Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa ? 1
Oaia: «Niooiia a?aiy» a ?innee
ii aeenoeeieeia: Enoi?ey
Niaea?aeaiea
1. I?aaeiinueee
2. Ai?ueaa ca aeanoue
3. Oneeaiea iauanoaaiiuo i?ioeai?a/ee 1601-1603 aa
4. Ia/aei «nioou». Eaeaaeieo?ee e aai naa?aeaiea
5. Ainnoaiea Aieioieeiaa
6. Eaeaaeieo?ee II
7. Eioa?aaioeey
8. Ia?iaeiia iiie/aiea. Ieiei e Iiaea?neee
9. Caineee niai? 1613 a. Eca?aiea oea?y. Ia?aie?ea n Iieueoae e Oaaoeeae
10. Iieiaeaiea ?innee e 1618 a
1. I?aaeiinueee
Iineianeia ainoaea?noai ia ?oaaaea OVI – OVII aaeia ia?aaeeaaei oyaeaeue
iieeoe/aneee e nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen, eioi?ue iniaaiii
i?iyaeyeny a iieiaeaiee oeaio?aeueiuo iaeanoae ainoaea?noaa.
A ?acoeueoaoa ioe?uoey aeey ?onneie eieiiecaoeee iaoe?iuo thai-ainoi/iuo
caiaeue n?aaeiaai e ieaeiaai Iiaieaeuey, ooaea ono?aieeny ec
oeaio?aeueiuo iaeanoae ainoaea?noaa oe?ieee iioie e?anoueyineiai
ianaeaiey, no?aieaoaainy oeoe io ainoaea?aaa e iiiaue/ueaai “oyaea”, e
yoa ooa/ea ?aai/ae neeu i?eaaea e iaaeinoaoeo ?aai/eo ?oe a
oeaio?aeueiie ?innee. *ai aieueoa ooiaeeei ethaeae ec oeaio?a, oai
oyaeaeaa aeaaeei ainoaea?noaaiiia iiiaue/uea oyaei ia inoaaoeony
e?anoueyi. ?ino iiiaue/ueaai caieaaeaaeaiey ioaeaaae ana aieueoaa
eiee/anoai e?anoueyi iiae aeanoue iiiaueeia, a iaaeinoaoie ?aai/eo ?oe
auioaeaeae iiiaueeia oaaee/eaaoue e?anoueyineea iiaeaoe e iiaeiiinoe, a
oaeaea no?aieoueny anaie niiniaaie cae?aieoue ca niaie iaee/iia
e?anoueyineia ianaeaiea naieo eiaiee. Iieiaeaiea oieiiia “iieiuo” e
“eaaaeueiuo” anaaaea auei aeinoaoi/ii oyaeaeui, a a eiioea IVI aaea
/enei eaaaeueiuo oieiiia auei oaaee/aii oeacii, eioi?ue i?aaeienuaae
ia?auaoue a eaaaeueiua oieiiu anao oao i?aaeaea aieueiuo neoa e
?aaioieeia, eioi?ua i?ineoaeeee o naieo ainiiae aieaa iieoaiaea.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OVI aaea iniaua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aiaoiea e
aioo?aiiea, niinianoaiaaee oneeaieth e?ecena e ?inoo iaaeiaieuenoaa.
Oyaeaeay Eeaiineay aieia, i?iaeieaeaaoayny 25 eao e eii/eaoayny iieiie
iaoaea/ae, iio?aaiaaea io ianaeaiey ia?iiiuo aea?oa ethaeueie e
iaoa?eaeueiuie n?aaenoaaie. Oaoa?neia iaoanoaea e ?aca?ii Iineau a 1571
aiaeo cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eee aea?oau e iioa?e. Ii?e/ieia oea?y Eaaia
A?iciiai, iio?ynoay e ?anoaoaaoay noa?ue oeeaae aeecie e i?eau/iua
ioiioaiey, oneeeaaea iauee ?aceaae e aeaii?aeecaoeeth; a oea?noaiaaiea
A?iciiai “aiaeai?eeanue no?aoiay i?eau/ea ia oaaaeaoue aeecie, /anoe,
eiouanoaa aeeaeiaai” (Nieiaueaa).
Iiea ia Iineianeii i?anoiea auee ainoaea?e noa?ie i?eau/iie aeeianoee,
i?yiua iioiiee ?th?eea e Aeaaeeie?a Nayoiai, ianaeaiea a ia?iiiii
aieueoeinoaa naiai aac?iiioii e aani?aeineiaii iiae/eiyeinue naiei
“i?e?iaeiui ainoaea?yi”. Ii eiaaea aeeianoey i?ae?aoeeanue, ainoaea?noai
ieacaeinue “ie/ueei”, ianaeaiea ?anoa?yeinue e i?eoei a a?iaeaiea.
Aunoee neie iineianeiai ianaeaiey, aiy?noai, yeiiiie/anee ineaaeaiiia e
ii?aeueii i?eieaeaiiia iieeoeeie A?iciiai, ia/aei niooo ai?ueaie ca
aeanoue a no?aia, noaaoae “aacainoaea?noaaiiie”.
2. Ai?ueaa ca aeanoue
A 1584 aiaeo ia i?anoie acioae nui A?iciiai, Oaaei?. Oaaei? ia yaeyeny
aeaaiui i?eaiieeii ia i?anoie, ii a nayce n oai, /oi a i?eiaaeea aiaaa
Eaai A?iciue oaee naiaai noa?oaai nuia Eaaia, oaeiai aea e?ooiai i?aaii,
eae e aai ioaoe, i?aaa ia aeaaeaiea ainoaea?noaii ia?aoee e iaio.
Inoaaaeny aua iaeieaoiee Aeieo?ee (io iineaaeiae aeaiu Eaaia IV ec ?iaea
Iaaeo). A ioee/ea io iooea Oaaei? iaeaaeae iyaeei i?aaii, aue, ii
au?aaeaieth nia?aiaiieeia, «e?ioeei» oea?ai. Ii Oaaei? Eaaiiae/
niaa?oaiii ia ethaee ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea, auno?i onoaaae io ieo. Ii
i?aaeii/eoae i?iaiaeeoue a?aiy a oea?eae, ca oeoeie aanaaeaie, a iieia.
Iniiaiua ainoaea?noaaiiua caaiou e aeanoue aianoa n yoei ia?aoee e
oo?eio, a?aoo aeaiu oea?y, Ai?eno Aiaeoiiao. ?iae yoiai /aeiaaea
i?ienoiaeee io oaoa?neiai io?cu *aoa, i?eiyaoaai a XIV aaea a I?aea
e?auaiea io ieo?iiieeoa Iao?a e iinaeeaoaainy ia ?one iiae eiaiai
Caoa?ee. Iaiyoieeii aeaai/anoey yoiai iiai e?auaiiiai oaoa?eia aue
iino?iaiiue ei aeec Eino?iiu Eiaoneee iiianou?ue, naeaeaaoeeny
oaieeueiie nayouiae aai iioiieia; iie niaaaeaee yoio iiianou?ue
i?eiioaieyie e iia?aaaeenue a iai. Aioe Caoa?ee, Eaai Aiaeoi, aue
i?a?iaeeoaeai oie eeiee ?iaea io?cu *aoe, eioi?ay io eee/ee Aiaeoi
iieo/eea iacaaiea Aiaeoiiauo. Iioiinoai Aiaeoia ?acaaoaeeinue. Aiaeoiiau
aeaaeaee aio/eiaie, ii ia ea?aee aaaeiie ?iee a ?onneie enoi?ee aei oao
ii?, iiea iaeei ec i?aaioeia ia?aiai Aiaeoiiaa ia oaeinoieeny /anoe
naeaeaoueny oanoai oea?aae/a Oaaei?a Eaaiiae/a. Oiaaea i?e aeai?a oea?y
Eaaia yaeeny aeeceei /aeiaaeii, a?ao Oaaei?iaie aeaiu Ai?en, aeaiaoue ia
aei/a?e oea?neiai ethaeioea Iaethou Neo?aoiaa. Oea?ue iiethaee aai.
Aicauoaiea eeoe e ?iaeia /a?ac ?iaenoai n oea?eoeaie auei yaeaieai
iau/iui a iineianeie enoi?ee, ii oaeia aicauoaiea auei /anoi iai?i/ii.
?iaenoaaiieee Eaaiiauo noi?oa iiaeaaee ia?aaia n ae?oaeie aea?oaaie aai
e?iaiaeaaeiinoe. Nai Ai?en ii naiae aeecinoe e oea?th iiaeaa?aaeny
iianiinoe; ?anneacuaatho, /oi oea?ue neeueii ecaee aai naiei aeaceii,
eiaaea Ai?en canooiaeny ca oaeoiai iooeii oea?aae/a Eaaia. Ii oea?ue
Eaai nai iieaeeaae naiaai nuia e oiaaea noae aua aieaa, /ai i?aaeaea,
ieacuaaoue Ai?eno aeaaineeiiiinoue ca niaeinoue, noieaooth, ai?i/ai,
iineaaeiaio ianeieueeeo ianyoeaa aieacie. Iaeiaei, iiae eiiaoe naiae
aeecie, oea?ue Eaai iiae aeeyieai ae?oaeo ethaeioeaa ia/ae ia Aiaeoiiaa
eineony, e, auoue iiaeao, Ai?eno i?eoeinue au ieioi, anee au Eaai ia
oia?, a aai ianoi ia caiye aai nui Oaaei?. Oea?ue Oaaei? i/aiue ethaee
naith noi?oao E?eio, a Aiaeoiia, a naith i/a?aaeue, eiae ia nano?o
aieueoia aeeyiea. Oaeei ia?acii, aiy?ei Aiaeoiia i?eia?ae
eneeth/eoaeueiia aeeyiea a oea?noaa.
Iaaei ioiaoeoue, /oi Ai?en iaeaaeae na?ueaciui ainoaea?noaaiiui oiii,
oaaoeie, eiae oe?ieee e?oaici?, ii ioee/aeny caia/aoaeueiui aea?ii
neiaa, ?an/aoeea e a aunieie noaiaie naayethaea. Any aeayoaeueiinoue aai
neeiiyeanue e nianoaaiiui eioa?anai, e naiaio iaiaauaieth, e oneeaieth
naiae aeanoe, e aicauoaieth naiaai ?iaea. Ii oiae auaeeaeaoue,
iieueciaaeny oaeiaiuie ieiooaie, inoaaaoueny a oaie eee auaeaeaaoueny
aia?aae, eiaaea n/eoae oianoiui, iaaeaaaoue ia naay ee/eio aeaai/anoey e
anyeeo aeia?iaeaoaeae, iieacuaaoue aeia?ioo e ieeina?aeea, a aaea ioaeii
– no?iainoue e no?iainoue. Iinoiyiii ?annoaeeoaeueiue, ieeiaaea ia
iiaeaeaaaeny ii ii?uaai oaea/aiey e aeaenoaiaae anaaaea iaaeoiaiii. Yoio
/aeiaae aioia aue aeaeaoue aeia?i, anee iii ia iaoaei aai ee/iui
eioa?anai, e iai?ioea, ii ia inoaiaaeeaaeny ie ia?aae eaeei ceii e
i?anooieaieai, anee iaoiaeee aai ioaeiui aeey naieo ee/iuo auaiae.
Aeaea ?innee i?e iai iioee aeinoaoi/ii oniaoii. No?aia ioaeuoaea io
aaneiia/iuo aiei, eaciae, ianoaaeeueiinoe, i?ienoiaeeaoeo ec-ca
acaaeiioiiai oa?aeoa?a A?iciiai. Iinoaiaiii canaeyeenue iieeiooua naea,
ia/aeanue eieiiecaoeey Neae?e. Ia THaa iaeia ca ae?oaie aicieeaee
e?aiinoe aeey caueou io oaoa?.
A oi aea a?aiy Ai?en Aiaeoiia iiiaeo aiy? nineae a nnueeo, iiaeic?aaay
eo a eciaia eee niia?ie/anoaa. E?iia oiai, ii iaaiaeiee no?aio oieiiaie
e aeiiin/eeaie, iiaeeoiae neoa naieo niia?ieeia, /oiau ineaaeoue
aiciiaeiuo eiieo?aioia ia aeanoue. Iniaaiii aeanoiei ii ?ani?aaeeny n
naiueae e?oiiaeoeo e ecaanoiaeoeo aiy? Ooeneeo, eiaaoeo aieueoie
aaoi?eoao a no?aia ca iieeiaiae/aneea oneoae Iao?a Eaaiiae/a Ooeneiai e
aai nuia Eaaia Iao?iae/a.
Aeanoue Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa, ia eeoay aai ee/iuo ea/anoa, aeaaiui ia?acii
aea?aeaeanue ia ?iaenoaa n aeaiie oea?y. Iaaeaeo oai o Oaaei?a e E?eiu
aeaoae ia auei, e n?aaee ciaoe iinoiyiii aicieeaee o?aaiaaiey i
?anoi?aeaiee yoiai aacaeaoiiai a?aea. Nai oea?ue e, iiiyoiia aeaei, nai
Aiaeoiia any/anee i?ioeaeeenue yoiio. I?anoie aacaeaoiiai Oaaei?a
aeieaeai aue ianeaaeiaaoue ieaaeoee nui A?iciiai, oea?aae/ Aeieo?ee. Ii
a 1591 aiaeo Aeieo?ee, eioi?ue iaoiaeeeny n iaoa?ueth a Oaee/a,
iaiaeeaeaiii iiaea.
A 1591 aiaeo Aiaeoiia ioi?aaee a Oaee/ iaaece?aoue iaae caineeie aeaeaie
e iaae aeiiaoiei iaeoiaeii oea?eoeu Ia?ee naieo aeiaa?aiiuo ethaeae:
aeueyea Ieoaeea Aeoyaianeiai n nuiii Aeaieeeii e ieaiyiieeii Ea/aeiaui.
15 iay 1591 aiaea, a iieaeaiue, eieieiea niai?iie oea?eae, Oaee/a,
oaea?ee a iaaao. Ia?iae naaaeaeny ni anao noi?ii ai aeai? oea?eoeu e
oaeaeae oea?aae/a ia?oaiai n ia?a?acaiiui ai?eii. Ia?iae oaee Ieoaeea e
Aeaieea Aeoyaianeeo, e Ieeeoo Ea/aeiaa. Oia?oaeee aua ianeieueei /aeiaae
ii iiaeic?aieth a naiai?a n oaeeoeaie.
Aeaee ciaoue a Iineao. Naeaeaoaeae oaeenoaa oea?aae/a ia auei.
I?anooiieeia – oiaea. Neaaenoaea i?iecaaaeaii auei naiui aanniaanoiui
ia?acii. Auoiaeeei, aoaeoi oea?aae/ ca?acaeny nai. Iniio?a oaea ia
aeaeaee; ethaeae, oaeaoeo Aeoyaneiai n oiaa?euaie, ia aeii?ineee.
Iieacaiey, niyoua n ?aciuo eeoe aeaneee iaeii, /oi oea?aae/ ca?acaeny a
i?eiaaeea iaaeo/ae aieacie. Oaei oea?aae/a auei i?aaeaii caiea a
oea?eae, Oaee/a, na. Niana.
Ioeoeeaeueiay aa?ney aeaneea, /oi oea?aae/ a i?eiaaeea iaaeo/ae aieacie
(eioi?ie iaa?aaeee aai ioaoe) oiae ia iiae e ca?acaeny. Iaeiaei a naiii
Oaee/a i?iecioae iyoaae, iineieueeo iieaa aiieia ii?aaeaeaiii iacuaaea
aeiiaieeaie oaeenoaa oea?aae/a, iiaeineaiiuo Aiaeoiiaui ethaeae. Ca
iyoaae oaee/ai no?iai iaeacaee, iiiaeo aunaeeee. Nouanoaoao e aua iaeia
aa?ney, /oi oea?aae/ aue ni?yoai, a oaeo ae?oaie ?aaaiie.
Nia?oue Aeieo?ey i?eaeeaeaea eniieiaiea aeanoiethaeauo caiuneia
Aiaeoiiaa. Eiaaea 7 yiaa?y 1598 aiaea, ia ni?ie ia?aii aiaeo naiae
aeecie, oea?ue Oaaei? oia?, aeeianoey Eaaia Eaeeou, eioi?ay oea aua io
?th?eea, i?anaeeanue. Yoi auei i/aiue na?ueaciia niauoea aeey no?aiu, n
oaea onoiyaoeieny i?aaenoaaeaieyie i niaa?oaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe oea?neie
aeanoe, i oii, /oi i?aaeoue a Iineaa iiaoo oieueei eeoea ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeeianoee, /oi no?aia a ii?aaeaeaiiie ia?a ia i?inoi ?inney, a eo
caeiiiay aio/eia. Oea?ue eiaao i?aai ia aeeciue, nia?oue e
nianoaaiiinoue ethaiai. Oea?ue — aiaeee iiiacaiiee, aai aeanoue io aiaa,
a iioiio ii aeieaeai auoue ec ii?aaeaeaiiie aeeianoee. Niciaiea, ia
oieueei ia?iaea, ii e ciaoe auei ii/oe iieiinoueth i?iieeiooi
?aeeaeiciuie aeiaiaie, aa?ie a naa?ouanoanoaaiiia, a ?acee/iua niauoey
i?aanoaaiii-?aeeaeiciiai oa?aeoa?a (iai?eia?, iani?aaaaeeeaue ?acaiae n
noi?oaie, ianiaethaeaiea oea?eiaiiai iaaoa e i?i/aa), eioi?ua iiaoo
eiaoue aaaeiaeoaa cia/aiea aeey no?aiu. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, any/aneea
aaaenoaey iauyniyeenue ainiiaeiei aiaaii ca oa eee eiua a?aoe.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ca a?aoe oea?y iiaea no?aaeaoue io aiaa, any aea?aeaaa.
A yoeo oneiaeyo i?ana/aiea aeeianoee aeaaaei ieuo aeey naiuo ?acee/iuo
oieeiaaiee, neooia, auneacuaaiee, th?iaenoaiaaiee e o. i.
Caaaaei/iay nia?oue oea?aae/a Aeieo?ey a Oaee/a a 1591 aiaeo, auaiaeiay
Aiaeoiiao, e nia?oue aieaciaiiiai e aacaeaoiiai oea?y Oaaei?a, iinoaaeee
ia?aae no?aiie iaauaaeoth i?iaeaio: iaiaoiaeeiinoue auai?a oea?y. E 1598
aiaeo ia oea?noai aue eca?ai Ai?en Aiaeoiia.
Aiynue inoaoueny aac oea?y ia aeieaia a?aiy (a aan/einoaa aiy? ai
a?aiaia iaeieaonoaa Eaaia IV auee aua ia iaiyoe), Caineee niai? i?e
iiaeaea?aeea iao?ea?oa iicaae ia oea?noai Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa.
Ia?aua aiaeu aai oea?noaiaaiey i?ioiaeeee niieieii. Ai?en i?e iiiaeo
io?eoeaoaeueiuo naienoaao naiaai oa?aeoa?a, a iauai-oi iau/iuo aeey oiai
a?aiaie, iaeaaeae ainoaea?noaaiiui oiii. A /anoiinoe, ii ynii iiieiae
?ieue ia?aciaaiey, iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?aieiaoue iiuo ia?aaeiauo no?ai,
o/eoueny o aa?iiaeoeaa. Ei i?aaei?eieiaaony iiiuoea iineaoue iaeioi?uo
iieiaeuo ethaeae o/eoueny ca a?aieoeo. Ii iuoaaony auaeaoue caioae naith
aei/ue ca aeaoneiai i?eioea (ii aeaieo iaiaeeaeaiii oia?). Ii o/eo
naiaai nuia Ai?ena ainoaea?noaaiiui e eiui iaoeai.
3. Oneeaiea iauanoaaiiuo i?ioeai?a/ee 1601—1603 aa
Ineoaeaiea e ?aci?aiea ?innee i?e Eaaia A?iciii iaaeaeo oai aea?ii ia
i?ioei. E?anoueyia iannaie ooiaeeee ia iiaua caiee io e?aiinoiie e
ainoaea?noaaiiie oyainoe. Yenieoaoaoeey inoaaoeony oneeeaaeanue.
Caieaaeaeueoeu auee iiooaiu aeieaaie e iiaeiiinoyie. Ana aieaa
cao?oaeiyeny ia?aoiae io iaeiiai iiiaueea e ae?oaiio. I?e Ai?ena
Aiaeoiiaa auei ecaeaii aua ianeieueei oeacia, oneeeaathueo e?aiinoioth
iaaieth. A 1597 a.— i iyoeeaoiai n?iea iienea aaaeuo, a 1601—02 i
ia?aie/aiee ia?aaiaea e?anoueyi iaeieie caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie io ae?oaeo.
AEaeaiey aeai?yinoaa eniieiyeenue. Ii iauanoaaiiay iai?yaeaiiinoue io
yoiai ia ineaaaaaea, a eeoue ?inea.
Aeaaiie i?e/eiie iaino?aiey i?ioeai?a/ee a eiioea XVI e ia/aea XVII
aaeia auei oneeaiea e?aiinoiie oyainoe e ainoaea?noaaiiuo iiaeiiinoae
e?anoueyi e ai?iaeai (iinaaeneeo ethaeae). Aieueoea i?ioeai?a/ey auee
iaaeaeo iineianeei – i?eaeeaae?iaaiiui e ie?aeiiui, iniaaiii thaeiui,
aeai?yinoaii. Ninoiyuaai ec aaaeuo e?anoueyi e eiuo aieueiuo ethaeae,
eaca/anoai i?aaenoaaeyei niaie ai?th/ee iaoa?eae a iauanoaa: ai-ia?auo,
o iiiaeo auee e?iaiua iaeaeu ia ainoaea?noai e aiy?-aeai?yi; ai-aoi?uo,
yoi auee ethaee, aeaaiia caiyoea eioi?uo ninoaaeyee aieia e a?aaaae.
Neeueiu auee eio?eae iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie a?oiiaie aiy?.
A 1601—03 aiaeao a no?aia ?ac?aceeny iaauaaeue aieiae. Nia/aea oee
i?ieeaiua aeiaeaee 10 iaaeaeue, iioii, a eiioea eaoa, ii?ic iia?aaeee
oeaa. Ia aoaeouee aiae iiyoue iao?iaeae. Oioy oea?ue aeaeae iiiaia,
/oiau iaeaa/eoue iieiaeaiea aieiaeiuo: ?acaeaaae aeaiueae e oeaa, naeaae
oeaio ia iaai, ono?aeaae iauanoaaiiua ?aaiou e o.i., ii iineaaenoaey
auee oyaeaeuie. Oieueei io aieaciae, iineaaeiaaaoeo ca aieiaeii, a
iaeiie Iineaa oia?ei ieiei 130 ouny/ /aeiaae. Iiiaea io aieiaea
ioaeaaaee naay a oieiiu, ia?aaeei ainiiaea, ia a neeao i?iei?ieoue neoa,
auaiiyee eo. Ia/aeenue ?acaie e aieiaiey aaaeuo e aoeyueo ethaeae,
eioi?ua aeaenoaiaaee iiae naiie Iineaie e a aith n oea?neeie aieneaie
aeaaea oaeee aiaaiaeo Aaniaiiaa. Aoio iiaeaaeee, a aai o/anoieee aaaeaee
ia tha, aaea i?eniaaeeieeenue e aieneai naiicaaioea, Aieioieeiaa e
ae?oaei.
Aieiae e ae?oaea ian/anouey iaino?eee ana i?ioeai?a/ey a no?aia. Ia?iae
naycuaae aaaenoaey no?aiu n oaeenoaii Aeieo?ey e iai?aaaaeiui
aioea?aieai Aiaeoiiaa.
4. Ia/aei «nioou». Eaeaaeieo?ee e aai naa?aeaiea
Anei?a iinea aieiaea iiyaeeny naiicaaiaoe. Caaee aai, ii ioeoeeaeueiie
aa?nee, A?eai?eai Io?aiueaaui. Ii aue iiiaoii *oaeiaa iiianou?y, aaaeae
ioooaea e eacaeai, oai ii e i?eia?ae ioaeioth nii?iaeo. Caoai ii
iauyaeeny a Iieueoa, aoa?ny a aeiaa?ea e ciaoe, a /anoiinoe iaio
Iieoaeo, e, i?eoai?eaoenue nia?oaeueii aieueiui, ia eniiaaaee «ioe?ue»
oaeio, /oi ii — «/oaeanii nianoeeny! Aeieo?ee». Aaaioth?a iiiaea ia
ioaeioth ii/ao: a Iieueoa iaoeinue aeinoaoi/ii ioioieeia iiii/ue
«Aeieo?eth» aa?iooue caeiiiue i?anoie, oai aieaa, /oi «oea?aae/»
iaiaauae n o?e ei?iaa e Iieoaeo, e ei?ieth, e oea?eiaieeai.
A eiioea aaaonoa 1604 aiaea aienei naiicaaioea aunooieei ec Eueaiaa. Ia
?onneeo ie?aeiiuo caieyo, ii ano?aoee iiuioth iiaeaea?aeeo io eacaeia,
thaeiuo aeai?yi, eioi?ua auee iaaeiaieueiu caneeueai iineianeeo aeai?yi,
ai?iaeai. Iiiaea ec ia?iaea i/aiue oioaee aa?eoue, /oi yoi e anoue
ianoiyuee oea?ue, iioiio /oi oiaaea ana eaaei iauyniyeinue: e
i?eoaniaiey ia?iaea, e o?oaeiay aeeciue, e aieiae, e i?i/aa. Ia i?i/ue
ainiieueciaaoueny neo/aai auee aioiau e iiiaea aiy?a, iaaeiaieueiua
i?aaeaieai Aiaeoiiaui. Ia?aiia/aeueii oea?neea aiaaiaeu ?acaeee a?ieth
Eaeaaeieo?ey. Ii ia?iaeiay iiaeaea?aeea ieacaeanue noieue aaeeea, /oi ii
aiiaue ii?aaeeny ia Iineao. Ai?iaea i?enyaaee aio. A ooo iaiaeeaeaiii
oia? Aiaeoiia. Aiciiaeii, /oi oea?th e oaeaeinue au ni?aaeoueny n
iyoaaeii, ai anyeii neo/aa, caoaaoeoue Iineao, aeey naiicaaioea,
ieacaeinue au i/aiue neiaeiui aeaeii. Ianiaa?oaiiieaoiee aea nui
Aiaeoiiaa aeanoe ia eiae. A ethia 1605 aiaea naiicaaiaoe aioae a Iineao
eae caeiiiue oea?ue. Aai «iiiciaea» e oea?eoea Ia?ey Iaaay (noaaoay
iiiaoeiae Ia?oie), iaoue oaeoiai Aeieo?ey.
Iaeiaei, eae e iiiaea ec aaeiaiae noaeueau, Io?aiueaa n/eoae, /oi
naaeeaoayny ia iaai oaea/a — ?acoeueoao aai ee/iuo ea/anoa, a ia
eneeth/eoaeueiia noa/aiea ianoiyoaeuenoa. Aianoi oiai, /oiau aieeiooue a
ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea, iiiyoue iiaoth naith ?ieue, ii i?eiyeny
ie?iaaoue. I?eoaaeoea n iei iieyee i?eoaniyee e iaeaeaee ia?iae.
Oea?eae ia i?aaeeanue iianiinoue oneeaiey eaoiee/aneiai aeeyiey. Ca aiae
iiaue oea?ue iionoioee anth eacio, eioi?oth Aiaeoiia oae caaioeeai
eiiee. A eiioea eiioeia iiiya, /oi n i?eoiaeii «enoeiiiai» oea?y ie/aai
ia eciaieony e eo/oaio, a eeoue oooaeoeony, ?acia?aaoenue, /oi yoi ca
oea?ue, iineae/e iiaeno?aeaaiua aiy?aie, iiaeiyee ainnoaiea e oaeee
naiicaaioea.
Iineianeea aiy?a i?e iiaeaea?aeea ai?iaeai eca?aee oea?ai ciaoiiai eiycy
Aaneeey Ooeneiai, eioi?ue i?eieiae aeoeaiia o/anoea a naa?aeaiee
Eaeaaeieo?ey. Noieo ioiaoeoue, /oi Aaneeee Eaaiiae/ Ooeneie i?iaiaeee
?anneaaeiaaiea oaeenoaa oea?aae/a Aeieo?ey a Oaee/a.
Iaeiaei n i?eoiaeii iiaiai i?aaeoaey no?aia ia oniieieeanue. Iaeaeu,
iaaeiaieuenoai, no?aieaiea e «ni?aaaaeeeainoe», eioi?oth ?aciua a?oiiu
iiieiaee ii-naiaio, e i?i/aa, au?aaeenue, neiaii aeaeeii ec aooueee,
eeoue oieueei i?iaea e?aieie oea?neie aeanoe ieacaeanue ni?aaiiie.
Eoae, n 1604 aiaeo a ?innee aniuoioea «niooa», eia/a a?aaeaeaineay
aieia. O/anoieee aa auee ?aciiia?aciu: e?anoueyia e oieiiu, aeai?yia e
eacaee, ai?iaeaia e aiy?a. Any no?aia i?eoea a aeaeaeaiea. I?e/eiaie
a?aaeaeaineie aieiu auee:
1. Iaino?aiea iauanoaaiiuo e eeanniauo i?ioeai?a/ee, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
oneeaiea e?aiinoiiai e ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoa.
2. I?ana/aiea aeeianoee iineianeeo oea?ae e caaaaei/iay nia?oue
oea?aae/a Aeieo?ey. Ana yoi aeaei «eaeaieiaeth» nioou, aeaaiaeaoioth
ii/ao aeey naiicaaioeaa e ai?ueau ca aeanoue.
3. Ineaaeaieth oea?neie aeanoe, e?iia oiai, niinianoaiaaea e nei?ay
nia?oue Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa. Aeanoue yoa noiyea iaae iauanoaii e ne?aieyea
aai.
4. Eiino?aiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai a ?onneea aeaea.
5. Ainnoaiea Aieioieeiaa
Eaoii, 1606 aiaea, ia thai-caiaaea no?aiu, ia a?aieoea n Iieueoae
ia/eiaaony aeaeaeaiea, eioi?ia ia?a?inei a iiuiia ainnoaiea i?ioea
aeanoe Ooeneiai. Aeaeaeaiea aicaeaaee aaaeue oieii Eaai Aieioieeia.
Iniiao aai aienea ninoaaeee eacaee, aaaeua ethaee, ai?iaeneay aaaeiioa.
Aai iiaeaea?aeaee oaeaea aeai?yineea io?yaeu I. Eyioiiaa, E. Iaoeiaa,
iaaeiaieueiua i?aaeoaeuenoaii Aieioieeia auaeae naay ca aiaaiaeo oea?y
Aeieo?ey e o?aaiaae caiaiu Ooeneiai «oi?ioei oea?ai Aeieo?eai». *oi
oaeia oi?ioee oea?ue, ?acee/iua o/anoieee aeaeaeaiey iiieiaee
ii-?aciiio. Ainnoaiea i?iaeieaeaeinue aieueoa aiaea e a oeaio?aeueiuo
?aeiiao e iaio i?eniaaeeieeinue iiiai e?anoueyi, iaaeiaieueiuo naiae
aeeciueth e aiy?aie. Oae, aia?aua, iiaeaeoe, a enoi?ee ?innee e?anoueyia
auoee ia iieeoe/aneoth noeaio.
A aaaonoa Aieioieeia iaian, ?yae ii?aaeaiee oea?neei aiaaiaeai, a a
ieoya?a aeai?yineea io?yaeu Iaoeiaa iiaaaeeee eo iaaeaeaei io Eieiiiu.
Anei?a iiae Iineao iiaeioae e nai Aieioieeia. Aai aienei ?aniieiaeeeinue
a naea Eieiiaineii. Ainnoaiea ioaaoeei aeanyoee ai?iaeia. A oio iiiaio,
iicaeiae inaiueth e ceiie 1606 aiaea, ieii/aoaeueii i?iecioei
?aciaaeaaaiea ?acii?iaeiuo eeanniauo nee a noaia ainnoaaoeo. A eiioea
eiioeia, aeai?yineea io?yaeu ia?aoee ia noi?iio oea?y, a aienei
Aieioieeiaa noaei aieaa ia?iaeiui. A aeaeaa?a 1606 aiaea a ?aoathuai
n?aaeaiee oea?neea aienea ?acaeee Aieioieeiaa, eioi?ue oe?ueny a Eaeoaa
e oniaoii iai?iiye aa. Aaniie 1607 aiaea ainnoaaoei oaeaeinue niyoue
inaaeo n ai?iaea e oeoe a Ooeo, aaea Aieioieeia iauaaeeieeny n
i?aaeaiaeeoaeai ae?oaeo iianoaioeaa Eeaeeie Io?iioeai. Eaoii iianoaioeu
aiiaue iioa?iaee ii?aaeaiea e oe?ueenue a Ooea. *aou?a ianyoea aeeeeanue
inaaea. Aieioieeia caueuaeny, niaa?oay oniaoiua aueacee. Aeaaea aieiae
ia neiiee eo aiee e ai?ueaa. Oiaaea iniaeaeathuee aienea ia?ae?uee ?aeo
Oio ieioeiie e ai?iae aue caoiieaiiui. Inaaeaeaiiui iiiaauaee nio?aieoue
aeeciue e naiaiaeo, iinea /aai iie naeaeenue. Iaeiaei a ioiioaiee
Aieioieeiaa neiai ia?ooeee: ii aue nia/aea ineaieai, a caoai ooiieai.
6. Eaeaaeieo?ee II
A i?ea?aie/iie iieina n ?a/ueth Iiniieeoie iiyaeeny /aeiaae eioi?ue
ooaa?aeaeae, /oi ii /oaeii nianoeeny ec Iineau oea?ue Aeieo?ee. Eai aue
yoio /aeiaae a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe inoaaony caaaaeeie aeey enoi?eeia.
Ii, eae e aai i?aaeoanoaaiiee, ainiieueciaaeny iiiiuueth iieueneeo
iaiia, a aieueoii eiee/anoaa e iaio i?eniaaeeieeenue oe?aeineea eacaee,
ioi/ea aei aieiu e a?aaaaea, oaeaea e iaio i?eniaaeeieeenue inoaoee
a?iee Aieioieeiaa. A eoiaa Eaeaaeieo?ee iieo/ee ia?iiiia aienei. A ethia
1608 aiaea Eaeaaeieo?ee ieacaeny n aieneii ieiei Iineau. Acyoue aa ii ia
niia, ii ?aniieiaeeeny a 100 eeeiiao?ao io Iineau a Oooeii. Aai io?yaeu
?uneaee ii anae no?aia, niaa?oay a?aaaaee e ianeeey. Ca yoi ii iieo/ee
i?icaeua «oooeineiai ai?a». Ooaea aea i?eauea e Ia?eia Iieoae, eioi?ay
«i?eciaea» naiaai /oaeii nianoaainy ioaea io eiciae aiy? a Iineaa. A
no?aia ieacaeinue aeaa oea?y e aeaa Aiy?neea aeoiu.
7. Eioa?aaioeey
Aiaoaoaeuenoai iieuenei-eeoianeiai ainoaea?noaa ?a/e Iiniieeoie a aeaea
?innee ia/aeinue n iiyaeaieai A?eai?ey Io?aiueaaa. Iinea aai naa?aeaiey
io?yaeu iieyeia, eeoiaoeaa e oe?aeineeo eacaeia noaee iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
Eaeaaeieo?ey II. Iieueneee ei?ieue aue caeioa?aniaai eiaoue iineooiiai
oea?y a ?innee, ia inoaaeyee eaeae ?ani?ino?aieoue ia iaa eaoiee/anoai e
eacoeou. Iaeaieaa ecaanoiuie i?aaeaiaeeoaeyie iieuenei-eeoianeeo eacaeia
auee Eenianeee e Naiaaa. Ec eaaa?y a Oooeii aienea iieyeia e
Eaeaaeieo?ey aeiee?iaaee Iineao, cao?oaeiea iiaeaic i?iaeiaieuenoaey.
Iie a?aaeee ie?anoiinoe, iuoaeenue acyoue eiua ai?iaea. Inaaeeee
O?ieoeei-Na?aeaaneee iiianou?ue; iaeiaei eo 30-ouny/iia aienei oae e ia
niiaei acyoue ioaeanoaaiiue iiianou?ue-e?aiinoue n oa/aiea 15 ianyoeaa.
Ooeneee, no?aiynue iieii/eoue n Eaeaaeieo?eai, aeiaiai?eeny ni oaaaeaie
a iaiai ia iaeioi?ua oa??eoi?ee, a. Ei?aeo e ae?oaea, ieaaeoo aio
aiaiioth iiiiuue. Iaeiaei iieueneee ei?ieue Neaecioiae III, eioi?ue a
yoi a?aiy a?aaeaeiaae ni Oaaoeeae, aini?eiye yoi eae oaeiaiue iiaiae
aeey ia/aea ioe?uoie aieiu. Eaoii iieyee ia/aee aa?anneth e inaaeeee
Niieaine. Ii yoio ai?iae, iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aiaaiaeu Oaeia, aa?ie/anee
nii?ioeaeyeny. Ia iiaeiiao Neaecioiaeo III i?eoee iieyee e eeoiaoeu ec
Oooeii. A ?acoeueoaoa eaaa?ue a Oooaii ?aniaeny, a nai naiicaaiaoe
aaaeae a Eaeoao. Ii aue oaeo a eiioea 1610 aiaea. ?acaae noaia
«oooeineiai ai?a» oaea ia iia nianoe Ooeneiai. Neeueii iia?aaeeea aio
nia?oue aai ieaiyiieea Ieoaeea Neiieia-Ooeneiai, oaeaioeeaiai iieiaeiai
iieeiaiaeoea, iiaaaeeaoaai Aieioieeiaa, oooeioeaa, iieueciaaaoaainy
anaia?iaeiie ethaiaueth. A nia?oe ieaiyiieea aeieee a?aoa oea?y Aeieo?ey
Ooeneiai. Eiaaea aea eaoii 1610 aiaea iineaaeiee iioa?iae ii?aaeaiea io
iieyeia i?e Eeooeia, aiy?a ?aoeee nianoeoue oea?y. I?anoeae oea?neie
aeanoe oaea oiae, niaia ieacaeanue eaaeei aeaeii. Ooeneiai ianeeueii
iino?eaee a iiianou?ue, a aeanoue a Iineaa ieacaeanue a ?oeao a?oiiu 7
aiy?. Iie oaaaeeee iineae/ae caaoue ia oea?neee o?ii iieueneiai
ei?ieaae/a Aeaaeeneaaa, a inaiueth 1610 aiaea aionoeee a Iineao iieyeia.
8. Ia?iaeiua iiie/aiey. Ieiei e Iiaea?neee. Ecaiaiea iieyeia
?inney ieacaeanue a io/ayiiii iieiaeaiee. Aac oea?y, n iieueneeie
eioa?aaioaie a noieeoea, ?aci?yaiay iiiai/eneaiiuie eiicaiiuie e naieie
oaeeaie. A ooo aua oaaaeu caoaaoeee Iiaai?iae. Iaeiaei o ?onneiai
ia?iaea iaoeenue neeu, /oiau ionoiyoue iacaaeneiinoue no?aiu. Ioaeanoai
O?ieoeei-Na?aeaaa iiianou?y e Niieainea aaeioiiaeyei. Iineaaeiee iinea
ii/oe aeaooeaoiae inaaeu iae a 1611 aiaeo eaoii, e oi ec-ca eciaiu. A
?ycaineie caiea a ia/aea 1611 aiaea nia?aeinue iiie/aiea ai aeaaa n
aeai?yieiii I. Eyioiiaui, eiycai O?oaaoeeei e eaca/ueei aoaiaiii E.
Ca?ooeeei. Yoi aienei iai?aaeeinue e Iineaa. A a naiie Iineaa aeeoaee,
iaiaaeaeaaoea iieyeia, aioiaeeenue, e ainnoaieth. Ai a?aiy ainnoaiey
iieyee iiaeiaeaee ai?iae e ii iieiinoueth auai?ae. Iiie/aieth oaeaeinue
auaeoue eiicaioeaa ec Aaeiai ai?iaea e inaaeeoue eo a E?aiea e
Eeoae-ai?iaea. Ii n?aaee ?acii?iaeiuo ?onneeo nee ia auei aaeeinoaa,
Eyioiia aue oaeo, iiie/aiea ?aniaeinue. Eacaeinue, /oi oaea ia
iiaeiyoueny ?innee. Iaeiaei a ae?oaii ai?iaea, a Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea,
ia/aeinue ia?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea, eioi?ia aicaeaaee ioaeanoaaiiue
a?aaeaeaiei Eocueia Aieoaeeiiae/ Ieiei. Ii i?ecaae ai eiy ?iaeeiu
«caeiaeeoue aeai e aeaoae», /oiau nia?yaeeoue a?ieth. Aa aicaeaaee
aiaaiaea, eiycue Aeieo?ee Iiaea?neee. A aaaonoa 1612 aiaea iiie/aiea
iinea oyaeaeiai aiy auaeei iieyeia ec Iineau e caia?ei eo aa?iecii a
E?aiea e Eeoae-ai?iaea. Iinea aeaooiany/iie inaaeu ecio/aiiua aieiaeii
eioa?aaiou naeaeenue ia ieeinoue iiaaaeeoaeyi. Oioy ?aci?aiiay e
?ac?ooaiiay noieeoea auea inaiaiaeaeaia, aeey inaiaiaeaeaiey no?aiu aua
ioaeii auei aiaaaoue.
9. Caineee niai? 1613 a. Eca?aiea oea?ai. Ia?aie?ea n Iieueoae e
Oaaoeeae
Aeey no?aiu inoaaoaeny aac oeaio?aeueiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa anaai aaaeiaa
auei eca?aoue oea?y. Oai aieaa /oi ia i?anoie ainoaea?noaa i?iaeieaeaee
i?aoaiaeiaaoue iieueneee ei?ieaae/ Aeaaeeneaa e oaaaeneee i?eioe
Ea?e-Oeeeii. Iaiaoiaeeia auea neeueiay aeanoue e aeey oiai, /oi
caeeth/eoue ie? n Iieueoae e Oaaoeeae, e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaaanoe a
no?aia ii?yaeie.
Ceiie 1613 aiaea aue nicaai Caineee niai?, naiue i?aaenoaaeoaeueiue ec
anao auaoeo aei e iinea. Aeieaea e ao?iua canaaeaiey iaeiiaoe i?eaaee e
auai?o iieiaeiai 16-eaoiaai aiy?eia Ieoaeea ?iiaiiaa, ieaiyiieea ii
aeaineie eeiee oea?y Oaaei?a Eaaiiae/a. Nai iiaue oea?ue iaoiaeeeny a
yoi a?aiy n iaoa?ueth a iiianou?a aeec Eaeoae.
Nio?aieeinue i?aaeaiea, /oi iaeei ec iieueneeo io?yaeia no?aieeny
iaa?aaeeoue aio (oaeoue eee acyoue a ieai). Iaeiaei iieueneee io?yae
caaae a eana ia aa?ioth aeaaeue e?anoueyiei Eaai Nonaiei, niaa?oeaoee
iiaeaea ai eiy ?iaeeiu, iineieueeo aeeciue iieiaeiai oea?y oiaaea auea
?aaiineeueia aaeeinoao e iacaaeneiinoe ?innee. Iaoue oea?y aeieai
ioeacuaaeanue i?eiyoue aeey naiaai nuia noieue iianioth /anoue. Aa n
o?oaeii oaiai?eee iineaiieee. Ioaoe Ieoaeea ?iiaiiaa, oiaaea iaoiaeeeny
a ieaio.
Aiaoiaiieeoe/aneia iieiaeaiea ?innee auei i/aiue oyaeaeui. Oaaaeu
inaaeeee Ineia, ii acyoue ia niiaee. A 1617 aiaeo n ieie caeeth/eee
Noieaianeee ie?. Iiaai?iae aica?auaeny ?innee, ii iiae aeanoue Oaaoeee
ieii/aoaeueii ia?aoiaeeei aaeoeeneia iiaa?aaeuea. Iieyee ia nie?eeenue
ni naiei ii?aaeaieai, e oaea a 1617 aiaeo ei?ieaae/ Aeaaeeneaa aaeaa
aiiaue ia caiye Iineao. N Iieueoae auei caeeth/aii ia?aie?ea, ii
eioi?iio iiae aa ?oeo ia?aoiaeeee Niieaine, /a?ieaianeea e ae?oaea
caiee. Oaeia ia?aie?ea aeey ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa icia/aei, /oi
iaecaaaeia iiaay aieia ca inaiaiaeaeaiea naieo oa??eoi?ee io eiicaiiiai
eaa.
10. Iieiaeaiea ?innee e 1618 a
Ionoiyoue naith iacaaeneiinoue e ainoaea?noaaiiinoue ?inne oaeaeinue, ii
i/aiue oyaeaeie oeaiie. No?aia iaoiaeeeanue a oyaeaeii iieiaeaiee, eacia
ionoa, oi?aiaey e ?aianea iaoiaeeeenue a oiaaeea. Iiiaaeiaeeinue
ianeieueei aeanyoeia eao, /oiau ainnoaiiaeoue oicyenoai no?aiu. Iioa?y
aaaeiuo oa??eoi?ee i?aaeii?aaeaeyea aeaeueiaeoea aieiu ca eo
inaiaiaeaeaiea, /oi oyaeaeui a?aiaiai eiaeeeinue ia anth no?aio. Niooiia
a?aiy aua aieaa oneeeei ionoaeinoue ?innee ii n?aaiaieth n aa?iiaeneeie
no?aiaie.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Enoi?ey NNN? n ae?aaieo a?aiai aei 1816a. Iiae ?aae. I.I. Aieoaiiaa –
I.,2000
2. Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa ?inneeneiai. Iiae ?aae. I.I. Ea?aicei – I. 2000
3. Enoi?ey ioa/anoaa. Iiae ?aae. A.A. I?aia?aaeaineiai, A.A. ?uaaeia-
I., 2001
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