ea
Naeueaaaei? Aeaee – “ei?ieue nth??aaeecia” noae ecaanoai a iaoae
no?aia ioiineoaeueii iaaeaaii. A naioya?a (1994) caeii/eeanue
?ao?iniaeoeaiay aunoaaea aai ?aaio ia E?uineii aaeo “Aeaee aac a?aieoe”.
Yoa aunoaaea nia?aea ia?iiiia eiee/anoai ii/eoaoaeae oaeaioa ooaeiaeieea
e i?inoi ethaiiuoiuo.
Nii e yaue, a?aae e aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue ia?aiaoaiu e ia?acee/eiu,
oae /oi ia iiiyoue, aaea iie naie ii naaa neeeenue, a aaea auee oaycaiu
iaaeaeo niaie oiaeie ?oeie ooaeiaeieea. Oaioanoe/aneea nthaeaou,
/oaeiaeuiua aaeethoeeiaoeee, a?ioane a ni/aoaiee n ae?ooiciie
aeeaiieniie oaoieeie – eiaiii yoi i?eaeaeaao iaiy e, aiciiaeii, ae?oaeo
c?eoaeae a i?iecaaaeaieyo Aeaee.
Nei?aa anaai, eiay aeaei n yoei ooaeiaeieeii e /aeiaaeii, iaaei
enoiaeeoue ec oiai, /oi aoeaaeueii ana, /oi aai oa?aeoa?ecoao (ea?oeiu,
eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey, iauanoaaiiua aeoeee e aeaaea aeeoaeneea
i?eau/ee) neaaeiaaei au iiieiaoue eae nth??aaeenoe/aneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue. Aeaee i/aiue oeaeinoai ai anao naieo i?iyaeaieyo. *eoay
aai “Aeiaaiee iaeiiai aaiey”, iiieiaaoue, /oi yoi ia i?inoi aeiaaiee, a
aeiaaiee nth??aaeenoa. *eoay i Aeaee, i aai oiee?othueo ioaeeeo
auoiaeeao, iiieiaaoue, /oi e any aai aeeciue auea aeeciueth
nth??aaeenoa. Anee aa?eoue aai “Aeiaaieeo”, ii aeaaea oioae i?aa?aoeoue
eonie ?aaeueiiai ie?a a naiae eaoaeiineie ?aceaeaioeee a iiaeiaea naiae
nth??aaeenoe/aeie ea?oeiu, onaya aa?aa iiiaeanoaii neiiiaueeo /a?aiia,
niaoeeaeueii auienaiiuo aeey yoie oeaee ec o?iie/aneeo no?ai.
Ii iiaieth A.sseeiiae/a (1), “nth??aaeeci, aeaenoaeoaeueii, anoue
ia oa/aiea a eneonnoaa, a eiaiii oei iuoeaiey, niinia acaeiiaeaenoaey n
ie?ii e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, noeeue aeecie. Nth??aaeeci no?aieeny ii-iiaiio
iinoaaeoue e ?aoeoue ei?aiiua aii?inu auoey e yecenoaioeee /aeiaaea, ia
iaiueoaa ii ia niaeaoaeny”.
Iiyoiio, /oiau iiiyoue e iniuneeoue oai?/anoai e ee/iinoue
Naeueaaaei?a Aeaee, iaiaoiaeeii, oioy au a iaueo /a?oao, iiciaeiieoueny
n oai, /oi ne?uaaaony iiae iacaaieai nth??aaeeci.
Ec enoi?ee e i?aaeunoi?ee nth??aaeecia.
Nth??aaeeci (2) (io o?aioeocneiai surrealisme – aoeaaeueii
naa?o?aaeeci) – iiaea?ienoneia iai?aaeaiea a eneonnoaa OO aaea.,
i?iaicaeaneaoaa enoi/ieeii eneonnoaa noa?o iiaeniciaiey (einoeieou,
niiaeaeaiey, aaeethoeeiaoeee), a aai iaoiaeii ?ac?ua eiae/aneeo naycae,
caiaiaiiuo noauaeoeaiuie annioeeaoeeyie. Aeaaiuie /a?oaie nth??aaeecia
yaeythony ioaathuay i?ioeaianoanoaaiiinoue ni/aoaiey i?aaeiaoia e
yaeaiee, eioi?ui i?eaeaaony aeaeeiay aeinoiaa?iinoue.
Nth??aaeeci aiciee a Ia?eaea a 20-o aiaeao. A yoi a?aiy aie?oa
ienaoaey e oai?aoeea eneonnoaa Aiae?a A?aoiia a?oiie?oaony ?yae
aaeeiiiuoeaiieeia – yoi ooaeiaeieee AEai A?i, Iaen Y?ino,eeoa?aoi?u e
iiyou – Eoe A?aaii, Iieue Yetha?, Oeeeii Noii e ae?. Iie ia i?inoi
nicaeaaaee iiaue noeeue a eneonnoaa e eeoa?aoo?a, iie, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue, no?aieeenue ia?aaeaeaoue ie? e eciaieoue aeeciue. Iie auee
oaa?aiu a oii, /oi aanniciaoaeueiia e aia?acoiiia ia/aei ieeoeaoai?yao
niaie oo aunooth enoeio, eioi?ay aeieaeia auoue ooaa?aeaeaia ia caiea.
Naie nia?aiey yoe ethaee iacuaaee oa?ieiii sommeils – /oi icia/aao “niu
iayao”. Ai a?aiy naieo “niia iayao” nth??aaeenou (eae iie naay iacaaee,
iicaeinoaiaaa neiai o Aeeiia Aiiieeia?a) caieiaeenue no?aiiuie aauaie –
iie ea?aee. Eo eioa?aniaaee neo/aeiua e aanniciaoaeueiua niuneiauia
ni/aoaiey, eioi?ua aicieeatho a oiaea ea? oeia “ao?eia”: iie iii/a?aaee
ninoaaeyee o?aco, ie/aai ia ciay i /anoyo, iaienaiiuo ae?oaeie
o/anoieeaie ea?u. Oae iaeiaaeaeu ?iaeeeanue o?aca ” ecuneaiiue o?oi
aoaeao ieoue iieiaeia aeii”. Oeaeueth yoeo ea? auea o?aie?iaea
ioeeth/aiey niciaiey e eiae/aneeo naycae. Oaeei ia?acii ec aacaeiu
aucuaaeenue aeoaeiiua iiaeniciaoaeueiua oaioe/aneea neeu.
*oi aei Aeaee, oae ii a yoi a?aiy (a 1922 a.), ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao
io?iaeo, iinooiee a Aunooth oeieo ecyuiuo eneonnoa a Iaae?eaea;
nae?oaeeeny n iiyoii Oaaea?eei Aa?neae Ei?eie; n i?aiiiui eioa?anii
oooaee?iaae o?oaeu Ceaioiaea O?aeaea.
Oai a?aiaiai a Ia?eaea Nth??aaeenoe/aneay a?oiia A.A?aoiia
iauaaeeieeanue n a?oiiie ooaeiaeieea Aiae?a Ianniia, eioi?ue no?aieeny
nicaeaaaoue ea?oeiu e ?enoiee,inaiaiaeaeaiiua io eiio?iey niciaiey.
A.Iannii ?ac?aaaouaae i?eaeiaeueiua i?eaiu ineoioaoieee, i?ecaaiiua
ioeeth/eoue “?aoeei” e /a?iaoue ia?acu ec noa?u iiaeniciaoaeueiiai. A
?acoeueoaoa yoiai neeyiey a 1924 a. iiyaeeny “Ia?aue iaieoano
nth??aaeecia”, iaienaiiue Aiae?a A?aoiiii e ia?aaaaeaiiue ia ana
aa?iiaeneea ycuee, aue oaeaea iniiaai aeo?iae “Nth??aaeenoe/aneay
?aaiethoeey” (“La Revolution surrealiste”). N yoiai a?aiaie nth??aaeeci
noae aeaenoaeoaeueii eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiui aeaeaeaieai, i?iyaeaoeiny a
aeeaiiene, neoeueioo?a, eeoa?aoo?a , oaao?a, eeiieneonnoaa. Aeanyoeeaoea
n 1925 a. (ia?aay iauay aunoaaea nth??aaeenoia) ii 1936 a.
(“Eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiay nth??aaeenoe/aneay aunoaaea” a Eiiaeiia ,
yeniiceoeey “Oaioanoe/aneia eneonnoai, aeaaea e nth??aaeeci” a
Iueth-Ei?ea e ae?oaea) iciaiaiiaaeinue o?eoioaeueiui oanoaeai
nth??aaeecia ii ie?iaui noieeoeai.
E yoiio a?aiaie N.Aeaee i?eieioe e nth??aaeenoai e i?eieiae
o/anoea a eo aunoaaeao.
A oi?ie?iaaiee oai?/aneiai iooe e ee/iinoe Aeaee aaaeiia ianoi
caieiaao i?aaeoanoaiaaaoaa nth??aaeecio oa/aiea – aeaaeaeci. Aeaaeaeci
eee eneonnoai aeaaea ( yoi neiaa/ei – ia oi aeaoneee eaiao, ia oi –
a?aae aieueiiai, ia oi oaiaineia caeeeiaiea) – yoi aea?ceia,
yiaoe?othuaa “aioeoai?/anoai”, aicieeoaa a ianoaiiaea oaeana e
?aci/a?iaaiey ooaeiaeieeia ia?aae eeoeii eaoano?iou – ie?iaie
aieiu,aa?iiaeneeo ?aaiethoeee. Yoi oa/aiea a 1916-1918 aa. niouaei iieie
Oaaeoea?ee, a caoai i?ieaoeeinue ii Aano?ee, O?aioeee e Aa?iaiee.
Aeaaeaeci a i?eioeeia ioaa?aae anyeoth iiceoeaioth ynoaoe/aneoth
i?ia?aiio e i?aaeeaaae “aioeynoaoeeo”. Aeey aeaaeaenoia ana “?acoiiia,
aeia?ia, aa/iia” iioa?iaei e?ao, ie? ieacaeny aacoiiui, iiaeeui,
yoaia?iui. I?ia?aiia aeaaeaenoia caeeth/aeanue a ?ac?ooaiee ethaiai
noeey, ethaie ynoaoeee iin?aaenoaii “aacoiey”. Aeaaiui aeaeii
aeayoaeueiinoe aeaaeaenoia noaei aano?aeece?iaaiiia c?aeeua,
aieinoaothuay “aioeooaeiaeanoaaiiinoue”, eioi?ay, a /anoiinoe,
au?aceeanue a eniieueciaaiee i?aaeiaoia oaa?e/iiai i?iecaiaenoaa a
ooaeiaeanoaaiiuo eiiiiceoeeyo. Iai?ia?, aunoaaea aeeaiiene e a?aoeee
aeaaeaenoia a Ia?eaea a 1921 a. i?ienoiaeeea a oaiiioa, c?eoaee i?e
aoiaea inuiaeenue ?oaaoaeuenoaaie, ono?ieoaee aunoaaee iyoeaee, ea?aee a
aeiaiiyeee, ec?aaeea caaeeaaee nie/ee e o.i. Aoio aeaaeaenoia aue
iaaeieaei e e na?aaeeia 20-o aiaeia en/a?iae naay. Iaeiaei aiaaiiue
aia?oeci aeaaeaenoia neeueii iiaeeye ia Aeaee e ii noae aa?iui
i?iaeieaeaoaeai eo neaiaeaeueiuo auoiaeie.
Aeaaeaenou ia?auie iieiaeeeenue ia Neo/ae eae ia aeaaiue ?aai/ee
eino?oiaio.Ooaeiaeieee noaee a?inaoue ia oieno e?anee, i?aaeinoaaeyy
e?ani/iiio aauanoao e neea a?inea naiei ia?aciauaaoue e??aoeeiiaeueiua
eiioeao?aoeee. Nai oai?aoe ?anniao?eaaeny i?e yoii eae i?oaeea,
ia?eiiaoea eaeeo-oi ie?iauo nee. Nth??aaeenoe/aneia ioiioaiea e
aanniciaoaeueiiio, e noeoee oaina i?yii au?anoaao ec aeaaeaenoneiai
“iinaaa”. Iaeiaei iai?aaeaiiinoue oai?/aneie aeoeaiinoe o nth??aaeenoia
auea eiie : ia i?inoi ?ac?ooeoaeueiie, a niceaeaoaeueiie, ii /a?ac
?ac?ooaiea.
Eoae, ii-iiaieth Iaena Y?inoa (iaeiiai ec iniiaiiieiaeieeia
nth??aaeecia) – iaeiei ec ia?auo ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aeoia nth??aaeecia auei
oi, /oi ii ianoaeaae ia /enoi ianneaiie ?iee oae iacuaaaiiai aaoi?a a
iaoaiecia iiyoe/aneiai aaeioiiaaiey e ?aciaea/ae any/aneee eiio?ieue ni
noi?iiu ?acoia, ii?aee e ynoaoe/aneeo niia?aaeaiee. *oiau inaiaiaeeoueny
io “eiio?iey ?acoia” nth??aaeenou i?eiaiyee aeaa aeaea i?eaiia. Yoi auee
/enoi iaoaie/aneea iaoiaeu “ioiou ca neo/aeiinoueth” (iai?eia?,
iiaeeeaaeuaaee iiae eeno aoiaae oa?ioiaaoua iiaa?oiinoe e iaoe?aee
aoiaao nooeie e?aneaie, iieo/ay i?e yoii oaioanoe/aneea eiioeao?aoeee,
iaiiieiaaoea ca?inee oaioanoe/aneiai eana – oaoieea “o?iooaaea”).
Aaaeouea ianoa?a ia iiaee oaeiaeaoai?eoueny oaeeie i?eieoeaiuie
iaoiaeaie. Iie aeiaeaaeenue e aioo?aiiae, ee/iinoiie e??aoeeiiaeueiinoe,
ioeeth/aiey ?acoia ia o?iaia ineoe/aneie aeecie. Aeey yoiai
i?aeoeeiaaeenue naiaia?aciua oi?iu c?eoaeueiiai naiiaeiiica.
“Caai?aaeeaathuay” neea, eae ecaanoii, i?iyaeyaony i?e aeeeoaeueiii
iaaethaeaiee ycueia ieaiaie, aeaeaeaiey iaeaeia e o.i.
Ia?aoiae io “iaoaie/aneeo” i?eaiia e “ineoe/aneei” (eee
ineoiaiaeeoe/aneei) iinoaiaiii caoaaoee anao aaaeoueo ianoa?ia
nth??aaeecia.
Aiae?a Iannii noi?ioee?iaae o?e oneiaey aanniciaoaeueiiai
oai?/anoaa:
1 – inaiaiaeeoue niciaiea io ?aoeeiiaeueiuo naycae e aeinoe/ue
ninoiyiey, aeeceiai e o?aino;
2 – iieiinoueth iiae/eieoueny iaeiio?iee?oaiui e aia?acoiiui
aioo?aiiei eiioeuenai;
3 – ?aaioaoue ii aiciiaeiinoe auno?i, ia caaea?aeeaaynue aeey
iniuneaiey naeaeaiiiai.
Iiae yoeie ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyie iia au iiaeienaoueny e Naeueaaaei?
Aeaee.
Nai Aeaee aiceaaae aieueoea iaaeaaeaeu ia inaiaiaeaeathuoth neeo
nia, iiyoiio i?eieiaeny ca oieno n?aco aea iinea oo?aiiaai
i?iaoaeaeaiey, eiaaea iica aua iieiinoueth ia inaiaiaeeeny io ia?acia
aanniciaoaeueiiai. Eiiaaea ii anoaaae n?aaee ii/e, /oiau ?aaioaoue.
Ii nooe aeaea, iaoiae Aeaee niioaaonoaoao iaeiiio ec o?aeaeianeeo
i?eaiia ineoiaiaeeca: caienuaaiea niiaeaeaiee eae iiaeii nei?aa iinea
i?iaoaeaeaiey (n/eoaaony, /oi i?iiaaeeaiea i?eiineo n niaie eneaaeaiea
ia?acia nia iiae aicaeaenoaeai niciaiey).
Aeey iiieiaiey oeeinioee nth??aaeecia e oaiiiaia Aeaee, a
iniaaiiinoe, iaiaoiaeeii inoaiiaeoueny ia oeeinioee aanniciaoaeueiiai,
o.a. ia eaeayo Ceaioiaea O?aeaea a ioiioaiee eneonnoaa.
Nth??aaeeci e o?aeaeeci
O?aeaeenoneea acaeyaeu ianoieueei auee onaiaiu iiiaeie eeaea?aie
nth??aaeecia, /oi i?aa?aoeeenue a eo niinia iuoeaiey. Iie aeaaea ia
aniiieiaee i oii, ec eaeiai enoi/ieea acyoi oi eee eiia aicc?aiea eee
iiaeoiae. Oae, Iaen Y?ino ?acaeaae naia c?eoaeueiia aiia?aaeaiea,
nica?oeay i?aaeiaou i?eoioeeaie, e??aoeeiiaeueiie oi?iu. Oai naiui ii
?acoiaaony eniieueciaae niaaou Eaiia?aei aea Aei/e – ii, aaconeiaii, iie
auee aini?eiyou /a?ac i?ecio O?aeaea, eioi?ue ii-naiaio eioa?i?aoe?iaae
yoo neeiiiinoue e caai?iaeaiiiio nica?oeaieth ?acaiaeia ia noa?ie noaia
eee i?e/oaeeeauo neae, aicaoaeaeathueo a aiia?aaeaiee iaiaeeaeaiiua
ia?acu e eiiaeiaoeee. *enoi “o?aeaeenoneei” iaoiaeii iieueciaaeny e
Aeaee, eioi?ue ienae ea?oeiu a aua ia nianai i?inioaoainy ninoiyiee,
i?aauaay oioy au /anoe/ii ai aeanoe niiaeaeaiey, i /ai oaea aiai?eeinue
?aiueoa.
Aeiaa?ea e e??aoeeiiaeueiiio, i?aeeiiaiea ia?aae iei eae ia?aae
enoi/ieeii oai?/anoaa auei o Aeaee aaniethoiui, ia aeiioneathuei ieeaeeo
eiii?iiennia. “Ana iie i?eoycaiey a iaeanoe aeeaiiene ninoiyo a oii,
/oiau iaoa?eaeeciaaoue n naiie aieinoaaiiie iiaaeeoaeueiinoueth e
oi/iinoueth aeaoaeae ia?acu eiie?aoiie e??aoeeiiaeueiinoe”(3).
Yoi, ii nooe aeaea, eeyoaa aa?iinoe o?aeaeecio. N/eoaaony e ia aac
iniiaaiee, /oi eiaiii Naeueaaaei? Aeaee aue /ooue ee ia aeaaiui
i?iaiaeieeii o?aeaeenoneeo acaeyaeia a eneonnoaa OO aaea. Ia neo/aeii ii
aue aaeeinoaaiiui ec nia?aiaiiuo ooaeiaeieeia, eoi noiae ano?aoeony n
i?anoa?aeui, aieueiui e caieiooui O?aeaeii a aai eiiaeiineii aeiia a
1936 aiaeo. A oi aea naiia a?aiy Aeaee oaeinoieeny iaeia?eoaeueiiai
oiiieiaiey O?aeaea a aai ienueia e Noaoaio Oeaaeao – oiaea neo/ae
oieeaeueiue, iineieueeo O?aeae niaa?oaiii ia eioa?aniaaeny nia?aiaiiuie
aio oa/aieyie aeeaiiene.
Ii i?eciaieth Aeaee, aeey iaai ie? eaeae O?aeaea icia/ae noieueei
aea, neieueei ie? Nayuaiiiai Ienaiey icia/ae aeey n?aaeiaaaeiauo
ooaeiaeieeia eee ie? aioeiie ieoieiaee – aeey ooaeiaeieeia
Aic?iaeaeaiey.
I?iyaeaieai yoie aioo?aiiae nayce yaeyaony e oi ianoiyoaeuenoai,
/oi Aeaee /anoi oeeoe?oao, ia?ao?ace?oao, ia?aneacuaaao iunee O?aeaea a
naiai “Aeiaaieea”. E i?eia?o, Aeaee ieoao: “Ioeaee anaaaea eiatho a naaa
ia/oi nayuaiiia. Ieeiaaea ia iuoaeoanue eni?aaeyoue eo. Iaiai?io: eo
neaaeoao ?aoeeiiaeece?iaaoue e iaiauaoue. Iinea oiai noaiao aiciiaeiui
noaeeie?iaaoue eo”(3). Yoi iaeia ec naiuo iauaecaanoiuo eaeae
o?aeaeecia, niaeanii eioi?ie ioeaee, iaiieaee, ino?iou – nooue
iaeiio?iee?oaiua aua?inu eeiyuae, a?iaeyuae iaoa?ee iiaeniciaiey,
eioi?ay oaeei ia?acii i?i?uaaao canouaooth ei?eo “Yai”. Ia oaeeaeoaeueii
iiyoiio, /oi “Aeiaaiee” ioe?uaaaony oeeoaoie O?aeaea. Aeaee ioiineeny e
O?aeaeo, ii nooe aeaea, eae e aeooiaiiio iooeo e ieeiaaea ie a /ai ia
i?iyaee iaiineooaiey, ia oniiieeny ie a iaeiii neiaa.
Aeaee iicaieye naaa auoue iaii/oeoaeueiui e eiio oaiaeii, ii
aeioiaeee aei i?aaeaeia nth??aaeenoe/aneie ?aneiaaiiinoe, aiaeee?oy a
naiae aeeaiiene eee neiaaniuo auneacuaaieyo e eaeei oaiaeii “aeanoeoaeyi
aeoi”.
N?aaee aaeeeeo ethaeae ii ii/eoae aaciaiai?i/ii iaeiiai oieueei O?aeaea
– iiaeiaii oiio eae n?aaee ?iaenoaaiieeia e aeeceeo ethaeae ii ieeiaaea
ia caaeae iaeio eeoue “Aaea?eio”. Iiaeii i?eaanoe e ae?oaea i?eia?u
ii/eoaiey O?aeaea Naeueaaaei?ii Aeaee e ae?oaeie nth??aaeenoaie. Eaeae
aaineiai ineoieiaa e iuneeoaey eiaee iniaue niune aeey yoeo ethaeae,
iioiio /oi o?aeaeeci aue aeeciaiii aaaeai aeey nth??aaeenoia e aue,
auoue iiaeao, iaeiei ec aeaaiuo oaeoi?ia iiaeuaia e oniaoa eo aeieo?eiu.
Iaeiaei auei au oi?iuaieai aeoiaoue, /oi nth??aaeenou ?aaioaee ii
?aoeaioai O?aeaea eee “eeethno?e?iaaee” aai eaeae. O?aeaeeci iiiiaae ei
a eiii ieaia.
Naie eiioeaioeee nth??aaeenoia iieo/aee iiuioth iiaeaea?aeeo ni
noi?iiu ineoiaiaeeca e ae?oaeo ioe?uoee o?aeaeecia. E ia?aae niaie e
ia?aae ae?oaeie iie iieo/aee aaniiua iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey i?aaeeueiinoe
naieo ono?aieaiee.Iie ia iiaee ia caiaoeoue, /oi “neo/aeiinoiua” iaoiaeu
?aiiaai nth??aaeecia (iai?. o?iooaae) niioaaonoaiaaee o?aeaeianeie
iaoiaeeea “naiaiaeiuo annioeeaoeee”, oiio?aaeyaoaeny i?e eco/aiee
aioo?aiiaai ie?a /aeiaaea. Eiaaea iicaeiaa a eneonnoaa Aeaee e ae?.
ooaeiaeieeia ooaa?aeaeaiony i?eioeei eeethceiienoneiai “oioia?aoe?iaaiey
aanniciaoaeueiiai”, oi iaeuecy ia aniiiieoue i oii , /oi ineoiaiaeec
au?aaioae oaoieeo “aeieoiaioaeueiiai ?aeiino?oe?iaaiey ” niiaeaeaiee.
E?iia oiai, ineoiaiaeec ia?auae ia?ainoaiaiiia aieiaiea eiaiii ia oa
ninoiyiey aeooe, eioi?ua i?aaeaea anaai eioa?aniaaee e nth??aaeenoia
(nii, ineoe/aneea ?anno?ienoaa, aeaoneay iaioaeueiinoue, ia?aiauoiay
ineoeea, naiaiaeiay io ia?aie/aiee e cai?aoia oeeaeeecaoeee). Oaeei
ia?acii, iaeuecy ia i?eciaoue ia?aeeaeueiinoe eioa?ania, oi/ae c?aiey,
iaoiaeia e auaiaeia nth??aaeecia e o?aeaeecia.
Iiuoiua aeaiiua caia/aoaeueiiai ineoieiaa, aai i?iieoeaoaeueiinoue,
aeoaieia ciaiea /aeiaa/aneie iaoo?u iiaeoaa?aeaeaee e inayuaee
ono?aieaiey nth??aaeenoia. Aieaa neeueiiai nithcieea o?oaeii auei iaeoe.
Iaiiaeaiiay O?aeaeii ineoieiaey i?eaeaeaea e naaa oe?ieia aieiaiea e
auaeyaeaea eae iiaue acaeyae ia /aeiaaea, ia aai enoi?eth, aai ?aeeaeth,
aai eneonnoai. Iiaay ineoieiaey aeieacuaaea, /oi aanniciaoaeueiay
aeeciue ethaeae – ao?iay, aeoeaiay e ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeythuay
iiaaaeaiea, eaeae, oai?/aneea aiciiaeiinoe /aeiaaea – ?acaeaaaony ii
oaeei caeiiai, eioi?ua ia eiatho ie/aai iauaai ie n ii?aeueth, ie n
?annoaeeii, ie n “aa/iuie oeaiiinoyie”. O?aeaeeci i?eaiaeee e oiio
auaiaeo, /oi aaee/aeoee ia naaoa i?aaaaeiee iiaeniciaoaeueii ?aaiiaeooai
e caiiaaaeyi ii?aee, a eo/oaio iuneeoaeth ?acoi ia noieueei iiiiaaao,
neieueei iaoaao.
Aa?iiaeneia /aeiaa/anoai oaea aeaaii auei iia?oaeaii a nii?u i nouiinoe,
i?aaeaeao e iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?aanoaaiiinoe: eiii?aeeci O?eae?eoa Ieoeoa
iaei eiai inoaaee ?aaiiaeooiui. Ii o?aeaeeci aucaae aieaa oe?ieee
?aciiain. Ii ia aue i?inoi oeeinioneei oacenii. Ii aue aieaa eee iaiaa
iao/iui oa/aieai, ii i?aaeeaaae e i?aaeaiieaaae iiuoioth i?iaa?yaiinoue
naieo iinooeaoia e auaiaeia, ii ?ac?aaaouaae eeeie/aneea iaoiaeu
aicaeaenoaey ia ineoeeo – iaoiaeu, aeaaaaoea ianiiiaiiue oniao.
O?aeaeeci oei?aieeny ia oieueei ia oieaa?neoaoneeo eaoaae?ao e a
niciaiee eioaeeaeooaeia, ii iaoaea?aeeii caaiaauaae naaa ianoi a aieaa
oe?ieeo noa?ao iauanoaaiiiai auoey. E ii eneeth/ae ii?aeue e ?acoi ec
naieo iniia aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea, n/eoay eo aoi?e/iuie e ai
iiiaii aeaaea ia?aiaieoaeueiuie ia?aciaaieyie oeeaeeecaoeee.
Naiuey, ?aeeaey, ainoaea?noai,caiiaaaee, i?aaeea yoeee, eiae/aneea
iiiyoey, ynoaoe/aneea ii?iu n iiceoeee o?aeaeecia neaaeiaaei iiieiaoue
eae ia/oi oneiaiia. Aaconeiaia aea e aaniethoia aanniciaoaeueiay aeeciue
ni anaie naieie iniauie caeiiaie, neiaeeaoeieny caaeieai aei oiai, eae
iiyaeeenue iiiyoey i aeia?a e cea, i aiaa, i ?acoia. O?aeaeeci
aia/aoeythua aeieacuaae, /oi iaeuecy iaaeiioeaieaaoue cia/aiey
iiaeniciaiey eee n/eoaoue aai /ai-oi aoi?inoaiaiiui. Iii ia ?oaeeiaio,
ia aoaaeci, eioi?ue ec?aaeea i?i?uaaaony a niao, iaiieaeao, aieaciaiuo
iaieyo. O?aeaeeci ioe?ue aei?iao “o?aeaeenoneie enoi?ee eneonnoaa”.
Aeaaiaea?y o?aeaeecio nth??aaeeci iieo/ee aiciiaeiinoue ianoaeaaoue ia
oii, /oi ii ia aanii/aaiiay oaioacey, ia auaeoiea aia?oenoia, a iiaia
neiai a iiieiaiee /aeiaaea, eneonnoaa, enoi?ee, iunee. Yoi auea oaeay
nieeaeiay iii?a, /oi oaea ia i?eoiaeeony oaeeaeyoueny aeeyoaeueiinoe e
?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe nth??aaeecia, aai anaioaaoiinoe aei na?aaeeiu OO
aaea.
Aeaee e ieoeoaainoai.
Auoa oaea auei neacaii, /oi aa?iiaeneay eoeueoo?a XX a. eniuoaea
aeeyiea oeeinionei-ooaeiaeanoaaiiie i?icu O?eae?eoa Ieoeoa, eioi?ue a
naieo i?iecaaaeaieyo (“Ii oo noi?iio aeia?a e cea” 1886a.) aunooiae n
e?eoeeie ao?aeoaciie eoeueoo?u e i?iiiaaaeiaae ynoaoe/aneee eiii?aeeci,
o.a ieaeeenoe/aneia ioiioaiea ei anyeei i?aanoaaiiui i?eioeeiai. A eieaa
“Oae aiai?ee Ca?aoono?a” 1883-84aa. Ieoeoa nicaeae ieo i
“naa?o/aeiaaea”, i?e yoii eoeueo neeueiie ee/iinoe ni/aoaeny o iaai n
?iiaioe/aneei eaeaaeii “/aeiaaea aoaeouaai”.
Naeueaaaei? Aeaee aue iineaaeiaaoaeueiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai
ieoeoaainoaa XXa. Aeaee /eoae e ii/eoae O.Ieoeoa, aae n iei aeeaeiae a
naieo ea?oeiao e naieo ienaieyo. A “Aeiaaieea iaeiiai aaiey”
iaiaeiie?aoii oiiieiaaony Ieoeoa. Aeaee ienae:”Ca?aoono?a eacaeny iia
aa?iai a?aiaeeiciuo ianooaia, /ueei aaee/eai aeooe y ene?aiia
ainoeuaeny… Ianoaiao aeaiue e y i?aacieaeo aai naiei aaee/eai!”(3).
Neiaa “naa?o/aeiaae – niune aeecie”(4) – noaee iaeiei ec aeaaecia Aeaee.
A aai “Aeiaaieea” /eoaai: “Naiia aeaaiia ia naaoa – yoi Aaea e Aeaee.
Iioii eaeao iaeei Aeaee. A ia` o?aoueai ianoa – ana inoaeueiua,
?acoiaaony aeeth/ay e ian aeaieo”. E ?acoiaaony, /oi aaieaeueiaeoee ec
aaieaa, nianeoaeue /aeiaa/anoaa e oai?aoe iiaiai ie?icaeaiey ia iaycai
iiae/eiyoueny i?aaeeai iiaaaeaiey anao i?i/eo ethaeae. Naeueaaaei? Aeaee
iaoeinieoaeueii iiiieo ia yoii e iinoiyiii iaiiieiaao i naiae
eneeth/eoaeueiinoe aanueia naiaia?aciuie niiniaaie: ?anneacuaaao i oii,
i /ai “ia i?eiyoi” aiai?eoue ii i?e/eia cai?aoia, iaeaaaaiuo nouaeii;
ieoao ia iaeiie ec naieo ea?oei: “ss iaiaaeaeo naith iaoue”, eioi?oth
ene?aiia ethaee; niaa?oaao oiee?othuea ioaeeeo iinooiee, iai?eia?,
i?eauaaao a Ni?aiiio ia naith eaeoeeth i “E?oaeaaieoea” Aa?iaa?a e
Iini?iaa ia aaeii “?ien-?iena”, iaaeoii ouny/ueth ea/aiia oeaaoiie
eaionou eee no?aeyao ia Iiiia?o?a ec a?eaaocu ii a?aae?iaaeueiiio
eaiith, nicaeaaay oai naiui eeethno?aoeee e “Aeii Eeoioo”.
Nth??aaeeci Naeueaaaei?a Aeaee
Nai Aeaee oae ieoao i oii, eae ia/eiaeinue aai nth??aaeenoe/aneia
oai?/anoai: “Ii aio neo/eeinue oi, /aio noaeaeaii auei neo/eoueny, –
yaeeny Aeaee. Nth??aaeeno aei iicaa einoae, aeaeaeeiue ieoeoaaineie
“aieae e aeanoe”, ii i?iaicaeanee iaia?aie/aiioth naiaiaeo io
eaeiai-eeai ynoaoe/aneiai eee ii?aeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey e cayaee, /oi
iiaeii eaeoe aei eiioea, aei naiuo e?aeieo, yeno?aiaeueiuo i?aaeaeia a
ethaii oai?/aneii yenia?eiaioa, ia caaioynue ie i eaeie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe eee i?aainoaaiiinoe”(3).
Aeey nth??aaeecia a oii aeaea, eae aai eniiaaaeiaae Aeaee, iao ie
iieeoeee, ie eioeiiie aeecie, ie ynoaoeee, ie enoi?ee, ie oaoieee e
ie/aai ae?oaiai. Anoue oieueei Nth??aaeenoe/aneia Oai?/anoai, eioi?ia
i?aa?auaao a ia/oi iiaia ana oi, e /aio iii i?eeanaaony.
Aeaee i?eeanaeny aoeaaeueii ei anaio, /oi auei nouanoaaiii aeey
/aeiaaea aai a?aiaie. Aai ea?oeiu ia iaioee oaeeo oai, eae naenoaeueiay
?aaiethoeey (“Caaaaeea aeaeaiey”, “Aaeeeee ianoo?aaoi?”) e a?aaeaeaineea
aieiu (“Eeoei aieiu”, “I?aae/oanoaea a?aaeaeaineie aieiu”), aoiiiay
aiiaa (“ssaea?iue e?ano”) e iaoeeci (“Caaaaeea Aeoea?a”), eaoiee/aneay
aa?a (“?aniyoea”, “O?enoin na. Eiaiia”) e iaoea, eeanne/aneia eneonnoai
iocaaa e aeaaea i?eaioiaeaiea aaeu. E ii/oe iai anai ii auneacuaae
/oi-oi iaiuneeiia, /oi-oi oiee?othuaa i?aeoe/anee anao cae?aaiiuneyueo
ethaeae. E yoio aucia aue ia oieueei aai ee/iui aeaeii, yoi auei
oeaeueth nth??aaeecia. Aeaee aeaenoaeoaeueii aue nth??aaeenoii aei iicaa
einoae. A nth??aaeenoe/aneea ia?acu i?aa?auaeinue ana, /oi ii aeaeae eee
aiai?ee. Aeaee ana?ueac ianoiaae e eoeueoeae?iaae naia
nth??aaeenoe/aneia “ss” oaie naiuie niiniaaie, eioi?ua iniaaiii
oeaieeenue e ii/eoaeenue anaie nth??aaeenoaie. A aeacao “?acoiiuo e
i?aanoaaiiuo” ethaeae ?aaeeeaeueiay oeeinioey nth??aaeecia, acyoay
niaa?oaiii na?ueacii e aac anyeeo iaiai?ie (eae o Aeaee), aucuaaao
i?ioano.
A oie eee eiie noaiaie Aeaee iaioaeny aea?cei, i?iaieaoeeiiii,
ia?aaeienaeueii, iaii/oeoaeueii aoeaaeueii ni anaie oaie eaeayie,
i?eioeeiaie, oeaiiinoyie, yaeaieyie e ethaeueie, n eioi?uie ii eiae
aeaei. Yoi ioiineony e iieeoe/aneei neeai OO aaea, e nianoaaiiie naiuea,
e i?aaeeai i?eee/ee, e ea?oeiai noa?uo ianoa?ia. Ii acye eaeae
nth??aaeecia e aeiaae eo aei e?aeiinoe. A oaeii aeaea yoe eaeae
aeaenoaeoaeueii i?aa?aoeeenue a aeeiaieo, ?ac?ooathuee ana ia naiai
iooe, ?anoaouaathuee ethaoth enoeio eee i?eioeei, anee iie iie?athony ia
iniiau ?acoia, ii?yaeea aa?u, aeia?iaeaoaee, aa?iiiee, eaeaaeueiie
e?aniou – anaai oiai, /oi noaei a aeacao ?aaeeeaeueiuo iiaaoi?ia
eneonnoaa e aeecie neiiieiii iaiaia e aacaeeciaiiinoe. Ia?aaeienaeueiua
noaeaeaiey Aeaee ia eneonnoaa i?eaiaeeee a y?inoue eae
noi?iiieeia ?aaeeeaeueiiai aaaiaa?aeecia, oae e
eiina?aaoi?ia-o?aaeeoeeiiaeenoia. N iaeiie noi?iiu ii i?iiiaaaeiaae
“iocaeiue noeeue” a aeeaiiene, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu – i?aaeeaaae
?ac?ooeoue enoi?e/aneee oeaio? Aa?naeiiu, /oiau iinoieoue ia yoii ianoa
ai?iae aoaeouaai. Aeaee iano?iee i?ioea naaa naieo
ae?ocae-nth??aaeenoia, eioi?ua noaee aai ana?ueac io?eoeaoue e
ii?iaa?aaoue.
Ii aanniuneaiii oi?aeaoue Aeaee a iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe, o.e. aeiaeci e
e??aoeeiiaeueiinoue – aai i?ia?aiia e aai noeoey. Eiaiii oaeia aue
iaoiae oai?/anoaa Aeaee e a aeecie, e a eneonnoaa. Ii iioiae ia
?eneiaaiiue yenia?eiaio ni niuneaie e oeaiiinoyie aa?iiaeneie
o?aaeeoeee. Aeaee neiaii eniuouaaao eo ia i?i/iinoue, noaeeeaay iaaeaeo
niaie e i?e/oaeeeai niaaeeiyy ianiaaeeieiia. Ii a ?acoeueoaoa nicaeaiey
yoeo /oaeiaeuiuo ia?aciuo e niuneiauo aiaeueaai yaii ?aniaaeaaony naia
iaoa?ey, ec eioi?ie iie ninoiyo. Aeaee iianai aeey oeoiai e othoiiai
ono?ienoaa /aeiaa/aneeo aeae, aeey /aeiaa/aneiai “aeaaininoiyiey”,
iioiio /oi ii aeene?aaeeoe?oao niune e oeaiiinoe eoeueoo?u. Ii
aeene?aaeeoe?oao e ?aeeaeth e aacaiaeea, e iaoeeci e aioeoaoeci, e
iieeiiaiea o?aaeeoeeyi eneonnoaa, e aaaiaa?aeiue aoio i?ioea ieo, e aa?o
a /aeiaaea e iaaa?ea a iaai.
Caeeth/aiea
Ii-aeaeeiiio, iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi caaea/a eco/aiey iniia
nth??aaeecia ia anoue /enoi eneonnoaiaaae/aneay eee /enoi
eeoa?aoo?iaaae/aneay eee eeiiaaae/aneay caaea/a. Nth??aaeeci a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe anoue ia oa/aiea a eneonnoaa, a eiaiii oei iuoeaiey,
nenoaia iaioaeueiinoe, niinia acaeiiaeaenoaey n ie?ii e, niioaaonoaaiii,
noeeue aeecie.
Eiaaea iaeei ec aeo?iaeenoia ni?inee Naeueaaaei?a Aeaee, /oi aea
oaeia nth??aaeeci, ooaeiaeiee ioaaoee: ” Nth??aaeeci – yoi ss”.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. A.E.sseeiiae/ “Nth??aaeeci e Naeueaaaei? Aeaee”: Anooieoaeueiay
noaouey. “Aeiaaiee iaeiiai aaiey” I.: “Eneonnoai”, 1991, n.5-43.
2. Niaaoneee yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. I:”Niaaoneay yioeeeeiiaaeey”,
1980.
3. Naeueaaaei? Aeaee.”Aeiaaiee iaeiiai aaiey”. I:”Eneonnoai” 1991.
4. O. Ieoeoa. “Ni/eiaiey a aeaoo oiiao”, o.2, I:”Iuneue”, 1990.
E
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