?aoa?ao ia oaio:
«?ieue ?onneie A?iee a Ia?aie Ie?iaie aieia»
Aaaaeaiea
Eco/aiea enoi?ee 1 ie?iaie aieiu 1914-1918 a.a. aea?o i?aaenoaaeaiea i
iiiaiia?acee enoi?e/aneiai i?ioeanna ?acaeoey iauanoaa. ?acaeoea
eaieoaeecia a 19 aaea oei, eae e i?aaeaea, ia?aaiiia?ii. A eiieo?aioiie
ai?ueaa iinoiyiii iaiyeanue ?annoaiiaea nee. Neiaeiua yeiiiie/aneea
i?ioeannu, eae i?aaeei, niaoeaaeenue n iieeoe/aneie aeeciueth. Aucia
eioi?ue a?inee XX aae oea?neie ?innee aue i?aaeaeueii aeanoie, ii
io?aaeae ?aaeee e oaiaeaioeee no?aieoaeueii iaiythuaainy ie?a e no?aiu,
eioi?ua ia niiaee i?eniiniaeoueny e aaeaeaaoii ioaaoeoue ia aucia iiaiai
eiaeono?eaeueii ?acaeaathuaainy a?aiaie auee ia?a/aiu. Ia?aae ?inneeneie
eiia?eae noae aii?in i aoaeouiinoe no?aiu, aa oa??eoi?eaeueiie
oeaeinoiinoe, ?iee a Aa?aceeneii ?aaeiia e ai anai ie?a a oeaeii.
Nie?ooeoaeueii ii?aaeaiea a aiaeu E?uineie, caoai ?onnei-yiiineie aiei,
oa??eoi?eaeueiua iioa?e (ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea), cae?aieaiea ?iee ?innee
ia ie?iaii ?uiea eeoue eae yenii?oa nu?uey, i?iaeiaieuenoaey, ?anoouay
yeiiiie/aneay, oeiainiaay caaeneiinoue io ?acaeouo no?ai, iaino?aiea
niia?ie/anoaa n ?yaeii no?ai i?eeaaathueo e ?innee – neaiaeu,
naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea ia iianiuo oaiaeaioeeyo, niaieoiiinoue eioi?uo ia
iiaea ia cao?aaeaaoue eioa?anu ia?iaea ?innee e anao aai nioeeaeueiuo
neiaa. Naiui aa?anneaiui ii oiio a?aiaie ieacaeanue Aa?iaiey. Yoi
ainoaea?noai, yeiiiieea eioi?iai ?acaeaaeanue /?acau/aeii auno?uie
oaiiaie, naiui aeoeaiui ia?acii ai?ieanue ca ?uiee nauoa. Aa?iaineea
oiaa?u noaee caiaoii oanieoue aiaeeeneea. Aeey aiaee/ai, i?eaueoeo
iiiiiieueii ainiiaenoaiaaoue ia ie?iaii ?uiea, yoi auei oyae?eui
oaea?ii. A oi aea a?aiy a Aa?iaiee auea i?eiyoa i?ia?aiia
ia?aaii?oaeaiey aiaiiuo nee. Noaiiaeeinue ynii, /oi oneeeaaaoayny n
eaaeaeui aiaeii Aa?iaiey aioiaeony e ia?aaeaeo ie?a. Iac?aaaea ie?iaay
aieia, a eioi?oth auea aoyiooa e ?inney.
Enoi?e/aneea enoiee ?onneie a?iee.
Enoi?ey ?onneie a?iee oanii naycaia n yeiiiie/aneei e iieeoe/aneei
?acaeoeai no?aiu, n iiiaiaaeiaie ai?ueaie ia?iaeia ?innee ca aa
oeaeinoiinoue e iacaaeneiinoue. No?ieoaeuenoai ?onneie a?iee i?ioaeaei
naiinoiyoaeueiui iooai e eiaei iiiai i?eaeiaeueiiai e naiiauoiiai. Ii
?yaeo aii?inia aiaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa ?onneay a?iey oea aia?aaee
ae?oaeo a?iee no?ai Aa?iiu e Acee, oioy e eniuouaaea ia naaa eo aeeyiea.
?onneay a?iey ca?iaeeeanue a IX aaea e i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aienei
ae?aaia?onneiai ainoaea?noaa Eeaaneie ?one. Iii ia?aiia/aeueii ninoiyei
ec ae?oaeeiu Eeaaneiai aaeeeiai eiycy, a oaeaea ec iiie/aiey,
niae?aaiiai ia ia?eiae aieiu. Iniiaiui ?iaeii aienea auea iaoioa, a n
iiaiai a?aiaie noaea aic?anoaoue ?ieue eiiieoeu. Aienei Eeaaneie ?one
aaei oniaoioth ai?ueao ca iauaaeeiaiea ainoi/iineaayineeo ieai?i a
aaeeiia ainoaea?noai, caueoo aai a?aieoe. ?onneia aienei oaea oiaaea ia
ca?a naiaai nouanoaiaaiey i?iyaeyei aunieea aiaaua ea/anoaa a ai?ueaa ca
iacaaeneiinoue ?onneeo caiaeue. Aeinoaoi/ii aniiiieoue Eaaeiaia iiaieua
1242 aiaea e Eoeeeianeoth aeoao 1380 aiaea. Iicaea, a XV XVII aaea
?onneay a?iey ai?ieanue ca inaiaiaeaeaiea ?one io Iiiaiei-Oaoa?neiai
eaa. Aeaeaa, ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo iineaaeothueo aaeia, aieioue aei 20
noieaoey a iiiai/eneaiiuo aieiao ?onneay a?iey no?aieeanue e aicauoaieth
e oe?aieaieth naiaai ainoaea?noaa, e caueoa aai eioa?ania io
eiino?aiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa. Aaeeeie e inaiaiaeeoaeueiie aioea a
enoi?eth Ioa/anoaaiiay aieia 1812 a, eiaaea iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai
I.E.Eooociaa auea ?aca?iieaia neeueiaeoay ii oiio a?aiaie a?iey
Iaiieaiia.
Iaeiaei enoi?ey nouanoaiaaiey ?onneie a?iee ia anaaaea auea
aeaaiiieo/iie. A /anoiinoe, ii?aaeaiea a E?uineie aieia 1853-1856aa
ane?uei ?yae nouanoaaiiuo iaaeinoaoeia a aii?oaeaiee e a aiaaie
iiaeaioiaea, eioi?ay aaeanue ia iniiaa onoa?aaoeo onoaaia. Iiyoiio a
ia?eiae eaieoaeecia ia/aeinue ia?aono?ienoai ?onneie a?iee, oeaeueth
eioi?iai auei iiauoaiea aianiiniaiinoe ioo?i nicaeaiey aiaiii-iao/aiiuo
?aca?aia, oeo/oaiey oi?aaeaiey aieneaie, ia?aaii?oaeaiey a?iee e ae?.
?aoi?iu i?iaiaeeeenue aiaiiui ieieno?ii Ae.A.Ieethoeiui. A yoi a?aiy aue
nicaeai ?yae aiaiiuo aeaaeaiee, /oi yaeeinue aieueoei oaaii aia??ae ii
iao/aieth eiiaiaeiiai ninoaaa. N ia?aoiaeii eaieoaeecia a aai
eiia?eaeenoe/aneoth noaaeeth ia iniiaa ao?iiai ?inoa i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
iaoee e oaoieee i?iecioee e?oiiua eciaiaiey a aii?oaeaiiuo neeao
iaeaieaa ?acaeouo no?ai. Yoi iineoaeeei oie/eii aeey aeaeueiaeoaai
oe?aieaiey Aii?oaeaiiuo nee ?innee.
Aa?iia iaeaioia aieiu.
I?aaeaea /ai ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue ?ieue a 1 ie?iaie aieia ?onneie a?iee
iaiaoiaeeii iiiyoue i?e/eiu a? aicieeiiaaiey. A i?aaeaeaa?ee aieiu a
Aa?iia neiaeeeenue eieiieaeueiua eiia?ee aaaeoueo ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua
no?ieee nai? iaoa?eaeueiia aeaaiiieo/ea ca n/?o a?aaaaea ionoaeuo
?aaeiiia ie?a. Aaaeue eieiiee yaeyeenue aeey caiaaeiuo no?ai enoi/ieeii
nu?uey e ?ano?nia ?aai/ae neeu, a oaeaea neoaeeee ?uieaie nauoa oiaa?ia.
E ia/aeo XX aaea aanue caiiie oa? ieacaeny ?acaeae?i iaaeaeo iaeaieaa
?acaeouie eiia?eaeenoe/aneeie no?aiaie.
Eieiieaeueiay nenoaia no?ieeanue, eae i?aaeei, ia a?oauo iaoiaeao
i?yiiai aueiea/eaaiey ?ano?nia ec caaeneiuo no?ai. Eieiieyie aeaaeaee
Aaeeeia?eoaiey, O?aioeey, iicaea i?eaaaeeanue Aa?iaiey, Eoaeey, NOA,
Eniaiey, Aano?i-Aaia?ey e ?inney. Iaaei neacaoue, /oi Aa?iaiey,
Aano?i-Aaia?ey e Eoaeey ieacaeenue a neiaeiii aaiiieeoe/aneii
iieiaeaiee, oae eae iicaea ae?oaeo no?ai anooieee a
eiia?eaeenoe/aneoth noaaeeth ?acaeoey. N ia?aoiaeii e
eiia?eaeecio eo aioo?aiiee ?uiie ieacaeny iaeui, iaino?eeanue
iio?aaiinoue a eieiieaeueiuo ?ano?nao. Iaeiaei e ia/aeo XX aaea ia
caiiii oa?a oaea ia inoaaaeinue naiaiaeiuo aeey eieiieaeueiuo yeniainee
oa??eoi?ee. Oae Aa?iaiey iieo/eea a eo eieiieaeueiia aeaaeaiea oieueei
/anoue Oeaio?aeueiie e THai-Ainoi/iie Ao?eee, a ia Aeeaeiai Ainoiea
niiaea iaeoe noa?o aeiaeaiey naieo eaieoaeia oieueei a Oo?oeee.
Aano?i-Aaia?ey auea a aua iaiaa auaiaeiii iieiaeaiee. A? iacuaaee
“eineooiie eiia?eae”, oae eae iia aeeth/aea a naie ninoaa eeoue
?acee/iua ia?iaeu Oeaio?aeueiie e THai-Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu. Ia?aae yoeie,
oae iacuaaaiuie, “iiauie” eiia?eaeenoe/aneeie no?aiaie ino?i anoae
aii?in ia?aaeaea neiaeeaoaainy ie?iaiai ii?yaeea. Ei ioaeii auei n?i/ii
ioaiaaaoue oa??eoi?ee ca n/?o eieiieaeueiiai aeaaeaiey ae?oaeo no?ai.
Iaino?eaoeany i?ioeai?a/ey iaoneiaeee iaecaaaeiinoue ianooaaiie aieiu ca
ia?aaeae oa??eoi?ee oaea iiaeae?iiiai ie?a. Iinoaiaiii noaee
au?eniauaaoueny eiioo?u aoaeoueo iieeoe/aneeo nithcia. A 1879-1882 a.a.
neiaeeeny nithc Oeaio?aeueii-Aa?iiaeneeo aea?aeaa, iacaaiiui
“O?ienoaaiiui”. Nthaea aoiaeeee Aa?iaiey, Aano?i-Aaia?ey, e Eoaeey.
Iicaea Eoaeey auoea ec yoiai aiaiiiai aeiea, a? ianoi a ia/aea aieiu
caiyea Oo?oeey, a a 1915 aiaeo a nithc anooieea Aieaa?ey. A i?ioeaiaan
aio aaaeouea ao?aeoaciua no?aiu iinoaiaiii nicaeaee naie nithc e iacaaee
aai “Aioaioie”, o.a. “na?aea/iia niaeanea”. Nthaea aioee Aiaeey,
O?aioeey, ?inney, a oaeaea Aaeueaey, Na?aey, *a?iiai?ey. A oiaea aieiu a
“Aioaioo” aioee Eoaeey, ?oiuiey e NOA.
Ioaeaeueii neaaeoao neacaoue i iieiaeaiee a ?innee. Caeanue eiia?eaeeci
neeaaeuaaeny ii eiiio. Aaaeue ?inney iaeaaeaea eiiiaeoiie oa??eoi?eae,
?aaiie 1/6 /anoe anae nooe caiiiai oa?a ia Ainoi/ii-Aa?iiaeneie ?aaieia
e a Oeaio?aeueiie Acee. Caeanue eaieoae ?aciauaeny a naieo eieiieyo, a
eiaiii a N?aaeiae Acee, ia Eaaeaca e e?aeiai Naaa?a. ?inney aeieai
eieaaaeanue iaaeaeo auai?ii naieo no?aoaae/aneeo nithcieeia. A eiia/iii
eoiaa auai? iae ia “Aioaioo”. A eiioea XIX aaea iaaeaeo ?inneae e
O?aioeeae auei iiaeienaii aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneia niaeaoaiea i acaeiiie
iieeoeea ii ioiioaieth e Oeaio?aeueii-Aa?iiaeneei no?aiai. ?inneth n
Aiaeeae e O?aioeeae naeeaeaee iauea aaiiieeoe/aneea a?aae. Aeaei a oii,
/oi Aa?iaiey iiaea iinyaiooue ia oa??eoi?eaeueiua eioa?anu ?innee. E?iia
oiai, aiaei-o?aioeocneee eaieoae eiae aieueoa aan, /ai iaiaoeeee, a
i?iieeiiaaiea aa?iaii-aano?eeneiai eaieoaea ia Aaeeaiu e Aeeaeiee Ainoie
iiaei iiaei?aaoue oai aeeyiea ?innee. Aieia noaea ?acoeueoaoii neiaeiiai
ia?aieaoaiey eioa?ania iiiaeo no?ai e a neeo yoiai i?eiyea ie?iaie
oa?aeoa?.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiii ?acaycaee aieio i?aayuea e?oae Aa?iaiee. Iiaiaeii
iineoaeeei oaeenoai ianeaaeieea i?anoiea Aano?i-Aaia?ee. Eniieieoaeai
ieacaeny iaeee A.I?eioeei, eioi?iai Aano?i-Aaiaa?neia i?aaeoaeuenoai
iauyaeei aaaioii Na?aee. Yoiio ainoaea?noao aue i?aaeuyaeai
oeueoeiaooi. Na?aey i?eiyea aieueoeinoai o?aaiaaiee, iaeiaei, Aano?ey
iauyaeea ae aieio. ?inney anooieeanue ca naith nithcieoeo e iauyaeea
iiaeeecaoeeth. Iinea yoiai iioei oeaiiie ?aaeoeeae aiaea/aiea a aieio
anao inoaeueiuo aaeeeeo aea?aeaa, naycaiiuo ae?oa n ae?oaii nithciuie
ioiioaieyie. Aieia n?aco i?eia?aea iauaaa?iiaeneee oa?aeoa?, a anei?a
ie?iaie. A eiia/iii eoiaa a iae i?eiyee o/anoey a ?aciie oi?ia 38
ainoaea?noa n ianaeaieai n auoa 1 ie?ae. /aeiaae. Ia/eiay yoo aieio, ana
a? o/anoieee auee oaa?aiu a oii, /oi iia ia caoyiaony. Aea?aeaau
“Aioaiou” ?ann/eouaaee auno?i neiieoue a?aaa, caaeaa aai a oenee iaaeaeo
aeaoiy o?iioaie: Caiaaeiui e Ainoi/iui. A naith i/a?aaeue aea?aeaau
“O?ienoaaiiiai” nithca niciaaay, yoo iianiinoue, no?aieeenue ?aca?iieoue
i?ioeaieea ii iaeeii/ee. Iaeiaei, iinea ia?auo ianyoeaa aieiu noaei
ynii, /oi iia i?eieiaao caoyaeiie oa?aeoa? e iio?aaoao io eaaeaeiai ec
o/anoieeia iiaeeecaoeee anao iaoeeiiaeueiuo nee e n?aaenoa.
?onneay a?iey a 1 ie?iaie aieia (1914-1918 a.a.)
E ia/aeo aieiu /eneaiiinoue ?onneie a?iee aeinoeaaea n auoa 1 iei.
/aeiaae. A?iey auea iaieioi aii?oaeaia e iao/aia, eiaea ca iea/aie
aieueoie aiaaie iiuo. Iaeaioia a 1913 aiaeo auea ?ac?aaioaia e i?eiyoa
“Aieueoay i?ia?aiia” ii oneeaieth e niaa?oainoaiaaieth a?iee. Ii
ia/aaoayny 1 ie?iaay aieia i?a?aaea a? auiieiaiea. ?onneay a?iey
ieacaeanue ia nianai iiaeaioiaeaiiie e aieia, o.e. iaoiaeeeanue a
i?ioeanna ia?ano?ieee. Ii aeaaea a oaeeo ia aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaeyo auee
i?iaaaeaiu oniaoiua aiaiiua iia?aoeee e ieacaia ia?iiiay iiiiuue aieneai
nithcieeia. Iinea na?ue?ciiai i?i?uaa ia Naaa?i-Caiaaeiii o?iioa, eiaaea
ia?aay a?iey iaianea na?ue?ciia ii?aaeaiea iaioeai iiae a. Aoiaeiaiiii,
iaiaoeeia eiiaiaeiaaiea ia/aei n?i/ioth ia?aa?ineo aiene n caiaaea ia
ainoie. Iieiaeaiea’ nithcieeia ?innee caiaoii iaeaa/eeinue. Iaiaoeeea
aienea oaea a 1 /eneao aaaonoa iaianee iiuiue oaea? ii Naaa?iie
O?aioeee, noaay naiae caaea/ae ie?oaeeoue o?aioeocneoth a?ieth e
caoaaoeoue Ia^eae. Oai naiui O?aioeey iiaea eaieooee?iaaoue e caeii/eoue
aiaaua aeaenoaey, oae eae O?aioeocneea e aiaeeeneea aienea iiia/aeo ia
iiaee naea?aeaoue i?ioeaieea, e eacaeinue, /oi iaioeu auee aeecee e
inouanoaeaieth naiaai caiunea. Iaeiaei, e iieiie iaiaeeaeaiiinoe aeey
aa?iaineiai eiiaiaeiaaiey, ?onneay a?iey naeaeaea i?i?ua ia
Naaa?i-Caiaaeiii o?iioa. A neeo yoiai iieiaeaiea O?aioeee iaeaa/eeinue e
a aeoaa ia ?aea Ia?ia ae oaeaeinue ionoiyoue Ia?eae.
Ianooiaoaeueiay iia?aoeey ?onneie a?iee a Aaeeoeee aioea a enoi?eth iiae
iacaaieai Aaeeoeeeneie aeoau (1914 a). Ca a?aiy iia?aoeee ?onneay a?iey
ia oieueei inoaiiaeea ianooieaiea aano?i-aaiaa?neeo aiene, ii e ia?aoea
e ianooieaieth. N?aaeiee oaii ianooieaiee 8-9 ei a nooee. Noi?iiu ianee
iioa?e, ii iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae aano?i-aaiaa?neea aienea ia aeinoeaee. A
?acoeueoaoa Aaeeoeeeneie aeoau auee inaiaiaeaeaiu Aaeeoeey e /anoue
Aano?eeneie Iieueoe e iiaei?aaia aiaiiay iiuue Aano?i-Aaia?ee, naiiai
neeueiiai nithcieea Aa?iaiee. Aano?i-aaiaa?neea aienea iioa?yee
niiniaiinoue aanoe aiaaua iia?aoeee naiinoiyoaeueii. A ?acoeueoaoa
Aa?iaiey auea auioaeaeaia ia?aa?ineoue ia Ainoi/iue o?iio e?oiiua neeu n
caiaaea, /oi iaeaa/aei iieiaeaiea aiaei-o?aioeocneeo aiene. A
?acoeueoaoa Aaeeoeeeneie aeoau ?onneea aienea ieacaee nouanoaaiioth
iiiiuue na?aneie a?iee, o.e. no?aoaae/aneea e iia?aoeaiua aiciiaeiinoe
iaiaoeeeo aiene noceeenue, a ieai auno?iai ieii/aiey aieiu aeey Aa?iaiee
?ooioe. Aiaiiay iia?aoeey ioee/aeanue aieueoei ?aciaoii. Iia aeaea
i?eia? i?i?uaa ?onneeie aieneaie neeueii oe?aie?iiuo iiceoeee
i?ioeaieea. A yoii n?aaeaiee niaaeeiaiea ?onneeo aiene oi?ioi
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaee iaaeaeo niaie, eneonii ni/aoaee ?acee/iua aeaeu
aiaauo aeaenoaee e iieacaee aunieoth aianiiniaiinoue a o?oaeiuo
oneiaeyo. A oiaea Aaeeoeeeneie aeoau auaeathueeny ?onneee aiaiiue eao/ee
I.I.Ianoa?ia aia?aua a ie?a a 1914 a i?eiaiee naiieaoiue oa?ai.
Ianiio?y ia ioaeanoai, aa?ieci e aeinoaoi/ii aunieia aieineia ianoa?noai
?onneeo nieaeao e ioeoea?ia ?onneay a?iey ia aeinoeaea iieiiai oniaoa.
Yoiio niinianoaiaaee ieioia iaoa?eaeueiia iaania/aiea o?iioa,
oaoie/aneay ionoaeinoue, a oaeaea aieueoay iieeoe/aneay ianoaaeeueiinoue
a naiie ?innee.
Aia?aaee i?aaenoiyee aua ia iaiaa na?ueaciua n?aaeaiey. Oniaoe ?onneeo
aiene ia naaa?icaiaaeiii e thai-caiaaeiii o?iioao niaieeenue iaoaea/aie.
A 1915a. Aiaiiia iieiaeaiea ?innee cia/eoaeueii ineiaeieeinue. Iaoene
«i?ieeyouo oaaoiiia» auioaeee ?onneoth a?ieth ioieoe ia Ainoie, inoaaea
Aaeeoeeth, Iieueoo e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea ?aeiiu. I?eoeinue n?i/ii
yaaeoe?iaaoue e noaaeo aeaaiieiiaiaeothuaai ec Aa?aiiae/ae. Iia auea
ia?aianaia a aaaonoa a a. Iiaeeaa. Niauoey eaoa 1915 aiaea iioiaeeee ia
ia?iiioth aiaiioth eaoano?ioo, e eiiaiaeiaaiea ia eaeia-oi a?aiy auei
i?inoi aeaii?aeeciaaii. N ae?oaie noi?iiu Iaiaoeeia eiiaiaeiaaiea ia
i?ioyaeaiee ceiu 1914-1915 a.a. iinoiyiii ia?aa?anuaaei aienea ia
ainoi/iue o?iio e iniiaiie caaea/ae iinoaaeei ?aca?ii ?innee. Aaniie
1915a. Iaiaoeeea aienea i?i?aaee o?iio e ia/aee ianooieaiea.
Iaeanoi/aiii n?aaeaaoayny ?onneay a?iey aeieaeia auea ionooieoue. Yoi
i?eaaei e iioa?e iaoe?iie oa??eoi?ee, a eiaiii Caiaaeiie Oe?aeiu,
Iieueoe, /anoe Eeoau e Aaei?onnee. ?ieiaui ia?acii neacaeinue ionoonoaea
neieueei-ieaoaeue na?ueaciie iiaeaea?aeee ni noi?iiu nithcieeia, eioi?ua
a yoi a?aiy i?aeoe/anee i?ae?aoeee aiaiiua aeaenoaey ia caiaaeiii
o?iioa.
Eeoue oieueei a ia?oa 1916a. ?onneay a?iey i?aaei?eiyea ianooieaiea ia
naaa?i-caiaaeiii o/anoea o?iioa, a ?aeiia Aeaeinea, oioy ia?aiia/aeueii
aeiaeoueny oniaoa ia oaeaeinue. Iniiaiie oaea? aue iaianai a
ethea-naioya?a 1916a. neeaie thai-caiaaeiiai o?iioa. Oai auei
nin?aaeioi/aii 40 iaoioiuo e 15 eaaaea?enoneeo aeeaecee, 1770 eaaeeo e
168 oyaeaeuo i?oaeee. Ianooieaieai eiiaiaeiaae A.A. A?oneeia. Yoi
ianooieaiea aioei a enoi?eth ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu eae «A?oneeianeee
i?i?ua».
Ianeieueei ?aiueoa (1915-1916a.a.) ninoiyeinue ianooieaiea a ai?iuo
oneiaeyo. Yoi auea ianooiaoaeueiay Y?co?oineay iia?aoeey ?onneie
Eaaeacneie a?iee. Oeaeue iia?aoeee ninoiyea a ?aca?iia o?aoueae
oo?aoeeie a?iee e iaeaaeaiee aa aacie niaaaeaiey, aaaeiui oceii
eiiioieeaoeee e e?aiinoueth Y?co?oi. Eiiaiaeiaaiea Eaaeacneie a?iee
nieaie?iaaei oaea?aie ii noiaeyueiny iai?aaeaieyi ?aca?iieoue aei
iiaeoiaea e iae iiaee?aieaiey (ni. ?en.1).
I?iaaaeaieai ?yaea ia?ii?eyoee ii iia?aoeaiie ianee?iaee e
aeaceioi?iaoeee .oaeaeinue iaania/eoue aiacaiiinoue ianooieaiey.
Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi ianooieaiea i?ioiaeeei i?e 30-oe a?aaeoniii ii?ica,
neeueiii aao?a e niaaeiuo caiinao, /anoue nee oaea?iie a?oiiu i?i?aaea
oo?aoeeoth iai?iio e auoea a oue i?ioeaieea. Yoio oniao e iaaenoay
oa?ica ie?oaeaiey iaiaoeeie a?oiiu aiene, auioaeeea oo?aoeeia
eiiaiaeiaaiea ioaeaoue i?eeac ia iooiae. ?onneea aienea, i?aneaaeoy
iiniaoii iooiaeeaoaai i?ioeaieea, iiaeioee e ai?iiio o?aaoo, ia eioi?ii
?aniieaaaeny aiaoiee iaaiae oe?aieaiey Y?co?oia. Aeey ooo?ia e?aiinoe
?onneea iiaeoyioee aeiiieieoaeueioth oaoieeo, e anei?a Eaaeacneay a?iey
iaeaaeaea e?aiinoueth ooo?iii. Oo?aoeeea aienea auee ioa?ioaiu io
Y?co?oia ia 70-100 ei. Aaaeiui eoiaii yoie iiaaaeu yaeeny n?ua ieaia
oo?aoeeiai eiiaiaeiaaiey e oeo/oaiea iieiaeaiey ?onneeo aiene ia
Eaaeacneii o?iioa.
Iaiaeiaaaeii e oi, /oi oeo/oeeinue e iieiaeaiea aiaee/ai o Noyoea, aaea
oo?ee ioeacaeenue io aeoeaiie ai?ueau e ia?aoee e iai?iia. Oniao a yoie
oyaeaeaeoae iia?aoeee ii?aaeaeyeny i?aaeeueiui auai?ii iai?aaeaiey
aeaaiiai oaea?a, ouaoaeueiinoueth iiaeaioiaee, oe?ieei iaiaa?ii nee e
n?aaenoa ia aaaeiaeoeo iai?aaeaieyo, aa?ieciii e naiiioaa?aeaiiinoueth
?onneeo nieaeao e ioeoea?ia, aiaaaaoeo a oyaeaeuo ceiieo oneiaeyo
aunieiai?uey.
A ia/aea 1916 aiaea ia iinoo i?aiuea?a E.E.Ai?aiueeia niaiee
A.A.Ooth?ia?, auaoee ?aiaa aoaa?iaoi?ii a Iiaai?iaea e ss?ineaanea, a
caoai caieiaaoee iiiai eao iino aee?aeoi?a Aeaia?oaiaioa iaueo aeae
Ieienoa?noaa aioo?aiieo aeae. Ia nannee ainoaea?noaaiiie aeoiu 9 oaa?aey
1916 aiaea a Oaa?e/aneii aeai?oea a ia?aue e iineaaeiee ?ac ia?aae
aeaiooaoaie n e?aoeei ia?auaieai aunooiee eiia?aoi?. Ii i?ecaae aeoioeaa
e niaianoiie ?aaioa ia aeaai ioa/anoaa e, yoe neiaa auee ano?a/aiu
a?iiii aieiaeeniaioia. Ii eiia?ey aeiaeeaaea naie iineaaeiea ianyoeu.
Ii ?aoaieth naiaai iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?onneay a?iey auoea ec aieiu
?aiueoa ae?oaeo nithcieeia, ie/aai ia iieo/ea ca o/anoea a iae e iany
naiua aieueoea ecaea?aeee e iioa?e. Nithcieee aiceiaeeee ia iaa
iniiaioth oyaeanoue aaaeaiey aieiu, aaaeue a oa/aiea 3,5 eao ?onneay
a?iey oaea?aeeaaea o?iio i?ioyaeaiiinoueth ieiei 2000 ei. ia yoii o?iioa
Aa?iaiey e Aano?i-Aaia?ey nin?aaeioi/eee iniiaiua neeu, a aio a?iee
nithcieeia aiaaaee ia caiaaeiii o?iioa anaai eeoue
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth 400 ei., eiay i?e yoii i?aainoiaeyuee a 4-5 ?ac
ii n?aaiaieth n ?inneeneei aiaiii-yeiiiie/aneee iioaioeeae. Iioa?e
?onneie a?iee oaeouie aeinoeaee 1,8 iei. /aeiaae, /oi ai iiiaii
i?aauneei iioa?e a?iee nithcieeia. Aeaaiaea?y ?onneie a?iee aue oaea/ii
caaa?oai ia?aue aiae aieiu, auee ni?aaiu ieaiu Aa?iaiee, eioi?ay oioaea
caaa?oeoue aieio ia caiaaea anaai eeoue ca 6 ianyoeaa e ieeoie?iaaoue
O?aioeeth.
Auaiae
Ianiiiaiii, auoiae ?innee ec aieiu i?aaei?eiyoue oaea niaaoneei
?oeiaiaenoaii a iiya?a 1917a. Iaian na?ueaciue oua?a eioa?anai Aioaiou.
Aa?iaiey nin?aaeioi/eea ana naie ?ano?nu ia caiaaeiii o?iioa e a
ia?oa-ethia aiiaue auoea ia aeaeueiea iiaenooiu e Ia?eaeo. Iaeiaei
ianooiaoaeueiua iia?aoeee ?onneie a?iee noieee Aa?iaiee ieiei 1 iei.
oaeouo. Iaoa?eaeueiua e ethaeneea ?aca?au Aa?iaiee auee en/a?iaiu. A
ieoya?a 1918a. Aa?iaiey cai?ineea ie?a. Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia
caaa?oeeanue.
?onneay a?iey auiieieea ana nithcie/aneea iaycaoaeuenoaa. Aeaaiaea?y ae,
iaioeu ia niiaee ieeoie?iaaoue O?aioeeth.
Oa?aeoa? aa aeaenoaee ia iinee caoaaoie/aneee oa?aeoa?, a ?onneay a?iey
caueuaea eioa?anu naiaai ainoaea?noaa.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1.Ioa/anoaaiiay enoi?ey.- Noaa?iiieue 2005 aiae.n.152-163.
2.A.A.Eaaaiaeianeee, TH.A.Oeoeiia. ?inney a XX aaea.-
Iineaa”I?inaauaiea” 2000 aiae. n. 73-78.
3. Niaaoneay aiaiiay yioeeeeiiaaeey.- OiiO n. 167-174. Iineaa 1977 aiae.
4. Niaaoneay aiaiiay yioeeeeiiaaeey.- Oii 2. N. 465-467. Iineaa 1977
aiae.
5. Niaaoneay aiaiiay yioeeeeiiaaeey.- Oii 8. N. 606-607. Iineaa 1977
aiae.
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