Nenoaia a?aaeaeaineeo oeaiiinoae.
?eineay n?aaeecaiiiii?neay eoeueoo?a, yaeyynue caeiiiia?iui
i?iaeieaeaieai nianoaaiii ?einei-eoaeeeneie, auea ai iiiaeo naieo
eiiiiiaioao iiaui enoi?e/aneei yaeaieai. Iia a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
oo?aoeea naie oceee iieeniue, oae neacaoue, “iaoeeiiaeueiue” oa?aeoa? e
i?eia?aea einiiiieeoe/aneea /a?ou. Aa eiia?neee oa?aeoa? au?aaeaeny ia
oieueei a oii, /oi aeeoaee ?eia e Ne?aeoc, Aeaenaiae?ee e Eoaoaeoia,
Oannaeiiee e Ei?aeiau aeeee a iaeiii ainoaea?noaa e a oeaeii eiaee anee
ia iaeeiaeiaue, oi iioiaeee ia?ac aeecie. A ?aieao iiaie “ie?iaie”
eoeueoo?u noi?ie?iaaeanue naiy nenoaia a?aaeaeaineeo oeaiiinoae, eioi?ay
i?iiecuaaea ninoaaiua /anoe e iai?aaeaiey eoeueoo?iie aeecie, oeeinioeth
e ?aeeaeth, eeoa?aoo?o e eneonnoai, a?oeoaeoo?o e iaoeo. Yoa nenoaia
oeaiiinoae i?aaeiieaaaea iniaue noeeue aeecie, aeeth/athuee aeiaieueii
aeaaiono?iaiiue ai?iaeneie auo, ecaanoiue o?iaaiue aeaaininoiyiey,
ai?aeinoue ca aaeeeoth aea?aeaao, neeueioth e aeaaiaeaoaeueioth aeey
anao iiaeaeaiiuo aeanoue ?eia, aiaeeyoeeth e iaeioi?ui iaua/aeiaa/aneei
oeaiiinoyi. Aianoa n oai ii ia?a oe?aieaiey eiia?neie aeanoe e aa
oeaio?aeueiiai e i?iaeioeeaeueiiai aiia?aoa, oe?i/aeoaai ?acaeoey
?aanoaa e aai aeoaieiai i?iieeiiaaiey ai ana ii?u iauanoaa oi?ie?othony
ie?iaicc?aiea e ineoieiaey iiaeaeaiiiai, na?aeeeci e oaiaeie/anoai,
iai?ioiie noi?iiie eioi?uo auee i?ac?aiea e o?oaeo, ia?aceoeci,
aeeaioiia iio?aaeoaeuenoai e aacoaea?aeiia no?aieaiea e iaoa?eaeueiui
aeaaai e ieciaiiui oaeiaieuenoaeyi. Yoe /a?ou ia?aca aeecie eiia?neiai
iiaeaeaiiiai, aai aeooiaiua oeaiiinoe iaoee aaeeeieaiiia io?aaeaiea a
eo/oeo i?iecaaaeaieyo naiaai a?aiaie: noeoioai?aieyo Ai?aoeey n aai
ciaiaieoui eicoiaii carpe diem -“eiae aeaiue”, ?iiaia Iao?iiey
“Naoe?eeii” n aai aeooeie ea?oeiie ii?aeueiiai ?aceiaeaiey iauanoaa, a
naoe?ao THaaiaea, noi?ioee?iaaaoaai aeaaiia i?aaeei ?eineiai ia?aceoecia
panem et circenses – “oeaaa e c?aeeu”.
Aeey neiaeeaoaeny a I-II aa. nenoaiu eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae oa?aeoa?ii
aeoaieia i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo aeiaieueii aunieei o?iaiai oeeaeeecaoeee e
iio?aaeoaeueneei oa?aeoa?ii eoeueoo?u, aaaeouai e ia?aceoecio,
ii?aeueiiio iionoioaieth e iauae aiaoee. Eiia/ii, ia ana neie e eeannu
neiaeiie iauanoaaiiie no?oeoo?u ?eineiai N?aaeecaiiiii?uey ?acaeaeyee
oaeoth nenoaio oeaiiinoae. A oeaeii iiaeii neacaoue, /oi iia auea
i?eaieaia aeey aieueoae /anoe ai?iaeneeo aeeoaeae, a oi a?aiy eae
naeueneia ianaeaiea, n?aaee eioi?iai auei iiiai ?aaia, ?acee/iuo
eaoaai?ee caaeneiuo ethaeae (eieiiia, aaene?eioeoeeaa, aeieaeieeia), a
oaeaea iecoea neie naiaiaeiiai e?anoueyinoaa ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeenue ae?oaie
nenoaiie aeeciaiiuo eii?aeeiao, ae?oaei ia?acii aeecie, iaiieiaiiui
oyaeeei o?oaeii, caaioie i naiuea, no?iaie ii?aeueth e iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
auiieiyoue naie iaycaiiinoe.
A ?acii?iaeiii ?eineii iauanoaa iaeuecy auaeaeeoue eaeoth-eeai iaeio
aaaeouoth ie?iaicc?ai/aneoth nenoaio. Iiaeii aiai?eoue i o?ao ?acee/iuo
oeiao ie?iaicc?aiey. Aeey aunoeo eeannia oaeoth ?ieue auiieiyea
oeeinioey iicaeiaai, eee ?eineiai, noieoeecia, i?aaenoaaeaiiiai oaeeie
auaeathueieny oeeinioaie, eae Naiaea, Yieeoao e eiia?aoi? Ia?e Aa?aeee.
Niaeanii Naiaea, aanue aeaeeiue ie? anoue ii?iaeaeaiea anaeaineiai
aiaeanoaaiiiai ?acoia, eioi?ue ioae?i ono?iee einiin, ?aaiiia?ii
?ani?aaeaeea a iai aeia?i e cei. Aaioeii oai?aiey yaeyaony /aeiaae, a
eioi?ii oae eee eia/a caeeth/aia /anoeoea ie?iaiai aiaeanoaaiiiai
?acoia. Iaeiaei aieueoay /anoue ethaeae ca iianaaeiaaiuie aeaeaie,
iiaiiae ca aiaoieie aeaaaie, aeanoueth e aiaaonoaii eae au iiaeaaeyao a
naaa yoe aiaeanoaaiiua ene?u. Oaeaeyynue io aiaeanoaaiiiai ?acoia,
ethaee i?aaeathony ceo, ia?ooatho caeiiu i?e?iaeu, aea/ao aeaeeia,
iieiia noaou nouanoaiaaiea. n Eeoue eo/oea ethaee, iniaaiii iiciaaoea
caeiiu i?e?iaeu, ono?ienoaa ie?a, eae au ?acaeeaatho ene?u caeeth/aiiiai
a ieo aiaeanoaaiiiai ?acoia, inaiaiaeaeathony io aeaaeaiey aeeciaiiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa, caoyaeaathuae o?yneiu aiaaonoaa, aeanoe, oaeiaieuenoaee,
ia?aoatho aioo?aiithth naiaiaeo e onoie/eaia n/anoeeaia nouanoaiaaiea.
Ioae?aoe aeieaeai no?aieoueny e i?aiaeieaieth aiaoieo niaeaciia, auoue
?aaiiaeooiui eae e i?eaaeeaoaio n/anoueth, oae e oa?iaeeai niineoue
ia?ooeaoaany ia iaai ian/anouea, aaaeiinoue, aieacie, aeaaea
ii?aaiuaiea. Niaeanii o/aieth noieeia, ioae?ue /aeiaae ia iiaeao
ioaeaeyoueny io ie?a, ii aeieaeai aeeoue a iauanoaa e auiieiyoue naie
iaycaiiinoe, ?aaiinoii e ioaaonoaaiii ?anniao?eaay eo eae naie
i?aanoaaiiue aeiea. Ia eiaao cia/aiey, eaeia ianoi a iauanoaa caieiaao
/aeiaae: yaeyaony ee ii aaeueiiaeae, eae Naiaea, aeaeeei ioiouaiieeii,
eae Yieeoao, eee anaiiaouei eiia?aoi?ii, eae Ia?e Aa?aeee, ii aeieaeai
auiieiyoue naie aeeciaiiue aeiea ia oii ianoa, eioi?ia oeacaii aio
aiaeanoaaiiui i?iiuneii. Iiiyoey aiaeanoaaiiiai ?acoia – nicaeaoaey
ie?a, aaeeinoaa /aeiaa/aneiai ?iaea eae aai oai?aiey, caeiiiinoe cea a
ie?a e iaiaoiaeeiinoue auiieiaiey i?aanoaaiiiai aeieaa – aaaeiaeoea
ie?iaicc?ai/aneea onoaiiaee ?eineiai noieoeecia, ieacaaoea aeeyiea ia
iiiaea noa?u eoeueoo?iie aeecie aunoeo eeannia eiia?neiai iauanoaa.
Aeey aieueoeinoaa ?eineeo iiaeaeaiiuo, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo e n?aaeiei
eeannai, noieoeeci aue neeoeii aano?aeoiie, ioi?aaiiie io aeecie,
neiaeiie nenoaiie. Eo ie?iaicc?aieai auea ioeoeeaeueiay eaeaieiae/aneay
aeieo?eia, eioi?ay noaea au?aaaouaaoueny aua i?e Aaaonoa e i?aaenoaaeyea
niaie naiaia?acioth nianue ?eineiai yieeo?aenoaa, oeeinioee
ianeaaeaeaiey ianoiyuae aeeciueth e ioeoeeaeueiie ?aeeaee,
i?aaeiieaaathuae ii/eoaiea oea?noaothuaai eiia?aoi?a e aiaeie ?iiu eae
ieeoeaoai?aiey iiao/aai e i?ioeaaoathuaai ?eineiai ainoaea?noaa. Eiaiii
yoa i?aeoe/aneay oeeinioey iio?aaeoaeuenoaa e iieeoe/aneie eiyeueiinoe e
nouanoaothuaio i?aaeoaeuenoao aeeaea anaai iiaeoiaeeea e
ainiiaenoaothuae nenoaia eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae e auea eae au
au?aaeaieai iaeaieaa oeie/iie aioe/iie eaeaieiaee I-II aa. Aeaeaeea io
neiaeiuo i?iaeai aioe/iie oeeinioee, oiieinoae ?aoeie?iaaiiiai
eneonnoaa, Iaeaieaa aeoaieeo oai?aiee aioe/iie eeoa?aoo?u, n?aaeiea
i?ineieee ?eineiai ianaeaiey eae iineoaee i?aeoe/aneie ie?iaicc?ai/aneie
nenoaiu auee ia?aciaaiiu, iaeaaeaee aeinoaoi/ii aunieei aeaaininoiyieai,
ineoieiae/aneie oaa?aiiinoueth a aoaeouai. Eiaiii iie aeeeoiaaee
ainiiaenoaothuaa iai?aaeaiea ?acaeoey aioe/iie eoeueoo?u e auee a oi aea
a?aiy iniiaiuie iio?aaeoaeyie nicaeaaaaiuo a Eiia?ee eoeueoo?iuo
oeaiiinoae. A oeaeii ie?iaicc?aiea n?aaeieo neiaa, e eioi?ui ioiineeenue
oe?ieea e?oae ioieoeeiaeueiuo nianoaaiieeia, ?aaiaeaaeaeueoeaa e
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, ioee/aeinue ecaanoiui iioeieciii, yniinoueth naieo
eaeaieiae/aneeo onoaiiaie, iai?aaeaiiinoueth ia oaa?aiiia ianeaaeaeaiea
aeeciaiiuie aeaaaie. Eo iioeieci iniiauaaeny ia oaa?aiiinoe a
i?iaeaeaioeeaeueiii iacia/aiee ?eia, aeaaiaeaoaeueiinoe e i?i/iinoe
eiia?aoi?neie aeanoe, ia ecaanoiii ee/iii aeaaininoiyiee, eioi?ia ei
iaania/eaaea Eiia?ey.
Eiie auea ie?iaicc?ai/aneay nenoaia (eee, aa?iaa neacaoue, nenoaiu)
iecoeo eeannia ?eineiai iauanoaa. Ioia/aiiia ecaanoiia i?ioeaaoaiea e
noaaeeueiinoue ?eineie eiia?ee I-II aa., aeaaininoiyiea aunoeo e
n?aaeieo eeannia iauanoaa aace?iaaeenue ia oyaeaeii o?oaea iniiaiuo
i?iecaiaeeoaeae iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa, ?aaao, eieiiao, e?anoueyiao,
?aianeaiieeao, aeeceeo ei iecoeo i?ineiae aioe/iie eioaeeeaaioeee. Aeey
yoeo neiaa eae aano?aeoiua enoeiu noieoeecia, ooii/aiiua i?aaenoaaeaiey
i aeaaii anaeaineii ?acoia, i?ioeai?a/eaia i?aaenoaaeaiea i aioo?aiiae
naiaiaea e oyaeaeii aioo?aiiai aeieaa, oae e ioeoeeaeueiue iioeieci e
?aaeinoiay eiyeueiinoue e i?aaea?aeauei aeanoyi, noaoai iio?aaeoaeueneia
ioiioaiea e aeecie e iiaiiy ca iaoa?eaeueiuie aeaaaie ieacaeenue a
eiia/iii n/aoa iai?eaieaiuie. Caiyoua oyaeaeui o?oaeii ia iieyo e a
ianoa?neeo iniiaiua i?iecaiaeeoaee ?eineiai iauanoaa, nicaeaaaee naith
nenoaio ie?iaicc?ai/aneeo oeaiiinoae, a eioi?ie i?aiaeaaeaee /a?ou
cae?aaiai niunea e ia?iaeiie ?aeeaee. Ia?iaeiua iannu ?aciuo i?iaeioeee
ia?iiiie Eiia?ee aa?eee a naieo o?aaeeoeeiiiuo aiaia eae iiae ianoiuie,
oae e iiae ?eineeie eiaiaie, n?aaee eioi?uo auee iniaaiii iiioey?iuie
oaeea aiaeanoaa-o?oaeaieee, eae Aa?eoean, Ia?eo?ee, Neeueaai, eee
aeeceea i?e?iaea /aeiaaea aiaeanoaa aeia?a e ieeina?aeey (Aeia?ay
Aiaeiy). A oeaeii iiaeii aiai?eoue ia eioaineoeeaoeee ?aeeaeiciuo ia/ae
a nenoaia ia?iaeiiai ie?iaicc?aiey iecoeo neiaa a I – II aa.
A ia?iaeiie n?aaea iieueciaaeenue aieueoei oaaaeaieai o?aaeeoeeiiiua
ii?aeueiua oeaiiinoe – oaaaeaiea e naiae naiuea, aeiio, ninaaeyi. N?aaee
iecoeo neiaa o?oaeiaiai ianaeaiey auee oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu aicc?aiey,
niaeanii eioi?ui o?oaeiaay i?aanoaaiiay aeeciue oaiaeia aiaai e iieo/eo
n eo noi?iiu iinia?oiia aicaeayiea, ia aiai?y i iaiyoe inoaaoeony
iioiieia. A naiae iianaaeiaaiie aeecie o?oaeeaoeany aie i aie naiaiaeiua
e?anoueyia e ?aianeaiieee, caaeneiua eieiiu e aieueiiioiouaiieee,
aani?aaiua th?eaee/anee ?aau iiciaaaee ianeiaeioth enoeio i i?e?iaeiii
?aaainoaa ethaeae, ia ioiineoaeueiinoe th?eaee/aneeo ia?aai?iaeie
iaaeaeo ieie, i?eoiaeeee e iiciaieth aunoae oeaiiinoe aeia?iaeaoaee,
ieeina?aeey, i?aanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ethaeueie, enoei, e eioi?ui
?eineea noieee i?eoiaeeee neiaeiui oiic?eoaeueiui iooai.
AEeaouea a oneiaeyo aeanoieiai eiia?neiai oi?aaeaiey ni naieie
iianaaeiaaiuie caaioaie, naycaiiua n aeeaeaeoeie ioieoeeiaeueiuie, a
ca/anooth n naeueneeie, eae i?aaeei, ecae?aaiuie eie aea naieie,
aeanoyie, i?inoua o?oaeaieee aini?eieiaee aeanoue i?iaeioeeaeueiiai
iaianoieea, a oai aieaa aiaeanoaaiiiai eiia?aoi?a a ?eia, eae aeaeaeoth
aano?aeoeeth e ioiineeenue e iei eae e iaeiio /oaeaeiio neiaieo, aeanoe
eioi?iai ioaeii iiae/eiyoueny, ii eaeiai-eeai ai?y/aai /oanoaa
iieeiiaiey, eiia/ii, ia eniuouaaee. Eiaiii a yoie n?aaea iinoaiaiii
auc?aaaee e oe?aieyeenue ia?aua yeaiaiou o?enoeaineie ?aeeaee, eioi?ay
noaea aeeoioeyoi?ii ?acee/iuo ia?iaeiuo ie?iaicc?ai/aneeo nenoai.
Nenoaia aioe/iiai ainieoaiey e ia?aciaaiey (iaeaeaea).
Eaaeaeia iauanoai ia ethaii e?oiiii yoaia naiae enoi?ee nicaeaao
iniaoth nenoaio ainieoaiey e ia?aciaaiey eae iaeii ec iniiaiiieaaathueo
iai?aaeaiee eoeueoo?u. Ethaay nenoaia ainieoaiey e ia?aciaaiey anoue
nenoaia aini?iecaiaenoaa iniiaiuo iineoaeae e iio?aaeoaeae neiaeeaoaainy
ia?aca aeecie, i?iecaiaenoaa e eoeueoo?u, eioi?ua a naiae niaieoiiinoe
ninoaaeytho aeaiiia iauanoai e aeieaeiu ?aoaoue aicieeathuea ia?aae ieie
caaea/e. A i?eieoeaiuo no?oeoo?ao, aaea ?aoathony ioiineoaeueii i?inoua
caaea/e, nicaeaaony i?inoay nenoaia ainieoaiey e ia?aciaaiey. A
aunieii?aaieciaaiiuo iauanoaao iia aeinoeaaao aieueoie neiaeiinoe.
?eineay n?aaeecaiiiii?neay eiia?ey ii anai naiei ia?aiao?ai auea iaeiei
ec naiuo aunieii?aaieciaaiiuo iauanoa ae?aaiaai ie?a, e nenoaia
aini?iecaiaenoaa aai iniiaiuo iineoaeae auea . iaeiie ec naiuo neiaeiuo
e aiaaouo a ae?aaiinoe.
Eiia?neay nenoaia ainieoaiey e ia?aciaaiey ?acaeaaeanue ia
?einei-eoaeeeneie iniiaa e aianoa n oai iiiaia caeinoaiaaea io a?a/aneie
e yeeeienoe/aneie iaaeaaiaeee, e e I–II aa. i?aaenoaaeyea niaie
aeiaieueii i?iaeoiaiiue e no?ieiue eiiieaen, eioi?ue i?aaeiieaaae o?e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiua nooiaie iao/aiey. Ia?aay, eee ia/aeueiay, nooiaiue
iacuaaeanue Indus eee schola (ionthaea e ?onneia neiai oeiea). Iao/aiea
a oeiea ia/eiaeinue n 7 eao e i?iaeieaeaeinue ieiei 4-5 eao. Yoi auea
ianniaay oeiea, a eioi?ie ca iaaieueooth ieaoo, aiieia aeinooiioth
oe?ieei neiyi ianaeaiey, iao/aeenue niaianoii iaeue/eee e aeaai/ee.
Ia/aeueiua oeieu auee /anoiuie; ooaa?aeaeaiiuo i?ia?aii ia nouanoaiaaei.
Oaeoth oeieo ioe?uaae ia naie no?ao e ?ene neeiiiue e
i?aiiaeaaaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia?aciaaiiue /aeiaae. I/aiue /anoi
oaeea oeieu ia eiaee e?uouo iiiauaiee, caiyoey i?ioiaeeee ia ioe?uoii
aicaeooa a ai?iaeneii naaeo eee ia ai?iaeneie ieiuaaee, aaea-ieaoaeue a
oaeo ii?oeea ca iaoa?/aoie caiaaaneie. O/aieee iiaoi?yee o?iee ca
o/eoaeai aneoo e aeaeaee caiene ia iniauo aeinoi/eao. I?ia?aiia iao/aiey
auea ieieiaeueiie: o/aieee aeieaeiu auee iao/eoueny /eoaoue, n/eoaoue,
iao/aeenue iaeioi?ui yeaiaioai eeoa?aoo?u, /aua anaai cao/eaaee
iaeconoue noeoe iiyoa Aa?aeeey. Iniiaiay oeaeue ia/aeueiie nooiaie –
iao/aiea a?aiioiinoe e ia/aeai a?eoiaoeee, eioi?ua o?aaiaaeenue a
iianaaeiaaiie aeecie oe?ieei neiyi ianaeaiey, aeeth/ay iaeioi?ua
eaoaai?ee ?aaia.
N?aaeiae nooiaiueth iao/aiey auea oeiea a?aiiaoeea. Iia i?aaeiieaaaea
aeiaieueii aunieoth ieaoo ca iao/aiea e aieaa ?acaa?ioooth
ia?aciaaoaeueioth i?ia?aiio, aeeth/athuoth iyoue aeenoeeieei: eaoeineoth
eeoa?aoo?o, iniiau ?eineiai i?aaa, ia/aeueiua ciaiey ii oeeinioee,
a?a/aneee ycue n yeaiaioaie a?a/aneie eeoa?aoo?u, iaeiiaoe, iaoaiaoeeo n
iniiaaie ano?iiiiee. Iao/aiea a oeiea a?aiiaoeea i?iaeieaeaeinue ieiei 4
eao e i?ioiaeeei a iaaieueoeo a?oiiao, i?e/ai iniiaiia aieiaiea
oaeaeyeinue ?aaioa n eaaeaeui o/aieeii.
Aunoay nooiaiue iao/aiey – oeiea ?eoi?a – i?aaenoaaeyea niaie eiae/aneia
i?iaeieaeaiea a?aiiaoe/aneie oeieu. Eae i?aaeei, iao/aiea a oeiea ?eoi?a
ia/eiaeinue n 16 eao e i?iaeieaeaeinue 3-4 aiaea. Ieaoa ca iao/aiea auea
i/aiue aunieie, e eiee/anoai iao/athueony auei iaaieueoei. Oeiea ?eoi?a
auea oeieie noaoai yeeoa?iie e i?aaeiieaaaea aanueia ianuuaiioth
i?ia?aiio: e?iia iyoe i?aaeiaoia i?aaeoanoaothuae nooiaie, eioi?ua
iiaoi?yeenue ia aieaa aunieii o?iaia, eco/aeenue aua aeaa i/aiue aaaeiuo
n oi/ee c?aiey aioe/iie iaaeaaiaeee i?aaeiaoa – i?aoi?neia eneonnoai e
iocuea. Aeey iaeaaeaiey iaoe?iie i?ia?aiiie eniieueciaaeny aanueia
yooaeoeaiue iaoiae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai iao/aiey, ?aaioa a iaaieueoeo
a?oiiao n naiui oe?ieei i?eiaiaieai o/aaiuo aeeniooia ia caaeaiioth
i?aiiaeaaaoaeai-?eoi?ii oaio. Ieii/eaoee ?eoi?neoth oeieo iieo/ae
ananoi?iiiaa, iu au neacaee, aoiaieoa?iia ia?aciaaiea, aeeth/aaoaa
naiaiaeiia ciaiea a?a/aneiai ycuea, a?a/aneie (ia aiai?y i ?eineie)
eeoa?aoo?u, ?eineiai i?aaa, a?a/aneie oeeinioee (aeaaiui ia?acii,
noie/aneiai e aeaaeaie/aneiai iai?aaeaiee), i?aoi?neiai eneonnoaa. Yoi
aue oi?ioi iiaeaioiaeaiiue aeey i?aeoe/aneie, ainoaea?noaaiiie e
eoeueoo?iie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaae. Oeaio?aeueiia i?aaeoaeuenoai e
ioieoeeiaeueiua aeanoe i?eaeaaaee aaaeiia cia/aiea aeayoaeueiinoe
?eoi?neeo oeie e aea?aeaee eo iiae naiei eiio?ieai. Iaeiie ec oi?i
oaeiai eiio?iey auei ainoaea?noaaiiia iaania/aiea i?aiiaeaaaoaeae
?eoi?neeo oeie. Iie iieo/aee aanueia aunieia aeaeiaaiuea ec
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo n?aaenoa, inaiaiaeaeaeenue io
ioieoeeiaeueiuo iaycaiiinoae.
Aeey iieiaeuo a?enoie?aoia ia?aciaaiea caaa?oaeinue iinea
iaeii-aeaooaiaee/iiai i?aauaaiey a iaeiii ec iaeaieaa e?oiiuo
eoeueoo?iuo oeaio?ia Eiia?ee, neaayueiny naieie oeeinioneeie oeieaie,
eae Aoeiu, i?aoi?neei eneonnoaii, eae ?iaein, eee a oaeeo oieaa?naeueiuo
eoeueoo?iuo oeaio?ao, eae Aioeioey e Aeaenaiae?ey. Ec caiaaeiuo
“oieaa?neoaoneeo” ai?iaeia neaaeeenue naieie i?aiiaeaaaoaeyie, e?iia
nianoaaiii ?eia, ai?iaea Iaaeeieai, Eoaoaeoi, Ei?aeiaa. Ianneeey.
Aeey I-II aa. iiaeii aiai?eoue i ia?auo oaaao niaoeeaeueiiai aunoaai
ia?aciaaiey a oi?ia iiyaeaiey th?eaee/aneeo e iaaeeoeeineeo oeie. A
th?eaee/aneeo oeieao noi?ie?iaaeinue aeaa aaaeoueo iai?aaeaiey, eioi?ua
iacuaaeenue ii eiaiai eo iniiaaoaeae, th?enoia I?ieoea e Naaeia –
i?ieoeaaioeu e naaeieaioeu. Iaaeeoeeineea o/aaiua caaaaeaiey aicieeaee
aie?oa i?aeoeeothueo a?a/ae, e i?aiiaeaaaiea a ieo aaeinue ii noaoai
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui i?ia?aiiai. Ai II a. neaaeeenue iaaeeoeeineea oeieu
i?ineaaeaiiuo a?a/ae Ni?aia e Aaeaia, i?aiiaeaaaaoeo eae a Aeaenaiae?ee,
oae e a ?eia. Iaaeeoeeineea caaaaeaiey eiaeenue e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo
ai?iaeao Eiia?ee. Ai anyeii neo/aa, eiia?aoi? Aanianeai n/ae aiciiaeiui
ecaeaoue niaoeeaeueiue oeac i iacia/aiee i?aiiaeaaaoaeyi o/aaiuo
caaaaeaiee aeaeiaaiuey ec ainoaea?noaaiiuo oiiaeia.
Naiaai ?iaea aeiaaaeaieai e neiaeeaoaeny no?oeoo?a iauaai e
niaoeeaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey a ?eineie eiia?ee I-II aa. auei nouanoaiaaiea
iniaie eaoaai?ee i?aiiaeaaaoaeae – oae iacuaaaiuo no?ainoaothueo
o/eoaeae, iieoeaaaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?uo noieue e?ani/ii iienaia
aaeeeei naoe?eeii Eoeeaiii a aai ia?iaeee “O/eoaeue e?anii?a/ey”. N?aaee
iano?ie eiiiaiee no?ainoaothueo o/eoaeae auee i?aiiaeaaaoaee noie,
a?aiiaoeee, ?eoi?u e aeaaea i/aiue ecaanoiua oeeiniou (iai?eia?,
ciaiaieoue Aeeii O?eninoii, o. a. Ceaoiono), ooaeiaeieee, a?oenou,
iocueaiou, eioi?ua iiaeieao ieaaea ia caaea?aeeaaeenue, ei/aaaee ni
naiei iaoeo?ui nea?aii (/anoi ainua) ec ai?iaea a ai?iae, o/eee oai
neo/aeiuo o/aieeia ianeieueei iaaeaeue, i?iiiaaaeiaaee naie acaeyaeu ia
iauanoaaiiuo ieiuaaeyo, auaaee aeou, oa?iaee inei?aeaiey, ii iiaee
iieueciaaoueny e aeaaineeiiiinoueth ianaeaiey ai?iaea eee
eaeiai-ieaoaeue ianoiiai iaoeaiaoa. Oioy aioe/iua aaoi?u aeiaieueii
io?eoeaoaeueii ioiinyony e iacaeiiiui o/eoaeyi, iiae/a?eeaatho eo
oa?eaoainoai, iaaaaeanoai, aeaaeiinoue, oai ia iaiaa naii ii naaa
nouanoaiaaiea aeiaieueii iiiai/eneaiiie a?oiiu no?ainoaothueo o/eoaeae –
iieacaoaeue ii?aaeaeaiiie eoeueoo?u iauanoaa a oeaeii. N ae?oaie
noi?iiu, yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oyaa oe?ieeo iann ianaeaiey e
ia?aciaaieth, eioi?ay, ii nouanoao, ieoaea yoo eaoaai?eth aioe/iiai
o/eoaeuenoaa eae oaeiaiai. A oeaeii iiaeii neacaoue, /oi neiaeeaoayny a
Eiia?ee a I-II aa. nenoaia ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey iaania/eaaea
aini?iecaiaenoai ii?aaeaeaiiiai oeia ee/iinoe, aeiaieueii oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea ia/aeueiie a?aiioiinoe n?aaee ia?iaeiuo iann, aanueia
ooiaeaiaioaeueioth iiaeaioiaeo n?aaeieo e aunoeo neiaa ?eineiai
iauanoaa, iaania/eaathueo ioaeaeu ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey,
oicyenoaa e iauae yaiethoeee n?aaeecaiiiii?neie eoeueoo?u.
Eae iiaeii aeaeaoue, a ?eineie nenoaia ia?aciaaiey anao nooiaiae
i?aeoe/anee ionoonoaotho i?aaeiaou, eioi?ui a a?a/aneie iaeaeaea
oaeaeyeinue ia?iiiia aieiaiea, a eiaiii oece/aneay eoeueoo?a e
iocueaeueiia ainieoaiea. ?eineay nenoaia ia?aciaaiey auea aieaa
i?aaiaoe/iie, aieaa ooeeeoa?iie, /ai a?a/aneay, oioy e aa iniiaiay
oeaeue ninoiyea a iaeaaeaiee i?aaeiaoaie aoiaieoa?iiai oeeeea, iniaaiii
i?aaa e i?aoi?neiai eneonnoaa.
Iaoea.
Aac eniieueciaaiey iao/iuo aeaiiuo iaaiciiaeii auei ?aoaoue
iiiaiia?aciua i?iaeaiu ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oaeiai neiaeiiai iauanoaa e
oaeie neiaeiie eoeueoo?u, eioi?ay neiaeeeanue a ia?eiae ?aiiae ?eineie
eiia?ee. Aeaaii?eyoiuie oaeoi?aie aeey ?acaeoey iaoee auee ia oieueei
ianoiyoaeueiae iaiaoiaeeiinoue a ?aoaiee ?anooueo iauanoaaiiuo
iio?aaiinoae, ii e aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey ia?iiiuo Iaoa?eaeueiuo
ethaeneeo e eioaeeaeooaeueiuo ?ano?nia, eioi?uie ia ?aniieaaaee
ae?aaiaainoi/iua, a?a/aneea e yeeeienoe/aneea iauanoaa.
?eieyia aini?eiyee iaeiieaiiue i?aaeieie iieieaieyie o/aiuo iiuo, e
i?aaeaea anaai yiioe yeeeiecia, e aeaee iiaue oie/ie ?acaeoeth iao/iie
iunee. A ia?eiae ?aiiae ?eineie eiia?ee i?iecioei ecaanoii? caaa?oaiea
iao/iiai ?acaeoey i?aaeoanoaothueo yiio anaai ae?aaiaai ie?a. Anee
aiai?eoue ia iaueo iniaaiiinoyo ?eineie iaoee I-II aa., oi iiaeii
ioiaoeoue aa aieueooth iai?aaeaiiinoue ia aeinoeaeaiea i?aeoe/aneeo
?acoeueoaoia, i?eiaiaiea iao/iuo ciaiee aeey ?aoaiey oicyenoaaiiuo,
nioeeaeueiuo e iieeoe/aneeo caaea/. E anee a iniuneaiee aeoaeiiuo
i?iaeai ie?icaeaiey i?e?iaeu e iauanoaa iaoea I—II aa. a?yae ee
i?aacioea aeinoeaeaiey aaeeeeo o/aiuo eeanne/aneie A?aoeee e oeoaiia
yeeeienoe/aneie iaoee Ieoaai?a, Aeaiie?eoa, A?enoioaey, Yaeeeaea,
Y?aoinoaia e ae?oaeo, oi a i?eiaiaiee ?acoeueoaoia iao/iiai
enneaaeiaaiey e ?aoaieyi iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo aeeciaiiuo caaea/ iia ooea
aeaeaei aia?aae. A nayce n yoei n?aaee ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaiee iao/iiai
enneaaeiaaiey iieo/eee i?aiaeaaeaiea aa i?eeeaaeiua aaoae, iniaaiii
aa?iiiiey e iaaeeoeeia, ano?iiiiey e ano?ieiaey, a?oeoaeoo?a e
aaia?aoey, th?eni?oaeaioeey e ?eoi?eea.
I?aeoe/aneay iai?aaeaiiinoue ?eineie iaoee yoiai a?aiaie eo/oa anaai
io?aceeanue a ia?aie aioe/iie yioeeeeiiaaeee — caia/aoaeueiii o?oaea
Ieeiey Noa?oaai (24—79 aa.) «Anoanoaaiiay enoi?ey». Yoio a?aiaeeiciue
o?oae a 37 eieaao ia niaea?aeeo nayciuo oeeinioneeo ?annoaeaeaiee.
«Anoanoaaiiay enoi?ey» — yoi a iniiaiii nooie e, ia ia?aue acaeyae,
iaeiiia?aciue ia?a/aiue naiuo ?aciiia?aciuo e eioa?aniuo oaeoia: ii
aaia?aoee ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiia, no?ai e eiioeiaioia, aiaoiiee e
oeceieiaee /aeiaaea, i aeaeao e no?iaiee ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo, i
?acee/iuo eaea?noaao, iaoaeeao e eaiiyo e o. ae. Aaoi? aeaiiino?e?oao
oaeeaeoaeueioth y?oaeeoeeth, ii eniieueciaae ieiei 2 oun. i?iecaaaeaiee
nauoa 400 aaoi?ia. Ana nia?aiiua Ieeieai oaeou auee niaa?oaiii
iaiaoiaeeiu a iianaaeiaaiie aeecie ethaeae iie auee ioaeiu niaaoieeai
oeaio?aeueiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa e i?iaeioeeaeueiuo iaianoieeia, ii caeanue
/eoaoaeue ia iaeaeao ?annoaeaeaiee i i?e?iaea einiina, i?iaeaiao
iiciaiey, iieeoe/aneeo o/aieyo eee yoe/aneeo eiioeaioeeyo. Aeaaea a oao
iaiiiaeo ianoao, aaea aaoi? iuoaaony ?ane?uoue oeeinioneoth iniiao
naiaai o?oaea, a oa eie. iniiaie aeey iaai yaeyaony eiioeaioeey
i?iaeaeaioeeaeueiie ?iee Eoaeee e oeeaeeecaoi?neie iennee ?eieyi a ie?a,
ii enoiaeeo ia noieueei ec aiaeeca ie?iaicc?ai/aneeo iiiyoee, neieueei
ec iinooeaoia ioeoeeaeueiie iieeoe/aneie eaeaieiaee.
Ec eiie?aoiuo iao/iuo aeenoeeieei, a iaeaieueoae noaiaie ainoiaeyueo e
?einei-eoaeueyineei enoieai e iieo/eaoei iniaia cia/aiea e I—II aa.,
ioiaoei aa?iiiieth e th?eni?oaeaioeeth. Aa?oeiie ?eineie e anae aioe/iie
aa?iiiiee noae o?oae o?iaeaioea Eniaiee, ii aeeaoaai a Eoaeee Eooeey
Eieoiaeeu a 12 eieaao—iiaeeeiiay naeueneioicyenoaaiiay yioeeeeiiaaeey
naiaai a?aiaie, ecaeaiiay a 60-o aiaeao I a. A yoii o?oaea ia aunieii
iao/iii o?iaia eceiaeaiu i?aeoe/anee ana yeaiaiou aa?iiiiee, aeeth/ay
iauoth aa?ioaoieeo, ooiae ca iieai, aicaeaeuaaiea ca?iiauo,
aeiia?aaeieeia, ieeaeiauo e ieiaeiauo aea?aaueaa, au?aueaaiea neioa,
ono?ienoai oicyenoaa e iaycaiiinoe ii aai oi?aaeaieth, i?aaiecaoeee
?aai/ae neeu. Eceiaeaiea anao aii?inia aaaeaony Eieoiaeeie ia iiaeeeiii
iao/iie iniiaa, eioi?ay aeeth/aao i?i?aaioeo nieeaeiie iao/iie
eeoa?aoo?u, nianoaaiiua yenia?eiaiou a eiaiee e caeinoaiaaiea /oaeiai
iiuoa; e?iia oiai, Eieoiaeea n/eoaao iaiaoiaeeiui o/eouaaoue iniiau
i?e?iaeiaaaeaiey e Eeeiaoieiaee. Yioeeeeiiaaeey Eieoiaeeu, oae aea eae e
o?oaeu aai i?aaeoanoaaiieeia Eaoiia, Na-ca?iu, Aa??iia, Aa?aeeey e
iiiaeo ae?oaeo, aicianea ?eineoth aa?iiiieth ia oaeoth aunioo, eioi?ay
auea i?aacieaeaia ie?iaie iaoeie eeoue a XIX a.
Aunieiai o?iaiy aeinoeaea ?eineay iaaeeoeeineay iaoea, eioi?ay
iieueciaaeanue iiaeaea?aeeie eae oeaio?aeueiuo, oae e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
aeanoae (ai iiiaeo ioieoeeieyo noaeueiiai iaaeeoeeineiai ia?aciaaiey).
A ?yaea eoeueoo?iuo oeaio?ia — Aeaenaiae?ee, Ia?aaia, Aioeioee e
i?aaeaea anaai ?eia nouanoaiaaee oeieu auaeathueony iaaeeeia naiaai
a?aiaie: Ei?iaeey Oeaeueca, Ni?aia, Aaeaia, a o?oaeao eioi?uo io?aaeai
aunieee o?iaaiue aioe/iie iaaeeoeeiu. Iniaaiii aaeee aeeaae a iaaeeoeeio
Aaeaia (129— 199 aa.) a iineaaeiea aiaeu aai aeecie, i?eaeai?iiai a?a/a
eiia?aoi?ia Ia?ea Aa?aeey e Eiiiiaea. Aei iaoaai a?aiaie aeioee
iiiai/eneaiiua i?iecaaaeaiey Aaeaia, iaienaiiua ii naiui ?acee/iui
i?iaeaiai a?a/aaiie iaaeeoeeiu; aiaoiiey e oeceieiaey /aeiaa/aneiai
oaea, ooieoeee ?acee/iuo i?aaiia, i ia?aao e iuooeao, ii iienae
c?eoaeueiue ia?a, aai iacaaiey iaeioi?ui iuooeai nio?aieeenue aei iaoaai
a?aiaie.
Iaeiaei iao/iay cia/eiinoue oai?/anoaa Aaeaia ninoiyea ia oieueei a oii,
/oi ii aue auaeathueiny a?a/ii-eeeieoeenoii, ii e a oii, /oi ii i?eaeae
iaaeeoeeia iaeee ianoiyuae iao/iie aeenoeeieeiu, ?anniao?eaay eiie?aoiua
a?a/aaiua naaaeaiey n oi/ee c?aiey oeeinioneeo iniia iaoee, neioace?iaaa
ia?iiiue iiuo naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia, iniaaiii Aeiiie?aoa, n
oeeinioneeie iieiaeaieyie A?enoioaey. Oai?/aneea ?aciuoeaiey Aaeaia eae
au caaa?oatho iiiaiaaeiaia ?acaeoea aioe/iie iaaeeoeeiu, e eiaiii a yoie
oi?ia iie i?eia?aee iniaoth iiioey?iinoue a aecaioeeneia a?aiy ea
a?aaneii ie?a, a iicaea a yiioo Aic?iaeaeaiey e a Aa?iia.
Anee oai?/anoai Aaeaia caaa?oaei yaiethoeeth aioe/iie iaaeeoeeiu, oi
aeayoaeueiinoue aai noa?oaai nia?aiaiieea Eeaaaeey Ioieaiay (83—161 aa.)
noaea iaiauathuei eoiaii aeaaiuo aeinoeaeaiee aioe/iie ano?iiiiee;
iaoaiaoeee, aaia?aoee e ano?ieiaee. Eeaaaeee Ioieaiae aue
yioeeeeiiaaee/anee ia?aciaaiiui o/aiui e aaoi?ii iiiai/eneaiiuo
ni/eiaiee, ec ieo iniaia cia/aiea eiaee aai «Aaeeeia iaoaiaoe/aneia
iino?iaiea ano?iiiiee» a 13 eieaao, aieaa ecaanoiia iiae eneaaeaiiui
iacaaieai «Aeueaaiano», «Oao?aaeaein», eee «*aoaa?ieieaeea»,
«?oeiaiaenoai ii aaia?aoee» a 8 eieaao. A «Aeueaaianoa» Ioieaiae aeae
iaeaieaa iieiia iaiauaiea e iaeaieaa a?aoiaioe?iaaiiia aeey naiaai
a?aiaie iainiiaaiea oae iacuaaaiie aaioeaio?e/aneie nenoaiu ie?icaeaiey,
eioi?ay ainiiaenoaiaaea caoai aieioue aei ioe?uoey Eiia?ieea; Ioieaiae
aue, ii nouanoao, iooeii iao/iie ea?oia?aoee, iineieueeo a naiai o?oaea
ii aaia?aoee, ii n iiiiuueth aiooeoaeueiiai aeey naiaai a?aiaie
ano?iiiii-iaoaiaoe/aneiai aiia?aoa (aeeth/ay ia/aea o?eaiiiiao?ee) e
?ac?aaioaiiie ei aea nenoaiu eii?aeeiao aeae ii?aaeaeaiea
ea?oia?aoe/aneiai iieiaeaiey nauoa 8 oun. ?acee/iuo ai?iaeia e
ianaeaiiuo ioieoia, aia?aua a aioe/iinoe eieaeeciaaa eo ia iniiaa
iao/iuo aeaiiuo, auiieiea ?aaioo eieinnaeueiie neiaeiinoe, eioi?oth
nae/an auiieiytho ianeieueei ia?iiiuo einoeoooia. I?aaenoaaeytho
aieueoie eioa?an enneaaeiaaiey Ioieaiay a iaeanoe ano?ieiaee. Ano?ieiaey
auea /anoueth iao/iie ano?iiiiee aua ni a?aiai aaaeeiineeo ae?aoeia, ii
a yeeeienoe/aneoth yiioo iieueciaaeanue iaaeia?ie neaaie eae
niiieoaeueiay iaoea i noaaa?eyo, oaeinoaaiiuo e no?aoiuo aaaeaieyo.
Aianoa n oai nouanoaiaaee e iaeioi?ua iao/iua iniiaaiey ano?ieiaee a
ooiaeaiaioaeueiie noie/aneie oeeinioee i aaeeiii acaeiinaycaiiii
einiina, a eioi?ii ?aniieiaeaiea caacae, noaeueau ethaeae, niauoey
/aeiaa/aneie enoi?ee ieacuaaeenue acaeiinaycaiiuie e eae oaeiaua auee
aeinooiiuie aeey i?iaiice?iaaiey. A «Oao?aaeaeina» Ioieaiay auea
naeaeaia iiiuoea iaeaieaa a?aoiaioe?iaaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey anao iao/iuo
iniiaaiee ano?ieiaee, eioi?ay auea a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie i/euaia io
aeeeaoaioecia, noaaa?ee e iiiaeo yeaiaioia ienoeee. Aio ii/aio
«Oao?aaeaein» noae iaeiei ec naiuo, iiioey?iuo ?oeiaiaenoa iaeiie ec
naiuo niiieoaeueiuo, iaoe ae?aaiinoe, aea e aieaa, iicaeiaai a?aiaie.
A aoiaieoa?iuo iaoeao ?eieyia, onaiea ia?acoeu a?a/aneie e
yeeeienoe/aneie iunee, ia niiaee i?aacieoe naieo .aaeeeeo
i?aaeoanoaaiieeia ii neea e aeoaeia iao/iie iunee — Ieaoiia e
A?enoioaey, Aa?iaeioa e Ooeeaeeaea, Aeaiinoaia e Enie?aoa. Iaeiaei a
th?eni?oaeaioeee ?eieyia noaee iniiaaoaeyie ianoiyuae i?aaiaie iaoee.
?eineia i?aai ieacaeinue ianoieueei aeoaiei ?ac?aaioaiiie iao/iie
aeenoeeieeiie, /oi ii?aaeaeeei iooe ie?iaie th?eaee/aneie iaoee ia
iiiaea noieaoey aia?aae. ?eineia iauanoai auei neeoeii neiaeiui e
eiiaeiia?aoiui, /oiau aea?aeaoueny oieueei ia ianeeee,
n?aaeecaiiiii?neay yeiiiieea auea neeoeii aaoa?ee/iie e iaoo?aeueiie,
/oiau au?aaioaoue i?i/iua yeiiiie/aneea nayce. Eiaiii iiyoiio
ainiiaenoaothuaio eeanno i?eoeinue eniieueciaaoue aiciiaeiinoe i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey iiiaiia?aciuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ethaeueie e eo
eieeaeoeaaie, /oiau .iiaeaea?aeeaaoue a iauanoaa ecaanoiue ii?yaeie.
Anoanoaaiii, yoi ia iiaei ia niinianoaiaaoue ?ac?aaioea ?eineiai i?aaa.
?eineea th?enou oaea iniiaaoaeueii i?aiaeieaee i?eieoeaiue acaeyae ia
i?aai eae ia niaieoiiinoue ioaeaeueiuo i?eia?ia (eaconia), a
?anniao?eaaee th?eaee/aneea ioiioaiey n oeeinioneeo iiceoeee, n
eniieueciaaieai ooii/aiiuo eiae/aneeo iaoiaeia e iinoaaeee aioe/ioth
th?eni?oaeaioeeth ia aiieia iao/ioth iniiao. A I—II aa. iiyaeyaony
iiiaeanoai ?acee/iuo o?aeoaoia, th?eaee/aneeo ?oeiaiaenoa, ioaeaeueiuo
enneaaeiaaiee, ec eioi?uo a IV a. auei ninoaaeaii eaieoaeueiia nia?aiea
th?eaee/aneeo ii?i a 50 eieaao, iieo/eaoeo iacaaiea Aeeaano eee
Iaiaeaeo. A ia?eiae i?aaeaiey Aaaonoa a ?eia noi?ie?iaaeenue aeaa
?acee/iua th?eaee/aneea iao/iua oeieu: naaeieaioeaa (ii eiaie th?enoa
Naaeia) e i?ieoeaaioeaa (ii eiaie th?enoa I?ieoea), eioi?ua i?iaeieaeaee
nouanoaiaaoue a oa/aiea anaai I a. Ai II a. th?eno Aae iaienae
ooiaeaiaioaeueiia ?oeiaiaenoai ii eco/aieth ?eineiai i?aaa, oae
iacuaaaiua «Einoeoooeee». Aieueoei aaoi?eoaoii iieueciaaeenue
iiiai/eneaiiua ni/eiaiey nia?aiaiieea Aaaonoa th?enoa Eaaaiia. I?e
eiia?aoi?a Aae?eaia aieueoei ciaoieii a iaeanoe ?eineiai i?aaa aue
Naeueaee THeeai, eioi?iio i?eiaaeeaaeaea caeeth/eoaeueiay ?aaeaeoeey
eiaeaena aaaeiaeoeo caeiiia Eiia?ee, eanathuayny ?acee/iuo noi?ii
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e iieo/eaoay iacaaiea «Aa/iiai yaeeeoa».
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Enoi?ey ae?aaiaai ?eia: o/aai. aeey aocia/ Iiae ?aae. A. E. Eoceueia.
– 3-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e aeii. – I.: Auno. oe., 1994. – 366 n.:ee.
2. Iaie?ianeee A. E. Enoi?ey ?aiiaai ie?a e Eoaeee. Ai?iiaae, 1962 a.
3. Iaie?ianeee A. E. Eaeaieiaey e eoeueoo?a ?aiiaai ?eia. Ai?iiaae, 1964
a.
4. Anaie?iay enoi?ey: yeeeienoe/aneee ia?eiae. oii 4. – Ii.: Eeoa?aoo?a,
1997. – 608 n.
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