Oai?aoe/aneia caaeaiea. ?inney ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XVI a. Eaai IV e aai
ianoi a enoi?ee ?innee
XVI a – a?aiy ia?aciaaiey e oe?aieaiey ?onneiai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai
ainoaea?noaa, ia/aei aai aeoeaiie aiaoiae iieeoeee. Aeaaiaea?y naiaio
aic?inoaio aiaiiiio iiaouanoao ?inney oaea iiaea ?aoaoue e?oiiua
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea caaea/e, noiyuea ia?aae iae. Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea
no?aiu ianoiyoaeueii o?aaiaaei ?anoe?aiey aiaoiaoi?aiauo naycae. Iaeiaei
?inney ia ?aniieaaaea ii?neeie aaaaiyie, /a?ac eioi?ua iiaeii auei au
onoaiiaeoue oi?aiaua ioiioaiey ni no?aiaie Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. Aii?in i
caaiaaaiee auoiaea e ii?th noae aeaaiui aii?inii aiaoiae iieeoeee
?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa ia Caiaaea. ?acaeoea oi?aiaee o?aaiaaei
iaania/aiey aaciianiinoe ainoi/iiai iai?aaeaiey. Ai?ueaa ca
aaciianiinoue thai-ainoi/iuo caiaeue noaiiaeony aua iaeiei aaaeiaeoei
aii?inii aiaoiae iieeoeee ?innee. ?ac?aoeoue yoe i?iaeaiu iiiuoaeinue
i?aaeoaeuenoai Eaaia IV. A cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie XVI a iiaeii iacaaoue
yiioie Eaaia A?iciiai. Aaeaa ee a ?onneie enoi?ee iiaeii iaeoe ae?oaiai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeayoaey, iieo/eaoaai noieue i?ioeai?a/eaua ioeaiee.
Nui Aaneeey III – Eaai IV iiieiaeueii noae i?aaeoaeai ainoaea?noaa a o?e
aiaea, iinea nia?oe iooea a 1533 a. I?aeoe/anee ii ia/eiaao i?aaeoue a
1547 a., iinea aai/aiey ia oea?noai e i?eiyoey oeooea «oea?ue». Aai
caaea/ae noaaeony oe?aieaiea naiiaea?aeaaiie aeanoe, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
e oeaio?aeecaoeee ainoaea?noaa.
I?aaeaiea Eaai IV iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia o?e ia?eiaea:
I. 1545 – 1560 ia?eiae ?aoi?i «Eca?aiiie ?aaeu»;
II. 1565 – 1572 ii?e/ieia;
III. 1572 – 1574 eoiaiaue ia?eiae ii?e/ieiu.
I. N?aco aea oeaio?aeecaoeey eanaaony oea?eiaiiai oi?aaeaiey.
Ia oea?eiaiii niai?a 1551 a., iacaaiiii Noiaeaaui, Eaai IV aeae i/aiue
?aceoth oa?aeoa?enoeeo aiy?neiio i?aaeaieth. ?aaioie Niai?a a oi a?aiy
?oeiaiaeee ieo?iiieeo Iaea?ee, eioi?ue oieoeoee?iaae oea?eiaiua ia?yaeu.
(I?ioiiiiu aeieaeiu auee neaaeeoue, /oiau nayuaiieee ia neaa?iineiaeee).
Oea?ue iaaeiye aiy? a caoaaoa aeanoe e ?acaycuaaiee iaaeaeioniaeoe.
Iieacaoaeai iaaeiaieuenoaa oea?y aiy?aie noaei oi?ie?iaaiea i?e iai
e?oaeea i?aayueo eeoe, iacaaiiiai «Eca?aiiie ?aaeie»
Eca?aiiay ?aaea – iiaia i?aaeoaeuenoai, a eioi?ia aoiaeeee aai
noi?iiieee, a /anoiinoe ieo?iiieeo Iaea?ee, aeooiaiee Neeueaano?,
aeai?yiei Aeaenae Aaeaoaa e eiycue Aiae?ae Eo?aneee. Eca?aiiie ?aaeie ia
anai i?ioyaeaiee aa nouanoaiaaiey aue iiaeaioiaeai ?yae aeieoiaioia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?acoea, iai?aaeaiiuo ia oeaio?aeecaoeeth
ainoaea?noaa. A eiaiii:
Oaeaea auea iaienaia Noaiaiiay eieaa – ioeoeeaeueiay enoi?ey ?innee, n
oeaio?aeueiie eaeaae i i?aaao iineianeeo oea?ae ia aio/eiu eiycae a?aiai
Eeaaneie ?one;
Ninoaaeaiea eaoiieniiai naiaea.
Eaaiii A?iciui, auei, iieiaeaii ia/aei i?iaaaeaiey e ae?oaeo ?aoi?i:
1549 a – ia?aue Caineee niai?. Ninoaa Niai?a aue ?aciui: i?aaenoaaeoaee
aunoaai aeooiaainoaa, /eiu Ainoaea?aaa aeai?a, Aiy?neay aeoia,
i?aaenoaaeoaee ai?iaeiauo neoaeeeuo ei?ii?aoeee, iinaaeneea ethaee e
/a?iinioiia e?anoueyinoai. Ia ieo i?eieiaeenue iaeaieaa aaaeiua caeiiu e
ecae?aeenue oea?e. Ca o/anoea a Niai?ao ieaoeee aeaeiaaiuea, eae ca
neoaeao. Enoi?e/aneia cia/aiea Niai?a auei iaoneiaeaii aaaeiinoueth
caaio, eioi?ua e canoaaeee i?aaeoaeuenoai i?eaaaiooue e yoiio n?aaenoao.
Oaia?ue i?aaenoiyei i?eiaieoue eo/oea n?aaenoaa aeey a?a/aaaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaoaiecia. Ca ia?aui Caineei niai?ii iineaaeiaaee
aaaeiua ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea.
Iinea iaai ia/aeanue ?aaioa iaae iiaui noaeaaieeii.
1550 a – Noaeaaiee Eaai IV; a iai iiaeoaa?aeaeai ia?aoiae e?anoueyi a
TH?ueaa aeaiue, ii oaaee/aii «iiaeeeia» (ieaoa oaiaeaeo i?e ia?aoiaea).
Oneeeeanue aeanoue oaiaeaea. TH?eaee/aneia iieiaeaiea e?anoueyi
i?eaeeaeaeinue e noaoono oieiia. Oaeanoi/eeenue iaeacaiey. Aia?aua a
yoii Noaeaaieea aaiaeeeenue iaeacaiey aeey aiy? e aeueyeia-acyoi/ieeia,
ia?aie/eaaeenue i?aaa iaianoieeia e aieinoaeae. A iai ia oieueei
oaaee/eeinue /enei noaoae n 68 aei 100 e ?acuyniyeenue iaeioi?ua
iieiaeaiey, ii e eiaeenue /a?ou iiaeciu, naycaiiua n aeaeueiaeoei
oe?aieaieai ainoaea?noaa e oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe. Ocaeiiai aue noae
aoaiuo noa?ino. Ioiaiyeenue noa?ua oa?oaiiua a?aiiou e cai?auaeanue
auaea/a iiauo, iineieueeo oa?oaiiua a?aiiou inaiaiaeaeaee oaiaeaea –
eiioienoa io oieaou iiaeaoae a eacio ni naieo caiaeue. Ioiaia oa?oaiia
oaeaea niinianoaiaaea oi?i/iaieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaeeinoaa.
Oaeaea aue i?iaaaeai aua ?yae ?aoi?i. A, eiaiii i?iaeo «eca?aiiie
ouny/e» – «eniiiauaiea» ouny/e eo/oeo aeaoae aiy?neeo iiae Iineaie. Yoio
i?iaeo, iaeiaei, oaeaeinue inouanoaeoue eeoue /anoe/ii.
Auei oii?yaei/aii Ianoie/anoai. Aicieeei iii eeoue ia ?oaaaea XV – XVI
aa. e ninoiyei a oii, /oi i?e iacia/aiee ia aiaiiua e ainoaea?noaaiiua
aeieaeiinoe ?aoathuaa cia/aiea eiaei i?ienoiaeaeaiea neoaeeeiai
/aeiaaea. O/eouaaeanue ia aano?aeoiay ciaoiinoue, a neoaeau i?aaeeia e
?iaenoaaiieeia. Ianoie/aoueny eiaee i?aai oieueei a?enoie?aoe/aneea
?iaeu. Eo ninoaa aue oi/ii ii?aaeaeai ioeoeeaeueiui ?iaeineiaiui
ni?aai/ieeii, – «Ainoaea?aaui ?iaeineiaoeai». Ana iacia/aiey
caienuaaeenue a ?ac?yaeiua eieae. Yoe caiene auee nenoaiaoece?iaaiu a
ioeoeeaeueiii «Ainoaea?noaaiiii ?ac?yaea». Ainoaea?noaaiiue ?ac?yae –
ioeoeeaeueiue ni?aai/iee aeey ianoie/aneeo nii?ia.
A 1555 – 1556 aa. auei i?eiyoi oeiaeaiea i neoaeaa, aaiaeeaoaa iauee
ii?yaeie neoaeau n aio/ei e n iiianoee, eiaaea ni 100 /aoaa?oae
«aeia?ie» caiee aunoaaeyaony iaeei aii?oaeaiiue aiei.
Ia/eiaaony oi?ie?iaaiea aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaii.
A 1555 a – aaiaeeony aoaiay, a a 1556 a – caineay ?aoi?iu. A 1556 a
aiy?neea ei?ieaiey auee ioiaiaiu. Ianoiia oi?aaeaiea e noaeu auee
ia?aaeaiu a ?oee auai?iuo i?aaiia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey – aoaiuo
noa?ino. A ai?iaeao i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey noaee caineea ecau n auai?iui
ooaoii. Aeayoaeueiinoue aoaiuo e caineeo i?aaiia eiio?iee?iaaeanue
i?eeacaie.
I?e Eca?aiiie ?aaea iieiinoueth neiaeeeanue i?eeaciay nenoaia
oeaio?aeueiiai oi?aaeaiey. Yoi aue, aunoee i?aai eiio?iey. I?eeacu
i?aaieciaaeenue eae ii io?aneaaiio, oae e ii oa??eoi?eaeueiiio
i?eioeeio. E i?eia?o, Iinieueneee i?eeac ?oeiaiaeee aiaoiae iieeoeeie ai
aeaaa n Eaaiii Ieoaeeiae/ai Aeneiaaoui, *aeiaeoiue – i?eieiae aeaeiau ia
eiy oea?y e i?iaiaeee neaaenoaey ii iei. Aii?inaie caieaaeaaeaiey
caieiaeny Iiianoiue i?eeac. ?acaieiue i?eeac ?acuneeaae e noaeee «eeoeo
ethaeae». Nai? aeai?yineiai iiie/aiey e iacia/aiea aiaaiae auee a
eiiiaoaioeee ?ac?yaeiiai i?eeaca. Ai aeaaa i?eeacia noiyee aeueyee. A eo
?oeao auea nin?aaeioi/aia aieueoay aeanoue.
Noaeueaa Eca?aiiie ?aaeu auea ia ooaoeoaeueia, oae eae n?aco iinea
nia?oe oea?eoeu aue a?anoiaai Aaeaoaa, eioi?iai iaaeieee a oii, /oi iie
n Neeueaano?ii «i/a?iaaee» e ecaaee aa. Aaeaoaa oia? /a?ac aeaa ianyoea,
a 1561 a. a oth?ueia a Aea?ioa. Neeueaano?a caoi/eee a Nieiaaoeeii
iiianou?a. Yoi icia/aei, /oi oea?ue ?ac?uaae ni naiae i?aaeiae iieeoeeie
e ni naiei no?aieaieai e aeinoeaeaieth eiii?iienna iaaeaeo ?aciuie
neiyie iauanoaa. Oaeoe/anee aea ?acaii ?aaeu aue aucaai no?aieaieai
oea?y oi?i/eoue ee/ioth aeanoue, a aiciiaeiinoe e yoiio oaea auee.
Oaeei ia?acii, Eca?aiiay ?aaea i?iaaea na?ueaciua ?aoi?iu, ?ann/eoaiiua
ia aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae. A ?aoi?iao Eca?aiiie ?aaeu ioiaia ei?ieaiee,
caineay ?aoi?ia – oeaio?aeueiua, no?oeoo?iia?acothuea. Iie iiaeaeee ca
niaie ia?ano?ieeo noaeaaiie e oeiainiai-iaeiaiaie nenoai, oeaio?aeueiuo
e ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe. N ioiaiie ei?ieaiee aicieeea iio?aaiinoue a
oeaio?aeecaoeee nai?a iaeiaia. Caineay ?aoi?ia niinianoaiaaea
iauaaeeiaieth i?iaeioeeaeueiiai aeai?yinoaa a oacaeiua ei?ii?aoeee –
neoaeeeua «ai?iaea», eioi?ua noaee aaaeiui einoeoooii nineiaiiai
ono?ienoaa iniiaiie iannu iiiaueeia. Eaai A?iciue no?aieeny e
iaiaaeeaiiui ?acoeueoaoai. I?e ia?acaeoinoe aiia?aoa ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe auno?ia i?iaeaeaeaiea e oeaio?aeecaoeee auei aiciiaeii eeoue i?e
iiiiue oa??i?a. Eca?aiiay ?aaea auea i?ioea yoiai. Iaaeaiea Eca?aiiie
?aaeu – i?ieia e ii?e/ieia.
II. 5 yiaa?y 1565 a a Aeaenaiae?ianeie Neiaiaea Eaai IV iauyaee ia
ia?aciaaiee ii?e/ieiu. I?aaeaea anaai, aaaaeaiea ii?e/ieiu auei
iaoneiaeaii neiaeiui aioo?aiiei e iaaeaeoia?iaeiui iieiaeaieai.
Ii?e/ieia – iieeoeea Eaai IV, iai?aaeaiiay ia ai?ueao n aiy?aie, eioi?ay
nii?iaiaeaeaeanue oa??i?ii, a oaeaea eiaaea cia/eoaeueiay /anoue
oa??eoi?ee auaeaeyeanue a iniaue oaeae. A ninoaa ii?e/iiai «oaeaea»
aioee: ianeieueei e?oiiuo aeai?oeiauo aieinoae, naaa?iua oacaeu n
aiaaouie oi?aiauie ai?iaeaie, iniiaiua oeaio?u aeiau/e e ia?a?aaioee
niee – Noa?ay ?onna, Ea?aiiieue, Nieue Aaeeoeeay, Nieue Au/aaiaeneay.
Ii?e/iia aienei oi?ie?iaaeinue ec ooaei?iaeiuo aeai?yi. Eiaiii yoi
aienei, ii caiuneo A?iciiai, aeieaeii auei noaoue iaaeaaeiui i?oaeeai a
aai ai?ueaa n oaiaeaeueii-a?enoie?aoe/aneie iiiiceoeeae. Oea?ue a?ae
eo/oea caiee naaa o aiy?, a ioi?aaeye eo ia ie?aeiu – caiueiu. A
ii?e/iue aeai? oea?y iiiaaeaee aeaaea eiino?aiiua ioeoea?u; oea?neei
ii?e/ieeii, iai?eia?, aue Aai?eo Ooaaeai, inoaaeaoee aiineaaenoaee naie
caienee ia ii?e/ieia. Ii?e/ieia ii naiae oi?ia iaiiieiaea aica?auaiea ei
a?aiaiai oaiaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe. Iaeiaei iia i?aneaaeiaaea
ae?oaoth oeaeue – oie/oiaeeoue inoaoee ae?iaeaiey a ?innee.
Oea?neea neoae – ii?e/ieee – aeaaaee i?enyao: neoaeeoue oieueei oea?th,
aeiiineoue ia eciaiieeia, ia ciaoueny n caineeie ethaeueie e i?e
anooieaiee ia neoaeao ioeacaoueny io iooea e iaoa?e, /oiau neoaeeoue
oieueei iaeiiio oea?th. Ii?e/ieee ?acuacaeaee ii Iineaa aa?oii, n
niaa/ueeie aieiaaie e iaoeaie, eioi?ua auee i?eaycaiu e naaeeai a ciae
oiai, /oi iie a?ucoo oea?neeo a?aaia e auiaoatho ec ?onneie caiee
eciaio.
Iiauo neoa oea?ue aeaeiaae iiianoueyie, iaeaaae a ieaouey, oeoua
cieioii; iicaieye ei aoenoaiaaoue, iaeaeay aeeoaeae. Ana neie ianaeaiey,
iiiaaeaaoea iiae aeaenoaea ii?e/ieiu, oa?iaee ianeeea a oicyenoaaiiii
ioiioaiee e i?eaiaeeeenue – aieueii eee iaaieueii – ec inaaeeiai
ninoiyiey a iiaeaeaeiia, /oiau ia neacaoue a?iaey/aa. Ana o?aiaoaei
ia?aae ieie. A ?innee aiaeai?eeinue iieiia aani?aaea. Ia/aeenue iiaeu e
eacie aiy?, eioi?uo i?eaiceee aeey iuoie a Aeaenaiae?ianeoth neiaiaeo.
Aeaenaiae?ianeay neiaiaea – noaea aeey Eaaia IV ianoii i?iaeeaaiey,
eoaea ii ia?aa?aeny aianoa ni naiei naiaenoaii. Eacieee ia aeanyoeaie, a
nioiyie. Eiouanoai eaciaiiuo eiioeneiauaaeinue.
Iaeaieaa y?eeie ec ii?e/ieeia oiai a?aiaie auee – Aeaenae Aeaieeiae/
Aaniaiia – Ieauaaa, eiycue Aoaianee Eaaiiae/ Aycaineee, a iniaaiii –
ethaeiaoe oea?y e aeaaiue iaea/ ii?e/ieiu n eiioea 60-o aa. A?eai?ee
Eoeueyiiae/ Neo?aoia – Aaeueneee ii i?icaeuo Iaethoa.
I?ioea ii?e/ieiu y?i aunooiae ieo?iiieeo Oeeeii. Ii aue aeayoaeueiue,
anaie oaaaeaaiue ianou?ue nayoie aeecie. Oeeeii iaee/ae oea?y, oi?aeae a
aeanoieinoe aai iieeoeee. Iinea /aai auee i?aaieciaaiu eeaaaoie/aneea
aeiiinu. Oeeeii aue ieceiaeai ii?e/ieeaie e ioaacai a caeeth/aiea a
Oaa?neie Io?i/ue – iiianou?ue, aaea iicaeiaa noa?oea caaeooee Iaethoa
Neo?aoia. Naa?aeaiea Oeeeiia iiaei?aaei naiinoiyoaeueiinoue oea?eae.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi naiua iianiua aeey A?iciiai ethaee oaea auee
eaciaiu, a ae?oaea au?aaeaee ?aaneoth i?aaeaiiinoue, oea?ue ia
oniieieeny. No?aiynue inoaiiaeoue iioie aaaoueo ec Iineianeiai
ainoaea?noaa, oea?ue aaae oae iacuaaaiua e?anoioeaeiaaeueiua caiene –
iniaua a?aiiou n eeyoaie aa?iinoe. Aiy?a eeyeenue oea?th, /oi ia
iouaaeoo a /oaeea caiee e aoaeoo aa?ie e i?aaaeie neoaeeoue aai
ianeaaeieeai.
N 1567 aiaea ia/eiaaony naiay i?a/iay ii?a ii?e/ieiu – ianniaue oa??i?.
Naiaai aiiaay ii?e/iue oa??i? aeinoea a 1570 aiaeo. A yoii aiaeo oea?ue
n ii?e/iui aieneii ?aca?iieee Iiaai?iae. Noa?eiiue ?onneee ai?iae,
ecaaaeaaoee oaoa?neiai eaa a XIII aaea, aue ?aci?ai naiei aea
«i?aaineaaiui» oea?ai. Ia?yaeo n Iiaai?iaeii ?aca?iio iiaeaa?aeenue
Ineia, Eaaeiaa, Oaa?ue. ?acoeueoaoii yoiai aacoiiiai e aiana ia ioaeiiai
oa??i?a auei iieiia ?anno?ienoai aioo?aiieo ioiioaiee a no?aia.
Caeii anyeiai oa??i?a – aai i?ia?anneaiia aic?anoaiea. I?eooieaoayny
aini?eei/eainoue o?aaoao ana aieaa neeueiuo yooaeoia. Oa??eoi?ey,
caiyoay ii?e/ieiie, iinoiyiii oaaee/eaaeanue: aieueoay /anoue
ainoaea?noaa auea caoaa/aia ath. E ii?e/ieia auee i?eniaaeeiaiu iaeanoe:
Aieiaiaeneay, Onothaeneay, Ea?aiiieueneay, Iiaeaeneay e Aycaineay (a
1565 a). E ii?e/ieia ioioee ana caiee No?iaaiiauo (a 1566 a). Iiii?uea,
ana iaeanoe Caiineiauey, caineea caiee, Iaiiaaeneay e Aaaeaoeeay
«iyaeeiu» Iiaai?iaeneie iaeanoe oaeaea ia?aoee e ii?e/ieia (n 1570 ii
1580 aiae). Ia caiaaea oa??eoi?ey ii?e/ieiu i?inoe?aeanue aei
eeoianei-iaiaoeeie a?aieoeu, ia ainoiea – aei Ayoee, a ia thaa – aei
Iee.
E caiueia ioiineeenue neaaeothuea oa??eoi?ee: Ia?ineay, Ayoneay iaeanoe,
?ycaiue; caiee, iiae/eiaiiua Ineiao e Iiaai?iaeo; ec e?oiiuo ai?iaeia ca
caiueiie inoaaaeenue Aeaaeeie?, Eaeoaa e Oaa?ue.
Caaiaiiay, ii ia nianai eno?aaeaiiay ciaoue aianoa n /oanoaii no?aoa
ieoaea ino?oth iaiaaenoue e «ecaeaaia» e?iaiieenoaaiiiio ?iaeo»
iineianeeo ainoaea?ae e ca?aiaa i?aaeaeooaea aai nei?ue eiiaoe.
Ii?e/ieee e oa??i? ainnoaiiaeee ana ianaeaiea ?innee i?ioea aeanoieie
aeanoe e a oi aea a?aiy aianee ?iciue e a n?aaeo naiiai iauanoaa.
III. Ii?e/ieia aooaaaea a ?innee ieiei naie eao e a 1572 aiaeo auea
ioiaiaia. Iaeacaieth iiaeeaaeeo oio, eoi oieueei iniaeeony i?iecianoe
neiai «ii?e/ieia», eioi?ia i?aa?aoeeanue a e?aiieueiia. «Oaea ia auei
ii?e/ieiu, ii aea?oau aua iaaeaee, oioy e ?aaea, iaiaa /eneii: oe?ainoai
eacaeinue ooiieaiiui, ae?aiethuei…» (I.I.Ea?aicei). Aeeaeaeoea aa
caaea/e (ii?e/ieiu) auee auiieiaiu: a?enoie?aoe/aneia aiy?noai neiieaii.
Aeaeueiaeoaa nouanoaiaaiea ii?e/ieiu a?iceei neeoeii aieueoeie
ineiaeiaieyie anaio ainoaea?noaaiiiio ii?yaeeo.
Aaaeiaeoay aeey iieiaeie no?aiu i?iaeaia niioiioaiey aeanoe e iauanoaa
auea ?aoaia a iieueco aeanoe. Ii?e/ieia iiae/eieea ana iauanoai
iaia?aie/aiiie aeanoe oea?y. Aeaaainoaothuay ?ieue aaeeiiee/iiai
i?aaeoaey auea ieii/aoaeueii onoaiiaeaia. ?ieue aiy?neie aeoiu oiaea, e
iia noaea aieaa oi?aaeyaiie. Ianoi iaeaieaa no?iioeauo i?aaenoaaeoaeae
aiy?noaa caiyea ath?ie?aoey: ieieueie/ee, aeoiiua aeueyee, aeoiiua
aeai?yia. Iauyaea ia ioiaia ii?e/ieiu, oea?ue, iaeiaei, ia oioae
ioeacaoueny io anae nenoaiu i?aaiecaoeee neoaeeeiai eeanna e iaania/aiey
aai caiaeueiui aeaeiaaiueai (iiianoueyie). Iiianouey neoaeeeiai eeanna
iiaee iaania/eoue e nia?yaeeoue ia aiaiioth neoaeao naieo aeaaeaeueoeaa
oieueei i?e oneiaee i?iaeeaaiey ia yoeo caieyo e?anoueyi. Oae iiyaeeanue
iuneue i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?ee?aieoue e?anoueyi e caiea, iiaeiaii oiio,
eae aea?aeaoaee yoie caiee auee i?ee?aieaiu e neoaeaa. Iaeiaei A?iciue
ia ?aoeeny ia ieii/aoaeueiia i?iaicaeaoaiea e?anoueyineie e?aiinoe; oai
ia iaiaa, ia?aua oaae a yoii iai?aaeaiee auee naeaeaiu.
Yeiiiie/aneoth aea noi?iio ii?e/ieiu i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?acaeae caiaeue
a ainoaea?noaa ia ii?e/iua e caineea.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?e naiai ooaa?aeaeaiee ii?e/ieia iineea io/aoeeai
au?aaeaiioth aioeeiyaeaneoth iai?aaeaiiinoue. Ia?aua ?ai?annee,
cao?iioaoea nocaeaeueneeo, iiaeaeneeo e aycaineeo eiycae, ineaaeee
iieeoe/aneia aeeyiea eiyaeaneie a?enoie?aoee e niinianoaiaaee
oe?aieaieth naiiaea?aeaaiie iiia?oee, oeaio?aeecaoeee ainoaea?noaa. Ii
ii?e/ieia ia i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aaeeiie ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee n
/aoei iaicia/aiiuie oeaeyie e caaea/aie, e a neeo yoiai iia ia auea, aea
e ia iiaea auoue iineaaeiaaoaeueiie. Iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?iaiaeeeenue
oieueei eacie, eioi?uie nii?iaiaeaeaeny oieueei ii?e/iue oa??i?.
E ana aea eoiae ii?e/ieiu, eae iieeoeee neaaeoao ioeaieaaoue a aieueoae
ia?a eae io?eoeaoaeueiua, /ai iieiaeeoaeueiua. Ii?e/ieia ia eciaieea
iieeoe/aneie no?oeoo?u, a iia oieueei inoaaeea aeoaieee neaae a aeecie
?onneiai n?aaeiaaaeiaiai iauanoaa.
Ii?e/iue oa??i?, ie/ai ia ii?aaaeaiiue, ?aci?ee no?aio, ?ac?ooee aa
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiua neeu, niinianoaiaae aiaoiaio ii?aaeaieth (Eeaiineay
aieia).
Ianiio?y ia naith i?ioeai?a/eaoth aioo?aiithth iieeoeeo, I?aaeoaeuenoai
Eaaia A?iciiai aaei yia?ae/ii aiaoithth iieeoeeo. Caeanue
?anniao?eaaeenue aeaa iai?aaeaiey: iniiaiui nia/aea auei ainoi/iia
(no?aieaiea aeiaeoueny i?eniaaeeiaiey Eacaineiai oainoaa), a ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia 50-o aiaeia iniiaiui noaiao caiaaeiia iai?aaeaiea (ai?ueaa n
Eeaiineei i?aeaiii, i?eniaaeeiaiea I?eaaeoeee). Ana yoi auei aucaaii
oai, /oi oea?ue aue iaaniieiai ia oieueei ninoiyieai naieo a?aieoe, ii e
?anoe?aiea oa??eoi?ee naiae aea?aeaau. Eaai IV noae caaiaaaoaeai. N
eaaeaeui aiaeii ?onneea noaee ana aeaeueoa e aeaeueoa i?iaeaeaaoueny a
aeoaue ia?iiiiai i?ino?ainoaa. Caaioynue ia oe?aieaiee ?inneeneiai
ainoaea?noaa, oea?ue aeieaeai aue aeoiaoue i i?i/iii inaiaiee anaai
oa/aiey Aieae. E eae neaaenoaea a 1552 a – i?eniaaeeiaiea eacaineiai
oainoaa e ?innee (acyoea Eacaie). Caeanue naay i?iyaeee eiycue Ieoaee
Ai?iouineee, Aaneeee Naiaiiae/ Na?aa?yiue e Aeaenaiae? Ai?eniae/
Ai?aaoue. A 1556 a – auea acyoa Ano?aoaiue (i?eniaaeeiaiea Ano?aoaineiai
oainoaa). Iineianeia aienei aicaeaaeye TH?ee Eaaiiae/ I?iineee.
Iinoaiaiii oea?ue Eaai IV naeaeaeny ainoaea?ai e iie?iaeoaeai
ionoeueiaineiai Ainoiea. A naiii aeaea, n?aaee noi?iiieeia A?iciiai auei
iiiai oaoa?. Iiae/eiaiea iiauo oa??eoi?ee eiaei ia?iiiua iineaaenoaey
aeey ?onneiai ainoaea?noaa. Auee cia/eoaeueii oeo/oaiu oi?aiaua e
aeeieiiaoe/aneea niioaiey ?innee n Ainoieii. Caaiaaaiey Eaai IV auno?i
o/ee aiaee/aia: ia?aae ieie iiyaeeny auaiaeiue o?aiceoiue iooue /a?ac
Ano?aoaiue a Oo?eanoai e Ia?neth. Iineianeia i?aaeoaeuenoai ieacuaaei
aiaee/aiai a yoii aii?ina naia iie?iaeoaeuenoai. A iieeoe/aneii
ioiioaiee caaiaaaiea Eacaie e Ano?aoaie n?aco ia?aaeaeioei thaeioth
a?aieoeo ?innee n Iee ia Oa?ae. Ainnoaiaaeeaaeinue aeaaiaa ?onneia
iino?iaiea ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ia iaeiia?aiaiii iaeaaeaei eanii, noaiueth
e thaeiui ii?ai.
N 1555 ii 1557 aiae ?onneea niaa?oeee oniaoiua iioiaeu a E?ui. Inoaaea
E?ui, oea?ue ia?aoeeny e aeaeai a Eeaiiee, oae eae e na?aaeeia XVI aaea
iaeiie ec naiuo neiaeiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?iaeai noaiiaeony Aaeoeeneee
aii?in. Ca i?aai iaeaaeaiey Aaeoeeneei ii?ai noieeioeenue eioa?anu
Oaaoeee, Aeaiee, ?innee, Iieueoe. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a 1558 aiaeo Eaaiii
IV auea ia/aoa Eeaiineay aieia (1558 – 1583) n oeaeueth i?iaeoueny e
Aaeoeeneiio ii?th e caaycaoue iaiin?aaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey n Caiaaeiie
Aa?iiie, iieueciaaoueny aa aiaaoie eoeueoo?ie. Eeaiineay aieia nia/aea
auea oaea/iie aeey ?innee. ?onneea acyee Ia?ao, TH?ueaa e ieiei 20
eeaiineeo ai?iaeia. A 1560 aiaeo aienea i?aeaia auee ?acaeou. A 1561
aiaeo ?aniaeny Eeaiineee i?aeai. A yoii aea aiaeo eeoiaoeu iaianee
?onneei aieneai ianeieueei ii?aaeaiee. E oioy Eaai A?iciue a 1563 aiaeo
acye Iieioee, yoi aue iineaaeiee oniao ?innee a Eeaiineie aieia.
Caeeth/ea iiae Iieioeeii ia?aie?ea n Eeoaie, A?iciue i?eaeanee a Iineao
aeaoneiai e oaaaeneiai iineia e a aeanoeie oi?ia iio?aaiaae, /oiau eo
aienea inoaaeee ana oa??eoi?ee Eeaiiee, eioi?ua iie caiyee.
Iineu yoe o?aaiaaiey ioeeiieee, e aiaiiua aeaenoaey aiciaiiaeeenue,
iaeiaei oniaoa ?onneea aienea oaea ia aeiaeeenue. A 1569 aiaeo a ai?iaea
Ethaeeia ioi?ieeny nithc Eeoau e Iieueoe, ii eioi?iio yoe aeaa
ainoaea?noaa ia?aciaaee aaeeiia ainoaea?noai – ?a/ue Iiniieeooth
(?anioaeeeo). A yoi a?aiy iaino?eeenue ioiioaiey Iineau n e?uineei
oaiii, eioi?ue niaa?oee iioiae ia Iineao, ?aci?ea aa ie?anoiinoe. ?a/ue
Iiniieeoay ia iaiaa ?innee ioaeaeaeanue a ie?iie ia?aaeuoea, e a 1570
aiaeo iaa noi?iiu caeeth/eee ia?aie?ea ia o?e aiaea. Iaeiia?aiaiii n
yoei niauoeai i?iecioei ae?oaia – iaino?eeenue ioiioaiey ?innee ni
Oaaoeeae. A?iciue o?aaiaae onooieoue ?aaaeue e aeaaea iuoaeny caoaaoeoue
aai neeie, ii aaconiaoii. Oaaoeey, caeeth/ea nithc n Aeaieae,
eaoaai?e/ii ioaa?aea ana i?eoycaiey oea?y ia ?aaaeue e i?aaieciaaea
e?aieoth iai?iio yoiai ai?iaea. A 1575 aiaeo ?onneea aienea aiciaiiaeee
ianooieaiea a Eeaiiee, iuoaynue iaeaaeaoue ?aaaeai. A neaaeothuai, 1576
aiaeo ?onneea o?eaeaeu iuoaeenue acyoue ?aaaeue. Inaaeaeaiiua
ia?aoeeenue ca iiiiuueth e aa?iaineei ai?iaeai. Iaeiaei neeu Eaaia IV
oaeaea auee ia enoiaea.
Aeieaia a?aiy Eeaiineay aieia i?iaeieaeaeanue aac ?aoeoaeueiuo oniaoia n
oie eee ae?iaie noi?iiu, ii a 1579 aiaeo iieueneee ei?ieue Noaoai
Aaoi?ee, ia?aeaey a ianooieaiea, acye ia?aoii Iieioee. Ana caaiaaaiey
Eaaia IV a Eeoeyiaeee auee iioa?yiu. A 1581 aiaeo Noaoai Aaoi?ee aoi?any
a ?onneea i?aaeaeu, acye aaaeioth e?aiinoue Aaeeeea Eoee e inaaeee
Ineia. Aa?ie/aneay iai?iia Ineiaa (aai aeeoaee ioaeee 30 ooo?iia e
niaa?oeee ieiei 50 aueacie) ni?aaea iieueneea ieaiu aeaeueiaeoaai
iioiaea ia ?inneth.
A yiaa?a – oaa?aea 1581 aiaea iieuenei – eeoianeea aienea caoaaoeee
ai?iae Oiei e niaeaee Noa?oth ?onno. A yoi a?aiy i?ioea ?onneeo ia/aee
aiaiiua aeaenoaey ia iiaa?aaeuea Oeineiai caeeaa oaaaeu, ca ei?ioeia
a?aiy caoaaoeaoea i?aeoe/anee anth oa??eoi?eth Ynoiiee. (Caoaaoeee
Ia?ao).
Iieiaeaiea ?one noaei e?eoe/iui, e oea?ue cai?inee ie?a. Ii aioia aue
iieoe ia naiua aieueoea onooiee ?aaee ieii/aiey aieiu.
A 1582 aiaeo auei caeeth/aii ia?aie?ea a ssia – Caiieueneii ia 10 eao
iaaeaeo ?inneae e ?a/ueth Iiniieeoie. A 1583 aiaeo auei caeeth/aii
Iethnneia ia?aie?ea ni Oaaoeeae. Ii oneiaeyi ia?aie?ey n Iieueoae e
Oaaoeeae ?inney oo?aoeea naie i?eia?aoaiey a Eeaiiee, Aaei?onnee, /anoue
iiaa?aaeuey Oeineiai caeeaa (ai?iaea Eaaiai?iae, ssi, Eiii?uea). A naith
i/a?aaeue, Aaoi?ee aica?auae ?innee caaiaaaiiua ei e?aiinoe Oiei,
Aaeeeea Eoee, Iaaaeue, Aaeeae e ineianeea i?eai?iaeu. Iieioee inoaaaeny
o ?a/e Iiniieeoie. Eeaiineay aieia, aeeeaoayny 25 eao, eii/eeanue
ii?aaeaieai ?innee. E iiiuoea aeiaeoueny auoiaea e Aaeoeeneiio ii?th
auea iinoaaeaia ?inneae ia iiaanoeo aeiy. Ii?aaeaiea yaeeinue
neaaenoaeai yeiiiie/aneie ionoaeinoe ?innee, aaconeiaii cia/eoaeueiia
aicaeaenoaea ieacaea aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea Eaaia A?iciiai, a eiaiii
ii?e/ieia, iciaiaiiaaaoay niaie iiai?io e oa??i?o. Aaaeiui niauoeai
oea?noaiaaiey Eaaia IV auei i?eniaaeeiaii e ?innee Neae?neiai oea?noaa,
caaiaaaiiiai aeiineeie eacaeaie iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii A?iaea Oeiioaaae/a a
1582 aiaeo.
Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeaiaey eoia, noieo neacaoue, /oi Eaai A?iciue –
oeaio?aeueiay oeao?a ?onneie aeecie XVI aaea, eioi?ue yaeyaony
iineaaeiaaoaeai iineianeeo oea?ae. Aai yiioa auea neaaiie e e?iaaaie
iaeiia?aiaiii. Aai e?iaaainoue i?iyaeeanue a aai aioo?aiiae ea?aoaeueiie
iieeoeea, eioi?oth ii iacaae «Ii?e/ieia». Aeaiiay iieeoeea auea iaeiei
ec n?aaenoa a ai?ueaa ca oe?aieaiea naiiaea?aeaaiie aeanoe,
nii?iaiaeaeaaoayny ai?ueaie n ?iaeiaeoui aiy?noaii. Iieeoe/aneei
n?aaenoaii ai?ueau n aiy?aie oea?ue aua?ae ?ai?annee. Ia/aaoeany i?ioea
?iaeiaeoiai aiy?noaa, ?ai?annee cao?iioee oe?ieea neie ianaeaiey.
Aucaaiiue oa??i? i?inoi nae?ainoaiaae, a ?ai?annee aioo?e ainoaea?noaa a
naith i/a?aaeue iaaaoeaii neacaeenue ia oiaea Eeaiineie aieiu.
«Eae ainoaea?ue, A?iciue niaa?oee aaee/aeoaa i?anooieaiea, – ii
?aca?aoee ia?iae, oie/oiaeay a iai ana auaeathuaany, aa?ie/aneia,
neaaiia» (A.A. Nieiaueaa). Eae iieeiaiaeaoe ii ia i?iyaee naay e,
iaiai?io, iiaeic?aaay anao a eciaia, naea?aeeaae eieoeeaoeao aiaaiae e
iiaoaee iiiaeo caneoaeaiiuo e oaeaioeeauo aiaia/aeueieeia. Aeiiaieeii
ii?aaeaiey a aieia aue eiaiii ii. Aai iieeoeea niinianoaiaaea ?aci?aieth
e nicaeaieth i?aaeiinueie iaaeaeaiiie ?aiaa a aa enoi?ee Nioou –
a?aaeaeaineie aieiu, ?anoyioaoaeny ia iieoi?a aeanyoea eao.
Oai ia iaiaa, A?iciue inoaiaony a enoi?ee, eae ainoaea?noaaiiue
aeayoaeue e iieeoee e?oiiie aaee/eiu. Ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai naiaai
oea?noaiaaiey ii caaiaaae Iiaieaeuea (yoi niinianoaiaaei ?acaeoeth
?aianea, oi?aiaee e naeueneiai oicyenoaa), iiei?ee Neae?ue e oiio aea
nicaeae iiuiia aiaiii-ath?ie?aoe/aneia ainoaea?noai, /oi e
niinianoaiaaei oe?aieaieth naiiaea?aeaaey.
18 ia?oa 1584a – eii/eia oea?y. «Oe?ai oia?, eae e aeee». (I.I.Ea?aicei
«Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa ?inneeneiai).
Oanoiaua caaeaiey
1. Eaeea e?anoueyineea aunooieaiey eiaee ianoi a XVII a.?
1.) ainnoaiea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Eaaia Aieioieeiaa;
2.) ainnoaiea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Noaiaia ?aceia.
2. Eaeiau auee ooieoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaothuaai Naiaoa 1711 a.?
2.) ?oeiaiaenoai e iaaeci? ca ?aaioie ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa;
3. Eaeiau auee i?e/eiu ii?aaeaiey aeaeaa?enoia?
1.) ionoonoaea aaeeinoaa a ?yaeao ainnoaaoeo;
3.) ia eiaee nayce n ia?iaeii.
4. A /ai cia/aiea aeaeaeaiey aeaeaa?enoia?
2.) aia?aua i?aaei?eiyoa iiiuoea eciaieoue nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneoth
nenoaio ?innee.
5. Eoi aue ia?aui i?aceaeaioii ?innee?
2.) A.I.Aeueoeei.
6. Eiai ec iacaaiiuo aeayoaeae ?innee iiaeii ioianoe e neaayiioeeai?
1.) A.N.Oiiyeia;
2.) E.N.Aenaeia.
7. Eaeea iniiaiua oi?iu oaiaeaeueiiai caieaaeaaeaiey auee a ?innee ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia XIX a.?
2.) /anoiia;
3.) eacaiiia.
8. Iniaaiiinoe ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia a ?innee ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIX a.?
1.) ia?aaiiia?iia ?aciauaiea i?iiuoeaiiinoe ii oa??eoi?ee ?innee;
3.) eaieoaeeci ?anoe?yeny «aoe?ue».
9. Niioianeoa niauoey e aeaou.?
1.) aaaaeaiea einoeoooa caineeo ia/aeueieeia – a.) 1889 a;
2.) noaeaaiay ?aoi?ia – a.) 1864 a;
3.) caineay eiio??aoi?ia – a.) 1890 a;
4.) ioiaia iiaeooiie iiaeaoe n e?anoueyi – a.) 1883 a;
10. Ioiaoueoa ?aoaiey Iionaeaineie eiioa?aioeee.?
1.) iiaeoaa?aeeea ia?aaea/o NNN? /anoe Ainoi/iie I?onnee;
2.) iiaeoaa?aeeea iaia?aiea ia?aaeaoue aeaaiuo aiaiiuo i?anooiieeia
noaeo Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai o?eaoiaea;
3.) ?acaeaeeea Aa?iaieth ia ciiu ieeoiaoeee iaaeaeo NNN?, NOA, Aiaeeae e
O?aioeeae.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Enoi?ey ?innee: IX – XXI aa. Io ?th?eea aei Iooeia. ?aae
ss.A.Ia?aoia. – Iineaa: EEOe «Ia?O», 2003. – 672 n;
2. Enoi?ey ?innee n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai aei 1861 aiaea: O/aa aeey aocia.
I.E.Iaaeaiei, E.E.Aiae?aaa, A.A.Eia?ei, A.A.Oaaei?ia. – I.: Auno. Oe.,
1996. – 559 n.: ea?ou;
3. O/aaiia iiniaea aeey aocia: a 2 o. O.2: I.I.Ai?eiia, A.A.Ai?neee,
A.A.Aeaieeia. – I.: Aoiaieo. Ecae. oeaio? AEAAeIN, 1997. – 472 n;
4. Nieiaueaa N.I. Ni/eiaiey. Eieaa III. Enoi?ey ?innee n ae?aaiaeoeo
a?aiai. O.5 – 6. I.: Aiein, 1993 a;
5. Ea?aicei I.I. Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa ?inneeneiai. A 3-o ei. Ei.2:
Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa ?inneeneiai. O.V – VIII. NIa: III «Cieioie
aae»,1997 a.
Oae eae oaii no?oeoo?iuo ?aoi?i, i?iaiaeeiuo Eca?aiiie ?aaeie ia
ono?aeaae oea?y, oi A?iciue ia/ae i?eiaiyoue oa??i?, eioi?ue aeieaeai
aue niinianoaiaaoue i?iaaaeaieth nei?uo ?aoi?i e ia?aciaaieth aaeeiiai
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa.
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