ?????e, ?i ??? ?????ue ????i ? ?? ethaeyi, ???i ? ????e
?y ?????y y? ???ey, a ??a ??ey o??, ??o ? ?eth??ny a ???. I?? n
?????ueth ???????, ?i ??????ay ??????ue ??e o ??, ?e ???ay, ?e e ????ay,
???ey? a ??i ????? ???e ?cy????e ????, a ???i, ?oy ???n ????y ? ???a
????ey e ??????, ??y?? ???? ????ue e ????, a ??a ?????? ??????, ????o
???? ??a ???, ??? ???i, e ?????e.
O?y??a ??? ??, ????? a ?? ??u ?i??????, e ???? ???????? ???, ? e ?? ?
?eth??ea a ?? ??? ?????? e ???? ????, ?? ??? ??????? a N??? A?e a XVI
??, ?y?? ??a E?? — ? ??th??a, a ?? ? ??? ?y? ???? ?????, ???th??y ??
??th??y ??????i ????? e ??i ???? ???i. I ????i ???o ???ue ??i. Oi?a E??
???? ??i ??????i a ???? ??u ????? ?????? ??? ?????a, ?o ???y?? ????i
ith??a, ?y?io ? ??th?? (?oy ?y?a ???ey ? y? a ????? ????otho), ?i ? ?
??? ???? ? ??o ??????? ??? ???e, ? e ??e??? ??o eth?e ? ?????y????o
???o.
15 ?oy?y 1563 ?? ??a E?? ?? a ???? 73 ?o, ?????e ????e e ?????e. I???a
??? ??a ????o ??e?? ???e e ?? ???? ?? N??, ???? a y? ??y ?? 33 ??, e
???e ?o ?a ?? ???? ??iy?a, ??? ??? n ????? ????? ?????? ith?? e ???e.
Ae?a ae??o ???e E??a ?? ??? ?????, ?i ????i n???? ?cy??i ??????i, ???i,
???? E??a ??a N?ae a??a ???e ?????oth ??ue ??e a ???? ????i ???ey i??yi
e ??? ?????i ????eyi, ?i y?y?? ??? ????i?, ???ay ?i ???? ?i. N??????e ??
???o ????, ?i a ??? ????ey ??? N?? ???y ????i ??i ??? ??: ???? ???u ??
????? ??i ???i, ?i ???y ??ue ??? ?a ? ???, a N?? a ??e???e ?i ????. O??
N?ae, ?a ?e ??e E??a ?iy?? ??? ????a a ???? ???? (?o ?e ???? ???e ?i ?
?? ?????th ??th e ??a), ?? ??a ??? ?? ?????? ?cy?? ??i ????i ????. I?ay
???ue ???, ??????? N??, ???y?? a 17 ?n. ????, ??? ??e ??????ue ? ??? a
A??a, ? e a ?????yo N????a, O???a, A???a, a O????a, I??, I??aa, I???, a
??o I?-A? e ??? ???. A ??? n 1552 ? 1577 ?ae ??a N?ae c?eth?e 210 ????o
???, ???yth?y ??ue ? ???o ???? ??i? ??e, ????a ? — ??? ??????: ??e ????
??? ??i ???ye ???ey ??? ???????a.
A? ??i ????? ????ey ???? N?? ??i ???????i ?? A?o?u, ? ?????i ????ue ??
??? ????i ?????. O?, ?a??a ????a A???? a 1584 ??, A??? ???? a ??? E??
?????? ???, a ??i ???e ??a ??i 1000 ? ????e ??e.
A??a, ??? e ???u ??????? N?? ?i?e ?? ??? ??????: y? ?? ???? ??e, ??,
?????ee, a ??a ???e n ?????? ???ey?, ?? e o. ae.
A 1567—1568 ??o ??a ??e ???a E?? e ????i ???? ????. A 1566 ?? ??i ? ???i
?? ?????i ???a I???, ?????ny a ??? A?a??, a a 1572 ?? ??a ??e «???e e
??? ??? a ??? A????a e a ??? E???y. E???? ???tho i ???a a 1569 ?? ??e
????e Ae-O?y e ??? ????. A??c ????? ?? ?????ue ?uy??ue, ??? N?ae ??i
????y ????? a ??????ue ? ??? ??i? ???, ii e ??? ????a ???e, ?cy????y ???
? ???o ?? ??? ????e. Ae?i a ?i, ?i ? ??? ?a ???e ?c ???? a ???, ?? ?e
????e e ?i ???eyi, y? ? ??? ???y? ???u ?i ???, ? e ???? ???? ??????u,
??? ????e ?e ??ai? ?????.
Ia ???a ?????o ??? ??? ??u ??a?u, ?????a ?????i ? ?? ????? N??? A?e a
XVI ??. Ai-???, y? ??ae??? a ??i ?cy??a ??????? e ????ey, ?-???, — ??
????? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???????a e ???a ????? n ???th ???e ??, ??? e ?e
???a ??e ??a ??e i?? ? ?e ?? ??u ???y. Ai ?y?i ???, ?????i, ?i ???o?a
???y? ? ??? ?? ?????? (??ue ?? ? ??th-? ??o) n ???, ??a ??a N?? ????
????i ????ue ?? ???ey. I?e y?i ???? ????? ??o ????y ?????a (????a ?
????e ??????y ?????), ?i ?????? ????????i ?????i ?cy??a ? ??yo ??e N?? ?
???. I???y ??a c??ue ??e ??????? ???y??-??????, ????? ???? ??i ???????i
??o ????o ????, ? ?? ????y, ???????y ??? ??????a e ???ey ? ??a ???
???e?a. Ia ???o ????, ?i a ???y??e ??e N?? ?????, ??a ????o ???, ??a ??e
???????a e ????. A??????? ??e ?????? ?y ???u ? ?o ???y?i ? ???e ???
a????? ??????i ???. E??uey?, ????ath?a ???? ??e, ???e ??a ??? ??????
????eth. A?e ???????a ?e ???? ??e ??????e ?ey???e ???e (a ??? ??? ??a
N?ae, ? ? ?e ? ?????? a N??? A?e ?????i, ???a???y ???????? ????), ???e ?
????y ????e ?i???, ? ?y ??a ???a (? ???????e ????) ?a ? a ??o e ? a ???,
a ?????ue y?? ????, ?i ??? ?i ??? ?a ??.
E?? ?a?ueyi, ?iy?o ????? ??e ??e N??, y? ??? ???y? e ??, ??? ??? ? ?????
?????, ?e ????? e ?, ?????ee ? ?? ???? ??a ?e ? ??? ? ??? ????, ?a ????
? ?? ??e ??i ????? ????. Ai ?y?i ???, ????? ??a, ??????y n ??e N??, ??
?????i ???. E???? ???atho, ??e ???, ??? ??a a A???? ????, ?a ?? ?????u
??? ??e — Ae???, N???i, I?-??? e N???, ??? ????aa ????? ???a ????? a ???
A??, ?a ??????ue ????a ???? ??e ??e, ????ny ?o a ????? ? ???. A ???o
(??? ???? ? ???) ????ue ???a, a ??a ??? ???? e???u. E?? ???a, ??i ???
????ue a y?o, ?i ???ye ??e ???????e ???, ??? ??a ????? ??a, ????? ???
N??i, ???????o i ?i, ?i ??? ????ue e ??a, ????y a ??? ??e n ???yi.
N????o ??????a, ?i ??? ??ue ??? ??????ue ????, ? y? y??? ? ??i ????i
????a.
A??e ???i ???????i e ???? ???i, ??a N?ae a ?? ??? ???iey (e, ?? ???,
????a) ?e ???oth ????????th ?y???n?. Ii ??iy?i ??? ??i ????? ????????i,
? ?i ??a? ????i ????? ?????? ????? ??a ?y ???e ?i ??? e ????i, ? ?e
????o ???o ?????a ??????i. I?y? n ??oy?, ???oe?e, ???e e o. ae. a A??a,
A??, E??, *???, I?? ?y??? ?????a ? ?i ??o ?cy????a ????ey — ???i-??e,
??e, ??n??? ?????, ???? ?y? ? ????, ?aey?a ????, ?? e ??? ????e ????i
??. I????a ? ??? ????ue, ? e ?????. N????y ????, a ???i ? ?????o ?????,
????? N??i, ???ath?y ????, ?y???a, ?????, ?????, a? ????ath?y ???? ???,
a ??a ????? ?????a ??ea, ????-??? e ???, ??? a ?i ???, ??a ????ay
???e?ue ? ???? ??a, ??y, ? ???e ?iy? ????ay, ? ?????ue.
E?? ?i???y e ???? ?????, ???????ny a ????o ????eo, ??y?oth ?eth ???a N??
????i ???????. O?? ??? a ??yo ???? 25 ?n. ??a ???a, ??i 1000 ??eth?a e
1500 ???e. E??a ??? ?????ue a ?ith?yo, a ?????o ????yo — ??? ??a??y
????e ??u. A???? ??ae ?????? ?????ey A?a? n ?????? e ??a ???eye 1 ?i.
600 ?n. ???, ?i ??????? a ? ??y e ??a ???????o ???a ? ??i N????a. Ai ??a
????ey ?? ?cy??? ??e ?iye ??a A?a-??, ?i ? ??ny?eny e ????e ??? eth?e
?oy ? ???, ?i ??, ??a ??e, ?a e 130 ?????o ??a. O????? ??? ??e ?????e
????e, ??o? ??e ???y, a ??e ?i ??a I??ae. Oe????? ????? N??, c?????y
???????i ??? ???a, ??iy? ? ???o ??e?, ? ??a ???o ?iy? ??? ?????. I?????
???y?? n????, a a ??e ???y?e ????ue 40 ???. A ??? ??? ??ny ?? ????e
???e, ?a ??iy?i ????? 72 ???? ???a, ?a?????th?o n ???yth?? ????o ???. A
???o ?????ai ????ey ???i ?a ????i ???e: ????, ???? ????e ??ey, ??a ????a
???a n ?????, ?a ???th?o ?ith?y? (???e e ???e) e ???i ? ?????. E?? y?o
eth?e, a ?? ??e N?? ???e ??e (???? ??e), ??? ?? ? ?o ???? ? ??yo ???a a
A??, ??? ????eye ?? ???e a ??? E??, a ??ee ?e ???i a O????i ?????.
A?e ?a ????a ????e, ?????? ??y? ?????i ?cy??a N??, ?????i a ?i ????o ?
????a ??i. Ai ??a ??? e ?? ????a ?iye ???e ?????e, ???? ???y?? ?????
??u, a ?i, a ?ith ???ue, — ???? ?? eth?e ???i ??ey, ?????o ???a a eth??i
?????e ???????o ?y?e — ????e ??a.
O?? ??a N?ae 23 ?oy?y 1589 ?? e ? ???o ??? ?? ???e ???a ?cy??i n???o ??,
???e ?? ??oth?i a ???? ?????o ??? e ?e???e ?????y a ????? ????i. O????i,
?i, ?????a ????i ??o ?????? (??? ??, ??a ???? ??, ????ue ?? ????y ??ue
????a), ??a N?ae ???? ??i ???i n??ueyi ?? ? ???th ???. C??o y?o ?e ???
??????: a ???yo ??iy?? ?????oe ??????e ?????e ????a ???u ???y?? ????ey?
??a, ?????o ? ???e ?cy??i e ????i ? ??????, ?oy e ? ???ye ?????? ? ???th
???.
A?e ????e, ???? ???????y ? ???????i ??yi ??? ?????? (???e), ?????, ?
??????, ??????i, ? ???? ?iy?? ???? ????y N??? A?e ?? a XVI —XVII ??o
???? ?????. I?i ???ue, ?i y? ??? ?e ???yi, ?e e ???????a ???? oy???e ?y
????o ????e: ??? a ?? ??? ???? ????ue ?????oth ???o, ?e ???? ?cy??i
????? ????i a ???. I???a ??o ??? e y?????y ?a ?????o ????e ??iy?? ????e
?e ???e ????th?o ?????? ???a, a y? ??? ? ??e ???e ??????? ??, ????o ???u
?oo ???o ?e N??? A?e — A???e e N???e — ????e n ??e ??i ?a, ????? ???y??i
?????? ???u.
Ia ?????o ??yo ???y? ????? ???o, ??? ???e ???y? ??e a ???a ???oth ???th
???eth, a ??a y??ue, ?n, ???, ???co, ??i, ?e (????) e ??? ????. A N???
A?e ??????ue ???a ????? ??a, ???e ???? y?y?? ???a ??a, a ??a ?????? ??e
e ???, ?y ?? ??? ?????e ???u e ??? ????a ??. N??? ??? y?y?? ??i ? ????a
y???a ec ???a. Ae???y? ? ? ??? a ???? ???, ? e a ???th e a A?i?. A ??e,
?a ?? ????e, ?????i ??????, ? ?? ???iey ???u ?? ??? ???iy? ? ??a ??a.
I???? ??? ?? ????e ??ethae, ??th?ay ??, ???e ??, ???. I???i ???? ?????a
??? ???e, ??a ??? ???o ???iy?? ? ?i?? a E?i, e ????e ???a e ??c ?????
??? ??e a E?eth a ??a a ??? ??a.
2. ???? e ???ey
I????? (?oy ? ????i y?? ??? ? ?a?a ???) ????a ????? e ????? ???? ????y
??e???? ???eth ??????, ????o, n ??e ???u, a ??a ????? ????ny ??n ?
?????? a ???o ????, a n ??? — ?y? ??????a ???y?? ? ?? ????? e ???? ???
??e ??? ?????. A?? ?????a ??????, a ?ith ???ue, ??????? ????eth ????,
?y??eth a ???o ?a ??a ???? ????e ?????? eth?e, ????eth a XVI ?? ?????
???a. I???i ????e y? y??ey ??e ? ??? ???? XVI ??, ??a ????a ??????i
????o ????? ??a ????. N?iy?y ???, ??? e i???, a ??a ??, ??u e ??????a,
???ath?y ??e. A ????e, a A??a a y? ??y ???y?y ?a ???a, ????a ?ae ???ey?
«I??? A???-??» e «I??? ??? ??», ??? ?a ????ey ?o???? ? ??o ?? e ???ytho
??? i ???? ???i ??? ?????? ???e, ?i ?? ??? ?????i: A??a a y? ??y ??
?????? e ????? ???? I?????a e ????ey? ??e ????th?e ???i-?????e ???.
I??i ?????? ???i-??? e ???, ?i ???? ?????? ??????ny a ??? (a ???a ?
?????i ????y, ???????i ??e ?????e ??c ??e ? ?????o ? ????eyo) ????y?
A????i e O????i ??? ?y ??????ey ??a ?????e ????, ??? ???? ????? ? ?????
????? ??a, ?y??th?o ??o ??e ???. E??a ??c ?? ?????ue ??u ? ?? ????y,
??ue ??a ????e ??iy?a ??u, ?????ue ???u ?e ?????a ???? ?y n????y ??,
?????e ???? ????i. Ii ???i ?? ???a ??????ue ???? ?????u e ????ey? ???oth
?y?, ?y??othny a y?o ???.
Y???/??a ??? ???? ??n ? ??e, ???e ?n ? ?? ????ey ?e???a ?????? eth?e. A
XVI ?? ???????a ??e ?????iy?? ??? a ?? ????e, ??? ??? ?e ????? ?eth???y?
a ?? ???th?. A ??? ???? XVI ?? ?????? ??ay ????y ??a ???th???, ????
????? ????e ???e ?? O?o-?? I??ae, ????? I????i, o. a. ??????, e ?i ??ee
A??? A?-??a ??i ? E???a.
??o ???? ???? e ??a ?????e a ??a ???a ??????e ???? ???a e ??????a
???????o ???e a E?eth, E?i, N??ue e I???a. E???i, ?i a E??e a y? ??y
?????? ???????y ????ay ???y, a ? ??? ???? XVI ?? ???????? ??e e ????
????y n I????i ??????. A 1588 ?? A??o ???e y??? ????? «I????e ????»
Ae????i, ???e ??th ????o ????o ???? ??e ? ??? a ????o ????? ???. I?????i
Ae????i ????eye a A??a e E?? A???i, ? ???? ?? ?????th ???o. A I??o ?
???ny ??? n ???e io A??u, A?? e O???. E???i ??a, ?i ????ue A??u ?i A??ea
????i ?c ???eye a I??o ?????, ?y?yy ?????e ?y n?? ??? ??e ?? ? ?????
????i ?????a. A ????? ???e ?? A??? I??a ????? ???a e ???????y ?e «???a
????o ????». A?e ? N??? A?e a I????a ?????i e a A??o ???ey? ??? ?????
??????y, ? ??ae ?e ??, ???? ??e ?ae e ??, ?????? ??, ??????a ???y,
??ay?ay ???, ??a, ???, ???a e ??????a ???, ??? ??a ????? ???? ???,
?????o ????? ??? ? ??y??e XVI ??, ? ??? ??????? ???y?? ????, ?e ??? ????
??iy??e ???e ??o?e.
Ae???a ???u ??e ??? ??? ???? ?y ????ey ???????e y????, ????? ??????
??a?, ?i, a ?ith ???ue, ?? e ????th, ?e ??? ??a ????, ?e e ??????? ???
??n?, ? ???o ?????e a ???yo y??????i ??a ?????ue ?ath??y a ? ???y??e
????a. A 1507—1509 ??o ????ue ???e ??e N??? A?e e O???a O???-?i ???
??oth ???oth ???o, ???? ??? ??????o ??a, ???o ???? ? ?????o a? ????eyo,
??oth ?????th ???y?th ???, ?i ??o ???i ??y??? ???? ???? e ????a ???.
I??i ?????y i?? ??? O???-?? ?????? ???? ?????o ??i ?????ny ?????? ???u e
??ue ???a e ???o a ????a ?i??? ????y. Ae?i a ?i, ?i ?????ay ??????? ??a
????ue ???e ???a ?y?? ???i, a ????? ???y?a ??? i?? ??e ? ????y, ?? ? a
??? ???o ????i ????, ?e?i ??y?y ???ey?? ?a e ?i, ?i ?a ??th??y ???u ?y
??ou ?????o ???? ??????i ???? ??? ??? ?a ??a ?????? ??.
I?? ?ai ?e e ??? ?????? ??? ??? ? ????? — E???e-?i, ? ??a ??? ???o, ???
???e ? ??e ??i ?????i ??ae?y? ?? ???a, ?i ????i ?o ???? ???a ???, ??y ?
ei ? ??i ??????? ????e e ????e ??a. ?????y, ???a ???????y y???? ????ue a
???a, ?a ??a ????, ?i ?????. A??? ?????i ??????i ?????y ?? ? ????y?a ???
?? ?????oth?e ???o ???a. A? ??a ??? i?y??, ?? ? ???? ? ??? a E?eth e ???
?????a. N???ueny n ????e, ????e ????i ???a, ???ue ?? A??? (1583—1588),
e??? ??e ???? ????? ???i a ?????a ????a e ?i? ???? ? ?? ???th ???.
3. I????? A???i? ???a
A ??i ??? XVI ?? ??a ????? ???????o ?????? ?? ? ?????-?????, I???ae O???
(1499 — 1510), ?? ????? a ??? ?????i ?????? ???a ???a, ? ???a ????ue
???a, ????y a ??a ??? ??? ?i ???????? e ??i Aa????. ?????? y?? ?????y
??i ?, ?i ???? ???????a ??? N??? A?e ????ue ?ae ???th O???? ??a. I?a??o
O??? ???ue ????? ???a ???a e ? ?ny? ?o ????ue ?????i O????, ?????a
?????e ????e, a ?i ?o ???i e ?, ?i ????e ??e e ?? ???e ??? ??????? e
????????? ???, ???y??ny ? ???o ??????y ?a? ???a ???e ?????. I??? O???? a
??a ?????o ????o a y? ??y ??? ??, ?i ????? ????? ? ??????? ? ??e: ?y??a
??u e ???a ????u ? ???? ????? ????ue ????? ??????a. E?? ??, e ????e, e
????ue? ?? ??????, ?i ? I???ae O??? ??? ??? ????e ???????? y??? — ????i
e ?????, a a ????e ???e?? e ?????o ???? I????y. Y? ????i ?o ????y a ???
? ????o ?????o ?????, ?????? ?i a ??? n Oe????.
????ue?a ???ey ???? n ??, ?i a 1499 ?? ??? O??? ????ue a ??? C???? e
?iy? ???a A??o, a ???a N????, ????y ? o?o ???ey ?????? ????ey. O?? ????a
????? ? ??i ???ue y????a ? ???u ???o ???e, ???a ???? a Na???? ?????e
O??? ???? e ???e ? ???o ? O??? i???i ???a A??a. O???, ?????ny ? ??i ???i
?????, ??? y??y ?ae ??u N????a e ??? ??ae, a ???i ? ???????? ? ?? ????
?????? ????? ??????ey. Ec-? ?????y ??? ??ae ??u ?e ????i, e A??, ?y?
??e, ??i ??th ???e N????, ???e ?e ????? ?iyo O???, ??????i N???? a ?ith
???o. A 1505 ?? O??? ?????e e ??i ???eyi O??/, a ??i A?? n ?i, ??u ?????
????? ???e?? e e ??o 1507 ?? ????ue ?? ?a ??e I?????a e O???a, a o??
E????. A?e ??? ??????i ???e ?? ??e ?????? O??? ????u, ? ???????a ???
?y??? ???y?? ????? ?? ?????. AE?ay ???? y?? ??oe e ???? ??aa e ?????th,
O??? a 1510 ?? ?????e ??ae ??? ??? A???? ???e, ?i ??? ?i ??e ???????
???. O???? ??a ?? a oy??o ??? ???yo e???? ??????, ? ??????o ??????, ???,
???ya e?? e ?a ??y??a.
N????a ??ey? O??? ?????i, ???o?ny ? ???e ?? ?????, ??? ? ???? e ??iy??o,
??a?? ???e ???e ?y ????i E??, ??? ????? ???? Na???a ?o E??e (1502—1524)
??e ? O???. A 1510 ?? E??e ???e e I?? e ????? ?i ???ue, ??? ??? ?iye
????????? ??e ???e. Ia ??y ????ny ? ??a ????ey ??o ???? ? ??ie e ??? n
?i, ? ?ay ?????e ?y? I?a, E??e ??e ????. Ii ??? ?ae, ?i ???, ?ye ??? e
??e ??? ? ????o ??. E? e ????i ???ue, ???u???a ????e ?o ? ?????? ??ith,
e O??? ? ??a ??o a??a ???e ?????oth ????. I?? I?????, a ??? I?? i????
?????? ????, a ???i ???i ? ??? ????i o???? ???, ? e ?i O???. ????y ??o,
E??e ?iye I?a e A?ao, a ??i ???? ??ue ??e a E??, ?a ????y a y? ??y ????
? N????a ??? A??. I??? ??? e ???? i ??? O???, A?? ???? a ??ae, ?ay a
?a?o ????ue I?????. A??ue O??? ??? ?y??a a ?y? ?i ?e????a, e ?e ? ???
?????? ????? ??????y. I????e a ?ith ??o A?? ?iye ???a A???, a ? ??? 1512
?? e N????.
I??i ??? A??a ?e ????. O???? ??y? ?yae ?? ??? ?i ?????y, ??e ???o ?
????a ??i ?i??i ??????a ???????i ???a: ?????i, ??iy?? ? y?o ????eyo a
???? ? ??????? ?????i ?????y ???, ????? ??e ????y ?????e ??? A??a,
??a???y ? ???th ??, ???????th ????-???e. A 1513 ?? A?o? a I?????a ???? ?
O????a ???? ????a, ???? ?e ???? N???? e ????ue a ???a ? ???oth ???.
I??? ???? i ????e A??a, ?o E??e ??????i ??? ? ???o ??? ?????o ??th,
??iy?oth ? 60 ?n. ????a, ???? e????e ?? ? ??? ??????? ?? y?? A?? I??e
N?e. I?????a ?? N???? e A??a ????e E?? e ???? ?i ?a ?n???, a ??i ????ue
e A??a, ??? a ??? A???? ?????ue n ??? O????a, ???y ???a ? ??????? ????a.
A ??a ???? ???ny e ?i I??e N?e, a ??a ???y ??ue ?i ????; A??o e ? y?o ?c
???ue ???.
A ????? ?????i O????a ????i ?c ? ??y??e ??e ?o ?????? n E??i, ?i ????i e
???i ???yi e n ?e e n ??? ???u, ??? ??oth?a ??????a ??/?i ?a e ?????e
??????e, ?????i ???e ?? ??o A???-???a a 1559 ??, ???e ??e ????ue A??o, a
?i A??? (e ?i ?? E????) ???? ???e ?????a ??e, ???????? a????th A??? ????
e ???? ?????i. I?y?a ?????, A??? ? ?? ?uy?y? ?ay ??i, a ?????e y?o ????e
??e ??? ?? E???? (1561 — 1583), ? ??e ???? ?????ue ????? a?????i ???a.
N?????a a ??o ??o ?th ???o ???e ?a?e, A??? ???????i ????e ????i ???o ???
a O?a?i (??? ???ny n ??y?? ???e), a ??a ??? ???o ???a, i??i a y?i ??? ?
???y ????o ?????a. A??e ??????oth?i, A??? ?????i ???? ???u A????i
?????a: ? ???? O????th ??? e ?iye A?o, a a 1576 ?? ???e O???? e N?????.
I?? ?? ?e ?i E???? ?? a 1583 ??, A??? ?? ??i e ??? ? 1588 ??, ???y ??y ?
???ey?y? ? ????eth ???a?? ??? e ???? ????. E?y ????o ?????o ???, A?o?a
???i ????y?y n ???e e ?? ?oy ? ? ??y ????? ?? I????? ??? ??? ???, ???i
??a A??a. A 1584 ?? ?i Aa??a ?????e ??ae a A???i e ???? ?i, ?i ??i
?????aa ????a ?????a ?????i, ???y??ny ?i-?? ? O????. ??????e ??? ???a
??i ??????a e A????o ??ae??? O???a e O???.
A 70—80-o ??o XVI ?? ?i A??? ????ye ?yae ?????? ?? (? ???y ????ue ?
??????e ??e ???e ??), ???a ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ?, ??u ???? ? ?i ???o ????o
????, ???a ae???? ??? ?????. I?????a ??y A???-?i ??????i ?????y ?????i
??e ????o ?????, ??? a 1588 ?? ????e ?i O???? ???? ?? ????? Ae??? n
A???? ?????? e ???? ??? ?? A???, ?i ???i e ?y? ?oy?? ?? ??o ???? e A???
? ??y??e ?? ??ie ???? XVII ??. Ia ??? ???i ????ue ????y o ?? A??? e n
???? ??i A??? II, ?i ????i ????? ????y ??? ?? ?? ?th???, ???? ??e O??y e
E?ey. A 1585 ?? A???? ???i e ???y A???i I??a ??iye?ue ??????.
I??i ?a y? ?? e ???a ???e e ??????? ??e ? ??e ???i ?a???ue ???? A????i
???a, ?????? ?????ey? ??o ??y?? ??????e. E?? ??, ? ???a ???u ????? ?a?e
???a e ?????a ???. E ???o, ??a ???? ?o A?? I ???? ???th ??ue O???a, ?? ?
????? O???, O??-I???ae-?i, ?e ???? i???? ??? ? O??? ????? ?????? ??????a
e ?uy?e i ??e ??????e. A y?o ? ??? ??? ????e O???.
I?? ??, ?e a 1588 ?? ?i A??? ??, ????e ???e ???e e ?i ?? A??i??o, ???? ?
???ue ????ny n ???????e ????ey? n?? ????o, e a 1598 ?? ? ?e ?? a ?????
????. N ?i ???th ?????ue ???ey O????a, ????o ?a ??? ?a ?????i? ????? a
??a ?? ??u ? ???o ??? A?????. A???ay ?????ey ???a ? ???e ???? ?? Ae????
Ae?-I???aea A????? (1599a.), y?y???y ???? ?????? ??a, ???? ? A???? ??a
???a ? ???? E?? A???i. I??ae ????y ??e ???? ????y ??? ????? ?????? ???,
???a?? ???? ???e ??o ???ue ?o ??, ?i ?i Ae?-I???ae, ??ee ? ?? ????? a
A???a, ?? ? ???ny ? A??u, ??? ?? ? ???, ?e ?i ??? ?? a ???a ??? ?e ????
?i ?? A?e-Io??? (1599 — 1605).
N??th?i ??a A?e-I???? ??i A????i ?????a a ????? iy?e??e ??? ?? ???
??????ue A?????a: Oe?i-E?e-?i. Ia e??-? ??y n ???th ????e ?o ???ue ?????
???th ???, ??? ??ny y?o ??? ???i. E???e-?i ???ye ??? e ???? ?e ????ny ?
??a a ??? ??? ??a I??-I????, ???e ?? ??i a 1642 ??, ??? ? ?? ???? ??th?o
?iy? ?i ??i ??????a. A ??a ????? ??a ?????? ??? a A??a ???? ?i I??-I????
— A?o-??n (1645—1680), ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ? ? ??, e ?o ????y ?????
???e A?o. N???e?i ??ay?, ?i ?? ???o ????y ? ???e ??, A???? ?????e ??? ??
???e ??ae, a ????? ???? I??-I???ae-?i ???y ??? a A?? e ??? ?? ? ??? a
I??.
4. I????? O????? ???a
O??i ????y ?ae ?????i ?????? ????y O???a N???-O??? ? 1505 ??, ??a ?e
???? I????i O???. I?? ?? ?e a 1530 ?? O??? ??a, O??i ?? ???y?ny i?????
????i ?? E??? I, ??? ????y ?ae ?????e ???th ???i. Oaea a 1511 ?? ??????
O????a (O????) ???i, ??? ??? a ?i ???? ????a ??, ??????a ? ?o ???,
??-?Ue1a ??a ? ????e e I???? O???. I???, a XVII ??, ?-? ??, ?i ??a
A???e, ????? ??e O??/, a ???i ?????ue ????ey ??a, ???o, ???o ?e??ue
????e a O?o, ??? O????a ???i a ?????? ??? ??e ???? ??a O????. *?? ????ny
? ???a, ???y?eo ???e, ??? ?????? ????, a ???e ???e e ??????e ?????o ??a.
Aeey ???a?y ???e n ???? ?????e ????? ?? ????o ???? — ???a E???a e A???a.
I? ???a, ? ??????a a ???o O???, ?????ue ????? ???a ???ey, e ??? ??? ???
A??a ???e ? ??? e ?uy?? E???a ??i. *?? ????a ??y E???, ??ath??y ? ????o
?ey???o ??? ???? ????y, ??????e ?ith ??? ? ?th ????eth O???, ??????a?y ?
?????a ???i ???y A???e. Ii ?? ????a, O???e? ???i ??? ?????y, a ?????a e
????a ????e ?????ny ? ??y ????? ???? a ??? ??o ??e. E?? a 1538 ?aeo E???
??, ? ??y??e ?? a O??? ????ue iy? ??a, ??? ?e ????i ? i?, Ae??-??,
O????a ???i ?? ????i ??a ???i ????i ?????, ?????i ????i ?? ?i ????? ??
A????. I??i ??i ?i ????a ? ??????, e a ??a 30-o ??a A???? ?e ??? ? O???
??????i A??? Ae?-I????i, ???????i ?ay ??i.
A 1575 ?? o???? ????ue A??u ?i A??? II ???e a ??????? n ????? O??i-??i n
?i, ??u ????ue ?? ?i ???ey, ??? ??ay ?i ???a ??? ? ????. A??? II ??
????ue O??i ?? a 1593 ??, ??a ?? O??i-?i ?ae? a E?i e ???ny ??e ??? ??a
??? A??? II. O????a ??, ??ath??y ? ???th ?? ???o ???, ??????? a y?o ???
????eth TH??i O??????, A??i e I????. Oe?? ???a ???e n ???i ????? ?????
?ae ??e ????? ????? ??a, a ? ??a y?o ??? ?iy? ??u ??y?e a O??? ????, ?oy
????e? ???a a ???? ???y?? ?????? ??????o, ? ??i ? ???e ?o ???o ???e.
TH?? O?????i, ? ???? ??? ????a?e a ???? O???, a 1598 — 1601 ??o ?e ??ue
???? E??i, ??a ?ai ???a ???a ?y??? ??????u, a a I?a e I?o ???e ??e?
?????. I?????a ????y ??? ???? XVII ?? ???e e ????th A????i ?y???, ???a
???a ??? ?????ny ? O?u. A O??ia ? ???? XVII ?? ? ???? ??? ? ???e ???e, a
???a ?????a ??? ??????ue ???a ? A??a a O???, ??i ? O??? a O?o, ??? ??? ?
??? ??o ????? ?ey???? ??????e ?????ue ???e ??o ???? e ???i?e, ?i ???
????? a O????i ??? ?a ??a ??y???. A 1623 ?? ?????e ??? ???ue ???ny ????
a ?ith ??? e ??ae?ue ? ???e ?? ??? ?????a A????a, ???e ??? ??oe?ue ?o.
A? ??? ??????ue ????e ?????? A???e (1643 — 1663), ???? a ???th ??? ??? ?
????eth ?????e ??? e i???e ??? ???i, ? ???o ???? ???i ??? ?????ue ??y
???a.
I???? ????a O??? ?? y???? ??i???, ? y? ????i e ??eyi. O??? ????o ?????i
?? i?? ????ue ? ????a ???. E ??? ??? ???o ???e ???? ????a ???a e ???e,
??? ??? e ?????ny ?????i. Y? ???e ???o ????? ???, ?????y n oth??e, a ???
??y ?????? a O??i ? ??? ??. Ae??th ??? ???ey? ????e-????, ???????y ? ???
???e ? ???? e th?? ???? ?????a. E?? ??, ?????oth ??? ???ey? ?/?? ???, a
???? ??yae? i?????ny a O??i ??? n E????, ??? ??? ? ?o, ???a io ?? ??th,
??e ????? e ???e ??e, ????? ???ay? n ????e ??ey? O???.
A?e ???, ???a ?????? e ?????a a ???o e ???yo, ??i ???????? ?????i
???????, ? ????e-???? ? e ?? ????? ????ny ? ???e ??oe. A??? ????
????th?y, ?????i, ?? ????a ???ue ??? e ?????ue, ??i ???i, a ?????
???????o ?????. A ??o ??ayo ?? ??????? ?i, ?i ????e ??? ??y?? ???? a
??ue a ???a, ?i ?i ? ? ??? e ? ???yo ???ue ??? a ???????th ??o. Ii ????
e ????a ????u, ????a ???i?i ?????ny n ??ueth (????e: ??a n ????? ???
???eye ?? ????th ??ue ????y a ?ae) ??? ????a. I??i ???, i????? a ????
XVI ??, ??a ???? ???e y??e ???? 40 ????a ?e?? e ????? ???ue cy?o (??a
???). O? ???? ?y ????y ?????a ?????th y????th, e ?i ????, ?-???, ???a?ue
a ????th ??ue, a ?-???, ???? ?? 40 ?n. ???a — ? ?ny? ???a ? ???i ???i
???? ???a. A ??u ? ???? ????a ? ????, ?i ??e ???? ??e ??a n ???e y??e
???ii.
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