.

Великобритания после второй мировой войны

Язык: русский
Формат: реферат
Тип документа: Word Doc
77 1157
Скачать документ

Ioieoeeiaeueiia ia?aciaaoaeueiia o/?aaeaeaiea eeoeae ? 3

O?aeoi?icaaiaeneiai ?aeiia a. Aieaia?aae

I?iaeo

ii anaiauae enoi?ee

ia oaio:

«Aaeeeia?eoaiey iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu».

I?iaeo ninoaaeee

o/aieee 9 eeanna «A»

A?eaeiaa Aeaaeeie?,

Eaca?aineiaa Aianoaney,

Ea?aaiaeiaa THeey.

2005 aiae.

Iauea naaaeaiey ii no?aia.

Aaeeeia?eoaiey – ino?iaiia ainoaea?noai ia naaa?i-caiaaea Aa?iiu;
caieiaao i. Aaeeeia?eoaiey, naaa?i-caiaaeioth /anoue i. E?eaiaeey,
ino?iaa Aiaene, Oaeo, Ii?iaiaeneea, I?eiaeneea, Aaa?eaeneea,
Oaoeaiaeneea e ?yae aieaa iaeeeo. Caiaaeiua aa?aaa Aaeeeia?eoaiee
ioe?uou aiaeai Aoeaioe/aneiai ieaaia, ainoi/iua e thaeiua, ia?auaiu e
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, iiuaathony naaa?iui ii?ai e ia oe?ieei i?ieeaii
Ea–Iaio e Ia–aea-Eaea. Ieiuaaeue 244,1 oun.ei? n ianaeaieai 55.5 iei.
/aeiaae (1969 aiae). Noieeoea – a. Eiiaeii.

Aaeeeia?eoaiey ninoieo ec 4 enoi?eei-aaia?aoe/aneeo iaeanoae:

Aiaeey

Oyeuen

Oioeaiaeey

Naa. E?eaiaeeyIeiuaaeue

Oun. ei?Ianaeaiea,

iei. /aeiaae

(1968aiae)

Noieeoea130,3

20,8

78,8

14,145,9

2,7

5,2

1,5Eiiaeii

Ea?aeeoo

Yaeeiao?a

Aaeoano

Ca 1938-1969 aiae eieiieaeueiua aeaaeaiey nie?aoeeenue ii
ieiuaaee n 14,5 iei. ei? aei 1 iei. ei?.

Ainoaea?noaaiiue no?ie.

Aaeeeia?eoaiey – ia?eaiaioa?iay iiia?oey. Aaeeiiai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeoa ia eiaao; ia ienaiay eiinoeoooeey Aaeeeia?eoaiee
neeaaeuaaeanue ia i?ioyaeaiee ?yaea noieaoee e ninoieo ec ia?eaiaioneeo
caeiiia, noaeaaiuo i?aoeaaeaioia e eiinoeoooeeiiiuo niaeaoaiee eee
iau/aaa.

Aunoea i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Aeaaa ainoaea?noaa –
ei?ieue (ei?ieaaa). Ei?ieaaneay aeanoue yaeyaony iiaeeciaiiie
ia?aaeaaony ii ianeaaenoao i?yiui iioiieai iiia?oa ii ioaeneie eeiee, a
a neo/aa eo ionoonoaey ii aeaineie eeiee, niaeanii noa?oeinoao. Ei?ieue
(ei?ieaaa) yaeyaony aa?oiaiui iineoaeai eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, aeaaie
noaeaaiie nenoaiu, aa?oiaiui aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei aii?oaeaiiuo nee,
naaoneei aeaaie ainoaea?noaa aiaeeeneie oea?eae. TH?eaee/anee ei?ieth
i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?aai iacia/aiey i?aiuea? ieieno?a, ieieno?ia, noaeee,
aeeieiiaoia, ioeoea?ia a?iee, oeioa e aaeaoeee, aoaa?iaoi?ia,
caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia, iauyaeaiea aieiu e caeeth/aiea ie?a. Iaeaaeaao
i?aaii iiieeiaaiey, aeaeoao iy?noai, aa?iinoai, ?uoea?noai e ae?oaea
ii/aoiua caaiey. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aiaeeeneee ei?ieue (ei?ieaaa) –
eeoue iaieiaeueiu (ay) aieiaa ainoaea?noaa (oea?noaoao, ii ia
oi?aaeyao); ei?ieaaneea iieiiii/ey e i?a?iaaoeau ii/oe iieiinoueth
iaoiaeyony a ?oeao eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe – eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia.
Oi?iaeueii aunoei i?aaiii ei?ieaaneiai i?aaeaiey n/eoaaony oaeiue niaao,
a ninoaa eioi?iai iiaeeciaiii aoiaeyo iniai ii/aoiua eeoea (nauoa 300
/aeiaae). Oaea iiiai eao ia ooieoeeiie?oao.

Ianoiia oi?aaeaiea. Aaeeeia?eoaiey – oieoa?iia ainoaea?noai,
ninoiyuaa ec 4 enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeony iaeanoae. Aiaeey, Oyeuen e
Oioeaiaeey eiatho nianoaaiiua i?aaiaua e noaeaaiua nenoaiu,
iaoeeiiaeueiua oea?eae nenoaiu i?aaiia ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey. A ninoaa
eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia Aaeeeia?eoaiee aoiaeyo ainnae?aoa?e ii aeaeai Oyeuena
e Oioeaiaeee. Naaa?iay E?eaiaeey iieuecoaony ia?aie/aiiuie i?aaaie
aaeieieno?aoeaiie aaoiiiiee ia iniiaaiee Aeoa ia oi?aaeaiee E?eaiaeee
1920 aiaea. Eniieieoaeueiuie iieiiii/eyie a Naaa?iie E?eaiaeee iaaeaeai
aoaa?iaoi?; caeiiiaeaoaeueiue i?aai – aeaoo iaeaoiue ia?eaiaio,
ninoiyuee ec iaeaou iaueiu (52 aeaiooaoa) e naiaoa (26 naiaoi?ia).
Eiaaony aicaeaaeyaiue i?aiuea? ieieno?ii eaaeiao. Iieiiii/ey anao yoeo
i?aaiia ia?aie/aiu /enoi ianoiuie aii?inaie e oaeoe/anee oi?aaeaiea
Naaa?iie E?eaiaeee inouanoaeyaony i?aaeoaeuenoaii Aaeeeia?eoaiee.

Auai?iui i?aaiii naiioi?aaeaiey ai anao
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aaeeieoeao yaeyaony niaao, eeai
ecae?aaiue ia o?e aiaea, eeai iaiiaeyaiue ia iaeio o?aoue eaaeaeue aiae.
A ninoaa niaaoa a?aonoa, ai?iaeia-a?aonoa e ioieoeeiaeueiuo ai?iaeia
aoiaeyo noa?aeoeiu, eioi?ua ecae?athony niioaaonoaothueie noa?aeoeiaie
n?ieii ia 6 eao a eiee/anoaa, ?aaiii 1/3 /eneaiiinoe niaaoa, ec /enea
eeoe, ia yaeythueony /eaiaie niaaoa. I?aaenaaeaoaeue niaaoa – iy?,
ecae?aaony niaaoii ec /enea aai /eaiia n?ieii ia iaeei aiae. Yoeie
i?aaiaie ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiua aii?inu ianoiiai
aeaaiono?ienoaa, o?ainii?oa, aiaeiniaaaeaiey, auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey,
cae?aaiio?aiaiey, ia?aciaaiey, iiaeaea?aeaiey iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea,
a?aaeaeaineie iai?iiu, i?ioeaiiiaea?iie aaciianiinoe e o. ae.
Ioieoeeiaeeoaou iaoiaeyony a aeanoeie oeiainiaie caaeneiinoe io
oeaio?aeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Ieiei iieiaeiu oeiainia a eo iio?aaiinoae
ioieoeeiaeeoaoia iie?uaaaony ca n/ao i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo aeioaoeee,
inoaeueiay /anoue – ca n/ao ianoiuo iaeiaia.

Ianaeaiea.

Aaeeeia?eoaieth ianaeytho aiaee/aia (44,7 iei. /aeiaae)
aeeaouea a Aiaeee, a aieueoae /anoe Oyeuena e ia thaa Oioeaiaeee;
oioeaiaeoeu (ieiei 5150 oun. /aeiaae) – ae. ia?. a Oioeaiaeee;
e?eaiaeoeu (1350 oun. /aeiaae) – a naaa?iie E?eaiaeee e i?iiuoeaiiuo
?aeiiao Aiaeee. Ia iieoino?iaa Oyeuen ?annaeaiu oyeuenoeu eee aaeeeeoeu
(900 oun. /aeiaae), a naaa?iie Oioeaiaeee e ia Aaa?eaeneeo ino?iaao –
ayeu (90 oun. /aeiaae). Ainoaea?noaaiiue ycue e ?acaiai?iue ycue
aieueoae /anoe ianaeaiey – aiaeeeneee; /anoue e?eaiaeoeaa, oyeuenoeaa e
ayeia iieuecothony oaeaea naieie ycueaie, ioiinyueiny e eaeueoneei
ycueai. Ii ?aeeaee aieueoeinoai ei?aiiiai ianaeaiey i?eiaaeeaaeeo e
i?ioanoaioneei oea?eaai e naeoai (aa?othuea aiaee/aia – a iniiaiii e
aiaeeeaineie oea?eae, oioeaiaeoeu – e i?anaeoa?eaineie oea?eae); /anoue
aeeoaeae (a oii /enea ii/oe ana e?eaiaeoeu)- eaoieeee. N 14 naioya?y
1752 aiaea aue i?eiyo a?eai?eaineee eaeaiaea?ue ia niaio theeaineiio.

A 1969 aiaeo ian/eouaaeinue 23,5 iei./aeiaae yeiiiie/anee
aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey, ieiei 60% eioi?iai caiyoi a noa?a iaoa?eaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. Oa?aeoa?ii aunieay aeiey eeoe iaaiiiai o?oaea e i/aiue ia
aieueoay ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie no?aiaie aeiey i?iiaaeooi/iuo neiaa
ianaeaiey. ?ani?aaeaeaiea yeiiiie/anee aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey (90%eioi?iai
ninoaaeytho ?aai/ea e neoaeauea) ii io?aneyi oicyenoaa: i?iiuoeaiiinoue
e no?ieoaeuenoai 47,9%, naeueneia oicyenoai 3,6%, o?ainii?o e naycue
6,7%, oi?aiaey 11,7%, oeiainiai-aaieianeay e no?aoiaay noa?a 3,8%,
i?inaauaiea, cae?aaiio?aiaiea e ae?oaea i?ioanneiiaeueiua oneoae 12,1%,
ainneoaeaa, a?iey 6,0% , i?i/ea oneoae 0%.

Aaeeeia?eoaiey naiue aunieee ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie
?acaeouie no?aiaie o?iaaiue o?aaiecaoeee: ieiei 80% ianaeaiey aeeaao a
ai?iaeao, ec ieo ieiei 1/2 – a e?oiiuo ai?iaeao n /eneii aeeoaeae aieaa
100 ouny/ (aieueoa 90 ai?iaeia); oae aea anoue 3 ai?iaea n ianaeaieai
nauoa 1 iei. /aeiaae: Aieueoie Eiiaeii (ieiei 7,5iei. /aeiaae),
Ae?ieiaai e Aeacai (ii 1,1 iei. /aeiaae). 2/5 ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey
neiioeaio?e?iaaii a e?oiiuo ai?iaeneeo ?aeiiao: a Eiiaeiineie,
Iai/anoa?neie, Caiaaeiie Ieiaeeaineie, a Eeaeaenaeaea, a Caiaaeiie
Ei?eoe?neie, a Ia?nenaeaea e Oaeinaeaea. Ieioiinoue ianaeaiey – 226
/aeiaae ia 1 ei?.

Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea yeiiiieee.

Aaeeeia?eoaiey noieo a ?yaeo e?oiiaeoeo eiaeono?eaeueiuo aea?aeaa
ie?a, onooiay ii naiaio iieiaeaieth a ie?iaii oicyenoaa NOA e O?A, a n
1968 e ssiiiee. Aeiey Aaeeeia?eoaiee a i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa ie?a n
1938 aei 1969 nie?aoeeanue aieaa /ai a 2 ?aca. Aaeeeia?eoaiey ionoaao
io aaaeoueo no?ai ia oieueei ii oaiiai ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, ii e ii ?inoo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea. Oicyenoai
Aaeeeia?eoaiee neeaaeuaaeinue a oneiaeyo aeeeoaeueiiai iiiiiieueiiai
iieiaeaiey a? a ie?iaii i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa e oi?aiaea e i?e
iaee/ea ia?iiiie eieiieaeueiie eiia?ee. Iinea 2-ie ie?iaie aieiu iauee
e?ecen eaieoaeecia, ao?iue ?ino iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai
aeaeaeaiey ia?iaeia i?eaaee e ?aniaaeo A?eoaineie eieiieaeueiie eiia?ee.
A ia?aua iineaaiaiiua aiaeu, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey
iaoiaeeeenue ia aieaa ieceii o?iaia, /ai a e?eceniue 1938 aiae, a
Aaeeeia?eoaiee ia/aee ?acaeaaoueny iiaaeoea io?inee iaoeiino?iaiey e
oeiee, i?iaeoeoeey eioi?uo, i?e ionoonoaee eiieo?aioeee ia ie?iaii
?uiea, eiaea aieueoie ni?in. Aianoa n oai nio?aiaiea e iinea aieiu
aunieiai o?iaiy aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia, oneeaiiue yenii?o eaieoaea, ?ino
eiii?oa e ae?. aucuaaee aeeni?iii?oeee a yeiiiieea, oeiainiaua
o?oaeiinoe, aeaoeoeeo ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina, noaaoee o?iie/aneei,
ia?aie/aiey eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee a a?aaeaeaineea a oii /enea e yenii?oiua,
io?inee, caiaaeeaiea oaiiia yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, aieueooth
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneoth caaeneiinoue, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue io NOA.

Aeey iineaaiaiiiai a?aiaie oa?aeoa?ii oneeaiea iiiiiieecaoeee iiauo
io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a 60-i aiaeai i?ioeann oeaio?aeecaoeee eaieoaea
iooai iiiai/eneaiiuo iiaeiuaiee e neeyiee eiiiaiee ia/aeny e a ?yaea
noa?uo io?aneae. I?aaeoaeuenoai iiiu?yei eiioeaio?aoeeth i?iiuoeaiiiai
eaieoaea, nicaeaa n yoie oeaeueth a 1966 a. niaoeeaeueioth ei?ii?aoeeth
ii ?ai?aaiecaoeee i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iauaaeeiaiey i?iecioee a
noaeino?iaiee, aaoiiiaeeano?iaiee, yeaeo?ioaoie/aneii i?iecaiaenoaa,
aaeaoeeiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, yeaeo?iiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, AIE, ieuaaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe; a oeaeii ia aeieth 10 e?oiiaeoeo iiiiiieee i?eoiaeeony
ieiei 1/3 eaieoaea 500 aaaeoueo eiiiaiee. I?ioeann eiioeaio?aoeee
cao?iioe oaeaea aaieianeee eaieoae.

A 50-o aiaeao ia/aea aic?anoaoue ?ieue
ainoaea?noaaiii-iiiiiieenoe/aneeo iauaaeeiaiee, eioi?ua ioaaoeee, iiieii
iaeioi?uo aiaiiuo i?iecaiaenoa, iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiiua io?anee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iinea 2-ie ie?iaie aieiu auee iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiu
io?anee, ianeoaeeaathuea anth yeiiiieeo no?aiu: eaiaiii-oaieueiay,
aaciaay, yeaeo?iyia?aaoeea, ae.ae. o?ainii?o, /a?iay iaoaeeo?aey,
aioo?aiia-aiaeiue e /anoue ai?iaeneiai o?ainii?oa, aaeaeeiee, aiaeeeneee
aaie.

Eiioeaio?aoeey eaieoaea e i?iecaiaenoaa, n iaeiie noi?iiu,
niinianoaiaaei iiaeeecaoeee n?aaenoa e aiaae?aieai iiaaeoeo aeinoeaeaiee
iaoee e oaoieee, n ae?oaie – nii?iaiaeaeaeinue nie?auaieai /enea caiyouo
e ?inoii aac?aaioeoeu. A iineaaiaiiie Aaeeeia?eoaiee oneeeeinue
i?iieeiiaaiea a a? yeiiiieeo aia?eeaineiai eaieoaea, eioi?ue
eiio?iee?oao nauoa 10% i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa Aaeeeia?eoaiee.

Aeey Aaeeeia?eoaiee oa?aeoa?ii i?aiaeaaeaiea caiyouo a
i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa iaae aeieae caiyouo a n/o e aanueia aunieay
?ieue na?u oneoa, eioi?ay iiaeiuaao an? aieueoaa eiee/anoai caiyouo

Aaeeeia?eoaiey iinea 2-e ie?iaie aieiu.

Aieia aucaaea aeaeueiaeoaa cia/eoaeueiia ineaaeaiea
yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo iiceoeee Aaeeeia?eoaiee, oioy aa ethaeneea
iioa?e (245 oun. oaeouo e 278 oun. ?aiaiuo) auee iaiueoa /ai a ia?aie
ie?iaie aieia. ?anoiaeu ia aieio ninoaaeee aieaa 25 ieeeea?aeia ooioia
noa?eeiaia; ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea au?in n 7,2 ie?ae. o. no. aei
23,7 ie?ae. o.no. e 1946 aiaeo. Aaeeeia?eoaiey iioa?yea ieiei 25 %
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa no?aiu. I?iiuoeaiiay i?iaeoeoeey e aiaoiyy
oi?aiaey nie?aoeeenue, onoaiiaeeanue aeieaia?aiaiiay yeiiiie/aneay e
iieeoe/aneay caaeneiinoue Aaeeeia?eoaiee io NOA. A oneiaeyo
?acaa?ioaoaeny IO? oneeeeinue ionoaaaiea io aaaeoueo
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai ii oaiiai ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.

Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu ?acaa?ioeny i?ioeann ?aniaaea
eieiieaeueiie nenoaiu eiia?eaeecia, ninoaaiie /anoueth eioi?iai yaeyeny
e?ao e?oiiaeoae a ie?a a?eoaineie eieiieaeueiie eiia?ee. Aneaaenoaea
iiuiiai iiaeuaia iaoeeiiaeueii inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey a?eoaineea
eiia?eaeenou auee auioaeaeaiu i?aaeinoaaeoue iacaaeneiinoue Eiaeee (ii
?acaeaeeee no?aio ii ?aeeaeiciiio i?eciaeo ia Eiaeeth e Iaeenoai), Ae?iu
e Oeaeeiia, a oae aea anai eieiieaeueiui oa??eoi?eyi Aaeeeia?eoaiee. A
1945 aiaeo ianaeaiea aiaeeeneeo eieiiee e caaeneiuo oa??eoi?ee
ninoaaeyei ieiei 432 iei. /aeiaae, a1969 – ieiei 10 iei. /aeiaae.
?aniaae eieiieaeueiie eiia?ee ?acei ineaaee aiaeeeneee eiia?eaeeci,
iaeiaei iineaaeiee nio?aiee aua cia/eoaeueiae yeiiiie/aneea e
iieeoe/aneea iiceoeee ai iiiaii auaoeo aeaaeaieyo Aaeeeia?eoaiee.

Iuoaynue oie/oiaeeoue iieiaeaiea Aaeeeia?eoaiee n?aaee
niia?ieeia, eaeai?enoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai Yoee oaaee/eei a ia?aua
iineaaiaiiua aiaeu eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey a i?iiuoeaiiinoue; ?yae io?aneae
yeiiiieee aue iaoeeiiaeece?iaai e ?aeiino?oe?iaai ca n/ao ainoaea?noaa.
Iiae oneeeaoeiny aeaaeaieai ?aai/aai aeaeaeaiey auee i?eiyou ia?u
iai?aaeaiiua ia oeo/oaiea nenoaiu nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey,
i?inaauaiey, cae?aaiio?aiaiey. I?ienoiaeeei aeaeueiaeoaa naeeaeaiea
iiceoeee eaeai?enoeie aa?oooee n iiceoeee eiina?aaoi?ia. A iaeanoe
aiaoiae iieeoeee i?aaeoaeuenoai Yoee aianoa n NOA ?aci?aaei eiaeeoeeth
NNN? e iieiaeeei ia/aei aiiea aii?oaeaiee e «Oieiaeiie aieia» i?ioea
NNN? e ae?oaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa.

No?aieaiea a?eoaineiai eiia?eaeecia e oaniaeoaio
iauaaeeiaieth iieeoe/aneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo e aiaiiuo nee
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ie?a aeey ai?ueau i?ioea nioeeaeecia e iaoeeiiaeueii
inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey i?eaaei e oneeaieth caaeneiinoe
Aaeeeia?eoaiee io NOA. Ia a? oa??eoi?ee iiyaeeenue aia?eeaineea aiaiiua
aacu. Ai?ynue ca aeaaainoaothuoth ?ieue a caiaaeiie Aa?iia,
Aaeeeia?eoaiey nicaeaea a1960 aiaeo aa?iiaeneoth annioeeaoeeth
naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee (AANO) a ninoaaa 7 no?ai. Iaeiaei AANO ieacaeanue ia
niiniaiie e eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaa n «Iauei ?uieii»; a aeaeueiaeoai
iiiuoee Aaeeeia?eoaiee anooieoue a iauee ?uiie iinoiyiii iaoaeeeaaeenue
ia i?ioeai?a/ey n O?aioeeae. A aaaonoa 1963 aiaea ia/aoua ii eieoeeaoeaa
NNN? aua a 1958 aiaeo niaaonei-aia?eeaii-aiaeeeneea ia?aaiai?u
caaa?oeeenue iiaeienaieai aeiaiai?a i cai?auaiee eniuoaiey yaea?iiai
i?oaeey a o?ao noa?ao.

Ai aiaoiae iieeoeea eaeai?enou, i?iaeieaeay eo?n
eiina?aaoi?ia, ii i?aaeiaio aeaeaee noaaeo ia nio?aiaiea
aiaiii-iieeoe/aneiai nithca e iniauo ioiioaiee NOA. Iie iiaeaea?aeeaaee
ana eo aa?anneaiua aeaenoaey, aeeth/ay ia/aaoothny a 1964 aiaeo aieio ai
Aueaoiaia. N naiiai ia/aea aeaeueiaainoi/iiai e?ecena 1967 aiaea
i?aaeoaeuenoai Aeeueniia ieacuaaei iiaeaea?aeeo aa?annee Ec?aeey i?ioea
a?aaneeo ainoaea?noa. Iii aunooiaei a ?iee iaeiiai ec ae. iiai?ieeia
oe?aieaiey e aeoeaecaoeee IAOI. Aeiaeaaynue anooieaiey Aaeeeia?eoaiee a
«iauee ?uiie », eaeai?enoneea eeaea?u, aii?aee iaoeeiiaeueiui eioa?anai
no?aiu, oneeeee aiaiiia nio?oaeie/anoai n O?A (a iaeanoe niaianoiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa iaeioi?uo aeaeia, aii?oaeaiey, ?ac?aaioea yaea?iie
no?aoaaee IAOI e ae?.). I?iaiaey eo?n ia eiioeaio?aoeeth
aiaiii-iieeoe/aneeo eioa?ania Aaeeeia?eoaiee a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia, i?e
iaeioi?ii nie?auaiee a? «aiaiiiai i?enoonoaey» a no?aiao Aeeaeiaai
Ainoiea e THai-Ainoi/iie Acee, eaeai?enoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai no?aieeinue
ionoaeaaoue( a oii /enea aiaiiuie n?aaenoaaie) naie iiceoeee a no?aiao,
?aiaa aoiaeeaoeo a A?eoaineoth eiia?eth, e a inoaaoeony o Aaeeeia?eoaiee
eieiieyo e caaeneiuo oa??eoi?eyo.

I?iaiaey a?aaeaeaaiue eo?n a ioiioaiee NNN? e
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai , eaeai?enoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai aianoa n oai
auei auioaeaeaii n/eoaoueny n eciaiaieai niioiioaiey nee ia ie?iaie
a?aia a iieueco nee nioeeaeecia. A 1968a. i?aaeoaeuenoai Aaeeeia?eoaiee
iiaeienaei aeiaiai? i ia?ani?ino?aiaiee yaea?iiai i?oaeey.

Iieeoeea ianooieaiey ia i?aaa o?oaeyueony,
eiia?eaeenoe/aneoth iai?aaeaiiinoue aiaoiae iieeoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaa
Aeeueniiai aucaaee ?ino ?aci/a?iaaiey e iaaeiaieuenoaa ianaeaiey
Aaeeeia?eoaiee. Ia aein?i/iuo ia?eaiaioneeo auai?ao a ethia 1970 a.
eaeai?enou iioa?iaee ii?aaeaiea. E aeanoe i?eoei eiina?aaoeaiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai Y. Oeoa. Eiina?aaoi?u oneeeee ianooieaiea ia i?ionithcu,
aiany a ia?eaiaio caeiiii?iaeo, nouanoaaiii ia?aie/eaathuee i?aai
o?oaeyueony ia caaanoiaee.

A oaa?aea 1971a. i?aaeoaeuenoai Aaeeeia?eoaiee iiaeienaei
aeiaiai? i cai?auaiee ?aciauaiey ia aeia ii?ae e ie4aaiia e a aai
iaae?ao yaea?iiai i?oaeey e ae?oaeo aeaeia i?oaeey ianniaiai
oie/oiaeaiey.

I?ia?anneaiua neeu Aaeeeia?eoaiee aaaeoo aeoeaioth ai?ueao,
i?ioea eiia?eaeenoe/aneiai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiai eo?na i?aayueo e?oaia.
A aeaeaeaiee noi?iiieeia ie?a o/oanoaotho ia oieueei ?aai/ee eeann e
eioaeeeaaioeey, ii e eeaa?aeueiua ao?aeoaciua e?oae, iniciaaoea ?acia?
iianiinoe, eioi?oth i?aaenoaaeyao aeey Aaeeeia?eoaiee yaea?iay aieia.

60-a aiaeu iciaiaiiaaeenue ianniaui aeaeaeaieai i?ioea aa?annee
NOA ai Aueaoiaia e ec?aeeueneie aa?annee ia Aeeaeiai Ainoiea. Aeaeaeaiea
ca ie? neeaaaony n ai?ueaie ia?iaeiuo iann i?ioea ai?oa
iiiiiieenoe/aneiai eaieoaea. A Naaa?iie E?eaiaeee i?ienoiaeeee ianniaua
aunooieaiey o?oaeyueony, o?aaiaaaoeo oie/oiaeaiey nioeeaeueiiai e
yeiiiie/aneiai ia?aaainoaa e i?aaeinoaaeaiey ?aaiuo a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa e
naiaiae. A 1969- 1971 aa. yoe aunooieaiey ia?a?anoaee a aii?oaeaiiua
noieeiiaaiey n iieeoeeae e aieneaie

IAOeEIIAEUeIUA EEAeA?U AAEEEIA?EOAIEE.

Aieueoie eioa?an eiina?aaoi?ia aucaaea i?iaeaia iiauoaiey i?enoeaea
iiia?oee. A 1952a. E iioi?iiai ei?iey Aai?aa6 e ainoiaeaeaieth ia
i?anoie aai aei/a?e Aeecaaaou2 auea i?eo?i/aia oeaeay na?ey
ia?ii?eyoee,i?ecaaiiay aic?iaeeoue aueoth cia/eiinoue e aaoi?eoao
ei?iiu.Iiaay ei?ieaaa auea ainieoaia a o?aaeeoeeiiiii aeooa e
ioiineeanue e naiaio noaoono n iaiau/aeiie ioieooaeueiinoueth e
naiiaeenoeeieeiie. Iiieii eniieiaiey eiinoeoooeeiiiuo iaycaiiinoae aeaau
ain-aa Aeecaaaoa2 aeoeaii aeeth/eeanue a iaaeaeoia?iaeioth
i?aaenoaaeoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Ii /eneo ca?oaaaeiuo ioeoeeaeueiuo
aeceoia iia cia/eoaeueii i?aacioea anao naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia. Iniaia
aieiaiea ei?ieaau aucuaaee no?aiu A?eoaineiai Niae?oaeanoaa e
aa?iiaeneea ain-aa,aaea nio?aiyeny iiia?oe/aneee no?ie. Iao?iie?iaaea
Aeecaaaoa2 e aeayoaeueiinoue aiaeeeneeo aoiaieoa?iuo
i?aaiecaoeee,i?ia?aiiu ?anoe?aiey eoeueoo?iiai aeeyiey Aaeeeia?eoaiee a
ie?a.

Ooiae a 1955a. *a?/eeey n iinoa i?aiuea?-ieieno?a ciaiaiiaaeny
ainoiaeaeaieai aai i?aaiieea Aioiie Eaeaia.Yoio iiiaieaoiee
?oeiaiaeeoaeue a?eoaineie aeeieiiaoee,yaeyeny iieeoeeii oiai aea
iieieaiey e oie aea oeieu. Iaaa?iyoiay
o?oaeiniiniaiinoue,i?aaieciaaiiinoue,aeenoeeieeie?iaaiiinoue iiaiai
i?aiuea?-ieieno?a ianeieueei eciaieee noeeue ?aaiou i?aaeoaeuenoaa,ii ia
iiaee eiiiaine?iaaoue ionoonoaea iiauo eaeae e ii?aeueioth onoaeinoue
«noa?ie aaa?aeee»oi?e.Aieaa oiai,i?aaeoaeuenoai Eaeaia aiaeaeei no?aio a
e?oiiaeooth eieiieaeueioth aaaioth?o 50-o
aiaeia-aiaei-o?aiei-ec?aeeueneoth aa?anneth i?ioea Aaeioa a 1956a.

«Aao?u ia?aiai». Aa?ieueae Iaeieeeai

Iaeieeeai ?iaeeeny a 1894a. A Eiiaeiia a naiuea e?oiiiai ecaeaoaey. N
oniaoie,ieii/ea naiua i?anoeaeiua o/aaiua caaaaeaiey
Aaeeeia?eoaiee-Eoiineee eieeaaeae e Ienoi?aeneee oieaa?neoao,ii eca?ae
ea?uea?o iieeoeea a ?yaeao eiina?aaoeaiie ia?oee. Ii i?ecuaae e
?aoeoaeueiiio eciaiaieth o?aaeeoeeiiiie iieeoeee oi?e,ionoaeaae eaeae
niaoaiiie yeiiiieee ni cia/eoaeueiie ?ieueth ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey («i?aaieciaaiiiai eaieoaeecia»),i?eaeaiey ainoaea?noao
ia?aie/aiuo nioeeaeueiuo ooieoeeeiiiu?aiey iiaeeiio?ieueiie ainoaea?noao
aeayoaeueiinoe e?oiiuo iiiiiieee,niiniaiuo onei?eoue iiaea?iecaoeeth
yeiiiieee,ioeaca io ia?oeeiiai i?ioeainoiyiey,eeoaiiiai niunea a
oneiaeyo nioeeaeueiie aeaiie?aoee.

Noaa a 1957 aiaeo i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii,Iaeieeeai i?iaicaeanee eicoia
«aao?a ia?aiai»,i?ecaaa ia?oeth ia?aeoe io iie/aeeaiai i?eciaiey ?aaeee
nia?aiaiiie nenoaiu AIE e aeoeaiie ?aaioa ii nicaeaieth aeeiaie/iie e
i?ia?anneaiie iaoeeiiaeueiie iiaeaee yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai
?acaeoey.

No?aoaaey i?aaeoaeuenoaa Iaeieeeaia,aaconeiaii,ioaa/aea o?aaiaaieyi
a?aiaie e iaicia/eea aannii?iua i?ei?eoaou iieeoeee ia aeeaeaeoea aiaeu.

A 1963 a. Iaeieeeai ooae a ionoaaeo .Aai i?aaiiee Aeae
Aeoaean-Ouethi,?iaeiaeoue a?enoie?ao,?annoaaoeeny n oeooeii e ianoii a
iaeaoa ei?aeia aeey caiyoey i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie aeieaeiinoe,iaoiaeeeny o
aeanoe nianai iaaeieai-aei i?aeaiaioneeo auai?ia 1964a.

IIEEOEEA A.AEEUeNIIA

Aeeuenii aue i?aaenoaaeoaeai oaoiie?aoia-oeaio?enoia a eaeai?enoneie
ia?oee,aeey eioi?uo nioeeaeece eacaeny caeiiiia?iui eoiaii ?acaeoey
iauanoaa a yiioo IO?. Ii e aai aaeeiiiuoeaiieee n/eoaee,/oi caeiaii
iauanoaaiiiai i?ioeaaoaiey aeieaeii noaoue «niaaeeiaiea iaoee n
oaoie/aneei ieaie?iaaieai»,i?aa?auaiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna a
iauaeo oeaeaiai?aeaiiie ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee.

I?AAEOAEUeNOAI Y.OEOA.

Y.Oeo ia auai?ao 1970 aiaea, aue iieii ?aoeiinoe ?aaaeeeoe?iaaoue
ia?oeth ca «13 aionooth iio?a/aiiuo eao».Ii yaeyeny iaeiei ec iaeaieaa
iiioey?iuo iieeoeeia naiaai a?aiaie. *aeiaae oe?ieiai ia?aciaaiey,
ni/aoathuee aeanoeoth aieth e oeaeaono?aieaiiinoue n eioaeaaaioiinoueth
e iyaeinoueth . Oeo auno?i noae iaeiei ec eeaea?ia ia?oee,aicaeaaea
oa/aiea oae iacuaaaiuo «iiauo eiina?aaoi?ia».»Iiaua eiina?aaoi?u»
neaioe/anee ioiineeenue e eaeaa «ainoaea?noaa anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey»
e n/eoaee iaiaoiaeeiui nicaeaiea iaoa?eaeueiuo e nioeeaeueiuo oneiaee
aeey aeaaiiieo/ey eiie?aoiiai /aeiaaea.

«NIOeEAEUeIUE EIIO?AEO». I?AAEAIEA EAEAI?ENOIA.

N?aaee eaeaieiaia iiaiai eo?na auaeaeyeny Aeaeaein
Eaeeaaai,auaeaeioaoee eaeath «nioeeaeueiiai eiio?aeoa»-oaniiai
aeiaiai?iiai nio?oaeie/anoaa i?ionithcia e i?aaeoaeuenoaa ai eiy
«ei?aiiiai e iaia?aoeiiai ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey aeanoe e aiaaonoaa a
iieueco ?aai/eo».

Aeaeaein Eaeeaaai,ianiio?y ia naia iaiin?aaenoaaiiia o/anoea a
?ac?aaioea i?aaeiaai eo?na,i?iaicaeanee ieii/aoaeueiue ia?aoiae e
iieeoeea athaeaeaoiie yeiiiiee, i?ei?eoaoiia cia/aiea aioeeioeyoeeiiiuo
ia?,ioeac io ieaiia iaoeeiiaeecaoeee.

I.OYO*A? E A?EOAINEEE IAIEIINA?AAOECI

Ia ia?eaiaioneeo auai?ao 1979a. Eaeai?enoneay ia?oey ia niiaea
i?aaenoaaeoue eaeea-eeai oaaaeeoaeueiua a?aoiaiou i?ioea i?eioeeieaeueii
iiaie i?ia?aiiu eiina?aaoeaiie ia?oee,aicaeaaeyaiie iiaui
eeaea?ii-I.Oyo/a?. Iiaaaea oi?e ioe?uea iiaue ia?eiae a nia?aiaiiie
enoi?ee Aaeeeia?eoaiee.

Aiae ca aiaeii Oyo/a? oea ii nooiaiyi ia?oeeiie ea?a?oee,iaeaieeaay
iieeoe/aneee iiuo e nicaeaaay eieaeae «aeaeaciie eaaee».

Ia?aua aiaeu i?aauaaiey o aeanoe noaee ianoiyuei eniuoaieai ia
i?i/iinoue aeey iiaiai iieieaiey eiina?aaoi?ia.

A eoiaa i?aaeaiey I.Oyo/a? Aaeeeia?eoaiey noaea aaeeinoaaiiie ec
aaaeooeo no?ai Caiaaea,a eioi?ie a 80-o aiaeao niaieoiiue iieacaoaeue
yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa noaaoeueii oaaee/eaaeny.

Ae.IAEAeAEI? E A?EOAINEEE IAIEIINA?AAOECI.

Iaeaeaei? ?aoeoaeueii niaiee nai eieaeae ?oeiaiaenoaa eiina?aaoeaiie
ia?oee.A eiina?aaoeaiie ia?oee ii auaeaeioeny aeaaiaea?y
iie?iaeoaeuenoao Oyo/a?,ii anei?a i?aia?ae e nianoaaiioth onoie/eaoth
?aiooaoeeth.

Io?aaeaieai oniaoia i?aaeoaeuenoaa Iyeaeaei?a noaei /?acau/aeii
aeaaii?eyoiia ninoiyiea iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey,naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaaoaa ia
i?ioyaeaiee anao eao aai i?aaeaiey i yaiii ia?aaana ia?oee oi?e iaae
iiiiiaioaie.

Iiaaaeo ia auai?ao a iaa 1997a. Iaea?aeaea eaeai?enoneay
ia?oey,aaaeiiay naiei iiaui eeaea?ii Yioiie Aey?ii.

Y.Aey? noiae i?iaanoe a ia/aea 90-o aiaeiao iieioth ?aeino?oeoeeth
Eaeai?enoneie ia?oee,iiaea?iece?iaaa aa eaeaeiue a?naiae e noi?ie?iaaa
yia?ae/ioth eiiaiaeo aaeeiiiuoeaiieeia a ?oeiaiaenoaa.

AIAOIssss IIEEOEEA AAEEEIA?EOAIEE A 80-90-a aiaeu.

Oaea a ia?aua aiaeu naiaai i?aaeaiey Oyo/a? ?aoeoaeueii i?enooieea e
ainnoaiaiaeaieth aueie ?iee Aaeeeia?eoaiee a ie?iaii niiauanoaa.

Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 80-o aiaeia ai aiaoiae iieeoeea Aaeeeia?eoaiee
i?iecioee na?ueaciua ia?aiaiu. Aiaeeoee ioia/aee ii?aaeaeaiioth niaio
iano?iaiey a?eoaineiai i?aiuea?-ieieno?a oaea n 1983a.- Oyo/a? ana n
aieueoei eioa?anii neaaeeea ca niauoeyie a NNN?.

Cia/eoaeueii iaiueoae eiino?oeoeaiinoueth ioee/aeanue iiceoeey Oyo/a?
ii i?iaeaiai caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie eioaa?aoeee.

Oyo/a? i?iyaeea aeanoeinoue a ioiioaieyo ni no?aiaie A?eoaineiai
Niae?oaeanoaa. Aaeaa ia caaa?oeeinue aeeieiiaoe/aneei neaiaeaeii aa
no?aieaiea ioe?uoi iiaeaea?aeaoue a a?aaeaeaineie aieia a ?iaeacee
?aaeei aaeiai iaiueoeinoaa ai aeaaa n ssiii Nieoii.Aunooiaea Oyo/a? e
i?ioea naieoeee a ioiioaiee ?anenoneiai ?aaeeia THA?,aucuaay
?aoeoaeueiua i?ioanou no?ai Niiauanoaa e ie?iaie iauanoaaiiinoe.

Iyeaeaei?o oaeaeinue naeaeiooue n ia?oaie oi/ee ?aoaiea
naaa?ie?eaiaeneie i?iaeaiu. Eeth/ e iaio aue iaeaeai ia a naiii
Ieuenoa?a,a a aeeaeiaa n ?oeiaiaenoaii E?eaiaeneie ?anioaeeee. A
?acoeueoaoa aeaoo eao iai?a?uaiuo,oyaeaeuo ia?aaiai?ia i?aaeoaeuenoa
aeaoo no?ai auei aeinoeaiooi enoi?e/aneia niaeaoaiea ia ioeaca E?eaiaeee
io i?yiuo i?eoycaiee ia Ieuenoa? i?e oneiaee eciaiaiey a?eoaineeo
caeiiia,ia?aie/eaathueo i?aai naaa?ie?eaiaeneiai ianaeaiey ia
naiiii?aaeaeaiea.

Neeiiiinoue e iieeoe/aneie eiio?iioaoeee,aaoi?eoa?eci,oyaa e
yeeoa?iinoe a iieeoe/aneie aeecie,aaneiii?iienniinoue,iaaycuaaiea naiae
oi/ee c?aiey Oyo/a?,noaee aucuaaoue iaaeiaieuenoai. Ana yoi i?eaaei e
?aaeeeaeueiui ia?anoaiiaeai a aunoeo yoaeiiao aeanoe,i?ecaaiiuo nianoe
?aiooaoeeth eiina?aaoeaiie ia?oee. A 1990 aiaeo iiaui eeaea?ii oi?e e
i?aiuea?-ieieno?iii noae Ae.Iaeaeaei?.

I?iiuoeaiiinoue.

I?iiuoeaiiinoue caieiaao aeaaainoaothuaa ianoi a yeiiiieea
Aaeeeia?eoaiee, iaania/eaay ieiei 50% aaeiaiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa
e ii/oe 9/10 yenii?oa. Ec anao caiyouo a i?iiuoeaiiinoe ieiei 60%
nin?aaeioi/aii a oyae?eie eiaeono?ee. Ianiio?y ia iaeioi?oth
iiaea?iecaoeeth, ?acee/ai oaoie/aneee o?iaaiue «noa?uo» io?aneae,
aicieeoeo a ia?eiae i?iiuoeaiiie ?aaiethoeee, e «iiauo», i?aaei?eyoey
eioi?uo iai?oaeiaaiu ii iineaaeiaio neiao oaoieee. Noa?ua io?anee
ionoatho ii eiioeaio?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa e oeaio?aeecaoeee eaieoaea,
oioy a eiioea 60-uo aa. caeanue i?iecio?e iaeioi?ue naeaea.

Iinea ieii/aiey 2-e ie?iaie aieiu a i?iiuoeaiiinoe Aaeeeia?eoaiee
i?iecioee nouanoaaiiua no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey. I?e aaniethoiii ?inoa
/enea caiyouo a1,5 ?aca, a 3 ?aca oaaee/eeanue caiyoinoue a
iaoeiino?iaiee e iaoaeeiia?aaioea; a 2,5 ?aca – a oeie/aneie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a 1,5 ?aca – a ieuaaie e iieea?aoe/aneie e ianeieueei
aieaa — a yeaeo?iyia?aaoeea. Caiyoinoue aea a noa?uo o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
a?eoaineeo io?aneyo – a oaieueiie e oaenoeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe –
oiaea..

Aaaeiia cia/aiea i?eia?aee oaeea iiaaeoea io?anee, eae aoiiiay,
yeaeo?ioaoie/aneay n yeaeo?iiiie, iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuay e
iaooaoeie/aneay, aaea?aeaoiay. A oeaeii neeueii au?inea oyae?eay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Eaiaiii-oaieueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue – iaeia ec noa?aeoeo
yenii?oiuo io?aneae Aaeeeia?eoaiee. Iniiaie yia?aaoeee yaeyaony oaeaea
oaieue, oioy aeiey aai a yia?aiaaeaina iio?aaeaiey iai?a?uaii nieaeaaony
ca n/?o iiauoaiey aeiee iaooe iiauo enoi/ieeia yia?aee: a 1969 a. ia
oaieue i?eoiaeeeinue 50,8% iio?aaeyaiie a no?aia yia?aee, ia iaooue
42,6%, ia aoiiioth e aeae?iyia?aeth 4%, ia i?e?iaeiue aac 2,5%.
Aieueooth /anoue ia?a?aaioee iaania/eaatho OYN. A 1956 – 1970aa.
aaaaeaiu a aeaenoaea 11 aoiiiuo yeaeo?inoaioeee (AYN), eioi?ua i?iecaaee
(1969) 12% yeaeo?iyia?aee. A oi a?aiy eae AYN au?aaaouaaao iaiaa 2%
yeaeo?iyia?aee.

*??iay iaoaeeo?aey, iaania/aiiay nianoaaiiui eienii e iaiieiaeio –
ieceiea/anoaaiiie aeaeaciie ?oaeie, a iineaaiaiiia a?aiy auea
iiaea?iece?iaaia, ?anoe?aiu a? i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe. Iaeiaei ii
aiaae?aieth iiaaeoae oaoieee Aaeeeia?eoaiey ionoa?o io ae?oaeo no?ai.
Oeaaoiay iaoaeeo?aey ?aaioaao ii/oe oeaeeeii ia i?iecaiaeiii nu?uea,
iiyoiio auieaaea oeaaoiuo iaoaeeia oyaioaao e ii?oiaui ai?iaeai e eeoue
auieaaea aethieiey – e aeae?inoaioeeyi Oioeaiaeee.

Iaoeiino?iaiea – aaaeouay io?aneue a?eoaineie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ii /eneo
caiyouo e ii noieiinoe i?iaeoeoeee – iiiaiia?acii e neiaeii ii naiae
no?oeoo?a; oe?iei ?acaeoi ai anao ?aeiiao no?aiu.

Aaeaoeeiiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue ii auioneo naiie?oia caieiaao 2-a ianoi a
eaieoaeenoe/aneii ie?a iinea NOA. Caaiaeu e?oiiaeoeo aaeaoeeiiiuo
eiiiaiee auioneatho ?acee/iua oeiu naiie?oia, a o. /. Oo?aiaeioiaua e
oo?ai?aaeoeaiua, a oaeaea aeaeaaoaee , aa?oie?ou, naiioi?aaeythueany
nia?yaeu, aaea?aeaou.

Noaieino?iaiea aea?o aunieiea/anoaaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth, ii ia
iaania/eaaao naay iieiinoueth iiaaeoeie niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie noaieaie.

Oeie/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue iie?aaony i?aeiouanoaaiii ia
iaooaia?a?aaioeo a nayce n ?acaeoeai io?aneae iaooaoeie/aneiai neioaca,
?ieue eienioeie/aneiai nu?uey ?acei nie?aoeeanue.

Oaenoeeueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue – noa?aeoay yenii?oiay io?aneue,
iioa?yaoay aueia cia/aiea; iniaaiii nie?aoeeinue oeii/aoiaoiaaeiia
i?iecaiaenoai. Aianoa n oai i?iaeieaeaaony aai ?ai?aaiecaoeey,
iiaea?iece?oaony iai?oaeiaaiea.

A nayce n oai, /oi Aaeeeia?eoaiey ecaeaaia eiii?oe?oao i?iaeiaieuenoaea,
neiaeeeinue oa?aeoa?iia ?aciauaiea ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe: n iaeiie
noi?iiu, ieuaaua i?aaei?eyoey ?aca?inaiu a ianoao i?iecaiaenoaa eee
iio?aaeaiey naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia, n ae?oaie – iie oyaioatho
e ii?oai e iniaaiii e e?oiiui.

Naeueneia oicyenoai.

A oeaeyo iaania/aiey no?aiu naeueneioicyenoaaiiui nu?ue?i e
i?iaeiaieuenoaeai a iineaaiaiiia a?aiy i?iecaiaenoai aaaei noaneaeee e
aa?aioe?iaaiiua oeaiu ia naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iaeoeou. Iniiaiay
/anoue caiee i?eiaaeeaaeeo e?oiiui caieaaeaaeaeueoeai. A 1960-70-o aa.
caiaoii oneeeeny i?ioeann eiioeaio?aoeee naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa; a ianniaii ianooaaa i?ienoiaeeo ?aci?aiea iaeeeo
oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa.

Aeaaiay io?aneue naeueneiai oicyenoaa – aeeaioiiaiaenoai, ia aeieth
eioi?iai i?eoiaeeony ieiei 70% aaeiaie i?iaeoeoeee.

Ia Ainoiea e ae. ia?acii ia THai-ainoiea aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao
iieaaiaenoai. Naeueneioicyenoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai aunieieioaineaii,
eiaao aunieee o?iaaiue iaoaiecaoeee.

A ?acoeueoaoa ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee a
iinea aiaiiia a?aiy oeo/oeeanue naiiiaania/aiiinoue no?aiu
i?iaeiaieuenoaeai, e nie?aoeeny aai eiii?o.

Oaeaea ?acaeoi e ?uaieianoai, a eioi?ii caiyoi 23 oun. /aeiaae. Oeia
?uau aea?aeeony ia o?iaia ieiei 1 iei. oiii.

O?ainii?o.

Aaeeei cia/aiea ii?neiai o?ainii?oa, eioi?ue ianeoaeeaaao aiaoiaoi?aiaua
nayce e, e?iia oiai, eniieuecoaony aeey o?aooa. Ii oiiiaaeo ii?neiai
oeioa Aaeeeia?eoaiey – iaeia ec ia?auo no?ai a ie?a.

Aeeeia aeaeaciuo aei?ia 21,2 oun. ei, ec ieo 2/3 – aeaooiooiua e
iiiaiiooiua;10,5 % — yeaeo?eoeoee?iaaiiua.Auniea aai aeiey ai
aioo?aiieo a?ociauo ia?aaiceao – 22%.

Naoue aaoiaei?ia (325,2 oun. ei) i/aiue ?acaaoaeaia, oioy oe?ieeo
aaoiiaaeno?aeae iaei. Aaoiia?e ninoaaeyao 14,5 iei. iaoei.

?acaeo aaeao?ainii?o.

Aiaoiea yeiiiie/aneea nayce.

Caaeneiinoue yeiiiieee Aaeeeia?eoaiee io aiaoiae oi?aiaee i/aiue aaeeea;
ioiioaiea eiii?oa e aaeiaiio iauanoaaiiiio i?iaeoeoo aeinoeaaao 28%, a
yenii?oa 24%. Auaiceony aei 1/3 i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee, aaiceony
iiaeaaeythuay /anoue nu?uey, a oaeaea a n?aaeiai ieiei 1/2 iio?aaeyaiiai
a no?aia i?iaeiaieuenoaey.

Oa?aeoa?ai aeaoeoeeo oi?aiaiai aaeaina e ino?a i?iaeaia ieao?aeiiai
aaeaina, io?eoeaoaeueiia naeueaei eioi?iai noaei ii/oe o?iie/aneei.

Aaeeeia?eoaiey – e?oiiue yenii?o?? eaieoaea; a?eoaineea eiaanoeoeee

Ioeaieaathony ieiei 18 ie?ae. o. no., 2/3 ec ieo a no?aiao noa?eeiaiaie
ciiu . Aeaiaaeiay aaeeieoea – ooio noa?eeiaia ( ii eo?no Ainaaiea NNN?
ia yiaa?ue 1971 1aiae. o. no. = 2,1537 ?oa.)

Aii?oae?iiua neeu.

Aii?oae?iiua neeu Aaeeeia?eoaiee ninoiyo ec nooiiooiuo aiene (a?iee),
AAN e AIN; iauay /eneaiiinoue eo a eiioea 1970 ninoaaeyea ieiei 370 oun.
/ae. E?iia oiai eiathony oa??eoi?eaeueiua e ?aca?aiua aienea (na.56 oun.
/ae.). Aa?o. aeaaiieiiaiaeothuee – ei?ieue( ei?ieaaa) ,ii aai ooieoeee a
?oeiaiaenoaa aii?oae?iiuie neeaie /enoi oi?iaeueiu . Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
iiaeaioiaeo no?aiu e aieia e ca ninoiyiea aii?oae?iiuo nee ianoo
i?aiuea?-ieieno? e eaaeiao ieieno?ia, eioi?iio iiae/eiaiu Eiieoao
iai?iiu e aiaoiae iieeoeee e Ieienoa?noai iai?iiu. Aunoaa ?oeiaiaenoai
aii?oae?iiuie neeaie inouanoaeyao Eiieoao iai?iiu, a ninoaa eioi?iai
aoiaeyo: i?aiuea?-ieieno? e ieieno? iai?iiu, aioo?aiieo aeae,
eiino?aiiuo aeae e ii aeaeai Niae?oaeanoaa, oeiainia, oaoieee. Ieieno?
iai?iiu inouanoaeyao iaiin?aaenoaaiii ?oeiaiaenoai aii?oae?iiuie neeaie
/a?ac cai. ieieno?a ii a?iee, AAN e AIN e /a?ac Ooaa iai?iiu. Iniiaiua
i?aaiu ieienoa?noaa iai?iiu: Niaao iai?iiu, Eiieoao ia/ooaaia, Ooaa
iai?iiu e aeaia?oaiaiou aeaeia aii?oae?iiuo nee. Niaao iai?iiu ieaie?oao
no?ieoaeuenoai aii?oae?iiuo nee, inouanoaeyao ?oeiaiaenoai e eiio?ieue
ca eo aeayoaeueiinoueth. A aai ninoaa aoiaeyo: ieieno? iai?iiu, ain.
Ieieno? ii aeaeai iai?iiu, cai. ieieno?a ii a?iee, AAN e AIN, i?aae.
Eiieoaoa ia/ooaaia, ia/ooaaia aeaeia aii?oae?iiuo nee. Iia?aoeaiia
?oeiaiaenoai aii?oae?iiuie neeaie ieieno? iai?iiu inouanoaeyao /a?ac
Eiieoao ia/ooaaia e Ooaa iai?iiu, a ninoaaa eioi?iai eiathony
oeaio?aeueiua oi?aaeaiey e eioi?iio iiae/eiythony ii iia?aoeaiui
aii?inai ooaau aeaeia aii?oae?iiuo nee. Eiieoaou niaaoia iai?iiu a?iee,
AAN e IAN inouanoaeyao ?oeiaiaenoai aeayoaeueiinoueth niioaaonoa. aeaeia
aii?oae?iiuo nee Aaeeeia?eoaiee – /eai aa?anneaiiai eiiaa?eeenoe/aneiai
aiaiiiai aeiea IAOI, I?aaiecaoeee oeaio?aeueiiai aeiaiai?a (NAIOI),
NAAOI e ae?. aiaiiuo aeieia.

Cae?aaiio?aiaiea

Ain. Neoaeaa cae?aaiio?aiaiey auea nicaeaia a 1948 a ?acoeueoaoa
o?aaiaaiey o?oaeyueony. Iauaa ?oeiaiaenoai cae?aaiio?aiaieai a Aiaeee e
Oyeuena inouanoaeyao Ieienoa?noai cae?aaiio?aiaiey e nioeeaeueiiai
iaania/aiey, a Oioeaiaeee – Aeaia?oaiaio cae?aaiio?aiaiey, a naa.
E?eaiaeee – Ieienoa?noai cae?aaiio?aiaiey e nioeeaeueiiai ianeoaeeaaiey.
Ana iniiaiua aeaeu iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue ieacuaathony aanieaoii. N 1951
aaaaeaiu iaeia ia eaaeaeue auienaiiue ?aoeaio e /anoe/iay iieaoa ca
ea/aiea coaia e coaiia i?ioace?iaaiea. Cae?aaiio?aiaiea oeiaine?oaony ca
n/?o ain. athaeaeaoa, a oaeaea ca n/?o no?aoiauo aciinia, ianoiuo
iaeiaia e ae?.

I?inaauaiea.

Nia?aiaiiay nenoaia ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey ninoieo ec o??o nooiaiae:
ia/aeueiiai, n?aaeiaai e oae iacuaaaiiai iineaaeothuaai ia?aciaaiey.
Aeioeieueiia ainieoaiea inouanoaeyaony a oeieao-yneyo e aeioeieueiuo
eeannao. Ia/aeueiui ia?aciaaieai ioaaouaathony aeaoe n 5 aei 11 eao. N 5
eao iie iinauatho 2-eaoiea oeieu aeey iaeuoae, n 7 eao – ia/aeueiua
oeieu. Ii ieii/aiee ia/aeueiie oeieu o/aueony ia iniiaaiee oanoiauo
eniuoaiee ?ani?aaeaeytho ii o??i ia?aaiioeaiiui oeiai n?aaeieo oeie:
ieiei 20% o/aueony iiiaaeaao a a?aiiaoe/aneoth oeieo ni n?ieii iao/aiey
5 – 7 eao, ieiei 70% — a nia?aiaiioth oeieo ni n?ieii iao/aiey 4,
eiiaaea 5 eao,ieiei5% — a oaoie/aneoth ni n?ieii iao/aiey 5, eiiaaea 7
eao. I?eia?ii 1/2 n?aaeieo oeie eiaao ?acaeaeueiia iao/aiea aeey
aeaai/ae e iaeue/eeia. Iiaeaioiaea o/eoaeae aeey ia/aeueiuo e
nia?aiaiiuo oeie inouanoaeyaony a 3-aiaee/iuo iaaeaaiae/aneeo
eieeaaeaeao. Nooiaiue o. i. iineaaeothuaai ia?aciaaiey aeeth/aao
iauaia?aciaao. e i?io. o/. Caaaaeaiey n iieiui e iaiieiui o/. aei?i, a
oaeaea ?acee/iua eo?nu, i?aaeiacia/aiiua ae. ia?. aeey ?aaioathuae
iieiae?aee. Iecoaa i?io. ia?aciaaiea inouanoaeyaony a nenoaia
oaa?e/ii-caaiaeneiai o/aie/anoaa (n?ie-5 eao) e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai
iao/aiey. N?. i?io. ia?aciaaiea aeatho ieaaeoea ioaeaeaiey niaoe.
eieeaaeaeae(n 2-aiaee/iui eo?nii iao/aiey): oaoie/. , ooaeiaeanoaaiiua,
eiiia?/aneea, aeiiiaiae/aneea, naeueneioicyenoaaiiua. Aic?ano o/-ny
iau/ii nauoa 16 eao. Iiiaea ec eieeaaeaeae eiatho 4-5-aiaee/iua eo?nu
iao/aiey e aeatho ia?aciaaiea, i?eaeeaeathuaany e aunoaio. E nenoaia
«iineaaeothuaai» ia?aciaaiey ioiinyony e o/?aaeaeaiey ii ianeoaeeaaieth
iieiae?aee ai a?aiy aeinoaa.

Iaoea.

A iineaaiaiiua aiaeu iao/iay ?aaiethoeey ia?a?anoaao a
iao/ii-oaoie/aneoth. A Aaeeeia?eoaiee auno?i ?ano?o oaeaeueiue aan
enneaaeiaaiee, naycaiiuo n aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth.

Aoiiiua enneaaeiaaiey a aiaiiuo oeaeyo auee ia/aou Aaeeeia?eoaieae ai
a?aiy 2-e ie?iaie aieiu. A 1956 a Eieaea?-Oieea ia/aea aeaenoaiaaoue 1-y
a Aaeeeia?eoaiee aoiiiay yeaeo?inoaioeey iiuiinoueth 92 oun. eAo.

A 50-o aa. neiino?oe?iaaiu noaea e aaoiiiaeee ia aicaeooiie iiaeooea.
?ac?aaioaiu iiiai/eneaiiua oeiu yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiuo iaoei.

Iaeaunoaai oniaoa aiaeeeneea aeioeieee aeiaeeenue a eco/aiee no?iaiey
aaeeia e ioeeaeiiauo eeneio. Enneaaeiaaiey no?iaiey aaeeia e ioeeaeiiauo
eeneio i?eaaee e auno?iio ?acaeoeth iieaeoey?iie aeieiaee. Aaeeee oaeaea
caneoae aiaeeeneeo o/?iuo a enneaaeiaaiee ai?iiiia. Nia?aiaiiua
enneaaeiaaiey a iaeanoe iae?ioeceieiaee naycaiu n eiaiai Y.Yae?eaia. Ii
?ac?aaioae i?aaenoaaeaiey i oeceieiae/aneeo naienoaao ia?aiuo
eiioeuenia, eo nei?inoe, ?eoia e caeiiiia?iinoyo i?iaaaeaiey e ?ane?ue
iaoaieciu ?aoeaioeee – aieaauo, neooiauo, /oanoaeoaeueiuo e o.ae.
Aeinoeaeaiey iieaeoey?iie aeieiaee, aeioeiee e iee?iaeieiaee iaoiaeyo
io?aaeaiea, a /anoiinoe, a iaaeeoeeia.

Oeeinioey.

E na?. 20 a. Ii?aaeaeythuaa aeeyiea i?eia??e iaiiiceoeaeci, a
/anoiinoe, oeiea eiae/aneiai iiceoeaecia. Aiaeeeneee eiae/aneee
iiceoeaeci ai?n cia/eoaeueiue aeeaae a ?ac?aaioeo iaoaiaoe/aneie eiaeee.
I?aaiecaoeeiiiui oeaio?ii yoiai o/aiey noaea Eaia?eaeaeneay oeiea.

Enoi?e/aneay iaoea.

Iinea 2-e ie?iaie aieiu ?acee/iua oa/aiey aiaeeeneie ao?aeoaciie
enoi?eia?aoee noaee aieaa iaaeee?iaaoueny, neeaaynue a aaeeiia
iai?aaeaiea, eioi?ia aunooiaao i?ioea ia?enecia ia ae. o/anoeao
enoi?e/aneeo enneaaeiaaiee. E ao?aeoaciie enoi?eia?aoee i?eiueatho
enoi?eee eaeai?enoneiai iai?aaeaiey, caiyoua i?aeiouanoaaiii eco/aieai
aiaeeeneiai ?aai/aai aeaeaeaiey. A oi aea a?aiy ?ano?o aeeyiea
ia?enenonei-eaieineie enoi?eia?aoee; oaiaoeea ia?enenoneeo enneaaeiaaiee
ioaaouaaao aaaeiaeoea i?iaeaiu iaoeeiiaeueiie e io/anoe anaiauae
enoi?ee.

Yeiiiie/aneay iaoea.

Aeey nia?aiaiiie yeiiiie/aneie iaoee Aaeeeia?eoaiee oa?aeoa?ii
?acaeoea a? niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo io?aneae – yeiiiieee iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna e eiie?aoiuo io?aneae oicyenoaa; eniieueciaaiea
iaoaiaoeei-eeaa?iaoe/aneeo iaoiaeia e yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiie
oaoieee; iiaeeeth/aiea e yeiiiie/aneei enneaaeiaaieyi niaaeiuo iaoe –
nioeeieiaee, ineoieiaee, aeaiia?aoee, iaoe i iiaaaeaiee /aeiaa/aneeo
ioiioaieyo; ?acaeoey yeiiiie/aneiai i?iaiice?iaaiey e i?ia?aiie?iaaiey.

TH?eaee/aneay iaoea.

A iiaaeoaa a?aiy a th?eaee/aneie iaoea Aaeeeia?eoaiee ecaanoiu e?oiiua
o/?iua, ?ac?aaaouaathuea i?iaeaiu iauaai i?aaa e i?aaa ni?aaaaeeeainoe,
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, oaieiaiiai, enoi?ee aiaeeeneiai i?aaa e o. ae.

Eeoa?aoo?a.

Iinea 2-e ie?iaie aieiu iiyaeyaony iiaia iieieaiea ?iiaienoia,
io?aaeathueo e?ecen aiaeeeneiai ao?aeoaciiai iauanoaa, oaeoaeaoeeny a
?acoeueoaoa ?aniaaea a?eoaineie eieiieaeueiie eiia?ee e oo?aou no?aiie
a? i?aaeiaai iieiaeaiey a ie?iaie yeiiiieea e iieeoeea.

Eniieuecoaiue iaoa?eae.

1. Aieueoay Niaaoneay Yioeeeeiiaaeey (oii 4). A.I.I?ioi?ia 1971 aiae.

no?. 412 – 452

2. Niaaoneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. A.I.I?ioi?ia, A.A.Aonaaa e
o.ae.

Naeou:

1. www.yandex.ru

2. www.rambler.ru

3. www.google.ru

Nnueee:

1. www.trimm.ru/php/content.php?

2. http://msav.narod.ru/india.htm

3. www.sevtolib.iuf.net/region/external/

Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter

Похожие документы
Обсуждение

Ответить

Курсовые, Дипломы, Рефераты на заказ в кратчайшие сроки
Заказать реферат!
UkrReferat.com. Всі права захищені. 2000-2020