?ieue Ai?ena Ieeieaaae/a Aeueoeeia a aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?aia?aciaaieyo a
?innee.
*oi i?iecioei a ?innee n 1991 aiaea, n oiai a?aiaie eiaaea
I?aceaeaioii ?innee noae /aeiaae, eioi?ue anaaaea eiae naia iiaiea,
eioi?ue oaa?aei ionoaeaae naith oi/eo c?aiey, eioi?ue eniuouaae
oyaeaeua oaea?u noaeueau e iaoiaeee a naaa neeu e ioaeanoai iiaeiyoueny?
Yoe aii?inu naaiaeiy iaei eoi caaeaao aeaaea naiiio naaa. Aeueoeei –
/aeiaae, e o iaai, eae o anyeiai /aeiaaea iiaoo auoue ioeaee. Aai
iaeuecy n/eoaoue eaeaaeueii-i?aaeeueiui – iiiaea aai aeaenoaey aei neo
ii? ia eiatho eiae/aneiai iauyniaiey, ii ana aea io?eoeaoue aai
aaaeouoth ?ieue a aeecie ?innee aoi?ie iieiaeiu 20-iai aaea
iaaiciiaeii.
Ai?en Ieeieaaae/ Aeueoeei ?iaeeeny 1 oaa?aey 1931 aiaea a naea Aooea
Oaeeoeeiai ?aeiia Naa?aeeianeie iaeanoe -oai, aaea aeeee ii/oe ana aai
i?aaeee. A oeiea Aeueoeei auaeaeyeny n?aaee naa?noieeia naiae
aeoeaiinoueth. N ia?aiai eeanna aai ecae?aee noa?inoie. Aeueoeei o/eeny
oniaoii, ii ioee/aeny aea?ceei e naiai?aaiui iiaaaeaieai, eiioeeeoiaae n
o/eoaeyie, ca /oi iinea naaeueiiai eeanna aue eneeth/ai ec oeieu. Anei?a
ii, iaeiaei, aue ainnoaiiaeai e ieii/ee oeieo n ioee/iuie ioiaoeaie ii
aieueoeinoao i?aaeiaoia. N naiiai aeaonoaa i?iyaeyeenue oa ea/anoaa,
eioi?ua, aiciiaeii, neeueii iiaeeyee ia aai aoaeouee oa?aeoa? e
aeaenoaey.
Aua iiiai ?ac noaeueaa aai aeea. Eiiaaea aai iiioey?iinoue
aiciineeanue aei iaaeaeaiiuo aunio, a eiiaaea i iai aiai?eee, /oi
Aeueoeei – “iieeoe/aneee o?oi”.
Iinea iacia/aiey ia iino aeaau Iineianeie ia?oeeiie i?aaiecaoeee
Ai?en Aeueoeei n?aco ia/ae ?aaioo iaae aaaeiaeoeie noa?aie aeecie
ai?iaea. Aeueoeei noa?aeny ?aaeueii oeo/oeoue aeeciue a ai?iaea,
i?eneooeaaynue e o?aaiaaieai naieo iineae/ae, e eo ?aaeueiui o?aaiaai e
iaaeiaieuenoaai. Noaiiaeeenue /anouie aai “auoiaeu a ia?iae”, eioi?ua
auee ?ane?eoeeiaaiu iaaeia?iaeaeaoaeyie, eae iieo/aiea “aeaoaaie
iiioey?iinoe”. Ii ii/aio-oi e?iia Aeueoeeia ieeoi ia caoioae aa
caaiaaaoue eiaiii oaeei “i?inoui” niiniaii. Ei auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i
i?ae?auaiee iaai?a ?aai/eo ii eeieoo, eioi?ua iaae?aeenue ia iecei
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua ?aaiou e oai naiui oi?iiceee iiaea?iecaoeeth
i?aaei?eyoee.
Iniaaiii ethaeyi i?aaeeinue oi, /oi Aeueoeei ia oieueei aiai?ee
e?aneaua neiaa, ii e a aeecie neaaeiaae naiei i?eioeeiai. Iaeaieaa
oe?ieoth iiaeaea?aeeo Aeueoeeia aucaae eicoia ai?ueau n i?eaeeaaeyie. A
iauanoaaiiii niciaiee neeaaeuaaeinue i?aaenoaaeaiea i Aeueoeeia –
aanno?aoiii ia?iaeiii canooiieea. Aeueoeei oa?aeoa?eciaae naay, eae
/aeiaae niiniaiue ia ?aoeoaeueiua iinooiee e i?eiyoey ?aoaiee, /aai oae
ia oaaoaei ae?oaei iieeoeeai oiai a?aiaie.
?ac?ooaiea i?aaeiae eaeaieiaee onei?yeinue, aianoa n yoei
oooaeoaeanue e aeeciue ethaeae. Ii nouanoao, ?oeiaiaenoai oaea ia iiaei
eiio?iee?iaaoue ianoaiiaeo a no?aia. ?acei oooaeoaeinue niaaaeaiea,
iaeioi?uo oiaa?ia oaea ia oaaoaei e a Iineaa. A ia?oa 1989 aiaea ia
auai?ao ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia NNN? Aeueoeei iaea?aeae o?eoioaeueioth
iiaaaeo, nia?aa 89,4% aieinia ii Iineianeiio
iaoeeiiaeueii-oa??eoi?eaeueiiio ie?oao, iia?aaeea naiaai niia?ieea
Aaaaiey A?aeiaa. Ia aieia iaeaunoaai iiaeuaia ianniaiai aeaeaeaiey 4
ia?oa 1990 aiaea i?ioee auai?u a Aa?oiaiue Niaao ?innee. Aia?aua
noi?iiieeai ia?ano?ieee (a iniiaiii aeaeaeaieth “Aeaiie?aoe/aneay
?inney”) oaeaeinue caaiaaaoue aieueoeinoai iano. A ninoaa Aa?oiaiiai
Niaaoa ?innee aioae e Ai?en Aeueoeei, eioi?ue a iaa yoiai aea aiaea aue
eca?ai i?aaenaaeaoaeai yoiai i?aaia aeanoe. 12 ethiy 1991 aiaea
ninoiyeenue i?aceaeaioneea auai?u, iiaaaeo ia eioi?uo iaea?aeae Ai?en
Ieeieaaae/ Aeueoeei, nia?aa 57% aieinia. Ii noae ia?aui anaia?iaeii
eca?aiiui I?aceaeaioii ?innee. A yoio aeaiue ?inney, aa a?aaeaeaia
naeaeaee naie auai?, iie aua?aee iiaue iooue ?acaeoey. ?inney
i?iaieiniaaea ca aieaa nouanoaaiiua aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aia?aciaaiea, ca
ei?aiioth ia?aiaio aeecie. A yoio aeaiue ia?iae aua?ae naiei
I?aceaeaioii /aeiaaea, eioi?ue inouanoaeo a no?aia aaeeeea ii naiei
ianooaaai e cia/aieth ?aoi?iu, eioi?ue iiaaaeao ?inneth ii
aeaiie?aoe/aneiio iooe ?acaeoey. Aeie n 19 ii 21 aaaonoa 1991 aiaea
caiiiieeenue anae no?aia eae aeie iiaaaeu aeaiie?aoee a ?innee. 19
aaaonoa aunoeie ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie no?aiu aue i?aaieciaai Ainoaea?noaaiiue
eiieoao ii /?acau/aeiiio iieiaeaieth (AE*I) ai aeaaa n A.ssiaaaui. Yoa
iiiuoea iiaa?iooue aniyoue ana ?aoi?iu, iiiuoea naeaeaoue oaa a i?ioeia
canoaaeea aueoe ia oeeoeu a ciae i?ioanoa ouny/e iineae/ae. Ii i?eeaco
AE*I a noieeoeo auee aaaaeaiu oaiee e aienea. 19 aaaonoa a 12 /ania aeiy
Ai?en Aeueoeei iiaeiyeny ia iaeei ec aioaaeoeo a Iineao oaieia. Noiy ia
a?iia, ii ca/eoae ia?auaiea ?oeiaiaenoaa ?innee, a eioi?ii
ioa?aeoa?eciaae AE*I, eae “i?aaue, ?aaeoeeiiiue, aioeeiinoeoooeeiiiue
ia?aai?io”. Aie?oa “Aaeiai aeiia” nia?aeinue nauoa 160 ouny/ /aeiaae.
Iie iino?ieee aie?oa caeaiey eieueoei aa??eeaae e inoaaaeenue ia
ieiuaaee aieaa aeaoo nooie. Aa/a?ii Ai?en Aeueoeei iiaeienae aua aieaa
no?iaue oeac, a eioi?ii i /eaiao AE*I aiai?eeinue: “Eciaiea ia?iaeo,
Io/ecia e Eiinoeoooeee, iie iinoaaeee naay aia caeiia”. A ii/ue ia 21
aaaonoa auea i?ieeoa e?iaue o?ao /aeiaae. A ?aiiei oo?ii 21 aaaonoa aue
ioaeai i?eeac auaanoe aienea ec ai?iaea. N ?aniaaeii Nithca a aeecie
iaoae no?aiu i?iecioee naiua cia/eoaeueiua ia?aiaiu ni a?aiai
Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee. Iu ia?aoee a ae?oaoth yiioo, ae?oaie ie?,
ae?oaoth nenoaio, e yoio ia?aoiae ia?ac?uaii naycai n eiaiai Ai?ena
Aeueoeeia. Aeueoeei ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaiee aeeciue a ?innee. Ii
canoaaee ian, ?inneyi, ii/oanoaiaaoue naay naiaiaeiuie ethaeueie,
eioi?ua ia aiyony aneoo au?aaeaoue naie iunee, o eioi?uo anoue ana
aeaiie?aoe/aneea naiaiaeu, eioi?ua ia iaycaiu auoue aa?iuie iaeiie
eaeaieiaee. ss aua?aea yoo oaio, iineieueeo y yaeythnue i?aaenoaaeoaeai
iiaiai iieieaiey, eioi?iio i?eaeaony aeeoue a iiaii ouny/aeaoee a iiaie
?innee. Iia aaaeii iniciaaaoue, /oi y iiao nai aeaeaoue auai? ai anai, y
iiao nai auae?aoue naith i?ioanneth, naie oaea/aiey, naie noeeue, naith
aa?o, naith eaeaieiaeth. E y n/eoath, /oi eiaiii Ai?en Aeueoeei iieiaeee
iniiao aeaiie?aoee a ?innee, eiaiii ii aeae iia e iiaio iieieaieth, e
anai ae?oaei iieieaieyi aiciiaeiinoue aeaeaoue naie auai?. Ii ana aea
iaaei i?eciaoue, /oi Aeueoeei, aoaeo/e iniiaiiieiaeieeii ?inneeneie
aeaiie?aoee, aeaeaei ia eaeaaeai a naieo ?aoaieyo. E o iaai auee ioeaee,
i?e/ai aanueia na?ueaciua. Eae ethaoth enoi?e/aneoth ee/iinoue,
Aeueoeeia iaeuecy ?anniao?eaaoue eeoue n iaeiie iiceoeee. A naiae ?aaioa
y noaaeth caaea/o iieacaoue, /oi ianiio?y ia iiiai/eneaiiua ioeaee,
?ieue Ai?ena Aeueoeeia a enoi?ee ?innee, a enoi?ee ?inneeneie
aeaiie?aoee i/aiue aaeeea. Iinea ?aniaaea NNN? ia/aeanue iiaay yiioa,
ia/ae ienaoueny iiaue oii enoi?ee ?innee. Ca iineaaeiea 10 eao Aeueoeei
aue anee ia naiie, oi iaeiie ec naiuo caiaoiuo iieeoe/aneeo oeao? e ia
oieueei a ?innee, ii e ai anai ie?a. Eiaiii ii aeaeae iieeoe/aneoth
iiaiaeo a ?innee a oa/aiea iineaaeieo 10 eao. Iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo
aeinoeaeaiee Ai?ena Aeueoeeia yaeyaony i?eiyoea iiaie aeaiie?aoe/aneie
Eiinoeoooeee. i?aceaeaio ?innee nicaae Eiinoeoooeeiiiia niaauaiea aeey
?ac?aaioee iiaie Eiinoeoooeee ?innee. A ?acoeueoaoa iiiaiiany/iie ?aaiou
aue ?ac?aaioai i?iaeo iiaie Eiinoeoooeee, eioi?ay, a oeaeii, auea
eiii?iienniie aeey anao iieeoe/aneeo nee iauanoaa. Aeueoeei yaeyeny
aa?aioii aeaiie?aoe/aneeo ?aoi?i, eiinoeoooeey auea iiaeaioiaeaia aeey
oniaoiiai e aani?aiyonoaaiiiai i?iaaaeaiey yoeo ?aoi?i. Iiaay
Eiinoeoooeey iaaeaeyea i?aceaeaioa aieueoae aeanoueth, oae eae iia
(aeanoue) auea iaiaoiaeeia aeey i?iaaaeaiey aeaiie?aoe/aneeo
i?aia?aciaaiee. 21 naioya?y 1993 aiaea a ?acoeueoaoa iai?ae?auathueony
i?ioeai?a/ee, oi?iicyueo i?ioeann ?aoi?i, i?aceaeaio Aeueoeei i?eiye
?aoaiea i ?inionea Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?innee. Iaeiaei /eaiu Aa?oiaiiai
Niaaoa cayaeee i naiai ?aoaiee inoaaaoueny e ?aaioaoue a “Aaeii aeiia”.
3 ieoya?y ai aeaaa n aeoea-i?aceaeaioii A.?ooeeei e i?aaenaaeaoaeai
Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?.Oanaoeaoiaui iie caaeiee?iaaeenue a “Aaeii aeiia” e
i?ecuaaee ia?iae eaeoe e caueuaoue “Aaeue aeii”. Iie i?iaioee?iaaee
aii?oaeaiiua aeaenoaey. Oaeoe/anee, iie iiaeoaeeeaaee ia?iae ia
a?aaeaeaineoth aieio. Aaeeinoaaiiui auoiaeii ec neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee
auei neeiaia ?aoaiea eiioeeeoa. Ai?en Aeueoeei naiei oeacii aaae a
Iineaa /?acau/aeiia iieiaeaiea, a oo?ii 4 ieoya?y aienea iieiinoueth
ie?oaeeee aeii Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa e aei na?aaeeiu aeiy i?iaeieaeaee
oaieiaue iano?ae. A Iineaa aue aaaaeai eiiaiaeaioneee /an. iiiuoea
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa auea aeanoei iiaeaaeaia Aaiae oaieia a
Iineao aue, iiaeaeoe, aaeeinoaaiiui auoiaeii ec neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee,
eiaaea aunieiiinoaaeaiiua eeoea, aeaenoaoy iaeiinoeoooeeiiiuie iooyie,
oioaee i?eaanoe niauoey e e?oiiiio aii?oaeaiiiio eiioeeeoo. caeii
iieo/eeny ia aac iaaeinoaoeia, ii ana aea caneoaa Aeueoeeia a i?eiyoee e
nicaeaiee, eee, ii e?aeiae ia?a, iiiuoea nicaeaiey Eiinoeoooeee,
eioi?ay aa?aioe?iaaea au iniiaiua aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aaa e naiaiaeu
a?aaeaeai, a oaeaea aeaaaea au caeiiiaeaoaeueioth aaco aeey
i?iaeieaeaiey aeaiie?aoe/aneeo ?aoi?i i/aaeaeia. Ieaiiaay yeiiiieea
i?eaaea no?aio a yeiiiie/aneee ooiee, e iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeiinoue a
ia?aoiaea e iiaie yeiiiie/aneie nenoaia auea i/aaeaeia. A i?eioeeia,
eaeay i?eaaoecaoeee auea i?aaeeueiie e iiaeiaiue ia?aoiae e ?uii/iie
yeiiiieea aiieia aiciiaeai. Ii Ai?ena Aeueoeei i?e ieaie?iaaiee
i?eaaoecaoeee aeiionoee ianeieueei ioeaie. Auei caauoi i naiii aeaaiii.
Ia auei nicaeaii iaoaiecia oi?aaeaiey e eiio?iey ca i?eaaoecaoeeae, a
oaeaea ia auei i?iaaaeaii aiaeeca ia?auo ianyoeaa e ia?auo ?acoeueoaoia
i?eaaoecaoeee. Nouanoaiaaei neeoeii iiiai “aeu?” a caeiia. Ianiio?y ia
i?iaae i?eaaoecaoeee, no?aia ieaaii ia?aoiaeeea e iiaie yeiiiie/aneie
nenoaia, aaea iniiaie noaiiaeony /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue. Ai?en Aeueoeei
n naiiai ia/aea acye eo?n ia ?uii/ioth yeiiiieeo e oaea nae/an o?oaeii
i?aaenoaaeoue iaoo aeeciue aac oao yeiiiie/aneeo i?aa, eioi?ua iu
iieo/eee a ?acoeueoaoa ?aoi?i. Aeaaiaea?y yeiiiie/aneei ?aoi?iai
eaaeaeue iieo/ee aiciiaeiinoue caieiaoueny i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii
iiyaeeanue aiciiaeiinoue auai?a. Iiyaeaiea iiiai/eneaiiuo i?iaeai auei
iaecaaaeiui. Eiia/ii, iiaeii oi?aeiooue i?aceaeaioa a oii, /oi ia
anaaaea auee au?aaioaiu i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiua ia?u, eioi?ua anee ia niyee
au yoe i?iaeaiu, oi oioy au niya/eee eo iineaaenoaey. I?eia? yoiio –
yeiiiie/aneee e oeiainiaue e?ecen aoi?ie iieiaeiu 1998 aiaea.
Iiaeaeaaoenue aeeyieth naiaai aeeaeaeoaai ie?oaeaiey e iiaa?ea aiaiiiio
eiiaiaeiaaieth, eioi?ia oaaaeeei i?aceaeaioa a auno?ie e iaeiaieaciaiiie
iiaaaea, Aeueoeei ecaeaao oeac i aaiaea aiene a *a/ith, ii iiaio
iiaieth, niaa?oea, iaaa?iia, naioth a?oaoth ec anao naieo ioeaie,
eioi?ay iaa?ioeanue ia?iiiui eiee/anoaii oyaeaeaeoeo iineaaenoaee.
I?eaey e aeanoe, Ai?en Aeueoeei, eae i?aceaeaio no?aiu, ?aoee iaeio ec
aaaeiaeoeo aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo i?iaeai – ii aa?ioe ?innee aa aan aaeeeie
aea?aeaau a ie?iaie iieeoeea. A oeaeii, oniaoiia ?aoaiea ?yaea aii?inia
ii NIA, a ii?aaeaeaiiie ia?a, yaeyaony caneoaie Ai?ena Aeueoeeia, oioy e
caeanue anoue iaaeinoaoee. Anoanoaaiii, iaeuecy ia ioiaoeoue, eae
aaaeiia aeinoeaeaiea iieeoeee Aeueoeeia, eioaa?aoeeth ?innee n
?anioaeeeie Aaea?onue. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oa, eoi e?eoeeotho Aeueoeeia,
n/eoatho iaeiei ec aai iniiaiuo iaaeinoaoeia /anoua niaiu eaae?ia,
eioi?ua ia/aeenue n?aco iinea aai i?eoiaea e aeanoe. Iaeiaei iiaeii
iinii?eoue yaeyaony yoi aai ioeaeie eee iao. Aeaei a oii, /oi Aeueoeei
anaaaea i?iaiaeee oaeoth iieeoeeo, i?e eioi?ie ii noaaee ii?aaeaeaiioth
iieeoe/aneoth oeaeue. Aeey aeinoeaeaiey yoie oeaee ii iiaeae?ae
eiie?aoiuo ethaeae, iacia/ae eo ia aaaeiua iinou. Eiaaea aea ii aeaeae,
/oi iinoaaeaiiay caaea/a ?aoaia, eee aea iaiai?io, /aeiaae ia
ni?aaeyaony n aeaiiie caaea/ae, ii nieiae aai.
. Iiaeii e?eoeeiaaoue yoo iieeoeeo, ii iaaei i?eciaoue, /oi,
?oeiaiaenoaoynue eiaiii oaeeie i?eioeeiaie, Aeueoeei niia ?aoeoue
aieueoia eiee/anoai aaaeiuo aeey ?innee caaea/.
iiiaia ec oiai, /oi aeaeae Aeueoeei, ii aeaeae aia?aua ca iineaaeiea
aieaa /ai 70 eao. ss n/eoath, /oi iaaiciiaeii iaaeiioeaieoue ?ieue
/aeiaaea, eioi?ue iieiaeee ia/aei yoei aeaiie?aoe/aneei ?aoi?iai,
eioi?ue iinayoee naith aeeciue ai?ueaa ca aeaiie?aoeth a ?innee
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