Noaouee a ia?aiaee/aneeo ecaeaieyo oae aea ia aucuaaee iaoaai
eioa?ana aaeaeo naiaai iiaa?oiinoiiai oa?aeoa?a. Eioi?iaoeey, eioi?ay
niaea?aeeony a aeaiiuo noaoueyo eeai aeoaee?oao auoaoeacaiiua ?aaiou,
eeai aeatho iaaa?ioth ioeaieo aeayoaeueiinoe Eiie, ioiiny aai e /eneo
aaeaieaoia, caueoieeia, oioneay ec aeaeo, /oi ca ia?eiae naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe ii eeiee noaeaaii-i?ieo?i?neiai aaaeiinoaa ii ie aeiy ia
?aaioae a ea/anoaa aaeaieaoa e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ieeiaaea ia aunooiae a
ea/anoaa caueoieea.(2)
O/eouaay an? yoi, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi oeaeue aeaiiie
aeeieiiiie ?aaiou i?iaiaeece?iaaoue iiiaia?aiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
A.O.Eiie ii eeiee noaeaaiiai aaaeiinoaa, ia iinoo iaa? i?ieo?i?a
oaieiaii-eannaoeeiiiiai aeaia?oaiaioa Naiaoa, naiaoi?a e /eaia
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai Niaaoa, iieacaoue aai ?ieue a ea/anoaa
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuaai a aeaea Aa?u Canoee/. Oaeaeeoue aieiaiea
?anniio?aieth iao/iie, iauanoaaiiie e iaaeaaiae/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
A.O.Eiie a aiaeu Niaaoneie aeanoe.
Caaea/a aeaiiiai aeeieiiiiai ni/eiaiey i?ineaaeeoue aeeciaiiue
iooue A.O.Eiie, iieacaoue eae o?e i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey aai
ie?iaicc?aiey, eoi ieacuaae aeeyiea ia neeaaeuaaiea aai acaeyaeia,
i?aanoaaiiuo eaeaaeia, eioi?uie A.O.Eiie ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny a oa/aiee
anae aeecie; auyaeoue iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey aai aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aeey ?auaiey iinoaaeaiiuo caaea/ aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao
iiae?iaiia eco/aiea enoi/ieeia, o.a. ainiiieiaiee, ia?aienee A.O.Eiie e
ethaeae aeeceeo e iaio. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi eeoa?aoo?iia ianeaaenoai
iienoeia ia?iiii: iyoue aieueoeo oiiia oe?iei ecaanoiuo iaioa?ia «Ia
aeeciaiiii iooe», ianeieueei ecaeaiee «Noaeaaiuo ?a/ae», «I/a?eia e
ainiiieiaiee», «Iooeu e aeaoe noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu», ia?aienea n ?acee/iuie
aeayoaeyie. A Niaaoneia a?aiy iaiaeiie?aoii ecaeaaaeenue nai?ieee
ioaeaeueiuo i?iecaaaeaiee A.O.Eiie, a 1966-1969 aa. Auei auiouaii
Nia?aiea aai ni/eiaiee a ainueie oiiao.(1) Yoi iaeaieaa iieiia nia?aiea
ni/eiaiee Eiie.
Ia niio?y ia iaeeea iaioa?ia naiiai Eiie, a eioi?uo iiaauaiii
aieaa 50 aai ainiiieiaiee i ano?a/ao n eeoa?aoi?aie, th?enoaie,
ainoaea?noaaiiuie aeayoaeyie, a?oenoaie e aeaiu i?ae?aniua i/a?ee eo
aeecie e aeayoaeueiinoe, i naiii Aiaoieee O?aei?iae/a aai nia?aiaiieee
inoaaeee iaei ainiiieiaiee, anee ia n/eoaoue iaaieueoeo aeo?iaeueiuo
noaoae E.*oeianeiai(1), A.E?uaeeoeeiai(2), A.Aiae?aaaie(3).
A?oeau A.O.Eiie nio?aieeenue e iaoiaeyony a oi?ioai ninoiyiee. Aua
i?e aeecie, a 1920 a., ii caeeth/ee niaoeeaeueiue aeiaiai? N Aeaaeaieae
iaoe, ii eioi?iio aai a?oea i?aaeiacia/aeny Iooeeineiio aeiio.
Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue a?oeaa auea ia?aaeaia ooaea naiei Eiie, a
inoaeueiay – iinooieea oaea iinea aai nia?oe. Ee/iay aeaeeioaea Aiaoieey
O?aei?iae/a oae aea auea ia?aaeaia A Iooeeineee aeii, ii iienue
iinooieaoeo eiea e niaeaeaieth, ia nio?aieeanue.
Ia?aoiaey e oa?aeoa?enoeea enoi/ieeia, ioaeii i?aaeaea anaai
neacaoue, /oi iniiaioth iiiiuue a iaienaiee aeaiiiai aeeieiiiiai
ni/eiaiey ieacaee o?oaeu naiiai A.O.Eiie, iiiaea ec eioi?uo iauaaeeiaiu
a Nia?aiea aai ni/eiaiee(4). Ana iie aanueia eioa?aniu, e iiyoiio
o?aaoao ioaeaeueiie aiiioaoeee.
Oae 1 oii aeeth/aao a naay «I/a?ee e ainiiieiaiey noaeaaiiai
aeayoaey», eioi?ua aeatho iai i?aaenoaaeaiea i oao aeaeao eioi?ua ii aae
a ia?eiae naiae i?ieo?i?neie aeayoaeueiinoe. Caeanue aea ?aciauathony
ainiiieiaiey i noaeaaiuo neaaeiaaoaeyo, i i?ieo?i?neii iaaeci?a e, /oi
iniaaiii eioa?anii ainiiieiaiey i oaaa?euao ii neoaeaa. Iiiaea ec
i/a?eia aioee a caaeoiaiiua ei ecaeaiea, auoaaeoea iiae iauei
iaeiaiiaaieai «Ia aeeciaiiii iooe»(1).
Ia?iiioth iiiiuue a iaienaiee aeaiiie ?aaiou ieacaee «Ainiiieiaiey
i aeaea Aa?u Canoee/» ?aciauaiiua ai 2-i oiia Nia?aiey ni/eiaiee. Yoi,
iiaeaeoe, iaeii ec naiuo ia?auo e iaeiia?aiaiii iineaaeieo iaioa?iuo
i?iecaaaeaiee A.O.Eiie. Ia?aue aa?eaio yoeo ainiiieiaiee ia/ao, aeaeeii
aua a 1878 aiaeo, ii iiia/ai 1884-1885 aa., a ia?aienai aeey ia/aoe 1904
aiaeo. ?aaeaeoe?iaaiea i?iecaaaeaiey io/anoe i?iaeieaeaeinue e a
na?aaeeia 1920 – aiaeia, oiaaea aea auei iaienaii anooieaiea.
«Ainiiieiaiey…» inaauatho oiae noaeaaiiai i?ioeanna, a ieo iiiauaiu
«?acthia i?aaenaaeaoaey noaea A.O.Eiie»(2), ?a/e iaaeieoaey e caueoieea,
a oae aea io/?o i oiaea i?ioeanna, ecaea/aiiue ec aacao.(3)
A 3-e oii aoiaeyo «Noaeaaiua ?a/e(1868-1888)», a oae aea ?aaioa «
Ca iineaaeothuea aiaeu» a ieo iioaeeeiaaiu iaaeieoaeueiua ?a/e,
?oeiaiaeyuea iaioonoaey i?enyaeiui, eannaoeeiiiua caeeth/aiey, eioi?ua
ioe?uaatho ia?aae iaie i?ae?aniiai noaeaaiiai i?aoi?a A.O.Eiie,
iieacuaatho aai eeoa?aoo?ioth neeo, ioaaonoaaiiinoue e oaaaeaiea aeaaea
e i?ioeaieeai.
Oanoie e naaeueiie oii Nia?aiey ni/eiaiee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
enoi?eei-eeoa?aoo?iua ni/eiaiey. Iie iieacuaatho oe?ieoth iaii?aio
Iaoa?ao?aneiai e Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoia ia/aea oanoeaeanyouo aiaeia,
ia?eniaaiioth aaoi?ii a i/a?eao «Ec eao thiinoe e noa?inoe»(1),
ecia?aaeatho aai eaeaeiua eneaiey oie ii?u, ii?aaeaeeaoea ia anth
aeeciue aai eaeaeiue e i?aanoaaiiue iaeee. Caeanue aea ii aeaeeony
ainiiieiaieyie i ienaoaeyo A.O,Aaeueoiaia e E.E.Eaaea/ieeiaa.
I?aaenoaaeaiiua noaouee aeatho aiciiaeiinoue ii?aaeaeeoue ee/iinoue
naiiai aaoi?a.
Ninoaa ainueiiai oiia iniaaiii oeaiai, oae eae aeeth/aao a naay 266
ienai, ioaaouaathueo ia?eiae 1868-1927 aa. A ienueiao Eiie e aai
ei??aniiiaeaioia io?aceeenue aaaeiaeoea niauoey ?onneie
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie e eeoa?aoo?iie aeecie ia i?ioyaeaiee naie
aeanyoeeaoee. ?aciinoi?iiiea ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth, iie i?aaenoaaeytho
niaith iiae?iaioth eaoiienue, oeene?othuoth an? aieaa eee iaiaa
cia/eoaeueiua yaeaiey yiioe, eceaaaaiua e eioa?i?aoe?oaiua aaoi?ii a
niioaaonoaee n aai acaeyaeaie. A oiia aieaa eee iaiaa ?aaiiia?ii
io?aaeaiu ana yoaiu iiiaia?aiiie aeayoaeueiinoe Eiie, a oae aea
auaeaeaiu iniiaiua e iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiua iiiaiou ioiioaiey Eiie n
nia?aiaiieeaie, /oi ianiiiaiii auei aaaeii aeey iaienaiey aeaiiiai
aeeieiiiiai ni/eiaiey.
I/aiue aaaeiui enoi/ieeii yaeyaony iyoeoiiiia ecaeaiea «Ia
aeeciaiiii iooe» a eioi?ii A.O.Eiie iienuaaao naie aeaoneea aiaeu
iao/aiey a aeiiacee(1), «?enoao» aaeeeieaiiua ii?o?aou naieo o/eoaeae e
aeeceeo ciaeiiuo.
Ia?yaeo n ainiiieiaieyie A.O.Eiie aanueia eioa?aniu ainiiieiaiey i iai
E.E.*oeianeiai(2), A.A.Eoii/a?neiai93), eioi?ua aeatho i?aaenoaaeaiea i
oii, /ai aeee Aiaoieee O?aei?iae/ a aiaeu Niaaoneie aeanoe.
Ioaeaeueiua noi?iiu aeecie e aeayoaeueiinoe A.O.Eiie oi?ioi
ia?eniaaiu a aeaoo niaoeeaeueii iinayuaiiuo aio nai?ieeao, ecaeaiiuo a
nayce n aai 80-eaoeai(1) e ia?aie aiaeiaueiie ni aeiy nia?oe(2).
Eeoa?aoo?iia ianeaaenoai A.O.Eiie, eae oaea aiai?eeinue, ia?iiii e
iiiaia?aiii. Caeanue e aeanoyuea eeoa?aoo?iua ii?o?aou eeanneeia ?onneie
eeoa?aoo?u, e iaoeea ca?eniaee /eiiaiiai ie?a oea?neie ?innee, e
oaea/iua oa?aeoa?enoeee noaeaeaaiuo aeayoaeae oiai a?aiaie e
i?iecaaaeaiey oeeinianei-i?aanoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Ana iie aine?aoatho
ia?ac i?ioeiai, e yaeythony nouanoaaiiie /anoueth eoeueoo?iiai ianeaaeey
?innee.
A ia?aie aeaaa aeaiiie ?aaiou naeaeaia iiiuoea i?ineaaeeoue eae oae
i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey ie?iaicc?aiey A.O.Eiie. N yoie oeaeueth
?anniio?aiu aii?inu i aeeyiee ia neeaaeuaaiey oaaaeaeaiee A.O.Eiie aai
naiuee e, i?aaeaea anaai, iooea, iao/aiey a aeiiacee e oieaa?neoaoa,
i?iaeai naycaiiuo n aai ia?aie iao/iie ?aaioie.
Ai aoi?ie aeaaa ?anniio?aiu aii?inu, naycaiiua n oai aea eae
A.O.Eiie ia i?aeoeea ?aaeeciaae naie oaaaeaeaiey, eaeaaeu, i?eioeeiu
aeecie, aeey /aai auee eco/aiu a oie noaiaie, eaeie yoi iicaieyee
enoi/ieee, eeoa?aoo?a e oi?iao aeeieiiiie ?aaiou aai ia?eiaee/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue ia aunoeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo iinoao.
No?oeoo?a o?aoueae aeaau ianeieueei ioee/aaony io aeaoo ia?auo. A iae
iu inaauaai iaaeaaiae/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue A.O.Eiie a aiaeu Niaaoneie
aeanoe e iieacuaaai iineaaeiea aiaeu aai aeecie.
Caeeth/aiea
A iaeiii ec iiiai/eneaiiuo ienai A.O.Eiie oae ioeaieaae naie
aeeciaiiue iooue: « Any iiy aeeciue i?ioea ia neoaeaa i?aaiaui e
i?aanoaaiiui eioa?anai ?onneiai ia?iaea, e ieeaeea ee/iua eee ei?unoiua
niia?aaeaiey ie ?aco ia canoaaeee iaiy ionooieoue io i?eiyoiai
iai?aaeaiey».
Aiaoieee O?aei?iae/ Eiie i?iaeee 83 aiaea (1844-1927). Ia/aa
o?oaeeoueny nae?aoa?ai i?ieo?aoo?u Iineianeie noaeaaiie iaeaou, ii
aeinoea iinoa naiaoi?a e /eaia Ainoaea?noaaiiai niaaoa. A aiaeu
Niaaoneie aeanoe ii aue i?ioanni?ii iiiaeo aocia, n/eoaeny eo/oei
eaeoi?ii A Eaieia?aaea. A aai aeecie ia?aieeeenue, e oniaoe, e
iaacaiaeu, e iaoaea/e, ii ii anaaaea caueuae i?aaia aeaei, ai?ieny ni
ceii e caueuae aeia?i.
Aiaoieee O?aei?iae/ iaienae i?ae?aniua ainiiieiaiey i i?ioeii
?innee, i nioiyo ethaeae ano?a/aaoeony ia aai iooe. E niaeaeaieth, i iai
naiii inoaaeaii ia neeoeii iiiai ainiiieiaiee, aea e oa iinyo io?uai/iue
oa?aeoa?. E an? aea iie aianoa n ainiiieiaieyie naiiai A.O.Eiie iiaoo
aeaoue aeinoaoi/ii iieiia i?aaenoaaeaiea i oaeaioeeaii ?onneii th?enoa e
i oii ie?oaeaiee, a eioi?ii ii aeee e ?aaioae.
Aeaa e?eceniuo iiiaioa, aeaa «ca?caeiuo» iinooiea i?eoeenue ia
aieueooth aeeciue Aiaoieey Oaaei?iae/a Eiie. Ia?aue ec ieo – aeaei Aa?u
Canoee/, aoi?ie – iaeieaaeiue auai? iaaeaeo i?ioeui e aoaeouei. A ia?aii
«caacaeiii /ana» Eiie i?ioeainoaaee naay aeanoe, auiieiyy naie aeiea, ca
/oi iiaeaa?any iiaea ni noi?iiu aeanoue eioueo. Aoi?ie «caaaeiue /an»
aai nianai eiie ii nai i?eoae e yoie aeanoe e i?aaeeiaeee naay, naie
ciaiey a aa ?anii?yaeaiea.
A.O.Eiie ieeiaaea ia noiaeee ni naiaai «ino?iaea» caeiiiinoe e
i?aaa, ieeiaaea ia onoaaae ianoe «iaiiue» i?aaaeu, ni?aaaaeeeainoe e
eoeueoo?u a ia?iae e iauanoai.
A aeaiiie ?aaioa Auee ?anniio?aiu e ?aoaiu iinoaiiaeaiiua caaea/e,
a ?acoeueoaoa /aai iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi noi?ie?iaaiiia a
aeaoneea aiaeu, aiaeu iao/aiey a aeiiacee e oieaa?neoaoa ie?iaicc?aiea
A.O.Eiie aiineaaenoaee a neiai-ia?ac,neiai-iuneue eioi?ia ea?aei
a?aiaaeioth ia?ainoaiaiiuth ?ieue aai aeecie, a oii, /oi ii iacuaae
«oanoui /oanoaii-/oanoaii niaanoe».
Ii aeee ia a?aie yiio, aniaio eoeueoo?, nioeeaeueiuo onoiaa…
Ooiaeee ei?iyie a i?ioeia e ia?ac?uaii aue n ieie naycai. Ii e a?yaeouea
iieieaiey iaiaei iiae/a?iioo ec oiai, /oi inaauaii aai auaeathueiny
neiaanoiui aea?ii.
Ianeieueei oaeaeinue ?aoeoue iinoaaeaiiua caaea/e i?iaeaiu,
noaeeoue o?oaeii, ii auei i?eeiaeaii iiiai oneeee, /oiau enneaaeiaaoue
aa aiea iieii, iiiuoaoueny i?aaenoaaeoue, ?anniio?aoue oaio a y?eeo
aeeauo e?aneao.
*anoiinoue, ioaeanoai, noieeinoue, oaa?aeinoue Aiaoieey
O?aei?iae/a Eiie neoaeeee e aoaeoo neoaeeoue i?eia?ii aeey iioiieia.
Oaia o?aaoao, eiia/ii aieiaiey e, ianiiiaiii aeaeueaeoaai
ouaoaeueiiai eco/aiey.
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