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Цивилизации греческого полиса

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?aoa?ao

«Oeeaeeecaoeee a?a/aneiai iieena»

I. A?aieoeu oeeaeeecaoeee

I?ae?aniay i?e?iaea Yeeaaeu, eioi?oth iiiai ?ac ainiaaaee iiyou, ia auea
neeoeii uaae?ie, iniaaiii aeey caieaaeaeueoeaa.

1. «Aucia no?iaie no?aiu»

Ieiaei?iaeiie caiee a A?aoeee iaiiiai. Eeeiao caeanue canooeeaue,
e?oiiuo ?ae iao, e nicaeaoue i?ineoaeueioth nenoaio, eae a ?a/iuo
oeeaeeecaoeeyo Ainoiea, auei iaaiciiaeii. Iiyoiio caieaaeaeea noaei
iniiaiie io?aneueth oicyenoaa eeoue a iaeioi?uo iaeanoyo no?aiu. I?e/ai
ii ia?a ?acaeoey oeaaiiaoanoaa ii/aa noaea auno?i enoiuaoueny. Oeaaa,
eae i?aaeei, ia oaaoaei ia ana ianaeaiea, /eneaiiinoue eioi?iai ni
a?aiaiai aic?anoaea. Aieaa aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey auee aeey naaeiaiaenoaa
e neioiaiaenoaa: a?aee ecaeaaia ?acaiaeeee eic e iaaoe, naaeaee
aeiia?aae e ieeaee. No?aia auea aiaaoa iieaciuie eneiiaaiuie: na?aa?ii,
iaaeueth, naeioeii, i?aii?ii e cieioii. Ii, anoanoaaiii, yoiai auei
iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey oiai, /oiau iaania/eoue n?aaenoaa e nouanoaiaaieth.

Aua iaeiei aiaaonoaii A?aoeee auei ii?a. Oaeiaiua aooou, iiiai/eneaiiua
ino?iaa, ?aniieiaeaiiua aeecei ae?oa io ae?oaa, nicaeaaaee i?ae?aniua
oneiaey aeey ii?aieaaaiey e oi?aiaee. Ii aeey yoiai ioaeii auei
iaeaaeaoue noeoeae ii?y.

Oeeaeeecaoeey noiaea aeaoue aeinoieiue «ioaao» ia «aucia» n?aaeu. Noaa
eneoniuie ii?aieaaaoaeyie, a?aee iinoaiaiii i?aa?aoeee naith no?aio a
neeueioth ii?neoth aea?aeaao.

Naie a?aee oi?ioi iiieiaee i?aeiouanoaa nicaeaiiie eie ii?neie
aea?aeaau, aa iacaaeneiinoue io eciai/eaie i?e?iaeu: «Ieioea o?iaeae —
ae/ naiuo iiaouanoaaiiuo aea?aeaa, oiaaea eae ii?neea aea?aeaau eaaei eo
i?aiaeieaaatho». Ai?ueaa ca nouanoaiaaiea oea, i?aaeaea anaai ca n/ao
inaiaiey iiauo i?ino?ainoa, eieiiecaoeee e oi?aiaee. A?a/aneay
oeeaeeecaoeey iinoiyiii ?anoe?yea naie a?aieoeu.

Ia?aue i/aa oeeaeeecaoeee ca?iaeeeny ia ino?iaa E?eo ia ?oaaaea III—II
ouny/aeaoee aei i. y. Ieiei XV a. aei i. y. e?eoneay eoeueoo?a, y?eay e
i?eaeiaeueiay, o?aae/anee auno?i iiaeaaao (i/aaeaeii, iinea ecaa?aeaiey
aoeeaia).

Ae ia niaio i?eoea iiaay eoeueoo?a — aoaeneay. Ieaiaia aoaeoeaa
?ani?ino?aieeenue ia aieueooth /anoue A?aoeee e ino?iaa Yaaeneiai ii?y.
Ia?aaeea a XV— XIII aa. aei i. y. ?anoeaao, oaea a XIII—XII aa. aei i.
y. aoaeneay eoeueoo?a iiaeaea oae aea iaiaeeaeaiii e o?aae/ii, eae e aa
i?aaeoanoaaiieoea. Aiciiaeii, iia auea oie/oiaeaia ai a?aiy iaoanoaey
naaa?iuo ia?iaeia, n?aaee eioi?uo, i/aaeaeii, auee e a?aee-aei?eeoeu.

Yiioe e?eoneie e aoaeneie eoeueoo? iiaeii n/eoaoue naiaai ?iaea
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiui yoaiii, iinea eioi?iai ia/eiaaony enoi?ey nianoaaiii
a?a/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee.

N VIII ii VI a. aei i. y. A?aoeey caieiaea tha Aaeeaineiai iieoino?iaa,
ino?iaa Yaaeneiai ii?y e caiaaeiia iiaa?aaeuea Iaeie Acee. Ieiei 500 a.
aei i. y. a enoi?ee A?aoeee i?ienoiaeeo aaaeiaeoee ia?aeii — ia/eiaaony
aaeeeay a?a/aneay eieiiecaoeey (a?a/aneea iinaeaiey, neaaeai, a Eoaeee,
iiyaeyeenue e ?aiueoa, ii eieiiecaoeey ia eiaea ianniaiai oa?aeoa?a).
Iia oea ia caiaae (Neoeeeey, THaeiay Eoaeey, THaeiay O?aioeey, ainoi/iia
iiaa?aaeuea Eniaiee), ia naaa? (O?aeey, i?ieeau ec N?aaeecaiiiai a
*a?iia ii?a), ia thai-ainoie (Naaa?iay Ao?eea, Eaaaio).

2. «Aucia iiauo caiaeue»

*oi aea aeaea A?aoeee eieiiecaoeey? I?aaeaea ana iia aucaaea ianniaue
iooie ianaeaiey, iieeaeaaoaai ?iaeeio ec-ca iaoaaoee caiee eee /anouo
aioo?aiieo oniaeoe. A ?acoeueoaoa /enei iaaeiaieueiuo n?aaee naiaiaeiiai
ianaeaiey A?aoeee nie?auaeinue, e yoi a eaeie-oi noaiaie nieiaei
nioeeaeueioth iai?yaeaiiinoue.

Eieiiecaoeey ioe?uea ia?iiiua aiciiaeiinoe aeey oi?aiaee, eioi?ay
onei?eea ?acaeoea noaeino?iaiey e anao ?aciiia?aciuo ?aianae, n iei
naycaiiuo. A eieiieyo auno?i au?inee aiaaoua ai?iaea: Oaeeeaea, Ei?eio,
Iaaa?u, Ieeao, Y?ao?ey e iiiaea ae?oaea. Iaaeaeo ieie e iao?iiieeae
onoaiaaeeaaeenue i?i/iua oi?aiaua nayce. Ec eieiiee iinoaaeyeinue oi,
/ai oae aaaeai aue Aaeeaineee iieoino?ia, — ca?ii, ean, iaoaeeu e
i?iaeoeou. A naith i/a?aaeue ec iao?iiieee aacee oiaa?u, eioi?uie
neaaeeanue A?aoeey: ecaeaeey ?aianeaiieeia, aeia, ieeaeiaia ianei.

Iao?iiieey — a ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai «iaoue-ai?iae».
Ai?iae-ainoaea?noai, ec eioi?iai inouanoaeyaony eieiiecaoeey.

I?iaeaiu, noiyaoea ia?aae eieiienoaie, o?aaiaaee io /aeiaaea iniauo
ea/anoa. Ai?ueaa n ii?neie noeoeae, o?oaeiinoe inaiaiey iiauo,
iaaaaeiiuo caiaeue — a yoeo neooaoeeyo ?aoathuoth ?ieue ea?aee ethaee
niaeua, eieoeeaoeaiua, niiniaiua, ciathuea naia aeaei. Iiyoiio
iaoaeeaeoaeueii, /oi a aeecie ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai iauanoaa ia ia?aue ieai
auoiaeee eoeueo ee/iinoe e i?eioeei ni?aaiiaaoaeueiinoe iaaeaeo
ethaeueie. Ia neo/aeii eiaiii a A?aoeee aia?aua iiyaeeenue nii?oeaiua
ni?aaiiaaiey — Ieeiieeneea ea?u. Yoi auee a?aiaeeiciua i?acaeianoaa ai
neaao aiaeanoaaiiiai niaa?oainoaa /aeiaaea, i?ae?aniiai aeooie e oaeii.
A /anoue iiaaaeeoaeae onoaiaaeeaaeenue noaooe, a a ?iaeiuo ai?iaeao eo
ii/eoaee eae aa?iaa. Eaeaae niaa?oaiiie ee/iinoe, iaeaaeathuae
oece/aneie neeie e aeaai?iaenoaii, io?aceeny a iiiai/eneaiiuo ieoao i
aa?iyo, iieoaiaao-iieoethaeyo (ieou i Aa?aeea, I?iiaoaa e ae?.).

Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia IV a. aei i. y. aeaaiaea?y iioiaeai (334—324 aa. aei
i. y.) Aeaenaiae?a Iaeaaeiineiai aicieeea aeaaioneay eiia?ey, eioi?ay
ioaaouaaea Iaeoth, Ia?aaeithth, /anoe/ii N?aaeithth e Oeaio?aeueioth
Aceth aei ieaeiaai oa/aiey Eiaea, a oaeaea Aaeiao.

Eoae, iniaua aaia?aoe/aneea oneiaey A?aoeee ieacaee aieueoia aeeyiea ia
oiae enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey oeeaeeecaoeee, ia oi?ie?iaaiea naiaia?aciiai
oeia ee/iinoe.

II. A?a/aneay iaueia Iieen

Eae e ai anao aei eiaeono?eaeueiuo oeeaeeecaoeeyo, iaueia a Ae?aaiae
A?aoeee auea iniiaiie y/aeeie iauanoaa, ii ioee/aeanue naiaia?aceai e ai
iiiaeo naieo /a?oao auea ia iioiaea ia ainoi/ioth iaueio. Iniaaiiinoe
a?a/aneie iaueiu ieacaee aeeyiea ia iieeoe/aneoth aeeciue no?aiu,
nenoaio oeaiiinoae, io/anoe aeaaea ia iniaaiiinoe eeoa?aoo?u, eneonnoaa,
oeeinioee, o. a. ia enoi?eth oeeaeeecaoeee a oeaeii.

Yoi auea iaueia-iieen, aeeth/athuay a naay ia oieueei naeueneia
ianaeaiea (eae ia Ainoiea), ii e ai?iaeneia. *eaiii iaueiu iiaeii auei
noaoue i?e aeaoo oneiaeyo: anee /aeiaae yaeyeny a?aeii ii
iaoeeiiaeueiinoe, anee ii aue naiaiaeiui e aeaaeae /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoueth. Ana /eaiu iaueiu — naiaiaeiua nianoaaiieee — iaeaaeaee
iieeoe/aneeie i?aaaie (oioy e ia anaaaea ?aaiuie), eioi?ua iicaieyee ei
i?eieiaoue o/anoea a ainoaea?noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiyoiio a?a/aneee
iieen iacuaatho a?aaeaeaineie iaueiie.

Ainoaea?noai a A?aoeee nouanoaiaaei ia iaae iaueiie (eae yoi auei ia
Ainoiea), iii au?anoaei ec iaueiu; oi/iaa, naia iaueia i?aa?auaeanue a
iaeaiueeia ainoaea?noai ni naieie caeiiaie, i?aaiaie aeanoe e nenoaiie
oi?aaeaiey. *eaiu iaueiu, ai?iaeaia e caieaaeaeueoeu, ia ciaaoea
i?iaeaiu io/oaeaeaiey io ainoaea?noaa, niea/eaaeenue a aaeeiue,
aeinoaoi/ii caieiooue eieeaeoea, ninoaaeyaoee yeiiiie/aneia,
iieeoe/aneia e eaeaeiia oeaeia.

Iieenii a Ae?aaiae A?aoeee iacuaaee ai?iae ainoaea?noai. Iii ninoiyei ec
naiiai ai?iaea e i?eeaaathueo e iaio oa??eoi?ee.

Nenoaia oeaiiinoae — nenoaia i?aanoaaiiuo ii?i, eaeaaeia, eioi?ua
ii?aaeaeytho iiaaaeaiea /aeiaaea, aai ioiioaiea e naaa, ie?oaeathuaio
ie?o.

Aioo?e iieenia iinoaiaiii oi?ie?iaaeinue a?aaeaeaineia i?aai, o. a.
neeaaeuaaeenue naiaeu caeiiia, ii?aaeaeyaoea i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe /eaiia
iaueiu, aeaaaaoea ei iaeioi?ua nioeeaeueiua aa?aioee. Iai?eia?, iiae
io?aiie caeiia iaoiaeeeenue caieaaeaeueoeu: a Nia?oa aei IV a. aei i. y.
auei cai?auaii io/oaeaeaoue caieth o e?anoueyi, a Aoeiao i?ineaaeaiiue
caeiiiaeaoaeue Nieii ia aeicaieye, /oiau iaeei /aeiaae iieoiae caieth a
iaia?aie/aiiuo eiee/anoaao. Iieen ia oieueei caieiaeny aioo?aiieie
aeaeaie, ii e iia aanoe aiaoiaiieeoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, eiae
nianoaaiioth a?ieth: a?aaeaeaia iieena anooiaee a iiie/aiea e ia a?aiy
aiei i?aa?auaeenue a aieiia.

Iieen (o. a. eieeaeoea a?aaeaeai) eiae i?aai aa?oiaiie nianoaaiiinoe ia
caieth. E?iia /anoiuo o/anoeia caiee ii ?anii?yaeaeny oaeaea ia
iiaeaeaiiie, naiaiaeiie caieae, e yoi oe?aieyei iiceoeee iieena eae
iieeoe/aneiai ia?aciaaiey.

Aini?eieiay naay eae naiinoiyoaeueiia ainoaea?noai, iieen aeee a
niioaaonoaee n eaeaae aaoa?eee. A iieena nicaeaaaeanue iniaay nenoaia
eaeaaeia: naiaiaeiua a?aaeaeaia aa?eee, /oi aeaaiiieo/ea eaaeaeiai ec
ieo caaeneo, i?aaeaea anaai, io eo ?iaeiiai iieena, aia eioi?iai
nouanoaiaaoue iaaiciiaeii. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, i?ioeaaoaiea iieena ai
iiiaii caaenaei io aai a?aaeaeai, io oiai, neieueei n?aaee ieo aoaeao
y?eeo, oaeaioeeauo e aeaai?iaeiuo ethaeae. Iie ii/eoaee ae?aaiea
o?aaeeoeee, inoaeaeaee noyaeaoaeuenoai e i/aiue auniei oeaieee
e?anoueyineee o?oae. Ii aeaaiia — iuouaee naay iieiii?aaiuie e
naiaiaeiuie ethaeueie. Yoi ninoaaeyei i?aaeiao iniaie ai?aeinoe. Oae,
iaea?aeaa iiaaaeo iaae ia?naie, a?aee iauyniyee naie oniao oai, /oi iie
iaeaaeaee aea?ii naiaiaeu, a ana iiaeaeaiiua ia?neaeneiai oea?y-aeaniioa
auee aai ?aaaie.

Neiai «aaoa?eey» iiaeii ia?aaanoe eae «naiiiaania/aiiinoue»,
«naiiaeinoaoi/iinoue».

Neea e naiinoiyoaeueiinoue iauei-iieenia ai iiiaii iauyniyeenue oai, /oi
a A?aoeee ia auei oneiaee aeey iiyaeaiey aieueoeo oea?neeo e o?aiiauo
oicyenoa, oioy iiia?oe/aneay oi?ia i?aaeaiey aioo?e iieenia eaeia-oi
a?aiy nouanoaiaaea. A aeoaieie ae?aaiinoe ai aeaaa iieenia noiye oea?ue
— aaneeaan e ?iaeiaay ciaoue, ouaieyaoea i?aaa aeaiina (ia?iaea), e
eioi?iio ioiineeenue ana iaciaoiua naiaiaeiua e?anoueyia e ?aianeaiieee.
E VII a. aei i. y. eiioeeeou aioo?e iieena aeinoeaee iniaaiiiai ?aciaoa.

Ai?ueao n a?enoie?aoeae aaei iaeeia e?anoueyinoai, ia?aae eioi?ui /anoi
anoaaaea oa?ica eeoeoueny naiae caiee e i?aa?aoeoueny a a?aiaeaoi?ia ia
nianoaaiiuo o/anoeao. O a?enoie?aoee aue e ae?oaie i?ioeaiee —
aeiaieueii aieueoie neie iaciaoiuo ai?iaeai, ?acaiaaoaaoeo aeaaiaea?y
oi?aiaea e ?aianeo e aeaeaaoeo iieo/eoue i?eaeeaaee ciaoe.

Ai iiiaeo iieenao yoa ai?ueaa caeai/eaaeanue ia?aai?ioii, naa?aeaieai
?iaeiaie ciaoe e onoaiiaeaieai oe?aiee — aaeeiiaeanoey, aeaaiaea?y
eioi?ie iaocaeuaaeny i?iecaie ciaoe.

Iio?aaiinoue a oe?aiee iinea oiai, eae iiceoeee a?enoie?aoee auee
ineaaeaiu, auno?i ioiaea, e noaee iiyaeyoueny ae?oaea oi?iu i?aaeaiey. A
iaeieo iieenao i?aaeaiea auei ieeaa?oe/aneei, a ae?oaeo —
aeaiie?aoe/aneei, ii a ethaii neo/aa aieueooth ?ieue ea?ae i ia?iaeiia
nia?aiea, eioi?iio i?eiaaeeaaeaei i?aai ieii/aoaeueiiai ?aoaiey anao
aaaeiaeoeo aii?inia. Aunieay ?ieue ia?iaeiiai nia?aiey e auai?iinoue
aeanoe — aeaa iniiaiuo oaeoi?a, eioi?ua nicaeaaaee oneiaey aeey ?acaeoey
a?a/aneie aeaiie?aoee.

Oe?ai — a ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai «aaeeiiee/iue i?aaeoaeue». Yoi neiai ia
eiaei io?eoeaoaeueiiai niunea. Oe?aiu ia?aaeei niinianoaiaaee
i?ioeaaoaieth iieenia.

Ieeaa?oey — a aoeaaeueiii ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai «aeanoue iaiueoeinoaa».

«O aeanoe oai noiyo aiaaoua, a aaaeiyee ia o/anoaotho a i?aaeaiee…
iiaeiaiiai ?iaea ainoaea?noai iaecaaaeii ia aoaeao aaeeiui, a a iai eae
au aoaeoo aeaa ainoaea?noaa: iaeii — aaaeiyeia, ae?oaia — aiaa/ae».
(Ieaoii Ainoaea?noai).

Oaeei ia?acii, aeaiie?aoey, yoa oieeaeueiay /a?oa ae?aaiaa?a/aneie
oeeaeeecaoeee, ?iaeeeanue aeaeaei ia n?aco e ia aac ai?ueau, ia ai anao
iieenao iia aeinoeaea ?anoeaaoa. Ii aaaeii, /oi naia no?oeoo?a
iieena-iaueiu nicaeaaaea aiciiaeiinoe (eiiaaea inoaaaaoeany
ia?aaeeciaaiiuie) aeey ooaa?aeaeaiey aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?eioeeiia.

A?a/aneea iieenu iau/ii auee iaaieueoeie. Iai?eia?, ia ino?iaa ?iaein
(aai ieiuaaeue ninoaaeyao ieiei 1404 ea. ei) iaoiaeeeenue o?e
naiinoiyoaeueiuo iieena, a ia ino?iaa E?eo (8500 ea. ei) — ianeieueei
aeanyoeia. Naiui aieueoei iieenii auea Nia?oa: aai oa??eoi?ey ioaaouaaea
8400 ea. ei.

Iieenu auee i/aiue onoie/eaie oi?iie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, iie aicieeaee e
a eieiieyo, i?e/ai iniiauaaeenue ia oao aea i?eioeeiao, /oi e iieenu a
A?aoeee. Ii ioiioaieth e iao?iiieee iie aaee naay eae aiieia iacaaeneiua
ainoaea?noaa iiaee auoue nithcieeaie, a iiaee e aanoe aieio.

1. Iauanoai a iieenao

N?aaee ianaeaiey iieenia i?eaeeaae?iaaiiia iieiaeaiea caieiaee aai
a?aaeaeaia. Ae?oaea naiaiaeiua ethaee, ia yaeyaoeany a?aaeaeaiaie
iieena, n/eoaeenue iaiieiii?aaiuie. E iei ioiineeenue, i?aaeaea anaai,
caaeneiua e?anoueyia, iioa?yaoea i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia naie o/anoee
caiee, e eiicaioeu (iaoaee). *enei eiicaioeaa ?inei ii ia?a oiai, eae
A?aoeey caaiaauaaea ana iiaua eieiiee. Iiiaea iaoaee auee aiaaouie, ii,
oai ia iaiaa, ei, eae i?aaeei, cai?auaeinue iieoiaoue caieth, a yoi,
anoanoaaiii, cae?uaaei aeinooi e oi?aaeaieth iieenii.

Aeaiie?aoey — a aoeaaeueiii ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai «aeanoue ia?iaea».

«Aeaiie?aoey, ia iie acaeyae, inouanoaeyaony oiaaea, eiaaea aaaeiyee,
iaea?aeaa iiaaaeo, iaeioi?uo ec naieo i?ioeaieeia oie/oiaeao, eiuo
ecaiiyo, a inoaeueiuo o?aaiytho a a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaao…» (Ieaoii
Ainoaea?noai).

Ia iecoae nooiaie nioeeaeueiie eanoieoeu noiyee ?aau. A A?aoeee, eae e a
?eia, ?aanoai ioee/aeinue io aeiiaoiaai ?aanoaa ia Ainoiea iniaie
aeanoeinoueth e ii?aaeaeaiiinoueth. (Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeyea Nia?oa, aaea
?aau-eeiou nio?aiyee iaeioi?oth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue.) Aeieaiaia ?aanoai
niieaiaiieeia auei ecaeeoi aeiaieueii auno?i; ?aaaie noaiiaeeenue
oieueei aiaiiiieaiiua, e, aiciiaeii, iiyoiio, eae i?aaeiieaaatho
enoi?eee, a?aieoea, ioaeaeythuay ?aaa io naiaiaeiiai, auea oaeie
io/aoeeaie.

?aau a A?aoeee ia eiaee ieeaeeo i?aa e aeaenoaeoaeueii i?e?aaieaaeenue e
«aiai?yuei i?oaeeyi»: iie auee eeoaiu anyeie nianoaaiiinoe, yaeyeenue
i?aaeiaoii eoiee-i?iaeaaee, ia iiaee caeeth/aoue a?ae, aeaoe ?aauiue
eiaiiaaeenue i?eieiaeii e oiaea n/eoaeenue ?aaaie. Aeaaea a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea ?aaia ioioneaee ia aieth, iie inoaaaeenue iaiieiii?aaiuie e ana
?aaii caaenaee io i?aaeiaai oicyeia, eioi?ue noaiiaeeny eo iie?iaeoaeai,
iao?iiii.

A eo/oai iieiaeaiee auee ?aau, eioi?uo ioioneaee ia ia?ie (a oaeia
neo/aeinue ia/anoi). A yoii neo/aa iie iiaee ioe?uoue nianoaaiioth
ianoa?neoth eee eaai/eo e aeeoue aieaa naiinoiyoaeueii.

Iinea 500 a. aei i. y., o. a. a yiioo eieiiecaoeee, iniaaiii ai a?aiy
aiei n Ia?neae (500—449 aa. aei i. y.), /enei ?aaia ia/aei no?aieoaeueii
?anoe. Ii, eae e ia Ainoiea, iie ia auee iniiaiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie. A
naeueneii oicyenoaa o?oae ?aaia eniieueciaaeny iaei. Caieaaeaeueoeu
i?aaeii/eoaee iaoiaeeoueny nianoaaiiuie neeaie, iniaaiii a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea o?aaiaaeny ouaoaeueiue ooiae ca eoeueoo?aie. Caoi ia oyaeaeuo
?aaioao a ?oaeieeao, a ianoa?neeo ?aau auee iniiaiie neeie. E?iia oiai,
iiiaea ec ieo o?oaeeeenue eae neoae a aeiiao caaeeoi/iuo ethaeae.
?aanoai a Ae?aaiae A?aoeee aini?eieiaeinue eae ia/oi naii niaie
?acoiathuaany, naiaiaea n/eoaeanue aea?ii, aeinooiiui aeaeaei ia anai
ethaeyi. Oae, aaeeeee oeeinio A?enoioaeue (384—322 aa. aei i. y.)
iieaaae, /oi «iaeie anoanoaaiii yaeythony naiaiaeiuie, a ae?oaea —
anoanoaaiii ?aaaie, e… ii ioiioaieth e yoei iineaaeiei ?aaneia
iieiaeaiea noieue aea iieacii, eae e ni?aaaaeeeai».

2. Yeiiiie/aneay aeeciue iieena

Iaeioi?ua enoi?eee n/eoatho, /oi a ae?aaieo n?aaeecaiiiii?neeo
oeeaeeecaoeeyo au?inee eaieoaeenoe/aneea ioiioaiey; nouanoaoao aeaaea
niaoeeaeueiue oa?iei — «aioe/iue eaieoaeeci». I?aaeeueia ee oaeay oi/ea
c?aiey? O iaa anoue naie iniiaaiey: aeaenoaeoaeueii, A?aoeey auea
auioaeaeaia aeiaieueii ?aii ia?aeoe e yenii?oo iaeioi?uo aeaeia
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia e ecaeaeee ?aianea. Oieueei oae iiaeii
auei ecaaaeoueny io oa?icu aieiaea.

Aeoeaiay oi?aiaey icia/aea, /oi caieaaeaeueoeu e ?aianeaiieee ?aaioaee
ia oieueei ia naay, ii e ia ?uiie. Naiui e?oiiui oi?aiaui oeaio?ii e V
a. aei i. y. noaee Aoeiu: ia ai?iaeneeo aaca?ao e?anoueyia ec ie?anoiuo
naeaiee i?iaeaaaee aeii, iaiue, ?anoeoaeueiia ianei, ae?aaaniue oaieue e
iieoiaee i?eaiciie oeaa, ?uao e ae?oaea i?iaeoeou. Aiciiaeiinoe aieaa
e?oiiuo oicyenoa auee aua oe?a. A Aoeiao oea aeoeaiay oi?aiaey n
eieiieyie e no?aiaie Ainoiea: ec Aaeioa i?eaiceee ca?ii, eueiyiua oeaie,
ec Ea?oaaaia — eia?u, ec Ao?eee — neiiiaoth einoue, ec I?e/a?iiii?uey —
ca?ii, neio, iaae, aine e eiaee. Yoe oiaa?u a iniiaiii ooo aea
ia?ai?iaeaaaeenue a ae?oaea ai?iaea. A V—IV aa. aei i. y. iauee aaeiaie
iai?io oieueei a Ie?aa, aeaaiie aaaaie a Aoeiao, aeinoeaae
i?eaeeceoaeueii 2 oun. oaeaioia — ia?iiiie ii oai a?aiaiai noiiu
(na?aa?yiue a?a/aneee oaeaio aanee i?eia?ii 26 ea). Niioaaonoaaiii ?inei
aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea, a aianoa n iei e ?aciiia?aciua e?aaeeoiua e
?inoiaue/aneea iia?aoeee. Iineieueeo eaaeaeue ai?iae-ainoaea?noai a
A?aoeee /aeaiee naith iiiaoo, ?acaeaaeny aaethoiue iaiai.

Nooiiooiay oi?aiaey a A?aoeee auea ?acaeoa ai?acaei ooaea ii n?aaiaieth
n ii?neie. Iia auea iaauaiaeia ec-ca ieioeo aei?ia e ai?. E?iia oiai,
o?oaeiinoe aicieeaee ec-ca aiei, eioi?ua /anoi aniuoeaaee iaaeaeo
iieenaie. Ii aeaaea a oaeaeaiiuo io ii?y a?a/aneeo ai?iaeao aeaenoaiaaee
ianoiua ?uiee, aaea oi?aiaaee a iniiaiii ?aianeaiiuie ecaeaeeyie,
i?iaeoeoaie, aeiiaoiae ooaa?ueth.

Oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey, oniaoii ?acaeaaaoeany a A?aoeee, auee
iaiau/iu aeey yoie yiioe, anee n?aaieaaoue n ae?oaeie oeeaeeecaoeeyie.
Iiyoiio enoi?eee n/eoatho, /oi oaea a ae?aaiinoe a N?aaeecaiiiii?uea
ca?iaeeeanue iniaay iiaeaeue yeiiiieee, ec eioi?ie aiineaaenoaee au?in
aa?iiaeneee eaieoaeeci. Ii ana-oaee iacuaaoue ae?aaiaa?a/aneoth
yeiiiieeo eaieoaeenoe/aneie iaaa?ii. A iniiaiii oicyenoai eiaei
iaoo?aeueiue oa?aeoa?. Oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey a iaeieo iieenao
auee ?acaeou neeueiaa, a a ae?oaeo neaaaa, o. a. ?ani?ino?aiyeenue
ia?aaiiia?ii e nouanoaiaaee a ?aieao iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa.

Iu ?anniio?aee ianeieueei noi?ii aeecie ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai iieena —
ieieaoth?iiai ainoaea?noaa e iniiaiie y/aeee oeeaeeecaoeee. Eiaiii a
iieena caeeaaeuaaeenue iniiau ae?aaiae aeaiie?aoee, oiaa?iuo aeaiaaeiuo
ioiioaiee, neeaaeuaaeny iniaue oei ee/iinoe — naiaiaeiie, /anoiethaeaie,
aaca?aie/ii.

Iaoo?aeueiia oicyenoai — oicyenoai, a eioi?ii i?iaeoeou o?oaea
i?aaeiacia/athony aeey aioo?aiiaai iio?aaeaiey, a ia aeey i?iaeaaee ia
?uiea aeaiiie naiaio ainoaea?noao. Iniaaiiinoe iieena iaeeaaeuaaee
ioia/aoie ia ae?aaiaa?a/aneoth oeeaeeecaoeeth a oeaeii.

III. Aeaa oeaio?a oeeaeeecaoeee. Iooe ?acaeoey Iieena

Iieenu aeinoeaee naiaai ?anoeaaoa ia ?oaaaea VI— V aa. aei i. y. E yoiio
a?aiaie A?aoeey i?aaenoaaeyea niaie iiiaeanoai ioaeaeueiuo iaaieueoeo
ai?iaeia-ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua oi aiaaaee iaaeaeo niaie, oi caeeth/aee
nithcu. Ainoaea?noai, au?anoaaoaa ec iaueiu, ath aea ia?aie/eaaeinue, o.
a. eiaei aeiaieueii oceea ?aiee. Ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey Ae?aaiyy A?aoeey ia ciaea aaeeiie oeaio?aeeciaaiiie
aeanoe, oioy iiiuoee onoaiiaeoue aa auee. Ioiineoaeueii onoie/eaua e
e?oiiua iauaaeeiaiey iieenia aicieeee ai a?aiy aiei n Ia?neae. Eo
aicaeaaeee aeaa naiuo iiaouanoaaiiuo iieena — Aoeiu e Nia?oa,
ia?aciaaaoea aeaa oeaio?a ae?aaiaa?a/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee, i?e/ai
eaaeaeue ec ieo ?acaeaaeny iniaui iooai. Enoi?ey Aoei — yoi i?aaeaea
anaai enoi?ey noaiiaeaiey e iiaaaeu aioe/iie aeaiie?aoee, a oi a?aiy eae
Nia?oo i?eiyoi n/eoaoue ieeeoa?enoneei, aeaaea «iieeoeaeneei», e?aeia
eiina?aaoeaiui ainoaea?noaii. Niia?ie/anoai yoeo aeaoo iieenia i?eaaei e
iiiaieaoiei a?aaeaeaineei aieiai, ?ac?ooaaoei ecioo?e ae?aaiaa?a/aneoth
oeeaeeecaoeeth.

1. Aoeiu

Aoeiu auee aeaaiui ai?iaeii Aooeee — iaeanoe, ?aniieiaeaiiie ia thaa
Aaeeaineiai iieoino?iaa. Ianaeaiea Aooeee iinoaiaiii iauaaeeiyeinue
aie?oa Aoei. Yoa iaeanoue auea aiaaoa iieaciuie eneiiaaiuie (aeeiie,
i?aii?ii, na?aa?ii), ii caieaaeaeeai iiaeii auei caieiaoueny eeoue a
iaaieueoeo e iaiiiai/eneaiiuo aeieeiao.

Aeaaiuie enoi/ieeaie neeu e aiaaonoaa yoiai iieena auee oi?aiaey e
ei?aaeano?iaiea. E?oiiue ii?oiaue ai?iae n oaeiaiie aaaaiueth (iia
iacuaaeanue Ie?ae) auno?i i?aa?aoeeny a yeiiiie/aneee, oi?aiaue e
eoeueoo?iue oeaio?. Aoeiyia, nicaeaa naiue iiuiue a Yeeaaea oeio,
aeoeaii aaee oi?aiaeth n eieiieyie, ia?ai?iaeaaaee iieo/aiiua oiaa?u
ae?oaei iieenai. A Aoeiao i?ioeaaoaee iaoee e eneonnoaa, ia?iiiua
n?aaenoaa cao?a/eaaeenue ia a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoai. A V a. noae
aicaeaeaaoueny Ae?iiieue — aa?oeia ae?aaiaa?a/aneie a?oeoaeoo?u,
oeaio?ii eioi?iai aue ciaiaieoue o?ai Ia?oaiii, iinayuaiiue Aoeia,
iie?iaeoaeueieoea ai?iaea. N Aoeiaie naycai e ?anoeaao a?a/aneiai
oaao?a. A Aoeiu noaeaeenue ciaiaieoua neoeueioi?u, ienaoaee. Oeeiniou
Ieaoii e A?enoioaeue nicaeaee oai naie oeieu.

Iieeoe/aneay aeeciue iieena ?acaeaaeanue ii iooe aeaiie?aoecaoeee, /a?ac
ino?oth ai?ueao n ?iaeiaie ciaoueth. Ia?aui oaaii e nicaeaieth aoeineie
aeaiie?aoee auee ?aoi?iu Nieiia (iaaeaeo 640 e 635 — ieiei 559 a. aei i.
y.), eca?aiiiai a 594 a. aei i. y. a?oiioii. Nai aaeeeee caeiiiaeaoaeue
cayaeye, /oi oeaeue aai ?aoi?i — i?eie?aiea a?aaeaeothueo a?oiie?iaie,
neiaeeaoeony n?aaee naiaiaeiiai ianaeaiey. I?aaeaea anaai, ii cai?aoee
aeieaiaia ?aanoai aeey aoeiyi e iauyaee i?aaeiea caaeieaeaiiinoe
aaaeiyeia iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie, aa?ioa ei, oaeei ia?acii, noaoon
iieiii?aaiuo a?aaeaeai.

Nieii oe?aiee /anoioth nianoaaiiinoue, ?ac?aoea iieoiaoue, i?iaeaaaoue e
ae?iaeoue caiaeueiua o/anoee. Iieeoe/aneea i?aaa a?aaeaeai caaenaee
oaia?ue ia io ?iaeiaeoinoe, a io eiouanoaaiiiai iieiaeaiey. Naiua
aaaeiua iiaee oieueei ecae?aoue /eaiia ia?iaeiiai nia?aiey, ii ia auoue
eca?aiiuie. Ia caaeeoi/iuo ethaeae, iaeaaeaaoeo iieiui iauaiii i?aa,
auee aiceiaeaiu aeiaieueii oyaeaeua, o?aaothuea aieueoeo ?anoiaeia
iaycaiiinoe: iie aeieaeiu auee no?ieoue noaea, ono?aeaaoue iauanoaaiiua
i?acaeieee e c?aeeua. I?e Nieiia aic?inea ?ieue ia?iaeiiai nia?aiey.

Ieii/aoaeueii aoeineay aeaiie?aoey neiaeeeanue e na?aaeeia V a. aei i.
y., eiaaea auaeathueany iieeoe/aneea aeayoaee Yoeaeueo e Ia?eee
oniaa?oainoaiaaee caeiiu Nieiia, oneeea iiceoeee aeaiina: oaia?ue ana
a?aaeaeaia iieena i?eia?aee i?aai ecae?aoueny ia aunoea aeieaeiinoe
(e?iia aeieaeiinoe aiaia/aeueieea).

«…O ian eaaeaeue /aeiaae a ioaeaeueiinoe iiaeaoa i?iyaeyoue naay
naiiaeiaeathuae ee/iinoueth a naiuo ?aciiia?aciuo noi?iiao aeecie». (Ec
?a/e Ia?eeea ia Aoeiao i?iecianaiiie a 431 a. aei i. y.).

Ia?iaeiia nia?aiea noaei aa?oiaiui i?aaiii aeanoe e iieo/eei naiua
oe?ieea iieiiii/ey: i?eieiaei caeiiu, ?aoaei aii?inu i aieia e ie?a,
caeeth/aei eee ?anoi?aaei aeiaiai?u n ae?oaeie iieenaie, ecae?aei
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe e i?iaa?yei eo ?aaioo. Ia nia?aieyo (a eo i?iaiaeeee
ieiei 40 ?ac a aiae) ana aii?inu ouaoaeueii ianoaeaeaeenue e eaaeaeue e
i?aai auneacaoue naith oi/eo c?aiey. Ia iaiaa aaaeiu auei e oi, /oi ana
aeieaeiinoiua eeoea ecae?aeenue aieiniaaieai eee ii ae?aaeth e auee
iiaeio/aoiu e niaiyaiu.

Eae iu aeaeei, iiiaea i?eioeeiu aeaiie?aoee, ?ac?aaioaiiua 25 aaeia
iacaae, i?iaeieaeatho aeaenoaiaaoue a iaoa a?aiy, i?aa?aoeaoenue a
naiaai ?iaea aa/iua ii?iu aeecie iauanoaa, eioi?ia caneoaeeaaao iacaaiey
a?aaeaeaineiai.

2. Nia?oa

Yoio iieen ?aniieaaaeny ia thaa Iaeiiiiianneiai iieoino?iaa, a
ieiaei?iaeiie aeieeia ?aee Ya?io.

Nia?oaineia ainoaea?noai ia?aciaaeinue i?eaeeceoaeueii e IX a. aei i. y.
e nia/aea ninoiyei ec iyoe iinaeaiee a?aeia-aei?eeoeaa. Aeaeueiaeoay
aeeciue iieena i?ioaeaea a iai?a?uaiuo aieiao n ninaaeieie iaueiaie.
Nia?oaioeu caoaaouaaee eo caiee, neio, a ianaeaiea i?aa?auaee a
?aaia-eeioia. E?iia eeioia ia nia?oaioeaa ?aaioaee oaeaea ia?eyee
(aeeaouea a ie?oaa, o. a. ia nia?oaioeu), eioi?ua auee ee/ii naiaiaeiu,
ii ieaoeee aeaiue. Ii i?aaeaieth, any aeeciue a Nia?oa no?ieeanue ia
iniiaa ae?aaiaeoeo caeiiia, aaaaeaiiuo eaaaiaea?iui oea?ai Eeeo?aii.

Naie nia?oaioeu (iieiii?aaiua aeeoaee Nia?ou) auee oieueei aieiaie.
Ieeoi ec ieo ia caieiaeny i?iecaiaeeoaeueiui o?oaeii: iiey nia?oaioeaa
aicaeaeuaaee eeiou. Aanoe oi?aiaeth iiaee oieueei ia?eyee, aeey
nia?oaioeaa yoi caiyoea auei cai?auaii, eae e ?aianei. A ?acoeueoaoa
Nia?oa inoaaaeanue caieaaeaeue/aneei iieenii n caieiooie yeiiiieeie, a
eioi?ii ia iiaee ?acaeoueny oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey.

A Nia?oa nio?aiyeenue yeaiaiou aeecie a?oae/aneie ?iaeiaie iaueiu. A
iieena ia aeiioneaeanue /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth. Caiey auea
iiaeaeaia ia ?aaiua o/anoee, eioi?ua n/eoaeenue nianoaaiiinoueth iaueiu
e ia iiaeeaaeaee i?iaeaaea. ?aau-eeiou, eae i?aaeiieaaatho enoi?eee,
oiaea i?eiaaeeaaeaee ainoaea?noao, a ia ioaeaeueiui a?aaeaeaiai Nia?ou.

E?iia oiai, a iieena ainiiaenoaiaae i?eioeei o?aaieoaeueiinoe, /oi auei
i?aaeiaoii ai?aeinoe nia?oaioeaa, iacuaaaoeo naay «iaueiie ?aaiuo».

«…Eaeie niune no?aieoueny e aiaaonoao oai, aaea naieie onoaiiaeaieyie
i ?aaiuo aciinao ia iaaae, ia iaeeiaeiaii aeey anao ia?aca aeecie
caeiiiaeaoaeue i?anae anyeoth ioioo e aeaiueaai ?aaee i?eyoiie aeecie?»
(A?a/aneee enoi?ee Enaiioiio i Nia?oa, 430—353 aa. aei i. y.).

Nia?oaioeu iaeoaee a iaeeiaeiauo ne?iiiuo aeeeeuao, iineee iaeeiaeiaoth
i?inooth iaeaaeaeo, eeoaiioth oe?aoaiee, cieioua e na?aa?yiua iiiaou
auee ecuyou ec ia?auaiey — aianoi ieo eiaee oiaeaeaiea aeaeaciua a?onee.
Eaaaiaea?iue oea?ue Eeeo?a aaae niaianoiua o?aiacu, aeey ono?ienoaa
eioi?uo eaaeaeue aeieaeai aue aiineoue naith aeieth (i?iaeoeoaie e
aeaiueaaie). Ieaaeaioeaa n oece/aneeie iaaeinoaoeaie oie/oiaeaee.
Iaeue/eee n 7 aei 20 eao iieo/aee aeiaieueii no?iaia iauanoaaiiia
ainieoaiea. Aeinoeaioa niaa?oaiiieaoey, iie ca/eneyeenue a ninoaa aienea
e neoaeeee aei noa?inoe. No?iai ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiay aeeciue Nia?ou!
iaiiieiaea eaca?io. E yoi anoanoaaiii: ana i?aneaaeiaaei iaeio oeaeue —
naeaeaoue ec nia?oaioeaa ioaeanoaaiiuo, auiineeauo aieiia.

Oeaeyi aiaiece?iaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa niioaaonoai-1 aae e
ainoaea?noaaiiue no?ie Nia?ou. Ai aeaaa noiyee aeaa oea?y, auiieiyaoea
iaycaiiinoe aiaia/aeueieeia, noaeae e ae?aoeia, a oaeaea niaao noa?aeoei
(aa?oney), ninoiyaoee ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae ciaoiuo ?iaeia a aic?anoa ia
iieiaea 60 eao, e yoi?u, naiaai ?iaea eiio?iee?othuee i?aai. A ioee/ea
io noa?aeoei oea?ae ia ecae?aee — yoi auei ianeaaenoaaiiia caaiea. Oea?e
eiae aieueoea i?eaeeaaee, ii ia iiaee i?eieiaoue ?aoaiee aac iaeia?aiey
niaaoa noa?aeoei, eioi?ue, a naith i/a?aaeue, aeieaeai aue iie?aoueny ia
iiaiea ia?iaeiiai nia?aiey. Ii yeaiaiou aeaiie?aoee ia iieo/eee ?acaeoey
a Nia?oa: ia?iaeiia nia?aiea, oioy e n/eoaeinue oi?iaeueii aunoei
i?aaiii, ia eiaei aieueoiai aeeyiey ia iieeoe/aneoth aeeciue. A ioee/ea
io Aoei ia nia?aieyo ?yaeiaua nia?oeaou ia aunooiaee n ?a/aie, ia
aeieacuaaee naith oi/eo c?aiey, a e?eeaie au?aaeaee naia iaeia?aiea eee
iaiaeia?aiea i?aaeeiaeaiiui ?aoaieyi. No?ie Nia?ou iiaeii iacaaoue
ieeaa?oe/aneei.

Iaeciaiiinoue no?iy e a?oae/iinoue iau/aaa iiaeaea?aeeaaeenue e ca n/ao
no?iaie ecieyoeee io ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa. Enoi?ee Enaiioiio ienae i oii,
/oi nia?oaioeai «iaeuecy auei acaeeoue ca a?aieoeo, /oiau a?aaeaeaia ia
ca?aaeaeenue io /oaeacaioeaa eaaeiiuneeai».

3. Ai?ueaa ca eeaea?noai

Neeu Aoei e Nia?ou iniaaiii ie?aiee a yiioo aiei n Ia?neae. A oi a?aiy
eae iiiaea ai?iaea-ainoaea?noaa A?aoeee iiei?yeenue caaiaaaoaeyi, yoe
aeaa iieena aicaeaaeee ai?ueao n eacaaoaeny iaiiaaaeeiie a?ieae oea?y
Ena?ena e ionoiyee iacaaeneiinoue no?aiu.

A 478 a. Aoeiu ia?aciaaee Aeaeinneee ii?neie nithc ?aaiii?aaiuo iieenia,
eioi?ue anei?a i?aa?aoeeny a Aoeineoth ii?neoth aea?aeaao. Aoeiu,
ia?ooay i?eioeeiu aaoa?eee, noaee aiaoeaaoueny ai aioo?aiiea aeaea naieo
nithcieeia, ?anii?yaeaeenue eo oeiainaie, iuoaeenue onoaiaaeeaaoue ia
oa??eoi?ee ae?oaeo iieenia naie caeiiu, o. a. aaee ianoiyuoth
aaeeeiaea?aeaaioth iieeoeeo. Aoeineay aea?aeaaa a ii?o aa ?anoeaaoa
i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aanueia cia/eoaeueioth neeo: a iaa aoiaeeei ieiei
250 iieenia.

«ss ia ainnoaio i?ioea aoeineiai ia?iaea ie aeaeii, ie iiiuneii, ie
neiaii. ss ia aoaeo iiaeiiaaoueny oiio, eoi ainnoaiao, a anee
eoi-ieaoaeue ainnoaiao, niiauo i iai aoeiyiai. ss aoaeo ieaoeoue oi?in
aoeiyiai ii niaeaoaieth n ieie. ss aoaeo noieue /anoiui e i?aaeaiiui
nithcieeii, eae oieueei niiao auoue, e aoaeo iiiiaaoue e caueuaoue
aoeineee ia?iae, anee eoi-ieaoaeue iaianao aio iaeaeo, e aoaeo
iiaeiiaaoueny aoeineiio ia?iaeo». (Eeyoaa nithcieeia aoeiyi —
oaeeeaeiiyi, 446—445 aa. aei i. y.).

Aicauoaiea Aoei, eo i?aoaicee ia ?ieue oeaio?a ae?aaiaa?a/aneie
oeeaeeecaoeee auee aini?eiyou Nia?oie eae aucia. A i?ioeaiaan aue
nicaeai Iaeiiiiianneee nithc. E iaio i?eniaaeeieeenue e iaeeea aaaeiua
iieenu, e aiaaoua, ia?aaeiaua a yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee Ei?eio e Iaaa?u,
eioi?ua oiaea auee iaaniieiaiu ?anoouei aeeyieai Aoei.

I?ioeainoiyiea Aoei e Nia?ou ia ?ac i?eaiaeeei e aii?oaeaiiui
eiioeeeoai. A 431 a. aei i. y. iaaeaeo aeaoiy nithcaie ia/aeanue
aeanoieay, aeeeoaeueiay aieia, ioaaoeaoay anth A?aoeeth e iieo/eaoay
iacaaiea Iaeiiiiianneie aieiu (431—403 aa. aei i. y.)- Nia/aea ia?aaan
ieacaeny ia noi?iia Nia?ou, e ?aoathuoth ?ieue caeanue nua?aei ia
oieueei oi, /oi a aa ?anii?yaeaiee auea i?ae?anii iao/aiiay,
aeenoeeieeie?iaaiiay a?iey; Nia?oa caeeth/eea aeiaiai? ni naieie
iaaeaaieie i?ioeaieeaie — ia?naie — e iieo/eea io ieo aieueooth
aeaiaaeioth iiiiuue, iiiaauaa acaiai ioaeaoue a?a/aneea ai?iaea a Iaeie
Acee. Ia ia?neaeneia cieioi nia?oaioeu iino?ieee naie oeio e ?aca?iieee
ii?neea neeu Aoei. A 404 a. aei i. y. Aoeiu, inaaeaeaiiua aieneaie
nia?oaioeaa, auioaeaeaiu auee naeaoueny.

Iiaaaea Nia?ou iaae Aoeiaie icia/aea, a nouiinoe, iiaaaeo ieeaa?oee iaae
aeaiie?aoeae, eioi?ay onoaiiaeeanue e oiio a?aiaie a aieueoeinoaa
iieenia. I?aaaea, oniao Nia?ou ieacaeny iaaeieaia?aiaiiui. Aoeiu
nicaeaee aoi?ie ii?neie nithc. I?ioea nia?oaioeaa aaee ai?ueao e Oeau —
aiaaoue e iiaouanoaaiiue iieen. A 371 a. aei i. y. oeaaineay a?iey
iaaieiao ?acaeea nia?oaineoth. Iaeiiiiianneee nithc ?aniaeny, io Nia?ou
ioaeaeeeinue ianeieueei aeaaii i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo ae iaeanoae, e oaia?ue
aa aeaaeaiey aiiaue ia?aie/eaaeenue i?aaeaeaie Eaeiieee.

Nia?oa, oaeei ia?acii, auea auaaaeaia ec ea?u ca aaaaiiieth, ii e
iiiuoee Oea, a iioii Aoei ?aaeeciaaoue eo aaeeeiaea?aeaaiua ieaiu ia
i?eaaee, ie e eaeei ?acoeueoaoai. A/a?aoiea nithcieee ii ai?ueaa ni
Nia?oie i?aa?auaeenue a i?ioeaieeia, ionoaeaay naith
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue.

Iiiuoee iauaaeeieoue A?aoeeth iiae aeanoueth iaeiiai iieena ia
oaeaeenue. Nithcu aicieeaee eeoue ia a?aiy aiei, eiaaea iianiinoue
iioa?youe naiinoiyoaeueiinoue auea neeoeii aaeeea. ?aniaae nithcia
iauyniyaony iiiaeie i?e/eiaie, a oii /enea e ia?aaiii?aaiui iieiaeaieai
eo o/anoieeia. Ii, aeaaiia, oaeei iauaaeeiaieyi i?ioeai?a/ee i?eioeei
aaoa?eee, ia eioi?ii no?ieeanue aeeciue iieenia.

4. E?ecen iieena eee e?ecen oeeaeeecaoeee?

Ii?aaeaiea Nia?ou ainnoaiiaeei aeaiie?aoeth a a?a/aneeo iieenao, aa?ioei
ei iacaaeneiinoue, ii aica?auaiea e i?aaeiaio ii?yaeeo aauae auei eeoue
aeaeeiinoueth. Aeeeoaeueiua e?iaii?ieeoiua Iaeiiiiianneea aieiu ineaaeee
ia oieueei Nia?oo, ii e iiaaaeeaoea iieenu, a a eoiaa e anth A?aoeeth.
Ii, aeaaiia, iieen aua a yiioo Iaeiiiiianneeo aiei anooiaao a ninoiyiea
e?ecena. IV a. aei i. y. — yoi oeiae eeanne/aneie A?aoeee, aa iieeniie
nenoaiu, a n oi/ee c?aiey ecaanoiiai oai?aoeea A. Oieiae, — ia/aei
eiioea ae?aaiaa?a/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee a oeaeii.

I?aa ee aue A. Oieiae? O?oaeii aeaoue iaeiicia/iue ioaao «a yoio aii?in;
aaaeue a neaaeothuoth, yeeeienoe/aneoth, yiioo A?aoeey ?anoe?yea naie
a?aieoeu a iaaeaeaiiuo aeinaea ianooaaao, ia?aaeeaaea yeiiiie/aneee
iiaeuai, a aa aeooiaiay eoeueoo?a inoaaaeanue ii-i?aaeiaio aiaaoie e
?aciiia?aciie. Ii i?aaeiea oeeaeeecaoeeiiiua no?oeoo?u noaee
?ac?ooaoueny.

Iaeaieaa y?ei yoi i?iyaeeinue a aoeineii iieena, aaea iniaaiii neeueii
auee ?acaeou oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua ioiioaiey. Caeiiu, ii eioi?ui aeee
iieen, aicieeoee eae «cae?uoay» iaueia a?aaeaeai-caieaaeaeueoeaa, ia
aeaaaee aiciiaeiinoe aiaaoui, ii iaiieiii?aaiui ethaeyi aanoe
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. N?aaee ieo auei iiiai
iaoaeia-/oaeacaioeaa, eioi?ua a IV a. aei i. y. ninoaaeyee ii/oe
iieiaeio ianaeaiey Aoei e caieiaeenue a iniiaiii ?aianeii, oi?aiaeae e
e?aaeeoii. Iaeiaei ei ii-i?aaeiaio cai?auaeinue iieo/aoue caieth —
iauoth nianoaaiiinoue iieena, yenieoaoe?iaaoue o/anoee a Eaa?eiineeo
?oaeieeao, aaea aeiauaaeinue na?aa?i. Noa?ay oi?ia nianoaaiiinoe,
iauaaeeiyaoay e ainoaea?noaaiiue, e /anoiue i?eioeeiu, ecaeeaaea naay,
oaia?ue o?aaiaaeny ia?aoiae e iieiie /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe.

Eciaiaiey i?ienoiaeeee e a iieeoe/aneie aeecie. Ai?ueaa iaaeaeo
noi?iiieeaie ieeaa?oee e aeaiie?aoee niaieeanue i?ioeaiai?noaii
a?oiie?iaie, ?acaeaeaiiuo eiouanoaaiiui iieiaeaieai. Ieaoii, aaeeeee
oeeinio Ae?aaiae A?aoeee, ienae, /oi aioo?e iieena ia?aciaaeenue «aeaa
a?aaeaeaaiuo iaaeaeo niaie ainoaea?noaa: iaeii — aaaeiyeia, ae?oaia —
aiaa/ae». A Aoeiao yoe eiioeeeou aueeaaeenue a y?inoiua aeaaaou a
ia?iaeiii nia?aiee, iinea eioi?uo iieeoe/aneea i?ioeaieee ia?aaeei
ecaiiyeenue. A ae?oaeo iieenao aeaei aeioiaeeei e aei a?aaeaeaineeo
aiei.

Eiaeeaeaeoaeeci, ?aiueoa ni/aoaaoeeny n eaeaae «iauae iieuecu», oaia?ue
iaiiia?ii au?in: eieeaeoeaenoneay ii?aeue, naea?aeeaathuay aai, noaea
?ac?ooaoueny, a aianoa n iae ?ac?ooaeny e nai iieen a aai o?aaeeoeeiiiie
oi?ia, eioi?ue aeieaia a?aiy aue iniiaie e iii?ie ae?aaiaa?a/aneie
oeeaeeecaoeee.

Nienie eeoa?aoo?u

1. Aa?ainii I.E. , Ee?eeeiaa A.A. , Eieanieoeeee I.O. e ae?. Enoi?ey
n?aaeieo aaeia: O/aaiee aeey nooaeaioia eno. oae. iaae. ei-oia /Iiae
?aae. I.O. Eieanieoeeiai.- I.:I?inaauaiea, 1999.- 576 n., ee. 

2. Aaaeae A.I., Aieie/ E.A., Aie/ae I.I., Ai?ioieeiaa I.A. e ae?.
Enoi?ey n?aaeieo aaeia. Ieine, Oa?aano, 2000 a.

3. Enoi?ey ae?aaiaai ?eia: O/aaiee / Iiae ?aae. A.E. Eoceueia. 3-a
ecae., ia?a?aa. e aeii. – I.: Auno. oeiea,1994. – 366 n., ee. 

4. Enoi?ey ae?aaiaai ie?a. ?aiiyy ae?aaiinoue. Iiae ?aae. Aeueyeiiiaa
E.I., Ia?iiiaie A.Ae., Naaioeeoeeie E.N. Iineaa, 2001 a. 

5. Ea Aioo AE. Oeeaeeecaoeey n?aaeiaaaeiaiai Caiaaea: Ia?. n o?./ Iau.
?aae. TH.E. Aannia?oiiai. – I.: Ecaeaoaeueneay a?oiia I?ia?ann,
I?ia?ann-Aeaaeaiey, 1992. 

6. Iaeueieeiaa A.A. Ia/ e ee?a: Aiaeinaeniineia iauanoai a enoi?ee e
yiina. – I.: Iuneue, 2002. 

7. Iiaay enoi?ey. Ia?aue ia?eiae: O/aa. iiniaea aeey nooae. aocia,
iao/athueony ii niaoe. “Enoi?ey” / Iiae ?aae. A.A. TH?ianeie e ae?. –
2-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e aeii. – I.: Auno.oe., 1998. – 399 n., ea?ou. 

8. Iiiiia?aa I.A. Nie?iiaa N.TH. Iiaay e iiaaeoay enoi?ey no?ai Aa?iiu e
Aia?eee. oo. 1-3. Iineaa, 2000 a.

9. Na?aaaa A.N. Enoi?ey ae?aaiae A?aoeee. Iiae. ?aae. Iaoeeia I.A. e
Ieeooeia A.A. Iineaa, 2001.

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