1
NAAAA IAIIIOIA
Enoi?ey ?innee aiaaoa ethaeueie-niceaeaoaeyie, e /eneo eioi?uo ii i?aao
ioiineony e iaeei ec e?oiiaeoeo ioa/anoaaiiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae eiioea
XIX a. Naaaa Eaaiiae/ Iaiiioia. Aai eiy ia?ac?uaii naycaii n
?aaeecaoeeae auaeathuaainy aeey naiaai a?aiaie eiaeaia?iiai
i?iaeoa—no?ieoaeuenoaii aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie iaaeno?aee ss?ineaaeue—
A?oaiaaeuene. Iaeiaei, aeaaiay aai caneoaa ia?aae iioiieaie ninoieo a
ae?oaii. *aeiaae uaae?ie aeooe, y?eie naiiauoiinoe, oaeeaeoaeueiiai
ynoaoe/aneiai aeona, aunieeo i?aanoaaiiuo iiaoaeaeaiee, ii iaannia?oee
naia eiy ene?aiiei e aanei?unoiui neoaeaieai ?onneie eoeueoo?a.
Oai?/aneay noaeueaa A. I. Aaniaoeiaa, I. A. A?oaaey, I. I.
Eiiieeoi-aa-Eaaiiaa, E. E. Eaaeoaia, N. A. ?aoiaieiiaa, E. A. ?aieia, I.
A. ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa, A. A. Na?iaa, E. N. Noaieneaaneiai, O. E.
Oaeyieia e ?yaea ae?oaeo aaeeeeo iaoeeiiaeueiuo oaeaioia a oie eee eiie
noaiaie ia?aieaoaia n aeayoaeueiinoueth yoiai eoioea.
Iaiiioiao-iaoeaiaoo iinayuaiu niaoeeaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey’, ii i iiiaeo
noi?iiao aai aeia?aoee ecaanoii aei neo ii? n?aaieoaeueii iaei. AEeciue
e noaeueaa Naaau Eaaiiae/a eioa?aniu ia oieueei naie ii naaa, aai
ee/iinoue eae au ia?niieoeoee?iaaea iieocaauoue iuia oaiiiai ?inneeneie
aeaaioai?eoaeueiinoe. Aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy ii inoaaaeny aia iiey c?aiey
niaaoneeo enoi?eeia, iiyoiio e aeeciaiienaiey “aaeeeieaiiiai Naaau”
/anoi eeoaiu enoi?e/aneiai oiia, aaaeiuo a?aiaiiuo ?aaeee, i?eaeaaaaoeo
aeaeai aai iniaue eiei?eo e cia/aiea.
Iaiiioia i?iaeee aieueooth e neiaeioth aeeciue. ?iaeeeny ii 2 ieoya?y
1841 a. a eoia/aneie naiuea. Ioaoe, Eaai Oaaei?iae/ Iaiiioia, n eiioea
30-o aiaeia XIX a. caieiaeny aeiiui ioeoiiui i?iiuneii ia Neae?neii
o?aeoa, a ai?iaeea sseooi?ianea Oiaieueneie aoaa?iee. Caeanue o iaai,
aeaiaoiai ia eoia/aneie aei/a?e Ia?ee Oeoiiiaia Eaooeiie, e iiyaeeny
/aoaa?oue ?aaaiie — nui Naaaa, i /ai naeaeaoaeuenoaoao caienue a
iao?e/aneie eieaa ianoiie Aine?anaineie oea?eae2. E?iia iaai, a naiuea
auei aua naiue aeaoae: Aeaenaiae?a, Oaaei?, Aiaoieee, Ieeieae, Ieueaa,
Ia?ey, Niouey (aeaa iineaaeiea oia?ee a aeaonoaa).
A 1849 a. eoiaoe ia?aie aeeueaeee (n 1843 a.) E. O. Iaiiioia ia?aaoae a
Iineao, /oiau aicaeaaeoue iaoe?iia ioeoiiia oicyenoai Iineianeie
aoaa?iee, e aea?aeae aai a naieo ?oeao aieaa 10 eao, aieioue aei
eeeaeaeaoeee ioeoiiie nenoaiu a 1863 aiaeo. Aeayoaeueiinoue a Neae?e
auea oniaoiie, e n?aaenoaa iicaieeee aeeoue a ia?aii?anoieueiie ia
oe?ieoth iiao: aue a?aiaeiaai ?ineioiue iniaiye ia Ia?aie Iauaineie,
ono?aeaaeenue caaiua aa/a?a e aaeu. Oeeaae aeecie naiuee Eaaia
Oaaei?iae/a e aai a?aoa, oiaea eoioea, Ieeieay Oaaei?iae/a,
ia?anaeea-oaainy a Iineao ec Niieaineie aoaa?iee e a ia/aea 50-o aiaeia
XIX a.
(iniiaaaoaai oaa?eeo no?ao/a e eaeia3, nouanoaaiii ioee/aeny io
iauai?eiyoiai a oi a?aiy a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie n?aaea. Eeoa?aoo?a,
iocuea, oaao? caieiaee aaaeiia ianoi a aeecie iiiai/eneaiiie
iaiii-oianeie ?iaeie. Aeaaea aiaoiee iaeee Eaaia Oaaei?iae/a aue
iaiau/ai aeey eeoea eoia/aneiai caaiey. Yoiai i?aaei?eieiaoaey “ii
oioia?aoei,— caiaoeea aai aio/aoay ieaiyiieoea, aei/ue I. I.
O?aoueyeiaa,— iiaeii auei i?eiyoue ca aiaeeeneiai i?aiuea?a: oeeeeiae?,
a?eoia eeoei, ecyuiue einothi” 4.
A oi a?aiy Iaiiioiau aua ia eiaee i?i/iuo naycae a n?aaea iineianeiai
eoia/anoaa. Oi?aiaoeu e i?iiuoeaiieee caaeaeiaaee aiaaoui ioeoiueeai, ia
ethaeee eo, aea e naie iie ia no?aieeenue caaiaaaoue ?aniieiaeaiea
ianoiiai eoia/aneiai iauanoaa e aeaaea ia i?e/eneyeenue e iaio. Ieeieae
Oaaei?iae/ cia/eeny “iinaeueneei eoioeii”, a Eaai Oaaei?iae/ i?iaeee
ia?aua aiaeu a Iineaa a caaiee “/enoiiieueneiai ia?aie aeeueaeee eoioea”
e a ea/anoaa oaeiaiai aue a 1853 a. aicaaaeai a iioiinoaaiiia ii/aoiia
a?aaeaeainoai5. A aeaeueiaeoai ?iae Iaiiioiauo caiye aeaeiia ianoi a
iineianeii eoia/aneii ie?a, a aai i?aaenoaaeoaee ii?iaeieeenue (/oi
yaeyeinue iaeiie ec oi?i iauanoaaiii-ao i?eciaiey) ni iiiaeie noa?eiiuie
e aeeyoaeueiaeoeie oaieeeyie. Oaea a ia/aea 60-o aiaeia XIX a. Eaai
Oaaei?iae/ ea?ae cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a eoia/aneii iauanoaa, a
ai?iaeneii oi?aaeaiee6. A Iineaa eciaieeny e oa?aeoa? ainieoaiey aeaoae.
O noa?oeo nu-iiaae (Oaaei?a, Aiaoieey, Naaau) iiyaeeny aoaa?ia?,
auioneiee Aea?io-neiai oieaa?neoaoa O. A. Oiaoo, eioi?ue iao/ae eo
aa?iiaeneei
iaia?ai e eiino?aiiui ycueai. Ii, eae e a ae?oaeo eoia/aneeo naiueyo,
iiaia ninaaenoaiaaei ni noa?ui: ca iaiineooaiea e ia?aaeeainoue “eeaee
ia e?iaaoue e naeee”7)
I A eiioea 1852 a. oia?ea Ia?ey Oeoiiiaia. A naiuea iaaeieai
aioea?eeny o?ao?. Eaai Oaaei?iae/ n aeaoueie ia?aaoae a iaoe?iue, ii
aieaa i?inoie aeii ia Iiaie Aaniaiiie. Ii aue na?ueacii icaai/ai eo
aoaeo-uei e no?aieeny aeaoue ei nenoaiaoe/aneia ia?aciaaiea. Aiaoieee e
Naaaa auee iiiauaiu ai Aoi?oth iineianeoth aeiiaceth ia Aeioianeie
oeeoea. Ie iniaiai noa?aiey, ie i?eeaaeaiey Naaaa a aeiiacee ia
i?i-yaee, e /a?ac aiae ioaoe ?aoee ii?aaeaeeoue aai a iaoa?ao?aneee
Einoeooo Ei?iona a?aaeaeaineeo eiaeaia?ia (Ai?iue ei?ion). A yoii auai?a
neacaeanue i?ici?eeainoue Eaaia Oaaei?iae/a, iniciaaoaai ia ca?a
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa e eiaeono?eaeecaoeee aaaeiinoue
eiaeaia?iie i?ioannee.
Naaaa e aai aeaith?iaeiua a?aouey Aiaoieee e Aaea?ueyi (ieaaeoea
nuiiauey Ieeieay Oaaei?iae/a) auaea?aeaee yecaiai e a aaaonoa 1854 a.
auee ca/eneaiu a ei?ion. Ieoiioeu yoiai o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey iieo/aee ia
oieueei iauea e niaoeeaeueiua ciaiey, ii e aiaiioth iiaeaioiaeo;
auioneieeai i?enaaeaaeny aiaiiue /ei. Aniiieiay ia yoii ia?eiaea naiae
aeecie, Naaaa Eaaiiae/ ienae: “No?aiii e /oaeii iia auei iiianoue a
no?iaee ?aaeei aiaiiie aeecie: ia?oe?iaee, ?oaeaeiua i?eaiu e aiiaua
no?iaia ia?auaiea ioeoea?ia n aeaoueie”8. Ec iauaia?aciaaoaeueiuo
i?aaeiaoia i?aiiaeaaaee ?onneee, o?aioeocneee e iaiaoeeee ycuee,
?eniaaiea, aaia?aoeth, ae?aaithth enoi?eth, a?eoiaoeeo, aeaaa?o,
aaiiao?eth, /enoiienaiea e caeii aiaeee. Naaaa i?io/eeny caeanue aei
yiaa?y 1856 a. e, eae yanoaoao ec naeaeaoaeuenoaa, “aue iiaaaeaiey
oi?ioaai”9. Neiaeiaa auei n i?eeaaeaieai. “*?acau/aeii oaeaeathueeny
/aeiaae, Naaaa oeaeeeii ooiaeee a oa iaeanoe e aeaea, eioi?ua aai
ia/eiaee eioa?aniaaoue, ii /anoi caauaae e eaii?e?iaae iiiaia ae?oaia,
/oi eacaeinue aio ianouanoaaiiui. Oae, i/aiue auno?i ii auo/ee iaiaoeeee
ycue e anaaaea eiae ii yoiio i?aaeiaoo oieueei aunoea aaeeu, ii ii’
eaouie iieo/ae eeoue aeaieee e o?ieee.
O?oaeii neacaoue, eae iiaeeyei ii/oe aeaooeaoiaa i?aauaaiea Naaau a
Iaoa?ao?aa ia oi?ie?iaaiea aai ee/iinoe. I oii, n eai ii ae?oaeee, /oi
/eoae, /ai eioa?aniaaeny, eae ioe?uaae aeey naay ?aciua noi?iiu aeecie
naaa?iie Iaeueie?u, naaaeaiee ia nio?aieeinue. Ecaanoii oieueei, /oi
oniaoaie a o/aaa ii ia ioee/aeny. A ai?aea 1855 a. Eaai Oaaei?iae/
ia?aoeeny e 14-eaoiaio nuio n ienueiii-ianoaaeaieai, a eioi?ii auneacae
naia iaaeiaieuenoai e a eiioea caiaoee: “ss aeaaineiaeyth oaay, i?ioo e
i?eeacuaath a?ineoue eaiue, o/eoueny oi?ioi e aaeeaie a oniaoao
iieacaoue iia, /oi ou iineooiue e caaioeeaue e eniieiaieth iooeianeeo
i?eeacaiee nui”.
Iao/aiea a Ai?iii ei?iona iai?aaeinue aiacaiii: ai a?aiy yieaeaiee io
nea?eaoeiu nei?iiinoeaeii oia? eocai Aaea?ueyi, e Eaai Oaaei?iae/ caa?ae
nuia a Iineao, aaea ii?aaeaeee aai a /aoaa?oue eeann Aoi?ie aeiiacee, a
eioi?ie ii o/eeny ?aiaa. Naaaa e caeanue oniaoaie a o/aaa ia ioee/aeny.
A naaeueiii, auioneiii, eeanna aaniie 1860 a. ac?ineue, ii/oe 19-eaoiee,
ii ia auaea?aeae yecaiaia ii eaoeineiio ycueo, ia iieo/ee
naeaeaoaeuenoaa e aue ca/eneai ai aoi?iaiaeieee. E ioaoe, e nui oyaeaei
ia?aaeeaaee neo/eaoaany. Iaeiaei iaoeenue aeiaaaeeeaua ethaee,
ii?aeiiaiaeiaaaoea “oaea/ioth eiiaeiaoeeth”, Naaaa iinooiee a
Iaoa?ao?aneee oieaa?neoao (naeaeaoaeuenoai ia ieii/aiee aeiiacee caeanue
ia o?aaiaaeinue, eaouiue aea ca iaai naeae ae?oaie thiioa), a caoai
ia?aaaeny ia th?eaee/aneee oaeoeueoao Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa. Inaiueth
ii i?enooiee e caiyoeyi e, eae iicaeiaa aniiieiae, “iinauae eaeoeee n
aieueoei eioa?anii e n aieueoei aieueiiaeoinoaii”2.
A oi a?aiy Iaiiioia oaea na?ueacii oaeaeny noeaie/aneei eneonnoaii.
Eioa?an e oaeeaeoaeueiiio ie?o “/oanoa, ia?acia e caoeia” ii i?iyaeye e
?aiueoa. Aeiaaiee aai ca 1858 a. niaea?aeeo iiiaeanoai caienae i
iinauaiee oaao?aeueiuo niaeoaeeae. Aeiiaceno-oaao?ae ia oieueei
ia?a/eneye iinoaiiaee e aaaeoueo aeoa?ia, ii e auneacuaae nianoaaiiua
iiaiey i ea/anoaa iuean e o?iaia eniieieoaeueneiai ianoa?noaa ‘3. Iiiai
a aeiaaieeiauo caienyo iaeaiuo, thiioanee-iaeneiaeenoneeo noaeaeaiee, ii
iie iieacuaatho, /oi oaao? noae aaaeiie e iaycaoaeueiie ;
/anoueth aeecie iieiaeiai /aeiaaea. Ii auaae ia niaeoaeeyo ioioii.] e
?aaoey?ii. Eioa?aniaaee aai ?aciua aeai?u: iia?a, aaeao, aiaeaaeeue,*
ae?aia. A aeiia Iaiiioiauo ia auei i?eiyoi i?eaaaaoue e cai?aoeoaeue-
iui ia?ai (ca ?aae/aeoei eneeth/aieai). Iuoaynue aeiaeoueny ioaeiuo
?acoeueoaoia e “ioa?aoeoue io iianiuo niaeaciia”, aeaaa naiuee
aeaenoai-aae oaaaeaeaieai.
Aieueooth ?ieue a oi?ie?iaaiee ee/iinoe Naaau ea?aee aai aeec-eea,
aeooiaiay aoiinoa?a “ia?aciaaiiuo e?oaia” iauanoaa, e eioi?ui
i?eiaaeeaaeaee Iaiiioiau.) Aeiaaieeiaua caiaoee iicaieytho noaeeoue i
aeooiaiuo cai?inao e a?aiyi?ai?iaiaeaeaiee aeiiacenoa. Iiae?iaii iienaiu
ei aa/a?a a e?oao iiiai/eneaiiie ?iaeie a naiai aeiia e o aeyaethoee
Ieeieay Oaaei?iae/a, ia I?ania: ae?oaeaneea ?acaiai?u, ioceoee?iaaiea,
iaiea, ianoaeaeaiea niaeoaeeae e eiea, Iiiai a aeiaaieea e ae?oaeo
i?eia/aoaeueiuo oo?eoia aeecie iieiaeiai Iaiiioiaa. 31 yiaa?y 1858 a. ii
caienae: “Naaiaeiy oo?ii oiaeee e Aeaenaiae?o (aeaith?iaeiue a?ao,
Aeaenaiae? Ieeieaaae/.—A. A. ia oaa?eeo, o iaai aue Aoeaoia, ii i?iaiaae
iie aiein, aiai?eo, /oi o iaiy aa?eoii e iiaeao ia?aciaaoueny oi?ioee
aiein, anee iia ei caieiaoueny”14.
A eiioea 50-o aiaeia XIX a. Iaiiioiau ia?aaoaee a iiaue aeii ia
Ai?iioeiaii iiea (oeeoea Iaooa). Auei i?eia?aoaii eiaiea Ee?aaai ieiei
Oeiie, iiae Iineaie, noaaoaa “?iaeiaui aiacaeii” Iaiiioiauo ia iiiaea
aiaeu. A naiuea oea?eea ioe?uoay, aeia?iaeaeaoaeueiay aoiinoa?a, ia
eeoaiiay e iauanoaaiiuo eioa?ania. Ao?iua niauoey ?innee-
neie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe 50-o—ia/aea 60-o aiaeia XIX a.—E?uineay aieia,
nia?oue Ieeieay I e aioea?aiea Aeaenaiae?a II, iiaeaioiaea “aaeeeeo
?aoi?i” e ioiaia a 1861 a. e?aiinoiiai i?aaa—niinianoaiaaee iaeeaeaiueth
iauanoaaiiie aeecie, aucuaaee aeeaaeoee eioa?an a ?acee/iuo neiyo
iauanoaa. A 1856 a. iieo/eee aiienoeth aeaeaa?enou, e iaeioi?ua ec ieo
ii i?eauoee a Iineao inoaiaaeeaaeenue a aeiia Eaaia
2 Oaaei?iae/a 15.
Iaiyeenue a ?innee e yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey. ?ane?aiiuaeanue
/ano-
iay eieoeeaoeaa, iaeaieaa aeaeueiiaeaeiua e i?aaei?eei/eaua
i?aaenoaae-oaee eoia/anoaa a?aeenue ca aieueoea ia/eiaiey, ca
inouanoaeaiea nia-euo i?iaeoia. A /enei oaeeo ethaeae aoiaeee e E. O.
Iaiiioia, eioi?ue eiae aeeceea aeaeiaua ioiioaiey n e?oiiaeoei
i?aaei?eieiaoaeai na?aaeeiu XIX a. A. E. Eiei?aaui, nia/aea caieiaaoeiny
aeiiui ioeoiii a Neae?e, a caoai aicaeaaeaoei ioeoiiia aeaei a
Iaoa?ao?aneie aoaa?iee. Aua a eiioea 40-o aiaeia XIX a. Eiei?aa ia/ae
oi?aiaua iia-
?aoeee n Ia?neae, aue iaeiei ec ieiia?ia i?iiuoeaiiiai inaiaiey
Caeaaeacuey. Aeaa e?oiiaeoeo ioeoiueea, A. A. Eiei?aa e E. O. Iaiiioia,
iniiaaee a 1857 a. a Iineaa Caeanieeneia oi?aiaia oiaa?euanoai,
niaoeeaeece?iaaaoaany ia?aiia/aeueii ia yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?a-oeeyo,
aeaaiui ia?acii n oaeeii.
Iaeiaei aeaeiaua eioa?anu Eaaia Oaaei?iae/a yoei ia ia?aie/e-aaeenue.
Iaeiiea cia/eoaeueiue eaieoae ia ioeoiao, ii iiiauae n?aaenoaa a
ai?iaeneoth iaaeaeaeeiinoue e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiia no?ieoaeuenoai. I?e aai
aeayoaeueiii ee/iii e oeiainiaii o/anoee iino?iaia iaeia ec ia?auo a
?innee O?ieoeeay aeaeaciay aei?iaa i?ioyaeaiiinoueth 66 aa?no, naycaaoay
Iineao n ae?aaiei Nn?aeaaui iinaaeii. Eiioeanney auea iieo/aia a eiioea
1859 a., a eaoii 1863 a. ia eeiee ia/aeinue ?aaoey?iia aeaeaeaiea. Oaea
a 1865 a. ia?aaacaii auei 456 oun. iannaaee?ia, 9,5 iei. ioaeia
?acee/iuo a?ocia, a i?eaueue ninoaaeea 476 oun. ?oaeai’°. Noa?oee
Iaiiioia aeiaeee a yoi i?aaei?eyoea 460 oun. ?oaeae e aue eca?ai /eaiii
i?aaeaiey 17. Ii ni?aaaaeeeai n/eoae, /oi o aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai
no?ieoaeuenoaa a ?innee aieueoia aoaeouaa. O nuiiaae auea naiy
aeeciue. Naaaa ana aieueoa oaeaeaeny oai, /oi
ia eiaei ieeaeiai ioiioaiey e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei caiyoeyi,— oaao?ii.
A nooaeai/aneia aeaooeaoea ii aue ia oieueei ona?aeiui c?eoaeai, ii e
i?eiaueeny e “oaao?aeueiiio ethaeoaeuenoao”, A oi a?aiy /anoiua o?oiiu
aua ia auee ?ac?aoaiu, ii nouanoaiaaee ?acee/iua oaao?aeueiua e?oaeee,
naiui ecaanoiui ec eioi?uo aue Nae?aoa?aaneee Ae?aiaoe/aneee (ii eiaie
aeaaeaeueoea aeiia, aaea ono?aeaaeenue niaeoaeee). Aicaeaaeyee aai A. I.
Ino?ianeee e A. O. Ienaineee. “Ii/oaiiua eeoa?aoi?u,— aniiieiae Naaaa
Eaaiiae/,— i/aiue ian ethaeee, aea e auei ca /oi, eai iu ec nee ?aaeenue
e ea?aee i/aiue caaaaii”. Ii n ai eiaie ooae a yoe caiyoey e a ia/aea
aaaonoa 1862 a. aeaathoe?iaae a iueana “A?ica” a ?iee Eoae?yoa, Aeeeiai
aea ea?ae nai Ino?ianeee. Ia niaeoaeeue i?eoae Eaai Oaaei?iae/, e Naaaa
aeaeae, eae “ii auoe?ae neaco a iineaaeiai aeoa” 18.
Yoa neaca ia iiaea, iaeiaei, iieieaaaoue aeaeiaoth iaoo?o Eaaia
Oaaei?iae/a, eioi?ue aue na?ueacii iaaniieiai aoaeouei ia oieueei
Naa-au, ii e anaai naiaeiiai aeaea. Noa?oea nuiiauey, Oaaei? e Aiaoieee,
neeiiiinoe e i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoao ia i?iyaeyee. *oi aea eanaaony Naaau,
oi Eaai Oaaei?iae/, eiia/ii, ia iia aeaaea aiia?aceoue, /oi ethaiaue e
oaao?o e o/anoea a niaeoaeeyo noaioo noaeueaie nuia. Ia i?aiyonoaoy aai
oaea/aieyi, ioaoe n o?aaiaie ioia/ae, /oi “iana?ueaciua” eioa?anu e, eae
aio eacaeinue, i?acaeiia a?aiyi?ai?iaiaeaeaiea ana aieueoa e aieueoa
oaeaeaee nuia. Oeaoo/eaaeenue iaaeaaeaeu ia oniaoiia caaa?oaiea
oieaa?neoaoa. Eaai Oaaei?iae/ ?aoee i?eaaaiooue e ?aaeeeaeueiui ia?ai e
i?eiaueoue Naaao e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei caiyoeyi. Anei?a iinea
oeacaiiiai niaeoaeey ii ioi?aaeyao aai ii aeaeai Caeanieeneiai
oiaa?euanoaa a Aaeo, eoaea oio i?eaue 4 naioya?y 1862 a. Aeaaiay
oeaeue—ioa?aoeoue nuia io “iaiicaieeoaeueiuo noiee/iuo oaeiaieuenoaee”.
Inaiueth 1863 a. ?oeiaiaeeoaee Caeanieeneiai oiaa?euanoaa aeiaa?eee
Naaaa Eaaiiae/o caaaaeiaaoue oeaio?aeueiui. Iineianeei, ioaeaeaieai
oe?iu. A ia/aea 1864 a. iieiaeie iaaioeeaio i?eaue a Eoaeeth, /oiau
iii?aaeoue caei?iauea e iaeiia?aiaiii iiciaeiieoueny n oi?aiaeae oaeeii.
Naaa?iay iaeanoue Eoaeee — Eiiaa?aeey — ecaeaaia auea ecaanoiaeoei a
Aa?iia ?aeiiii oaeeiaiaenoaa e oaeeioea/anoaa, a noieeoea iaeanoe Ieeai
— e?oiiaeoei oeaio?ii oaeeiaie oi?aiaee, ii ia oieueei. Ai?iae yoio aue
e noieeoeae iia?iiai eneonnoaa, a oaao? “Ea Neaea”—iauai?eciaiiie
“ia?aie noeaiie” ie?iaie iia?u.
Ianeieueei ianyoeaa i?aauaaiey a Ieeaia ieacaeenue aeey Iaiiioiaa
aanueia i?eia/aoaeueiuie. Iiae?iaiinoae oiai, eae ii aae eiiia?/aneea
aeaea, ia nio?aieeinue, iaeiaei ecaanoii, /oi eiaiii e oio ia?eiae ii
“na?ueacii caaieae” iia?iui eneonnoaii. Naaaa Eiaiiai/ ciaeiieeny n
eo/oeie iia?iuie iinoaiiaeaie, neooae aaaeoueo aieaeenoia e ia/ae a?aoue
o?iee iaiey. Ia aac thii?a ii ienae iicaeiaa, /oi ai a?aiy aai caiyoee n
iayno?i ecaic/eee, noiyiea eioi?uo ?aniieaaaeanue iiae ieiaie nieiaaiie
ei eiiiaou, “ia auaen?aeiaiei e oacaeaee” 19.
Yoa ia?aay iiacaeea a Eoaeeth (ii iiauaae oai iiiai ?ac) i?eia/aoaeueia
aua iaeiei niauoeai a aeecie iieiaeiai aeneueia-iaeiiaia. Iaiiioia
iiciaeiieeny n aei/a?ueth ecaanoiiai iineianeiai eoioea, e?oiiiai
oaeeioi?aiaoea A?eai?ey A?eai?ueaae/a Naiiaeieeiaa — Aeecaaaoie
(1847—1908 aa.), noaaoae aai aeaiie. Iieiaeay aeaaooea ia aeenoaea
e?anioie, ii iiei?eea na?aeoea Naaau Eaaiiae/a oiii, ia?aciaaiiinoueth e
aeooaaiie ioe?uoinoueth. Aa iaoue, Aa?a Aeaaeeie?iaia Aeaena-
aaa, auea nano?ie Na?aay Aeaaeeie?iae/a Aeaenaaaa — iooea E. N. Noa
ieneaaneiai, a ae?oaie a?ao iaoa?e, Aeaenaiae?,—iooeii I. A. Aeaenaaaa,
eca?aiiiai aiineaaenoaee Iineianeei ai?iaeneei aieiaie. A ea?a?oee
iineianeiai eoia/anoaa Naiiaeieeiau — Aeaenaaau oaea a 60-a aiaeu XIX a.
caieiaee aunieia iieiaeaiea, e eo niaeanea ia a?ae neoaeeei i?eciaieai
aaoi?eoaoa Iaiiioiauo.
?aoaiea nuia Eaai Oaaei?iae/ n?aco e aaciaiai?i/ii iaeia?ee. “Auai? oaie
oeacaiiie iaaanou, Eecu Naiiaeieeiaie,— ienae ii a iiya?a 1864 a.,—anoue
auai? i?aaeeueiue e aeinoieiue”20. Eca?aiieoea eiaea anaai ieiei 17 eao
io ?iaeo, ii auea aeaaooea ia/eoaiiay, iocueaeueii ia?aciaaiiay.
Iicaeiaa iia ienaea: “ss i/aiue ethaeea noeoe, iiiai caieiaeanue
iocueith e no?anoii ethaeea iaiaoeeeo eeanneeia, iniaaiii Aaooiaaia e
Ooiaia”21. Naaaeueaa ninoiyeanue a ai?aea 1865 a. a Ee?aaaa. Oai iie
i?iaeeee ianeieueei iaaeaeue, a caoai oaoaee a naaaeaaiia iooaoanoaea a
Eoaeeth 22.
Aa?ioaoenue inaiueth a Iineao, iieiaeay /aoa iinaeeeanue a aeiia ia
Naaeiaie-Nianneie, eioi?ue eoiee aeey ieo Eaai Oaaei?iae/. Yoio iniaiye
iinoaiaiii i?aa?aoeeny a iaeei ec eioa?aniaeoeo oeaio?ia
ooaeiaeanoaaiiie aeecie ia oieueei Iineau, ii, iiaeaeoe, e anae ?innee.
Ia?aiia/aeueii iaaieueoie, aeaooyoaaeiue (eaiaiiue iec, aea?aayiiue
aa?o), iaiaeiie?aoii ia?ano?aeaaynue e ?anoe?yynue, ii e eiioeo XIX a.
eiae 15 eiiiao ia ia?aii yoaaea, 11—ia aoi?ii, 4—a iaciieia e iaoe?iue
ceiiee naae 23.
Ioaoe i?eiauae Naaao Eaaiiae/a e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiio
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoao. A 60-a aiaeu XIX a. no?ieeanue aei?iaa ia
ss?ineaaeue, e E. O. Iaiiioia aue e?oiiui aeoeeiia?ii e aee?aeoi?ii
iauanoaa Iineianei-ss?ineaaneie aeaeaciie aei?iae. Aicaeaaeye yoo
eiiiaieth O. A. *eaeia (1811—1877 aa.). Auaoee i?ioanni? iaoaiaoeee
Iaoa?ao?aneiai oieaa?neoaoa, oe?iei ia?aciaaiiue /aeiaae, aeeceee
ciaeiiue I. A. Aiaiey, E. N. Aenaeiaa, I. I. sscueiaa, A. A. Eaaiiaa, A.
Ae. Iieaiiaa e ae?oaeo ienaoaeae e ooaeiaeieeia, ii ea?ae caiaoioth
?ieue a e?oaao neaayiioeeia, aue iaea?aeei eaeaae yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey naaa?iuo iaeanoae ?innee. *eaeia i?iieeny aieueoie neiiaoeae e
iieiaeiio, yia?ae/iiio e oiiiio N. E. Iaiiioiao e ia iiiaea aiaeu
inoaeny aai iie?iaeoaeai e ianoaaieeii, i?e/ai ia oieueei a
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo aeaeao 24.
Eiiaoe 60-o — 70-a aiaeu XIX a.— aaaeiue ia?eiae a aeecie Naaau
‘Eaaiiae/a. A aaaonoa 1869 a. oia? Eaai Oaaei?iae/, e nui noae
caieiaoueny i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii naiinoiyoaeueii. Ia aac aeeyiey
*eaeiaa Naaaa Eaaiiae/ ia iieeioe aeaeiaie ie?, a iinoaiaiii ana aieueoa
e aieueoa aoyaeaaeny a yoe caiyoey, iaae?aeny eiiia?/aneiai iiuoa e
ciaiee. A oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao ii oeao?e?iaae a ea/anoaa eaiaeeaeaoa
a /eaiu i?aaeaiey, caoai /eaia i?aaeaiey, a a 1872 a., ii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee
*eaeiaa, caiye ioaaonoaaiiue iino aee?aeoi?a Iauanoaa
Iineianei-ss?ineaaneie aeaeaciie aei?iae. Eeiey auea ioe?uoa aeey
aeaeaeaiey a 1870 aiaeo. Iaeiia?aiaiii N. E. Iaiiioia ninoiye
aeaaeaeueoeai oi?aiaie eiioi?u, niaoeeaeece?iaaaoaeny ia iinoaaeao
no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia (iia?aoeee n oaeeii auee i?ae?auaiu aua a 60-a
aiaeu XIX aaea).
A ia/aea 70-o aiaeia ii ia/ae ea?aoue caiaoioth ?ieue e a
iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo: ecae?aaony aeaniui Ai?iaeneie aeoiu e
aeaenoaeoaeueiui /eaiii Iauanoaa ethaeoaeae eiiia?/aneeo ciaiee26. Aua
?aiueoa Iaiiioia aue i?e/eneai e iineianeiio eoia/anoao. A ni?aai/iie
eieaa eoia/aneiai iauanoaa ia 1873 a. aiai?eony: “Iaiiioia Naaaa
Eaaiiae/, 31 aiae, eoiaoe 1 aeeueaeee, iioiinoaaiiue ii/aoiue
a?aaeaeaiei, a eoia/anoaa n 1866 aiaea. AEeoaeuenoaoao a N?aoaineie
/anoe, a i?eoiaea oea?eae Nayoiai Iaie?aoey o Nooa?aaie aaoie, ia
Naaeiaie oeeoea a nianoaaiiii aeiia. Oi?aoao eanii. Ninoieo auai?iui io
iineianeiai eoia/anoaa n 1869 aiaea”.
Ee?aaai oianeaaeiaae noa?oee a?ao Oaaei?, a Naaaa Eaaiiae/ e Aeecaaaoa
A?eai?ueaaia ?aoeee i?eia?anoe nianoaaiiue aeii a naeueneie ianoiinoe.
Oaeia aeaeaiea aeeeoiaaeinue ene?aiiae oyaie e i?e?iaea e oaaaeaeaieai,
/oi aeaoe aeieaeiu ?anoe a i?inoie, caei?iaie n?aaea. Iaiiioiau ociaee,
/oi ii ss?ineaaneie aei?iaa, a ianeieueeeo aa?noao io noaioeee
Oioueeiai, i?iaeaaony onaaeueaa ienaoaey N. O. Aenaeiaa. A ia?oa 1870 a.
noi?oae Iaiiioiau iiaoaee iniao?eaaoue Aa?aioeaai.’ Aeecaaaoa
A?eai?ueaaia ienaea: “Auaoaa a i?inaeo iiianou?neiai eana e oaeaeaa ia
i?ioeaiiieiaeiie ai?a othoiue, na?aiueeee n e?aniie e?uoae aeii, iu
noaee ainoeuaoueny aai ianoiiieiaeaieai… A aeiia inoaaaeanue eia-eaeay
aenaeianeay iaaaeue, ii?o?aou e ?enoiee. Aeii aue ianoieueei ieio, /oi
ia/aai auei e aeoiaoue iinaeeoueny a iai, ia ia?aaeaeaaoe aai
iniiaaoaeueii”28. AEeaiieniay ianoiinoue e i/a?iaaiea naiiai aeiia
ii?aaeaeeee ?aoaiea— iieoiaoue.
Auea auno?i ioi?ieaia ia eiy Aeecaaaou A?eai?ueaaiu eoi/ay, e Iaiiioiau
ca 15 oun. ?oa. noaee iaeaaeaoaeyie caiouaiiiai, ii aeiaieueii iaoe?iiai
eiaiey (285 aean.)29. Aeii aue eaieoaeueii io?aiiioe?iaai e inaie. A
aeaeueiaeoai iaooiieiue Naaaa Eaaiiae/, eioi?ue anth aeeciue iinoiyiii
/oi-oi nii?oaeae e ia?ano?aeaae, i?aa?aoee Aa?aioeaai a aeaaiono?iaiioth
a oicyenoaaiiii e auoiaii ioiioaieyo onaaeueao. Caeanue auee iino?iaiu
aieueieoea, oeiea, iino, ieioeia ia ?aea Ai?a, oeo/oaia aei?iaa,
nii?oaeaiu ianoa?neea aeey ooaeiaeieeia, oea?eiaue e iiiai aieaa iaeeeo
caeaiee a naiie onaaeueaa e ieiei iaa, nicaeaia i?aiaea?ay, ?acaeo
i?ae?aniue naae. Oicyei aeiia anae aeooie iiethaee yoi ianoi “Ia aoaeue
Aa?aioeaaa, ae/cie n i?e?iaeie, aacio?aaeii auei au”,— ienae ii aeaia
30.
Eioa?an e eneonnoao e e ethaeyi, aai ieeoeaoai?yaoei, ioee/ae Naaao
Eaaiiae/a e a ii?o c?aeinoe, e a noa?inoe. E aeayoaee eneonnoaa ieaoeee
aio acaeiiie neiiaoeae. Naiaia?aciue aeooaaiue e eioaeeaeooaeueiue
iaaiaoeci Iaiiioiaa niinianoaiaae aicieeiiaaieth “ia-iiioianeiai
e?oaeea”, iauaaeeieaoaai iauiinoueth aeooiaiuo e ynoaoe/aneeo eioa?ania
oicyaa Aa?aioeaaa e iiiaeo aeanoyueo i?aaenoaaeoaeae ooaeiaeanoaaiiie
eoeueoo?u ?innee eiioea XIX aaea.
Ooaeiaeieee iiyaeeenue a aeiia ia Naaeiaie aua a eiioea 60-o aiaeia XIX
aaea. Iaeiei ec ia?auo aeeceei ciaeiiui naiuee noae ooaeiaeiee e
a?oeoaeoi? A. A. Aa?oiai. A 1872 a. a Eoaeee, eoaea ii/oe aaeaaiaeii
acaeee Naaaa Eaaiiae/ n aeaiie, iiciaeiieeenue ni neoeueioi?ii I. I.
Aioieieueneei, ooaeiaeieeii A. Ae. Iieaiiaui e eneonnoaiaaaeii A. A.
I?aoiaui, eioi?ua noaee ae?ocueyie aeiia ia iiiaea aiaeu. A ia/aea 70-o
aiaeia XIX a. ecia?aceoaeueiia eneonnoai noaiiaeony “iio?aaiinoueth
aeooe” e Aeecaaaou A?eai?ueaaiu. A 1872 a. ai a?aiy i?aauaaiey a ?eia n
aieueoei eioa?anii e oaeiaieuenoaeai iia iinauaea ianoa?neea ?onneeo
ooaeiaeieeia, a ianeieueei ouny/ o?aieia, iiaea?aiiuo ae iaoa?ueth,
ec?anoiaeiaaea ia i?eia?aoaiea ea?oeiu O. A. A?iiieeiaa “Io/aiee” e
i?aii?iie aieiau Iaoaia Ioae?iai ?aaiou Aioieieueneiai 31.
I?aauaaiea a Eoaeee “auaeaaei ec eieae” Naaao Eaaiiae/a. Aica?auaiea a
?inneth e ia?aoiae io aicauoaiiuo aeooiaiuo eioa?ania e aoaeie/iui,
ca/anooth ?ooeiiui iaycaiiinoyi a i?aaeaiee Iineianei-ss?ineaaneie
aei?iae ia?aua aiaeu oaiaoaee aai. Eaoii 1874 a. ii ienae aeaia: “O iaiy
ca iineaaeiaa a?aiy ?eineie aeecie i?eoiaeeo aeaeaiea ia i/aiue
cai?yaaoueny ai anyeea aeaea. Aea e ca/ai, a naiii aeaea, aieiaa e?oaii
eaeao, iieiy ciaoue ia aoaeaoue, i/a?noaaaoue e ec-ca /aai? Aeaai ia
auei au, /oi eonaoue, a oi, neaaa Aiao, ia iao aae oaaoeo. Iao, y,
i?aai, i?ana?ueacii aeoiath ianoaaeoue naay oae, /oiau ana-oaee aei
ecaanoiie noaiaie i?eiaaeeaaeaoue naaa”32.
A 70-a aiaeu XIX a.— ia?eiae noaiiaeaiey Iaiiioiaa eae ciaoiea,
oeaieoaey e iie?iaeoaey eneonnoa — iieiaeie i?aaei?eieiaoaeue aua
oieueei i?eia?aoae iiioey?iinoue a aeaeiaii ie?a. *aeiaae ii aue
eieoeeaoeaiue e oaeaeathueeny, aeaaea aca?oiue, ia eeoaiiue e oiio aea e
ii?aaeaeaiiuo aiaeoeee. Aai /anoi oyaioeei ionoonoaea ianoiyuaai
aieueoiai aeaea, aaea iiaeii auei i?iyaeoue naay a iieiie ia?a. ?ieue
“ionoaaiiai eoioea” auea ia aeey iaai. “Ia ciath, /oi aoaeao aeaeueoa,—
ienae “Iaiiioia aeaia anei?a iinea eca?aiey aai aee?aeoi?ii Iauanoaa
Iineianei-ss?ineaaneie aei?iae,— ii nae/an iia aiia?aceoue aeaaea
iaiuneeii, /oia y a?inee yoi aeaei, oae aieueii iiethaeeinue, e oaea/a
caiai/eaa” 33. AEaeaciiaei?iaeiay eiiiaiey aeaenoaiaaea oniaoii e
i?eiineea oi?iooth i?eaueue 34.
Iaua?inneeneoth ecaanoiinoue eae i?aaei?eieiaoaeue Naaaa Eaaiiae/
iieo/ee n iino?ieeie Aeiiaoeeie eaiaiioaieueiie aeaeaciie aei?iae,
naycaaoae Aeiiaann n Ia?eoiieueneei ii?oii. No?ieoaeuenoai nouanoaaiii
onei?eei eiaeono?eaeueiia ?acaeoea yoiai /?acau/aeii ia?niaeoeaiiai a
yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee ?aeiia. A 1876 a. i?aaeoaeuenoai iacia/eei aeey
iioaioeeaeueiuo eiioeanneiia?ia oi?ae. Eaaeaeue ec i?aoaiaeaioia
aeieaeai aue i?aaenoaaeoue naie i?iaeo e niaoo no?ieoaeuenoaa aoaeoueo
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo eeiee, iauay i?ioyaeaiiinoue eioi?uo ni-noaaeyea
i?eia?ii 500 aa?no. Iaeiei ec nieneaoaeae aue Iaiiioia. Ii auoae
iiaaaeeoaeai e ianeieueei eao caieiaeny iiaui e aieueoei aeaeii.
Aeiiaoeeay aei?iaa auea a iniiaiii i?ieiaeaia ca 1878—1879 aa., a
caaa?oeeinue no?ieoaeuenoai a 1882 aiaeo. Naaaa Eaaiiae/ iia
eiinoaoe?iaaoue: “Aei?iaa iino?iaia i?ae?anii”35. A ia/aea 90-o aiaeia
XIX a. iia auea aueoieaia ainoaea?noaii.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue Iaiiioiaa ia caneiiyea aai
aeooaaiie i?eaycaiiinoe e eneonnoao. Ii ii?aceoaeueii oiae ni/aoaoue
iaeii aeaei n ae?oaei. N ene?aiiei oaeeaeaieai Noaieneaaneee aniiie-
iae, /oi Iaiiioia a iaeii e oi aea a?aiy ?oeiaiaeee iinoaiiaeie
aeiiaoiaai niaeoaeey, ienae iueano, “oooee n iieiaeaaeueth, aeeeoiaae
aeaeiaua aoiaae e oaeaa?aiiu ii naiei neiaeiui aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui
Aeaeai, eioi?uo ii aue eieoeeaoi? e ?oeiaiaeeoaeue”37. O?aoy iiiai
a?a-iaie e nee ia aeaeiaua iaycaiiinoe, ?aoay eaaeaeiaeiaaii iiiaeanoai
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e oeiainiauo aii?inia, ii ia i?aaenoaaeye naaa aeecie
aac oiai, /oi nia?aaaei aeooo.
Iaiiioiau ethaeee ?onneoth eeoa?aoo?o, iinoiyiii ciaeiieeenue n iiauie
i?iecaaaeaieyie (a 1869 a. Aeecaaaoa A?eai?ueaaia, iai?eia?, caienuaaao
a “Aeiaaieea”, /oi iie n ioaeai anth aanio “n oaea/aieai /eoaee “Aieio e
ie?”38). Iinoaiaiii neiaeeeanue aeiiaoiyy o?aaeeoeey ?aaoey?ii
ono?aeaaoue eeoa?aoo?iua /oaiey.
Ii ia?a oiai eae a naiuea “iaaeeaaeenue” ooaeiaeieee (Iieaiia,
Aaniaoeia, ?aiei, caoai Na?ia, Ei?iaei, A?oaaeue e ae?.), iinoiyiii
e iaecaaaeii aicieeaee aanaaeu ia ecia?aceoaeueiii eneonnoaa, aai ?iee e
cia/aiee a i?ioeii e ianoiyuai, ianoaeaeaeenue aunoaaee. Naaaa Eaaiiae/
iaycaoaeueii iinauae yeniiceoeee Oiaa?euanoaa ia?aaeaeaeiuo
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo aunoaaie, oi?ioi ciae nia?aiea I. I. O?aoueyeiaa (iie
ninoiyee a ?iaenoaa). Ia i?ioiaeeee aeey Iaiiioiaa iacaia/aiiuie e
ae?oaea niauoey a ecia?aceoaeueiii eneonnoaa. Iinoaiaiii “aanaaeu o
naiiaa?a” ia?a?inee a ?eniaaeueiua aa/a?a, aaea eaaeaeue aeaeathuee iia
i?iyaeoue naay. A ieo i?eieiaee o/anoea A. I. Aaniaoeia, E. E. Eaaeoai,
A. E. No?eeia, I. A. Iaa?aa, A. A. Na?ia, E. A. Ei?iaei, nai N. E.
Iaiiioia e ae?oaea. Yoi auea oi?ia oai?/aneiai iauaiey ethaeae,
iauaaeeiaiiuo aeecinoueth aeooiaiuo eioa?ania.
Ano?a/e n ooaeiaeieeaie ia ia?aie/eaaeenue oieueei /aaieoeai e
aana-aeaie. Iiiaei Naaaa Eaaiiae/ ieacuaae nouanoaaiioth ii?aeueioth e
iaoa?eaeueioth iiaeaea?aeeo, a iaeioi?ua ec ieo (Aaniaoeia, Na?ia,
Ei?iaei, A?oaaeue) iiaeieao aeeee o iaai e a Iineaa, e a Aa?aioeaaa,
aaea ei auee nicaeaiu iaiaoiaeeiua aeey oai?/anoaa oneiaey. Oiaiea
?aniiciaoue oaeaio auei ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie Iaiiioiaa. Ii aeaeae ana,
/oiau aea?iaaiea ia iiaeaei a ieuaoa e caa?ioaiiinoe. A io/ayiii
ioaeaeaaoainy A?oaaea, eioi?ue ia aue aua oe?iei ecaanoai, Naaaa
Eaaiiae/ n?aco oaeaeae iai?aeeia?iinoue oai?/aneie iaoo?u e iinea ia?.
aie aea ano?a/e (a aeii ia Naaeiaoth a 1889 a. A?oaaey i?eaae nui
Iaiiioiaa Aiae?ae, oiaea ooaeiaeiee) cayaee, /oi “iaaei iaycaoaeueii
i?e?o/eoue iiaiai ciaeiiiai”39. Aua ?aiueoa, a eiioea 70-o aiaeia XIX a.
a naiuea “i?e?o/eee” aaaenoaiaaaoaai Aaniaoeiaa, caoai — Na?iaa e
Ei?iaeia.
A Aa?aioeaaa e a aeiia ia Naaeiaie ooaeiaeieeaie auee nicaeaiu
i?iecaaaeaiey, ninoaaeaoea /anoeoeo “cieioiai oiiaea” ?onneie
iaoeeiiaeueiie eoeueoo?u: “I?iaiaeu iiaia?aioea” e ii?o?aou Iaiiioiauo
?aieia; “Aiaaou?e”, “Aeoaa ?onneeo ni neeoaie”, “Eiaa?-naiieao”. “O?e
oea?aaiu iiaecaiiiai oea?noaa” Aaniaoeiaa; “Neaeyuee aeaiii” A?oaaey;
aan/eneaiiia eiee/anoai ?enoieia Na?iaa, aai ciaiaieoue ii?o?ao noa?oae
aei/a?e Naaau Eaaiiae/a — Aa?u (“Aeaai/ea n ia?neeaie”, 1887 a.);
?enoiee e yneecu aeaei?aoeee Iieaiiaa, Ei?iaeia e iiiaia, iiiaia
ae?oaia. *eaiu naiuee Naaau Eaaiiae/a e iaeioi?ua aeeceea ?iaenoaaiieee
neoaeeee “iaoo?ie” aeey ?aieia, Na?iaa, Iaa?a-aa, A?oaaey.
Iaiiioia ia i?eiaaeeaaeae e /eneo auaeathueony eieeaeoeeiia?ia. Ii
aacaea, aaea au ii ie aeee, aai iaycaoaeueii ie?oaeaee i?iecaaaeaiey
eneonnoaa. Ooaeiaeieee aea?eee aio naie ?aaiou, /oi-oi i?eia?aoaeinue ei
naiei eee aai aeaiie. Aeey Naaau Eaaiiae/a i?ioeann oai?/anoaa /anoi aue
aaaeiaa aai ?acoeueoaoa, oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie niae?aoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth ii ia caieiaeny. Oai ia iaiaa iinoaiaiii neiaeeeinue
iaiiioianeia nia?aiea, aeeth/aaoaa cia/eoaeueiia /enei ia?aieeanniuo
i?iecaaaeaiee. ‘
A a?oeaiii oiiaea Iineianeiai Ie?oaeiiai noaea nio?aieeanue ni
noaaeaiiay a naioya?a 1899 a. iiae?iaiay iienue anaai “aeaeaeeiiai eio
uanoaa” a aeiia Iaiiioiauo ia Naaeiaie-Nianneie. Ec yoiai ?aano?a
neaaeoao, /oi iaiiioianeia nia?aiea eiaei aieueooth ooaeiaeanoaaiioth
oeaiiinoue. Iaciaai eeoue iaeioi?ua i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea aio ?aaiou A
aieueoii caea aenaee ea?oeiu: “Aa?uoie” I. A. ss?ioaiei, “Iicae
?aaeaiea” A. A. Iaeianeiai, “Eniaiee”, “Ei?aaee” E. A. Ei?iaeia “Aeae
Naaanoiiiey” E. N. Ino?iooiaa; a Iaeii eaaeiaoa—“Ii?o?a A. Iaceie” e
“Ii?o?ao O. Oaiaiuei” A. A. Na?iaa, “Iaeue/ee A. A. Ia?iaa, a Aieueoii
eaaeiaoa — “Aeae Aeiai?a” A. I. Aaniaoeiaa “Ii?o?ao Y. A. Naeaeia” E. A.
?aieia; ia eanoieoea—“Aeae n aaeei ia a Ia?eaea” e “Iaoo?ueoea a
ianoa?neie ooaeiaeieea” E. A. Ei?iae ia, “Aeoaa ?onneeo ni neeoaie” e
“Aeoycue ia ?anioouea” A. I. Aaniaoeiaa. E?iia oiai, a aeiia eiaeinue
iiiai yothaeia e ?enoieia A?oaaey, Ei?iaeia, Na?iaa, a oaeaea i?aii?iay
neoeueioo?a “O?enoin ia?aae Ieeaoii” (Aieueoie eaaeiao), a?iiciaua athno
“Iaoenoioaeue” e aiei-
aa “Eiaii E?anoeoaeue” Aioieieueneiai (Iaeue eaaeiao)40. Naaaa Eaaiiae/
oeaeaiai?aaeaiii iiaeaea?aeeaae iiiaea e?oiiua ia/eiaiey a iaeanoe
eoeueoo?u. Ii niinianoaiaae i?iiaaaiaea eneonnoaa ia?aaeaeaeieeia,
iai?eia?, ecaeae ca naie n/ao a 1880 a. aeueaii “?enoiee ?onneeo
ooaeiaeieeia”, eioi?ue iieo/ee aunieoth ioeaieo ?aieia e e?eoeee4′. A
70—80-a aiaeu XIX a. iiiiaae i?aaiecaoeee ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo aunoaaie a
Iineaa, oeiaine?iaae (niaianoii n eiyaeiae I. E. Oaieoaaie) ecaeaiea
aeo?iaea “Ie? eneonnoaa”, auoiaeeaoaai n 1898 a. a Iaoa?ao?aa. Aian
ianeieueei aeanyoeia ouny/ ?oaeae a oiiae Iocay ecyuiuo eneonnoa e aue
eca?ai /eaiii-o/?aaeeoaeai Eiieoaoa ii ono?ienoao iocay42. I/aiue iiiaia
naeaeae Iaiiioia aeey iauanoaaiiiai i?eciaiey ioaeaeueiuo ooaeiaeieeia.
A 1896 a. ia Ana?inneeneie aunoaaea a Ieaeiai Iiaai?iaea, iinea oiai eae
ii ?aoaieth eiiennee Aeaaeaiee ooaeiaeanoa n yeniiceoeee auee niyou aeaa
iaiii A?oaaey “Iieoea Naeyieiiae/” e “I?eioeanna A?aca”, Naaaa Eaaiiae/
iino?iee aeey ieo niaoeeaeueiue iaaeeueii, aaea aunoaaee yoe
i?iecaaaeaiey.
Noieue ?aciiia?aciay aeayoaeueiinoue Iaiiioiaa auea ?acoeueoaoii
aeoaieiai iniciaiey ei iauanoaaiiiai i?aaeiacia/aiey eneonnoaa. A 1899
a. iaoeaiao ienae: “Eneonnoai ai ana a?aiaia eiaei iaio?aceiia aeeyiea
ia /aeiaaea, a a iaoa a?aiy, eae y aeoiath, a neeo oaoeinoe ae?oaeo
iaeanoae /aeiaa/aneiai aeooa, iii caaeanoeo aua y?/a. Eoi ciaao, iiaeao
auoue, oaao?o noaeaeaii caiaieoue i?iiiaaaeue” 43.
Iaeciaiiie inoaaaeanue a iaiiioianeii aeiia ethaiaue e iocuea. Eiiaaea
ca?aiaa, /aua yeni?iioii, ninoaaeyeanue i?ia?aiia aa/a?a, e cao/aea
iocuea Aaooiaaia, Ooiaia, Iioea?oa, Ioni?aneiai, Aeeiee, Aea?aiiuaeneiai
e ae?oaeo ?onneeo e ca?oaaaeiuo eiiiiceoi?ia, eniieiyeenue iia?iua a?ee.
*anoi niee?iaae oicyei aeiia, eioi?iio aeeiiiaie?iaaee /eaiu naiuee,
ainoe ec /enea nooaeaioia e i?aiiaeaaaoaeae Iineianeie eiina?aaoi?ee eee
ae?ocuey.
*oaiea, ioceoee?iaaiea, ?eniaaiea, aanaaeu ia eneonnoaa aeiiieiyeenue
aeiiaoieie niaeoaeeyie. Ana ia/aeinue n aeeauo ea?oei. Ia?aue
oaao?aeueiue aa/a?, a eioi?ii i?eiye o/anoea 17-eaoiee E. N. Aeaenaaa
(Noaieneaaneee), ninoiyeny a aeiia ia Naaeiaie 31 aeaeaa?y 1878 aiea. N
1879 a. (eaoii a Aa?aioeaaa, ceiie a Iineaa) ianeieueei ?ac a aiae
ono?aeaaeenue niaeoaeee. Ia?aie auea iinoaaeaia Ae?aia iiyoa A. I.
Iaeeiaa “Aeaa ie?a”. Ioi?ieaieai niaeoaeeae caieiaeenue ooaeiaeieee
“iaiiioianeiai e?oaeea”, iie aea aianoa n /eaiaie iiiai/eneaiiie ?iaeie
Naaau Eaaiiae/a ea?aee a ieo.
Iaiiioiao ia aeaaaea iieiy iuneue i aeiaieueii i?aiaa?aaeeoaeueiii
ioiioaiee “i?inaauaiiie ioaeeee” e iaoeeiiaeueiiio iia?iiio eneonnoao. A
ia/aea 80-o aiaeia XIX a. o Naaau Eaaiiae/a aicieeaao iuneue caiyoueny
aieueoeie iia?iuie iinoaiiaeaie. A 1884 a. ii niaianoii n eiiiiceoi?ii e
aee?eaea?ii I. N. E?ioeiaui i?enooiaao e oi?ie?iaaieth o?oiiu. Ethaiaue
e eneonnoao e aunieee ynoaoe/aneee aeon iaoea-iaoa, iniciaiea ei caaea/
?acaeoey aaaeiiai iai?aaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eoeueoo?u
eaaeaee a iniiaa yoiai i?aaei?eyoey. Ii ia oieueei oeiaine?iaae aai, ii
aue aeooie aeaea e ooaeiaeanoaaiiui ?oeiaiaeeoaeai.
Naaaa Eaaiiae/ noae ia?aui, eoi iinea caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey a
1882 a. /anoiuo oaao?aeueiuo o?oii a noiee/iuo ai?iaeao “iieoneeny” ia
iiiiiieeth eiia?aoi?neeo oaao?ia. Yoi aue niaeue e ?eneiaaiiue oaa.
Iaiiioia oioae ia i?inoi o/?aaeeoue iia?iue oaao?, a nicaeaoue ia/oi
ea/anoaaiii iiaia. Ynoaoe/aneay eiioeaioeey iaoeaiaoa auea ii oiio
a?aiaie iiaaoi?neie. A eacaiiuo oaao?ao iia?iua iinoaiiaee naiaeeeenue e
oaaeiiiui noeaie/aneei e aieaeueiui i?eaiai, a niaeoaeee iioiaeeee ia
aeeaa?oeniaio nieueiuo ia?oee, neaai naycaiiuo iauei noeaie/aneei
aeaenoaeai. Aeaaiui auei “auiaaaiea iio”.
Iaiiioia oioae i?aaieciaaoue ana eia/a. Ii caaeoiae niaaeeieoue ia
noeaia aiaaeeii iaaoea, aeoa?a, ooaeiaeieea, iocueaeueiia e oi?iaia
nii?iaiaeaeaiea e aeiaeoueny, /oiau niaeoaeeue aini?eieiaeny eae
oeaeueiia ooaeiaeanoaaiiia i?iecaaaeaiea, aaea ana eiaei au ?aaiioeaiiia
cia/aiea. Oaeay caaea/a auea oiaaea o?oaeii?ac?aoeia. Ionoonoaiaaee
iaauee, ia nouanoaiaaei o?aaeeoeee iiaeiaiuo iinoaiiaie, ii/oe ana
i?eoiaeeeinue ia/eiaoue n ioey.
I?e oi?ie?iaaiee o?oiiu Iineianeie /anoiie ?onneie iia?u auei ?aoaii,
/oi iia aeieaeia ninoiyoue ec iieiaeuo iaaoeia, eioi?ua ia i?ioee “oeieo
eacaiiie noeaiu”. Eaiaeueiaenoa?ii noae E. A. O?oooe, ?oeiaiaeeoaeai
o?oiiu /eneeeny I. N. E?ioeia. Ioeoeeaeueii N. E. Iaiiioia ieeaeeo
iinoia caeanue ia caieiae, ii—ii ainiiieiaieyi i/aaeaeoea, ?oeiaiaeee
anaie ?aiaoeoeeyie e “noa?aeny aianoe a eniieiaiea iieiaeuo a?oenoia
ae?aiaoe/aneee yeaiaio e iniuneaiiinoue a i?iecianaiee oaenoa”44.
“Ioaeii iaoue ea?ay”,— iinoiyiii ianoaaeye ii eniieieoaeae, eai n/eoae,
/oi iia?a ia anoue “eiioea?o a einothiao ia oiia aeaei?aoeee”45.
Aeey ia?auo iinoaiiaie auei iaia/aii o?e iia?u: “?onaeea” A. N.
Aea?aiiuaeneiai, “Oaono” O. Aoii e “Aeiaeci?neea i?ieacieoeu” I.
Ieeieae. Aeiai ?iaeaeaiey /anoiie iia?u noaei 9 yiaa?y 1885 a., eiaaea a
iiiauaiee Eeaiicianeiai oaao?a oea “?onaeea”. ?enoiee aeey aeaei?aoeee e
einothiia aeaeae A. I. Aaniaoeia, aeaei?aoeee ienaee iieiaeua E. A.
Ei?iaei, E. E. Eaaeoai, I. I. *aoia. Iie aea ioi?ieyee “Oaonoa” e
“Aeiaeci?neeo i?ieacieoe” ii yneecai A. Ae. Iieaiiaa. Aaaeii oi, /oi
Iaiiioia i?eaae a oaao? ianoiyueo aieueoeo ooaeiaeieeia, e eiaiii n
/anoiie iia?u eaeao naii iiiyoea “ooaeiaeiee oaao?a”. ?aiaa oaeaioeeaua
ianoa?a oaeie aeayoaeueiinoueth ia caieiaeenue. A eacaiiuo oaao?ao auee
aeaei?aoi?u, eioi?ua ooaei-aaaeii ioi?ieyee niaeoaeee, ii eo caiyoey
n/eoaeenue /ai-oi aoi?inoaiaiiui. Aeaaiui aeey ieo auei “iioiaea”
ecia?aceoue ia caaeieea eoaeueyineee iaecaae, aioe/iua ?oeiu,
n?aaeiaaaeiaue caiie e o. i. “oeie/aneea ea?oeiu”, ia oiia eioi?uo e
aunooiaee iaaoeu. Eae i?aaeei, ooo ia auei ie ianoiyuaai ianoa?noaa, ie
oai?/aneie oaioacee, ie aeona.
A oaao?a Iaiiioiaa cia/aiea e ?ieue ooaeiaeieea auee eiuie. Oaeaio
a?aoueaa Aaniaoeiauo, A?oaaey, Ei?iaeia, Eaaeoaia, Iaethoeia, Iieaiiaa,
Na?iaa e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo ia oieueei i?iyaeeny a iieiie ia?a a
oaao?aeueiuo iinoaiiaeao, ii e i?eaeae ei iaaeaeaiioth aeinaea y?einoue
e au?aceoaeueiinoue. Iaei/ae a ioi?ieaiee niaeoaeeae, a iiae-ai?a
?aeaeceoa e einothiia a /anoiie iia?a ia auei. Eaaeaeay noeaie/a-neay
aeaoaeue, iecainoeaia, yeaiaio einothia iiae?iaii ianoaeaeaeenue a e?oao
ooaeiaeieeia, ciaoieia eneonnoaa e enoi?ee.
Eacaeinue au, i?e oaeie na?ueaciinoe iiaeaioiaee eaaeaeiai niaeoaeey
oniao aai o ioaeeee aue iaania/ai. Caaeieai aei ioe?uoey oaao?a a Iineaa
oee?eoee?iaaee neooe. Oaao?aeu-caanaaaeaoae, ethaeoaee naaoneeo
?acaea/aiee, e?eoeee aaaeaee, /oi aeaeao eo a oaao?a
“aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai ei?iey”. Ethaiiuoiuo auei iiiai, e ia “?onaeeo” ana
aeeaou auee ?aneoieaiu. Iaeiaei oniaoa ia auei, e iineaaeothuea
niaeoaeee oee /anoi i?e ii/oe ionoii caea. A i?anna iiyaeeenue caiaoee n
iaeiicia/ii e?eoe/aneeie ioeaieaie46.
Eiia/ii, o ia?auo iaiiioianeeo iia?iuo iinoaiiaie eiaeenue iaaeinoaoee,
iaecaaaeiua i?e inouanoaeaiee noieue aieueoiai e iaiau/iiai ia/eiaiey,
i?aaeaea anaai — iaaunieee o?iaaiue aieaeueiiai e aeoa?neiai ianoa?noaa
aaaeoueo iaaoeia, ia oiaaoeo “iaoue ea?ay”. Iaeiaei oeaee Iaiiioiaa auee
a?aiaeeiciae e cia/eoaeueiae ea/anoaa ioaeaeueiuo niaeoaeeae. Caiaoeee
aea e ioeaieee eo ia ia?aii yoaia eeoue iaiiiaea. Ooaeiaeiee Ei?iaei
ienae: “Ana aai inoaeaeaee: “Aieueoie /aeiaae — ia aeaeii caieiaaony,
oaao?ii”. Anai eae-oi yoi auei iai?eyoii: e ?iaenoaaiieeai, e
aee?aeoi?ai aeaeaciie aei?iae, e eiaeaia?ai caaiaeia” 47.
Iiiai nee, a?aiaie iio?aoee e n?aaenoa aeiaeee Naaaa Eaaiiae/ a naia
ia/eiaiea, iiiaeanoai iaoaea/, ?aci/a?iaaiee auiaei ia aai aeieth, ii ii
ia ionooiee, eneae iiauo eniieieoaeae e naaaeea au?aceoaeueiua i?eaiu,
niaa?oainoaiaaeny eae ?aaeenna? e aeiaeeny oniaoa. Aiciaiiaeaiea
niaeoaeeae Iineianeie /anoiie iia?u a 1896 a. ia noeaia
Ni-eiaeiaieeianeiai oaao?a iciaiaiiaaeinue o?eoioii aai aeaea. Iia?a
noaea aaaeiui oaeoi?ii eoeueoo?iie aeecie ?innee. Iinea oniaoiuo
aano?ieae iaiiioianeie iia?u a Iaoa?ao?aa A. A. Noania a 1898 a.
iioaeeeiaae ainoi?aeaiioth noaoueth (iiyaeaiea oaeeo noaoae oaea noaei
ii?iie). Ioaeaaay aeieaeiia iaoeaiaoo, ianoeoue e?eoee ienae, /oi
caneoaa Iaiiioiaa ia?aae iaoeeiiaeueiie eoeueoo?ie ninoieo a oii, “/oi
ii nicaeae a Iineaa, ia naie nianoaaiiua n?aaenoaa, ?onneoth iia?o,
iaoae i?eano?, iaoae oi?u, iaoae nieenoia, iaaeaeo eioi?uie ianeieueei
neeueii caia/aoaeueiuo, n Oaeyieiui ai aeaaa”48. A yoie aio?ai?eca
acioea caacaea” Oaeyieia, ?anoeaae oaeaio aee?eaea?a e eiiiiceoi?a
?aoiaieiiaa, aee?eaea?a Eiiieioiaa-Eaaiiaa, canaa?eaea ai anae e?a-nioa
e neea iocuea Ioni?aneiai, ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa, ?ane?ueny oaeeaeoaeueiue
oaeaio Ei?iaeia e iiiaeo ae?oaeo. Eae caiaoee ?aoiaieiia, “Iaiiioia aue
aieueoie /aeiaae e ieacae aieueoia aeeyiea ia ?onneia iia?iia eneonnoai.
A iaeioi?ii ioiioaiee aeeyiea Iaiiioiaa ia iia?o auei iiaeiaii aeeyieth
Noaieneaaneiai ia ae?aio”4Y.
Nicaeaiea /anoiie iia?u i “iiaeaea?aeaiea aa ia ieaao” (oieueei a naiii
eiioea 90-o aiaeia XIX i. iinoaiiaee noaee ieoiaoueny nai?aie) o?aaiaaei
e?oiiuo e iinoiyiiuo cao?aoa Yoa noi?iia enoi?ee iaiii-oianeiai oaao?a
ieeiaaea ia cao?aaeaaeanue. Aeaiiuo ia yoii iao ie a eeoa?aoo?a, ie a
iaoa?eaeao a?oeaiiai oiiaea iaoeaiaoa, oioy ynii, /oi oaao?aeueiay
aeayoaeueiinoue o?aaiaaea cia/eoaeueiuo n?aaenoa, eioi?ua auaeaeye
Iaiiioia. Nnueaynue ia neooe, A. I. *aoia ienae i 3 iei. ?oa., eioi?ua
auee anneaiiaaiu ia iia?iue oaao? a ia?aue aiae aai nouano-aiaaiey50.
Yoa ia?iiiay oeeo?a auaeyaeeo iaaa?iyoiie. Iaeiaei anee o/anoue, /oi
aeayoaeueiinoue ia aeaai eoeueoo?u, eioi?oth iiiaea iacuaaee “eoia/aneie
aeaaeueth”, aeeeeanue aeieaea aiaeu, oi iiaeii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi a
iauae neiaeiinoe ?anoiaeu en/eneyeenue nioiyie ouny/, anee ia ieeeeiiaie
?oaeae. Ca anth enoi?eth ?innee ethaeae, eioi?ua auaeaeeee au ia
eoeueoo?iua oeaee oaeea aaniineiaiua noiiu, iiaeii ia?an/eoaoue ii
iaeueoeai. Yoe “aeiaeaiey” ia i?eiineee Iaiiioiao iaoa?eaeueiuo auaiae,
e ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny ii a yoii aeaea niia?aaeaieyie, ia eiaaoeie
ei?unoiie iiaeiieaee.
Iinoaiaiii ooaeiaeanoaaiiue aeon e ciaiey Naaau Eaaiiae/a noaee a
oai?/aneie n?aaea iauai?eciaiiuie. Ia?aae ioe?uoeai Ooaeiaeano- aaiiiai
oaao?a, a ieoya?a 1898 a., Noaieneaaneee, i?eaeaoay Iaiii. oiaa ia
aaia?aeueioth ?aiaoeoeeth, ienae: “Aan aea, eae oaao?aeueiiai /aeiaaea,
iiieiathuaai ?acieoeo iaaeaeo ?aiaoeoeeae e niaeoaeeai, eae ciaoiea
?onneie noa?eiu e aieueoiai ooaeiaeieea — iu au auee i/aiue ?aaeu
aeaeaoue ia ?aiaoeoeee: iiiiaeoa iai eni?aaeoue oa ioeaee, eioi?ua
iaecaaaeii ae?aeenue a noieue neiaeioth iinoaiiaeo, eaeie
yaeyaony-“Oea?ue Oaaei?”5′. *a?ac 10 eao aaeeeee aeoa? e ?aaeenna?
iaciaao Naa-ao Eaaiiae/a naiei o/eoaeai ynoaoeee. A. E. Aaioa ienae i
Iaiiioi-aa, /oi ii “i?iiuoeaiiee ii i?ioannee, ii ooaeiaeiee a aeooa”
53.
A naiai neoaeaiee iauanoaaiiui eioa?anai eoiaoe-iaoeaiao ia
ia?aie/eaaeny noa?aie eneonnoaa. Aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy ii aue
i?aaenaaea-oaeai Aeaeueaeaianeiai aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o/eeeua a Iineaa.
Eae iaeei ec aeooai?eeac/eeia *eaeiaa aeayoaeueii caieiaeny
o/?aaeaeaieai o/aoiuo caaaaeaiee a naaa?iuo aoaa?ieyo, a oii /enea
Eino?iineiai i?iiuoeaiiiai o/eeeua ei. O. A. *eaeiaa, aaea aue eca?ai
iiaeeciaiiui ii/aoiui iiia/eoaeai.
Auea e aua iaeia iauanoaaiiay aeoeey, naycaiiay n eiaiai Iaiiioiaa:
i?aaiecaoeey a Iaoa?ao?aa ia enoiaea XIX a. aacaou eeaa?aeueiiai oieea
“?inney”. Oicyei “Iiaiai a?aiaie” A. N. Noai?ei aieiaoaeueii neaaeee ca
iiaiyaeaiiui eiieo?aioii. “A/a?a neuoae,— caienuaaao ii 26 ia?oa 1899
a.,— /oi Iaiiioia e Ii?icia caoaaatho aacaoo n eaieoaeii 250 ouny/ ia
ia?aue aiae. Nio?oaeieeai ieaoyo aia?aae ca 9 ianyoeaa. Oioyo nua?aoue
ia iaoaeiaieuenoaee i?ioea “Iiaiai a?aiaie” e niaoao”54. Aacaoa ia/aea
auoiaeeoue a ai?aea 1899 a., auno?i noaea caaiaauaaoue iiioey?iinoue e,
i?aiaeieaaay aieueoea aaeieieno?aoeaiua i?aiyonoaey, i?inouanoaiaaea
ianeieueei eao. A oaa?aea 1902 a. iia auea cae?uoa ca oaeueaoii E. A.
Aioeoaao?iaa “Ainiiaea Iaiaiiau”, a eioi?ii auniaeaaeenue /eaiu oea?neie
oaieeee.
Ana ia/eiaiey Iaiiioiaa a eoeueoo?iie e iauanoaaiii!”] aeecie o?aaiaaee
e?oiiuo ?anoiaeia. N?aaenoaa iiaeii auei iieo/eoue eeoue a ?acoeueoaoa
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ay i?iaeieaeaea ?acaeaaoueny.
A ia/aea 90-o aiaeia XIX a. i?aaeaiea Iineianei-ss?ineaaneie aei?iae
i?eiyei ?aoaiea i?iaeeeoue aeaeaciiaei?iaeioth eeieth aei A?oaiaaeuenea.
Eiiia?/aneea niia?aaeaiey i?e yoii ia auee ii?aaeaeythueie, oae eae
iniauo oeiainiauo auaiae iiaay iaaeno?aeue a iaic?eiii aoaeouai ia
noeeea. Naaaa Eaaiiae/ ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny oaaaeaeaieai, /oi iaaeaaeiia,
e?oaeiaiaee/iia o?ainii?oiia niiauaiea aoaeao niinianoaiaaoue
oicyenoaaiiiio ?acaeoeth eneiiii ?onneeo iaeanoae;
e ?aeiiia.
Inouanoaeaiea yoiai aieueoiai e /?acau/aeii o?oaeiaieiai i?iaeoa
o?aaiaaei oaaee/aiey aeeeiu aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai iieioia ii/oe aaeaia.
Iauay aeeeia aei?iae aic?inea a eiia/iii eoiaa aei 1826 aa?no, /oi
naea-eaei aa iaeiie ec naiuo i?ioyaeaiiuo a ?innee. Iauanoai
ss?ineaaneie aei?iae auei i?aia?aciaaii a Iauanoai
Iineianei-ss?ineaanei-A?oai-aaeueneie aeaeaciie aei?iae, i?aaeaiea
eioi?iai aicaeaaee N. E. Iaiii-oia, a iaeiei ec aeaoo aee?aeoi?ia noae
aai ieaaeoee a?ao Ieeieae. Iin-ea ?aoaiey i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo aii?inia,
naycaiiuo ni no?ieoaeuenoaii, Naaaa Eaaiiae/ i?eaeaeaao e
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie aeayoaeueiinoe e naiaai nuia Anaaieiaea (“Aieo”),
eioi?iio ienae 10 ethiy 1894 a.: “Aeaei ii no?ieoaeuenoao aei?iae
eii/aii e iaie iiaeienaii. Oaia?ue, aeaaineiaynue, aoaeai i?enooiaoue e
aeaeo… Oaaa ii?o/aaony aanoe eaioeaey?eth e ana i?iecaiaenoai ii
no?ieoaeueiiio ioaeaeo, o. a. ana aoiaae aeieaeiu i?ioiaeeoue /a?ac oaie
?oee e ou aeieaeai auoue aieueoa anao a eo?na” 55. Nionoy aeaa aiaea
Anaaieiae aioae a /eaiu i?aaeaiey, /eaiii i?aaeaiey noae e aai a?ao
Na?aae.
No?ieoaeuenoai aei?iae auei caaa?oaii a 1897 a., a a neaaeothuai aiaeo
ia/aeinue ii iae ?aaoey?iia aeaeaeaiea. Inouanoaeaiea yoiai aieueoaai
i?iaeoa auei iaeia?aii anaie, eoi ene?aiia ni/oanoaiaae yeiiiie/aneiio
i?ia?anno ?innee. Aio /oi ienae N. E. Iaiiioiao i?ioanni? E. A.
Oeaaoaaa: “Niaoo i?eaaonoaiaaoue Aan n caaa?oaieai aaaeiiai
enoi?e/aneiai aeaea, n eioi?ui ioiuia aoaeao iaanaaaea naycaii Aaoa eiy.
Any. a?yaeouay n/anoeeaay noaeueaa iaoaai Aa?iiaeneiai Naaa?a aoaeao
iaiiieiaoue i oie aeaaioneie niaeinoe e yia?aee, eioi?oth Au, n enoeiiie
ioaaaie ?onneiai /aeiaaea, iieiaeeee ia yoii aeaea” 56.
Iaiiioia ia eneae ie /eiia, ie caaiee, ie iaa?aae; iiaeiaiay
aiaeoeeiciay aiciy iiiaeo ae?oaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae aio auea /oaeaea. Ii
aeaeae aeaei: o/?aaeaeae, no?iee, aeaaioai?eoaeuenoaiaae. Iaeiaei
iaeioi?ua ciaee “iiia?oae ieeinoe” ii ana-oaee eiae. A 1896 a.,
iai?eia?, iieo/ee i?anoeaeiia caaiea iaiooaeoo?-niaaoieea. Eieoeeaoeaa
iaa?aaeaeaiey enoiaeeea io ieieno?a oeiainia N. TH. Aoooa, eioi?ue a
i?aaenoaaeaiee “ia auni/aeoaa eiy” ienae, /oi N. E. Iaiiioia ia iinoo
i?aaenaaeaoaey i?aaeaiey Iineianei-ss?ineaaneie aeaeaciie aei?iae
“naiath yia?aeae e auaeathueieny ciaieyie niinianoaiaae oi?i/aieth
oicyenoaa yoie aei?iae” 57. Aiae nionoy ieieno? oeiainia aeiaueaony aeey
iaai i?aeaia Aeaaeeie?a /aoaa?oie noaiaie 58.
Oa?aeoa?enoeea Aeooa aiieia iainiiaaiia. Iauanoai i?ioeaaoaei:
oieueei ca 1898 a. /enoue aeioiae aai ninoaaee aaniineiaioth noiio— 5,2
iei. ?oaeae53. Eacaeinue au, i?e oaeeo i?eaueyo, /anoue eioi?uo
“inaaeaea” a iaiiioianeie naiuea, iiaeii auei aeaaiaeainoaiaaoue, ie/ai
ia ?eneoy. Ii Naaaa Eaaiiae/ inoaaaeny /aeiaaeii iaoaiiie yia?aee,
iaea?aeeiui iiauie eaeayie e ieaiaie, eioi?ua no?aieeny i?aoai?eoue a
aeeciue.
A ia/aea 90-o aiaeia XIX a. ii auoiaeeo ca ?aiee ciaeiiuo
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo aeae e ia/eiaao inouanoaeyoue a?aiaeeicioth
yeiiiie/aneoth eiiaeiaoeeth, iaoaea/a eioi?ie a eiia/iii eoiaa i?eaaea
i?aaei?eieiaoaey e e?aoo. Nooue aa ninoiyea a nicaeaiee eiiaeiia?aoa
naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie i?iiuoeaiiuo e o?ainii?oiuo i?aaei?eyoee. A 1890
a. o eaciu aue a?aiaeiaai caiouaiiue Iaaneee noaeino?ieoaeueiue e
iaoaie/aneee caaiae a Iaoa?ao?aa. Ia aai aaca aicieeei “Iineianeia
oiaa?euanoai Iaaneiai iaoaie/aneiai caaiaea” n iniiaiui eaieoaeii
a 1,5 iei. ?oa., onoaa eioi?iai aue ooaa?aeaeai a yiaa?a 1891 aiaea60.
I?aaei?eyoea i?aaeiacia/aeinue aeey iaania/aiey aeaeaciuo aei?ia
ii-aeaeaeiui ninoaaii, a aeey niaaaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaa nu?ueai Iaiiioia
i?eia?ae Ieeieaaaneee iaoaeeo?ae/aneee caaiae a Ieaeiaoaeeeneii
ie?oaa E?eooneie aoaa?iee, i?aia?aciaaiiue a iauanoai Ainoi/ii-Ne-
ae?neeo aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiuo e iaoaie/aneeo caaiaeia. A yoeo aeaoo
eiiiaieyo ii noae i?aaenaaeaoaeai i?aaeaiey. Aeaei auei iaaeaeaiiia.
Oniaoiia inouanoaeaiea i?iaeoa i?eaaei au e nicaeaieth e?oiiiai
eiioea?ia.
*oiau i?aa?aoeoue caaiaeu a nia?aiaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, o?aaiaaeanue eo
iieiay iiaea?iecaoeey, aeey eioi?ie auee iaiaoiaeeiu ia?iiiua oeiainiaua
aeiaeaiey. Ii anae aa?iyoiinoe, Naaaa Eaaiiae/ aei eiioea ia iniciaaae
anae neiaeiinoe iinoaaeaiiie caaea/e. Ia?aua aiaeu ii aeeaaeuaae a iiaua
i?aaei?eyoey naie ee/iua n?aaenoaa, ii aeey iiaeuaia ?aci?aiiuo caaiaeia
yoiai ieacaeinue iaei. Nai ii ia iia oneaaeeoue ca anai ?acaaoaeaiiui
oicyenoaii, eiiiaoaioiuo e /anoiuo nio?oaeieeia ia oaaoaei, e ia?iiiua
n?aaenoaa, eae iicaea auynieeinue, /anoi i?inoi ?acaaca?eaaeenue. Ii ia
a oa?aeoa?a Iaiiioiaa auei inoaiaaeeaaoueny ia iieiooe. Ii n
oaeeaeoaeueiie ianoie/eainoueth i?iaeieaeae aaciaaeaaeiia aeaei, ia/ae
oeiaine?iaaoue i?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey ec eannu
Iineianei-ss?ineaanei-A?oaiaaeueneie aei?iae, ecuneeaae aeaiaaeiua
n?aaenoaa ia noi?iia. Eiooeoeey Naaaa Eaaiiae/o yaii eciaieea, ii ia
?ann/eoae naieo aiciiaeiinoae.
Ecuyi iaia/aiiie eiiaeiaoeee ninoiye a oii, /oi o Iaiiioiaa ia auei
iaaeaaeiiai enoi/ieea e?aaeeoiaaiey. N aaieaie oaniuo ioiioaiee o iaai
ia nouanoaiaaei; iaoa?ao?aneea aea oeiainiaua cai?aaeeu aieiaoaeueii
neaaeeee ca aai aeayoaeueiinoueth, aeaey a iai na?ueaciiai niia?ieea.
Iinea oiai eae auee en/a?iaiu ana aiciiaeiinoe a ecuneaiee iaiaoiaeeiuo
n?aaenoa, Naaaa Eaaiiae/, ii niaaoo Aeooa, ia?auaaony e iei.
A 1898 a. ia ai?eciioa iaiiioianeiai aeaea iiyaeyaony oeao?a aee?aeoi?a
Iaoa?ao?aneiai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiiia?/aneiai aaiea A. TH. ?ioooaeia.
Yoio aeaeaoe, noaaoee a 90-a aiaeu XIX a. ?oeiaiaeeoaeai e?oiiaeoaai
/anoiiai aaiea ?innee, aue aeiaa?aiiui eeoeii ieieno?a oeiainia e eiae
iiiai/eneaiiua nayce a aa?iiaeneeo oeiainiauo oeaio?ao. Aacauoiaeiia
iieiaeaiea canoaaeei Iaiiioiaa iieoe ia ?eneiaaiiue oaa. A aaaonoa 1898
a. ii” i?iaeae 1650 aeoeee Iineianei-ss?in-eaanei-A?oaiaaeueneie aei?iae
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio aaieo e iaeiia?aiaiii iieo/ee niaoeeaeueioth nnoaeo
iiae caeia aeoeee e iaycaoaeuenoa (aaenaeae), i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo aio e aai
?iaenoaaiieeai61. Ii nooe aeaea, ia ea?oo auei iinoaaeaii ana, e Naaaa
Eaaiiae/ i?iea?ae.
Ia?auaynue e Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio aaieo, ii oioae iieo/eoue ia?aaeuoeo, a
caoai, aeiaeaoenue eiioeannee ia iino?ieeo aieueoie aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie
iaaeno?aee Iaoa?ao?a—Ayoea, ca n/ao eacaiiuo noaneaeee ?ann/eoaoueny n
e?aaeeoi?aie. A oi a?aiy o iaai aiciee e ae?oaie a?aiaeeiciue ieai —
i?ieiaeeoue aeaeacioth aei?iao a N?aaeithth Aceth. Eiaeaia?-iooaaoe e
ienaoaeue I. A. Aa?ei-Ieoaeeianeee, i?iaiaeeaoee ii caaeaieth Iaiiioiaa
ecuneaoaeueneea ?aaiou, ienae aio 23 ethey 1898 a.:
“ss aeieeaaeuaae ieieno?o (i/aaeaeii, Aeooa.—A, A.) i Oaoeaio-Oiineie
aei?iaa iinea aai aica?auaiey. Ii aanue ca yoo aei?iao e niae?aeny
aeaeaoue Ainoaea?th aeieeaae. ss ia?aaeae aio iaoe caienee. Neuoae, /oi
e aiaiiue ieieno? ca yoo aei?iao”62. A eiia/iii eoiaa eiioeanney ia
no?ieoaeuenoai aei?iae Iaoa?ao?a —Ayoea auea iieo/aia, ii Naaao
Eaaiiae/a yoi oaea ia nianei.
E?ao Iaiiioiaa, aucaae neeueiue iauanoaaiiue ?aciiain. A oa/a-iea iiiaeo
Ianyoeaa oaia “iaiiioianeie Iaiaiu” ia noiaeeea ni no?aieoe aacao.
Aeioioiua, ii /anoi iaeinaaaeouea a yeiiiie/aneeo aii?inao aeo?iaeenou
aoaei?aaeeee iauanoaaiiinoue niiauaieyie i eieinnaeueiuo noiiao oeuaiee
e o?ao. Iinoaiaiii, ii ia?a auyniaiey enoeiiiai iieiaeaiey aeae, oii
ia/aoe noae iaiyoueny, e i Iaiiioiaa oaea noaee aiai?eoue eae i aea?oaa.
Aeeyoaeueiay iaoa?ao?aneay aacaoa “Ae?aeaaua aaaeiiinoe” 14 oaa?aey 1902
a. ienaea: “Eoae, aeaeo Iaiiioiaa ianooiee eiiaoe—oaeo, eioi?iio aaeaeo
nouanoaaiiiai aeeyiey, ieacaiiiai yoei aeaeii ia iaoo
oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiioth aeeciue, iaeuecy ia ii?aaeiaaoueny. Aianoa n oai,
iaeiaei, ia iaaiaeeo ee ecaanoea ec Iineau ia a?onoiua iunee, ia
a?inaaony ee a aeaca no?aiiia ianiioaaonoaea niieieiiai, iniiaaiiiai ia
acaeiiuo onooieao oeiaea “iaiiioianeie yiiiae” n oie ooieoie, eioi?ay
auea iiaeiyoa i?e aa aicieeiiaaiee?”.
Eae iiaei neo/eoueny, /oi ecaanoiue e iiuoiue i?aaei?eieiaoaeue
aeioa?iae e?ooaiea? Aue ee ii aeiiaao eee iae aea?oaie ?ieiaiai noa/aiey
ianoiyoaeuenoa? Noaeaeaiey auneacuaaeenue naiua ?acee/iua. Iaeioi?ua
n/eoaee, /oi iaiiioianeia aeaei—?acoeueoao eio?ea a aunoeo yoaeiiao
aeanoe, aaea oea ai?ueaa ca aeeyiea iaaeaeo ieieno?ii thnoeoeee I. A.
Io?aaueaaui e iiaeaea?aeeaaaoei i?aaei?eieiaoaey ieieno?ii oeiainia N.
TH. Aeooa63. Ae?oaea ooaa?aeaeaee, /oi /eiiaieee II aeaeueoeu ia iiaee
i?inoeoue Iaiiioiao iiioey?iinoe, iiaeaeaeie/anoaa ia ieaa eoeueoo?u;
/oi “ii aue ?aci?ai e iiici?ai aeaaiui ia?acii ca naia ionooiie/anoai io
o?aaeeoeee iineianeiai eoia/anoaa” e, anee au ia aai oaea/aiea
eneonnoaii, “aai, eiia/ii, iiaeaea?aeaee au e ia aeiionoeee au aei
neaiaeaeueiiai iia?iia” e. Iioiaeae auea e oi/ea c?aiey A. I. Ai?ueeiai,
eioi?ue ienae A. I. *aoiao inaiueth 1900 a.: “Aeaeae y Iaiiioiaa —
i?eaeiaeueiay oeao?a! Iia nianai ia eaaeaony, /oi ii aeoeee ii nouanoao
naiaio, a i?inoi ii neeoeii ethaeo e?aneaia e a ethaae naiae — oaeaeny”.
A. ss. A?thnia caienae a aeiaaieea 28 naioya?y 1899 a.: “Iaiiioiaa ana
aeaeatho, aiai?yo, /oi aai iaaei/aou—yoi acyoee, eioi?ua ii aeae a
aunieeo noa?ao”65. Ano?a/aeenue e eiua iiaiey.
“Aeaei Iaiiioiaa” aei neo ii? ianoiyoaeueii ia eco/aii, oioy ?a/ue eaeao
i ae?aiaoe/aneie enoi?ee, eioi?ie ia oieueei caaa?oeeinue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai Iaiiioiaa, ii e i?ae?aoeeanue aai oe?ieay
oeeaio?iie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue 66.
Neooe i iaaeaaiiieo/ee a aeaeao N. E. Iaiiioiaa noaee oee?eoee?iaaoue a
ethia 1899 a., iinea oiai, eae aio ia oaeaeinue aia?aiy iiaaneoue aeieae
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio aaiey e iaeioi?ui ae?oaei e?aaeeoi?ai. Ieienoa?noai
oeiainia iacia/eei ?aaeceth, ane?uaooth ia?ooaiey a o/aoa e
?anoiaeiaaiee n?aaenoa Iineianei-ss?ineaanei-A?oaiaaeueneie aeaeaciie
aei?iae. Auynieeinue, /oi ec eannu Iauanoaa a 1890—1898 aa. aeaiueae
ia?aaiaeeeenue ia n/aoa Oiaa?euanoaa Iaaneiai caaiaea e
Ainoi/ii-Neae?neiai iauanoaa—i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ua th?eaee/anee ia auee
ae?oa n ae?oaii naycaiu. Oaeea oeiainiaua iia?aoeee auee cai?auaiu
caeiiii. Yoi auei iaeiei ec aeaaiuo ioieoia iaaeiaiey,
ae?oaei—ia?a?anoiae ii niaoa no?ieoaeuenoaa eeiee Aieiaaea—A?oaiaaeuene.
O?aaiaaee oaeiaeaoai?aiey e e?aaeeoi?u. A eiioea ethey 1899 a. i?aaeaiea
Iineianei-ss?ineaanei-A?oaiaaeueneie aei?iae ai aeaaa n N. E. Iaiiioiaui
ooei a ionoaaeo, auee eca?aiu iiaua ethaee, eioi?ua ia?aoeeenue n eneaie
e auaoei ?oeiaiaeeoaeyi Iauanoaa. Aeaeaie noaee cai?aaeyoue ethaee
?ioooaeia e Ainoaea?noaaiiue aaie. ;
Naaaa Eaaiiae/ aue /?acau/aeii oaiaoai neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeeae, ii a
oa/aiea iiiaeo ianyoeaa aua iaaeayeny, /oi aio ieaaeoo iiaeaea?aeeo a
aei noaea aeaei ia aeieaeao. Oeeie/ioth iiceoeeth caiye Aeooa, nua?aaoee
a yoie enoi?ee iaaeaaiaeaeioth ?ieue. Iiiai eao aeayoaeueii
iiaeaea?aeeaay Ia/eiaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaey, aoaeo/e a eo?na anao aai
aeae, aeiaeaaynue aeey iaai ?acee/iuo i?eaeeaaee, a e?eoe/aneee iiiaio
Aeooa niiniano-aiaae e?ooaieth iaiiioianeiai aeaea. Caieiaaoee a 1899 a.
aeieaeiinoue i?ieo?i?a Iineianeiai ie?oaeiiai noaea A. A. Eiiooei
caiaoee iicaeiaa: “Oi naiia ieienoa?noai oeiainia, eioi?ia a eeoea aai
aeaau, N. TH. Aeooa, oieueei /oi aunooieei a ea/anoaa eieoeeaoi?a a
aii?ina i i?aaeinoaaeaiee iacaaiiiio iauanoao auaiaeiie eiioeannee
(Iaoa?ao?a—Ayoea.—A. 6.), aunooieei a eeoea oiai aea N. TH. Aeooa n
o?aaiaaieai ia ioia?aiee o iaai yoie naiie eiioeannee e i i?eiyoee ia?,
eioi?ua auee niciaoaeueii iai?aaeaiu e oeiainiaie aeaaee e
aeaeacii-aei?iaeiiai iauanoaa, e e?oiiuo aai aeoeeiia?ia”67.
I/aaeaeii, i?e/eiu iiaeiaiiai iiaaaeaiey aeaau oeiainiaiai aaaeiinoaa
iauyniyeenue, n iaeiie noi?iiu, caeoeeniie ai?ueaie a i?aayueo noa?ao, n
ae?oaie—aeaeaieai eaciu i?e iin?aaeie/anoaa Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaiea
i?ea?aoue e ?oeai aaaeioth o?ainii?oioth iaaeno?aeue. Enoi?eia?ao
iineianeiai eoia/anoaa e i?aaei?eieiaoaeue I. A. Ao?uoeei n/eoae, /oi
“iaiiioianeay Iaiaia” auea “iaeiei ec yieciaeia ai?ueau eacaiiiai e
/anoiiai aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai oicyenoaa”. Aua aieaa ioe?iaaiii auneacaeny
Eiiooei: e?ao Iaiiioiaa i?eaaaee “eeoiaa oaiiia iyoii” e ?aiooaoeee
Aeooa 6a.
Iaaeaeo oai iieiaeaiea Naaau Eaaiiae/a ia auei aaciaaeaaeiui. Niaeanii
aaeaino ee/iie nianoaaiiinoe, ninoaaeaiiiio ei naiei, iauay noieiinoue
aeaeaeeiuo e iaaeaeaeeiuo eiouanoa (a /enea iineaaeieo auee aeaa aeiia a
Iineaa, eiaiea ai Aeaaeeie?neie aoaa?iee, caiaeueiue o/anoie ia
*a?iiii?neii iiaa?aaeuea) ninoaaeyea 2660 oun. ?oa., a i?aoaicee
e?aaeeoi?ia—2230 oun. (ec ieo ia aeieth Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaiea
i?eoiaeeeinue 1400 oun. ?oaeae)69. Ii enee auee i?aaeuyaeaiu a noae, e
11 naioya?y 1899 a. N. E. Iaiiioia aue a?anoiaai a naiai aeiia ia
Naaeiaie e iiiauai a Oaaaineoth oth?ueio. Ii aue aeinoaaeai ooaea iaoeii
iiae eiiaiai. Iaeiia?aiaiii ia ana aai eiouanoai aue iaeiaeai a?ano.
?ooioea aeaeiaay ?aiooaoeey, eioi?oth Iaiiioiau caaiaauaaee iieaaea. Ii
aua aieaa no?aoiui auei oi, /oi aeayoaeueiue, aeeciaethaeaue e aeaeaei
ia iieiaeie /aeiaae ia ianeieueei ianyoeaa ieacaeny a iaeeii/iii
oth?aiiii caeeth/aiee. Neaaeiaaoaeue ii iniai aaaeiui aeaeai, aaaeoee
aeaei Iaiiioiaa, ii?aaeaeee caeia (763 oun. ?oa.), aianaiea eioi?iai
iiaei au eciaieoue ia?o i?ana/aiey. A ia?aua aeie caeeth/aiey Naaaa
Eaaiiae/ ia oa?ye iaaeaaeaeu e 15 naioya?y ia?aoeeny e neaaeiaaoaeth n
i?inueaie—caiaieoue i?aauaaiea a oth?ueia aeiiaoiei a?anoii: “ss
iaaeathnue, /oi aeeceea iia ethaee a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo aeiae iaeaeoo
yoo noiio… Ii iiea neiai noaea ia i?iecianaii, a oneiaey i?aauaaiey a
oth?ueia ii/oe aa?iue oaa e iiaeea, ia aoaeao [ee] aanoeaeueii iia
iaeeii/iia caeeth/aiea [?]”. Iaaeaeth nionoy neaaeiaaoaeue oaeinoiee aai
ioaaoii: ioe?iaaiii eaii?e?oy i?inueao /aeiaaea, ioaaonoaaiiinoue
eioi?iai aua i?aaenoiyei onoaiiaeoue, ii oeeie/ii cayaeye, /oi anee
iiaeneaaenoaaiiue aeaeaao ea/eoueny, oi “iiaeao auoue ia?aaaaeai a
oth?aiioth aieueieoeo”70.
Iaaeaaeaeu ia nei?ia inaiaiaeaeaiea ia ii?aaaeaeenue. Aiaaoua
?iaenoaaiieee (Naiiaeieeiau) e aeeceee ciaeiiue N. O. Ii?icia aioiau
auee aianoe o?aaoaiue ia?aiia/aeueiue caeia, ii ?acia? aai niaa?oaiii
iaiaeeaeaiii aue oaaee/ai aei 5 iei. ?oaeae71. Nia?aoue oaeoth
ano?iiiie/aneoth noiio, oai aieaa a ei?ioeee n?ie, auei iaaiciiaeii.
Aacaoiay ooieoa, iioie nainaoeeiiiuo aacaeieacaoaeueiuo “?aciaea/aiee”
i?eaaee e oiio, /oi iaeioi?ua ciaeiiua ioaa?ioeenue io a?anoiaaiiiai. Ii
auee ethaee, ia eciaieaoea naiaai ioiioaiey e Naaaa Eaaiiae/o. Aio /oi
ienae aio a oth?ueio Noaieneaaneee: “Anoue iiiaeanoai ethaeae, eioi?ua
aeoiatho i Aan aaeaaeiaaii, ethaothony Aaoae aeooiaiie aiae?inoueth…
Aa?ueoa a naiua eo/oea e ene?aiiea /oanoaa e Aai”72. 13
ooaeiaeieeia—/eaiia “iaiiioianeiai e?oaeea” ia?aoeeenue e Iaiiioiao ni
neiaaie ooaoaiey, iaaeaaeaeu: “Ana iu a yoe oyaeaeua aeie oaiae
iaacai-aeu oioei oioue /ai-ieaoaeue au?aceoue oaaa iaoa o/anoea… Iieei
Aiaa, /oiau ii iiiia oaaa ia?aianoe aeie nei?ae e eniuoaiee e
aica?aoeoueny nei?ae e iiaie aeecie, e iiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, aeia?a e
aeaaa”. I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi ?aai/ea e neoaeauea Naaa?iie aei?iae
niae?aee aeaiueae aeey aueoia” i?aaei?eieiaoaey73.
Ae?ocuey noa?aeenue iiii/ue. A. A. Na?ia oae iienuaaao ?acaiai? n oea?ai
a oaa?aea 1900 a., ai a?aiy ?aaiou iaae aai ii?o?aoii: “ss ?aoee
ana-oaee neacaoue ainoaea?th, /oi iie aeiea cayaeoue aio, eae ana iu,
ooaeiaeieee—Aaniaoeia, ?aiei, Iieaiia e o.”ae.,—niaeaeaai ia o/anoe
N[aaau] Ea[aiiae/a] Iaiiioiaa, o. e. ii aue ae?oaii ooaeiaeieeia e
iiaeaea?aeeaae [eo], eae, iai?eia?, Aaniaoeiaa, a oi a?aiy eiaaea iaae
iei oioioaee, e o. ae. Ia yoi ainoaea?ue auno?i ioaaoee e n
oaeiaieuenoaeai, /oi ?anii?yaeaiea ei naeaeaii oaea. Eoae, Naaaa
Eaaiiae/, cia/eo, inaiaiaeaeai aei noaea io oth?ueiu”74. Iaeiaei a
neaaenoaaiiii aeaea iao ieeaeeo neaaeia aiaoaoaeuenoaa oea?y a noaeueao
Iaiiioiaa. Aieaa iyoe ianyoeaa i?iaae ii a iaeeii/iie eaia?a, e oieueei
iinea caeeth/aiey a?a-/aaiie eiiennee, /oi Iaiiioia “no?aaeaao aieaciyie
eaaeeo e na?aeoea”, neaaeiaaoaeue auioaeaeai aue 17 oaa?aey 1900 a.
niaeaneoueny ia caiaio oth?aiiie eaia?u aeiiaoiei a?anoii75. Iinaeeeny
Iaiiioia iiae iaaeci?ii iieeoeee a naiai iaaieueoii aeiia a
Iao?iiaaeianeii ia?aoeea ia Iiaie Aaniaiiie.
A aeiia ia Naaeiaie—“i?ethoa ioc e a?aoeee”—aeanoyie aue o/eiai iia?ii.
Ianeieueei ?ac nthaea yaeyeenue iieeoeaeneea e noaeaaiua /eiu, iienaaoea
ana eiouanoai e ecuyaoea ia?aieneo e aeaeiaua aoiaae. Iaeioi?ua
i?iecaaaeaiey eneonnoaa ec eieeaeoeee Naaau Eaaiiae/a auee ia?a/eneaiu
auoa. *oi aea aua iaoiaeeeinue a yoii i?eia/aoaeueiii caeaiee? Iiieii
?aaio ?aieia, Aaniaoeiauo, A?oaaey, Aioieieueneiai, Ei?iaeia, Na?iaa e
ae?oaeo, caeanue eiaeinue aieueoia eiee/anoai neoeuioiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee
naiiai Iaiiioiaa, eeiiu a ieeaaeao, i?aaeiaou aeaei?aoeaei-i?ieeaaeiiai
eneonnoaa, iaaaeue, aei?iaea aacaeaeooee, eieeaeoeey i?oaeey, nia?aiea
?onneeo e eiino?aiiuo iiiao e o. ae.
Noaeaaiuie /eiiaieeaie auea iienaia e aeaeeioaea, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuay,
/oi o oicyeia iniaiyea auee ?aciiia?aciua eioa?anu. Ni/eiaiey Aaoa,
Oaenie?a, Oeeea?a, Oaoa, A?eaiaaeiaa, Nooiai-Eiaueiia e ae?oaeo
ninaaenoaiaaee n iiiai/eneaiiuie aeueaiiaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo
?ai?iaeoeoeee, aeo?iaeaie “Ie? eneonnoaa”, o?oaeaie enoi?eea N. I.
Nieiaueaaa, iienaieyie ?onneiai Naaa?a, Iiiaieee, Eeoay, ni?aai/iuie e
niaoeeaeueiuie ecaeaieyie, n?aaee eioi?uo “Iacia/aiea, ono?ienoai e
i/a?e aeayoaeueiinoe Ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaiea”, “Naiae caeiiia ?inneeneie
eiia?ee” e o. ae.
Iaeiaei a aeiia ia Naaeiaie ieacaeenue oaia?ue ia ethaeoaee ecyuiiai e
ia iioaioeeaeueiua aeia?aou oicyeia, a ethaee, aeey eioi?uo ii aue eeoue
iiaeneaaenoaaiiui, a ana i?aaeiaou — “eiouanoaii”, eioi?ia iaaei
iienaoue e ioeaieoue. Eaeia aea aue eoia? Iaeaieaa auniei auee ioeaiaiu
ea?oeiu Aaniaoeiaa “Eiaa?-naiieao”, “Aeoycue ia ?anioouea” e neoeueioo?a
Aioieieueneiai “O?enoin ia?aae Ieeaoii”—ii 10 oun. ?oaeae. A oi aea
a?aiy noieiinoue ea?oeiu Ei?iaeia “Eniaiee” auea ii?aaeaeaia a 25 ?oa.,
aai aea “Ei?aaee”—a 50; ii?o?aou eoaeueyineeo iaaoeia Iaciie e Oaiaiuei
?aaiou Na?iaa—a 300 e 200; iaeei, eae neacaii a iienaiee, “yothae
A?oaaey (aac ?aiu)”—a 25; ea?oeia Ia?iaa “Iaeue/ee” — a 25 ?oa., e o.
ae.76.
Aeii ia Naaeiaie n eieaaie, ea?oeiaie, neoeueioo?aie, iaaaeueth e
ae?oaei eiouanoaii i?inoiye iia/aoaiiui aieaa aeaoo n iieiaeiie eao.
Aaniie 1902 a. ia/aeenue ?ani?iaeaaee. Nia?aiea N. .E. Iaiiioiaa
?acioeinue ii iocayi, aeinoaeinue /anoiui eieeaeoeeiia?ai, a iaeioi?ua
aaue — neo/aeiui ethaeyi.
Iniaue eioa?an noaeaaiua /eiiaieee i?iyaeee e aeaeiaui aeieoiaioai e
ia?aienea Iaiiioiaa. Iie auee ecuyou e ne?oioeacii iao/aiu. A ieo eneaee
aeieoiaioaeueiiai iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey “iaoeiaoeee”, ii oaaaeeoaeueiuo
aeaiiuo ia yoii ia iaoee. Oaeaeinue iaia?oaeeoue ianeieueei ienai
aee?aeoi?a Aeaia?oaiaioa aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo aeae A. A. Iaeneiiaa, a
iaeiii ec eioi?uo ii au?aaeae Naaaa Eaaiiae/o aeaaiaea?iinoue, ca
i?eneaiioth naiao. Yoa aeaoaeue noaea oaiie iniaiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa.
I/aaeaeii, aeaao th?eaee/aneiai aaaeiinoaa,Io?aaueaaa aeaenoaeoaeueii
eioa?aniaaee naaaeaiey, eioi?ua iiaeii auei eniieueciaaoue i?ioea
ieii-no?a oeiainia.
Aeieoiaioaeueii aeieacaoue ei?unoiue oiunae a aeaenoaeyo naiiai
Iaiiioiaa neaaenoaeth ia oaeaeinue. Ia ia?aii aeii?ina, 18 naioya?y 1899
a., ii n?aco aea i?eciae, /oi, yaeyynue i?aaenaaeaoaeai i?aaeaiey
Iineianei-ss?ineaanei-A?oaiaaeueneie aei?iae, a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao
“iai?aaeeueii ?anoiaeiaae aeaiaaeiua noiiu oeacaiiie aei?iae” ia ioaeaeu
Iaaneiai caaiaea e niaeaenoaiaae “ia?aaiaeo aeieaia iacaaiiiai caaiaea
ia aeaoo aee?aeoi?ia: ia iaiy e I. E. Iaiiioiaa”, eioi?ui aue ioe?uo
“iiiaiieeeeiiiue e?aaeeo, iaania/aiiue iayie “Oiaa?euanoaa Iaaneiai
caaiaea, ia eiathueie aeinoaoi/iie noieiinoe”77. I?aaeoiuoeaiiiai iaiaia
e oeuaiee caeanue ia auei. Aaaeue e aeaeaciay aei?iaa aei eiioea 1898 a.
(aei i?iaeaaee aieueoiai /enea aeoeee Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio aaieo), e
Iaaneee caaiae iaoiaeeeenue ii/oe oeaeeeii a nianoaaiiinoe iaiiioianeie
naiuee. I?aaei?eyoey auee eeoue th?eaee/anee iacaaeneiuie, a oaeoe/anee
nouanoaiaaea ecaanoiay iauiinoue n?aaenoa. Eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea a
oi?aaeaiea Naaa?iie aei?iaie “aiaae?eeenue” iiaua ethaee, aeaei noaei
i?eia?aoaoue e?eieiaeueiue iooaiie. A yoii nooue anae “iaiiioianeie
yiiiae”.
Neaaenoaea caeii/eeinue a iaa 1900 a., e aeaei auei ia?aaeaii a noae.
Naaaa Eaaiiae/, iaoiaeynue iiae aeiiaoiei a?anoii, iuoaeny eae-oi
i?eaanoe a ii?yaeie aeaea, n ?ac?aoaiey aeanoae acaeee a Iaoa?ao?a aeey
ia?aaiai?ia n e?aaeeoi?aie. Aeaei aea oei ii iaeaoaiiie eieaa, e 23
ethiy a Iineianeii ie?oaeiii noaea ia/aeinue noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai.
Ia neaiuea iiaenoaeeiuo ieacaeny ia oieueei N. E. Iaiiioia, ii e aai
nuiiauey Na?aae e Anaaieiae, a?ao Ieeieae, a oaeaea, aeaa ae?oaeo /eaia
i?aaeaiey: aee?aeoi? E. Ae. A?oeuaooaa e ia/aeueiee eiiia?/aneiai io-.
aeaea I. O. E?eaioaee. Iaaeieoaeai aue i?ieo?i? Iineianeie noaeaa-;
iie iaeaou I. A. Eo?eia, a caueoieeii N. E. Iaiiioiaa—ecaanoiue
“ceaoiono ?onneie aaeaieaoo?u” O. I. Ieaaaei. Ia noaea auei neacaii
iiiai eanoiuo neia a aae?an Naaau Eaaiiae/a. I?e/ai ieeoi (a ii aeaeo
i?ioee aeanyoee naeaeaoaeae) ia neacae i iai ie/aai ieioiai, a I. A.
Aa?ei-Ieoaeeianeee aeaaea n?aaiee iiaenoaeeiiai “n Oaonoii ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia a?oaaneie o?aaaaeee, aaea ii nicaeaao aeeciue ia iaiaeoaaiii
ino?iaa”78.
Niaea?aeaiea aunooieaiee caueou e iiiaeo naeaeaoaeae naiaeeeinue e oiio,
/oi auyaeaiiua ia?ooaiey ia auee ?acoeueoaoii ceiai oiunea. Ia?auaynue e
canaaeaoaeyi n iineaaeiei neiaii, Iaiiioia neacae: “Au, ainiiaea
i?enyaeiua canaaeaoaee, ciaaoa oaia?ue anth i?aaaeo, oae ana caeanue
auei ioe?uoi. Au ciaaoa iaoe ioeaee e iaoe ian/anouey, Au ciaaoa ana,
/oi iu aeaeaee e aeo?iiai e oi?ioaai — iiaeaaaeeoa eoiae ii /enoie Aaoae
niaanoe, a eioi?oth y e?aiei aa?th” 79. I?ioeann aeeeeny ianeieueei
aeiae, e 30 ethiy i?enyaeiua auianee naie aa?aeeeo: ia aeiiaai80. Iinea
auianaiey i?eaiai?a, ienae iicaeiaa Noaieneaaneee, “cae ae?iaioe io
?oeiieaneaiee. Ia iiaee inoaiiaeoue iaaoeee e oieiu, eioi?ay a?ineeanue
ni neacaie iaieiaoue naiaai ethaeioea” 8’.
Oioy eieeaaey i?enyaeiuo ia iaoea a aeaenoaeyo Naaau Eaaiiae/a ninoaaa
i?anooieaiey e ii?aaaeaea aai, aeaei ia auei caeii/aii. O?aai-aaee
oaeiaeaoai?aiey enee. Iineianeee ie?oaeiie noae 7 ethey 1900 a. i?eciae
aai ianinoiyoaeueiui aeieaeieeii, iio?aaiaae io iaai iiaeieneo “i
ianie?uoee naiaai eiouanoaa e i iaauacaea ec Iineau”. Auei ?aoaii oaeaea
iioaeeeiaaoue ia yoii iauyaeaiea a aacaoao, “i?eaeoue e aeaa?yi noaea e
auaaneoue ia ae?aea”82. Eiouanoai iaoeaiaoa iioei n iieioea. Aeey
?aaeecaoeee nianoaaiiinoe iio?aaiaaeinue ianeieueei eao. Ana i?aoaicee
auee oaeiaeaoai?aiu. Iino?aaeaaoei ieacaeny eeoue N. E. Iaiiioia. Eae
caiaoee Noaieneaaneee, “iaoa?eaeueiiai aeiaieuenoaa ii ia aa?ioe, ii
ethaiaue e oaaaeaiea e naaa oaeanyoa?ee” 83.
A eiioea 1900 a. Naaaa Eaaiiae/ iieeioe naie aeii ia Aaniaiiie e
iinaeeeny “a aeiia Eaaiiaa 2-ai o/anoea Nouaaneie /anoe ca Aoou?neie.
canoaaie, ii Aoou?neiio i?iacaeo”84. Nthaea aua a 1896 a. auea
ia?aaaaeaia ec Aa?aioeaaa aai aii/a?iay ianoa?neay, i?aaieciaaiiay a
1889 aiaeo. A iae, niaianoii n A?oaaeai e ianoa?ii-ea?aienoii YI. E.
Aaoeeeui. ecaioiaeyeanue ooaeiaeanoaaiiay ea?aieea, iie?uoay
aeaco?ueth—iaeieeea. Ia Anaie?iie aunoaaea 1900 a. a Ia?eaea ecaeaeey
iaiiioianeie ianoa?neie auee oaeinoiaiu cieioie iaaeaee ss. Aeaaeaeeoeae
ianoa?neeo ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo ecaeaeee “Ea?aioenei” a Iineaa auea aei/ue
Naaau Eaaiiae/a — Aeaenaiae?a.
A iaaieueoii aea?aayiiii aeiieea o Aoou?neie canoaau i?iaeee Ia-
iiioia iineaaeiea aiaeu. N?aaieoaeueii ?aaeei iiyaeyeny ii ia ethaeyo,
aeee caieiooi, iauaeny n oceei e?oaii ?iaeiuo e ae?ocae. Iioa?ya iiiaia,
ii nio?aiee aei eiioea aeiae ethaiaue e eneonnoao, e ethaeyi yoiai
ie?a. Noa?ua e iiaua ae?ocuey aai ia caauaaee. I?eoiaeeee A. A. Na?ia,
A. I. Aaniaoeia, E. A. Ei?iaei, A. Ae. Iieaiia, A. E. No?eeia. E. Y.
A?aaa?ue, N. I. Aeyaeeaa, O. E. Oaeyiei e ae?. Naiaa Eaaiiae/ ia?aaeee
iiiaeo naieo ae?ocae e aeeceeo. Neii/aeny ii 24 ia?oa (6 ai?aey) 1918 a.
e aue iioi?iiai a Aa?aioeaaa.
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