?a??o
«NNN? ? 1939 ??»
N ???a??? ???????? ????u a ???e ????? ??y?? ???i ??????? ?? ???????? ??i
? ?th A??o. Aeey y??, e?? ??i ???i, a 1919 ?? ?e ??? E????, ??????
??????? ?????o ?e ??u ?ae ???i ??? ? I??u ???????? ??? a ??? ???o ??,
??u ???o ??e ???? ??? n?? ??i. A E??a ???e ???i ?????i, e ??u ????y
?????e ??? ? ?????ue a ???. A ???o ?ny?? ???e ? ??? «????? y????, a a
???yo ?????a ??y? ??e ??ey ???? o ???yi ??i. I???y ???a ????? «???i
??o???» e ?uy?y?? ??????ueth ???? ???th ??eth?th. I?a? ??a ???? O?????i
?ae A???e, ??a ?ey? ??? ? ????????i ????y C???th A??o e ???th ?????th, a
I??a ??i y?i, ?i ?????? ????? ? ????i ???? ???ny ????. E ?? ?, a ???
1921 ?? ?NON? ?? ???? ???????e ????e ??????, ????o ????? ??a ???e ????e
??ae. O?, a ???a 1920 ?? ???? ????? ???y??a ????a a O????e ????, ???a ??
????i O????? ??? ??a ??, ?e E??ay A?ey ????a ????? ???. 8 ??a 1921 ??
?y? ai ??y ??? X ?a?a ??? a E????a ???u ??y? ?????????? ????a, ???a ??
????i ??i ???? ???i. O? ? ??a, ??? ? X ??? ????? ?? ????u ????ny ? «????
?????» e ???e e I?? ye?????e ???? (iy?). Aeey ???yi ?e ????? ???e ??a
c??i, e ?e ??? ??e ?? ???y??ny ????i ???i. A?e ?c??? ????y ???ey (? ??y
«???? ?????» ?a ??? ??i ?? ????? ??? ? ????i a ??????eyo) e ???
?????????i. I?? y?? y???? N???? ???e ??a ???a?i ????????y.
Aeay????ue N??? a 1921 —1922 ??o ? ?? ?y?? n ??e-?? ?????ueth, ?y?? ? ?e
? ??c ? ?ey ??ey ???i?? ??????e ???. I? ?? ??ue ????, ??a ? ??y ??c?
E??a y?o ?????e ??? ?????i ???ny ? ?????ee ??i. A? ??e ??oy?? ???a
O???i, ??????i ????a E??a e ??o E????a C????, ?????ey «I??? e ??? ?a??
?????? ??? A???a, ????? ??a ??? E???a. No??a ? ?? ??i. Oa ?, ?i ?e n ?i
???, ???e ?i «???e ??aeueth» ???, ????? ??????, ? ? ??a. I?? ??i ? ???
yn?, ????i ???i ?e ????ue.
N????? OeE ?e ??? a 1919 ??. O? a ??oth?i ?? ??i y?i, ?i ?y ?????e ?i
?y????e ????? ????? ????? ??, e a ??? 1920 ?? ? I??? OeE ?? ???, ?i a
?n?a I?ath? ??? N??i e ???. A???? ?????e ???e I??e????? ath? y?y??
??????a ????o ???, ????? e ????? ????? e ?????e, a ??a ????? ??????a
???aey?o ??? ???????o e ?cy????o ???a. O?? ????, I?ath? OeE ??i ???
???aey?i ???i a ????? ???? ????. A??i ???i, ??????i a ??a ????u, ?e
N????? OeE, ? a ? ??y ?i ?ey?a ?? ??a ??????, a ???o ???i ?e. Ii ?????
???u, ???? ????? ????e, ????e ????ny e ?????e I?ath?. ???ey ? y?i ????i
?????ue ia ??? ?????? ?? ?????. O? N????? ????? ?oy??e ? ?ay ?a ??? ???u
?????a. I??? ??aey N??i, ?ae?e ??? I??ath? e I?ath?, ????e E???o ?ath i
??????e ???ey ????e ?????? ????y OeE ?EI(a). E? E???, ???e ?????y ??, ?i
?i-?? a ????e ????, ?e ??????i a ?i, ??u ??ue a ?????a OeE «???» ???? e
n y????? ?eiy?y ? ??. A ??a 1922 ?? ? XI ??? ??? E??? ??? ???oth ????oth
???, ?????i ???e ??i ?y??? a ath???yo ?y ???a OeE ???? ???e N??? ???e
«?????e ?????.
26 ?y 1922 ?? E?? ???n ??? ???o. Ii ???ye ??, e ??ay ???a ?i ?? ??
??????. A????ai ??? OeE ??y??, ?i E?? ?a ???ny e ???? ??e, ? N??i i????
???e, ?i ?e ??y ???u. O??ue ??? ??y ?????ai ?y ? ???, e ???i ?????i ?i a
y?e ??? ?e O???. I? i???? E???a e C????, ???a ?? ???e ?iy? ??i E??a, ?
??e ????, ? ??i ?????ue «??? ??eth??. O??? ? i????e ?????a, a ????
?????? e ??i ??????? ??????a, ???? ?ith ???th ??? — ????th ???e ??i????.
I??ya ??o ?ae ???, E? O??? ????y ????ny ?ae???e E??a, ? ???e ??ue ?e
????i ? ??? e ????th ?o?ny ??? ?ey?y.
Ia ??iy??ny a y??a 1924 ?? XIII ???????e E???, Ce??? e N??i ???? ??y?y
??eth?e, ????? ????? E?a O???i e ???? ?i ????e ???u ? ????i. A ??c ????i
?? ??a ????y ??? ?????e a A??o ?? E??.
I?? ??? E??a ??? a ??? ????i ???? e I??ath? OeE, ? ? ?? ?????? ????a
?????? ??ue ???i. N???????y ?a ?e ??e E??a ????? C???a — E??? — N??i,
?????? ??i ???i ??ae O???, ??i ??ae?? ?? ???e.
A y??a 1925 ?? ? I??? OeE ??iy?? ????n?a ???? E?a O???i. C???a e E???
????e ??th?? O?oe?? ? ?EI (a), ??? N??i ? ????e ?. Ii ???, ?i «???
??eth?? ??? ????? ??? ???aey?o ??? a ??e, ?i e ?? ?a??. A??a ??a y????i
???a ????? ????ny e ??? ??uey ?????? a ?????a. O??ue E?? N??i ??? ?e ??e
??? ?th??a, e ? ????e ?? ??? ? A???a.
I????? ???i ?y ???a ??a C???a—E???— N??i ?? ??? i iy?. A? a ??a 1924 ??
C???a ??e ?????? ??? ?ay ???, ???e ??? ?e ??a ???? O???i i??? ?????a ?
N???. A y??a 1925 ?? E??? ?y?e, ?i ???ue ????i a NNN? ?-? ???? y??????
????? a ???? ???yo ?????, e ????? ???i ????y ??? ???????? ? ?? ???a,
???o ? ????i ?cy??a. I???? ?o ??oy N??i ??????y y?i ???i, ? ??a ? ????
??? ???? ?? e ????e ????? iy? A???a. C???a ????ny ? N???i, ? ????i ?ny?a
??oy ????e E???a.
A ????? ????i ??a ?? ????o ????? ???yi a 1925 ?? NNN? ????e ????a ?????
a ???e n???? ?cy??a. O?, ???e ??i ???????? ???? 112 % ? o??y 1913 ??. Ia
a ???ithth ???ue ? y? ??ey? ??y?a ? ????e ?????e a ??? 1925 ?? ???a
???ue ??? ? ???y??a ?cy??a. A??? ????? ???i ?????? ? XIV ??? ??? a ???a
1925 ?aea. I???ey y???, ? ???? ????a A???a, ???y ? iyi e ?e?a. *?? ??eth
??a ????y ??? ??? ??????e ?????i ?????a ???e a E????, ???? n ??? ??
?????a C???? e ????? ??oth ?y???ue ???e ????e ?????e.
A?? ??, N??i ??? a I??ath? I???a, A????a e E???a, ????a ?? ???yth?a
?????i. I?? y?i E?i A???? ?? ???? ???u, ?iya ?? ?????i ? ??y ?a??e O??a.
I??i ????a N??? ?? ? ??ue ????a?i, ?e ??o ????ny. E ??? 1926 ?? ???
????? e ????? ?????a, ??? ?y??? e N???, ???ny ???? n ??th ?????y ?i ?
????e ???a e ???? y?? ??a Ae?????o. Ai a?? y?e ??? ?iy? ??? e O???. Ii ?
??u ??e ???? N???, ???e ?????? ????i. Ai ??y eth???i I??? OeE 1926 ??,
??a ????e ???e n C????i e E???? Ae?????o ???ii ??i ??i, e ? ???o ? ?????
????, a ?i ??i ??u ??o??? ??? ???? I????e.
A??e 1926 ?? C???a, E??? e O??? ????? ??oth ????o, ???????a ? ?????o
???. I? ???i?? ??y?y ????u ??????e ???????? ???. N??i ?????e ??????y, a
?o A??? ??o ? ?y??y a ????th n ???????e ??????.
I??ay n ?? 1927 ?? ????i-?????a ??a??? ???i ????e ??e ????e. O??ue «???
?????? a ??? ???????o ??????e. Ae?? ?????a ?????a?a ?????? ?????? e
??y?a. 7 ?y?y 1927 ?? O??? ????y ?????? a ??? I??u ???, ? ?i ????? ?e
???eyi ????. I?? ???? ?????i e a E????a, ?a C???a e E?a?a ??a ????? ????
??? ????e. *?? ??? ??, 15 ?ya?y 1927 ??, ?a ?? ?? ??th?? ? ???. A 1928
?? E? O??? ??? n ae?? e ??i ?? ???u a A?a-A?, a ??a ?i ??c ?ae ???u ?
???.
Ai 2-e ???? 1927 ?? A???, ??? e O??? ? ?e?i ???? ?? ????e ??? «???
????e, ? e ??y? ??a ???? ???a a ? ????. I? ? ????a N??i ????e ??ai ??a,
??????a ???? ?y??? ???a n A???? e ?i ??????. Ii ?? ?e ?? ???u a ??e ?? —
a ? ??o ?? ??????u ???a ???u ??eth???e ???: ????ue ??u ????ue??, ????o
????? ????a, E???? e ???th?. I? ? ??, ?i ??? a NNN? ?? ??? ?? ???ay ???
— ????e ???o, ???e ????th ???y?y ?? N???.
E?????i ???ay a 1927 ?? ???y ???y ???a ???o ????a e ???a, ?i ????i ???i
NNN? ? ??ue y??????i ???a. N??i, y?yy? ???? ????? ?????ny ????y, ???e ?
?? A???a e ??????? ? iyi.
A ??? y??y 1928 ?? ? ??iy?th N??? I??ath? OeE ??????i ? ????? ?????? ??
e ???y?i, «???th?? ???e ??a. I???y ? ?, ?i y? ???a ?? ??y? ??i???, ?i
?????y ????e I??ath?.
A y??a 1928 ?? ???? ???? ??? NNN? ???i ??? ????????i ????a. A ???e ?????
?????a ??y?, ???a ????e ?????, ?????? e ????? ?o?o ??a e ???, ???y? ???a
??? ???, ????e ??e e ???? ???? ???ue ???yi a ???u.
A??e 1928 ?? ??? ??ue ????? ???? ???, ?i ???i ???? ???? A???a—???a—O???i
? N???i, ?????y ??o ???? ?a y????e ?????? a ??????th ????. A???? ?????
????? ? ?i, ?i ????a y??ey ?? ????y ?????? ???? ??????a, ??a ?e ?????,
?? ???????? ???oth ???eth, n ??e o ?a ??c??e, ?i ?a ???y a ???? ???a
iy?.
*?? ???? ?ith ???, E?? N??i ??e ? i?y?th ????eth. Ii ????e ??, ?i ??a ?y
??? n ?????e n??????y n ???i ??????? «???» ???????e. O?u?a ? y?i, A???
11 ethey a ????? ???e ?????e ????ny n E???? o ?? ? ????.
19 ??y?y 1928 ?? E???a ???e ??th i???? ????????, ?????othny ? ?????? ??
???a ? ???? oy??e ??????? eth?e ??e, ?eth?y ????a ?o????e y???? e ????
??????a ????y. O??? ? ?y y?? ??????? ??? ? ???e. A??? e ??? ?y??? a
y?n?oth ???? ? N???i, ???e, ???oy ?eth e ?????o, ???ii, ? ??i ??iye ?
??? ?????a «???». «I??? ?????a?, ?i ???ay ??????ay ???????y ???? e ?????
????i ?cy??a, ?e e ?????. A ??o ? y? ??ueth 1928 ?? E?? N??i ?y?e, ?i a
AEI(a) ?? ?? ??? ??????a, ???e ???ao ??? ???? e ??? ????i ?????e ?????a.
23 ???y 1928 ?? O??? ??e ?y??? ia ????, ??ae ? O??? A??? ??e a ???? n
??? ????a «I??? e ??u E????a.
E ??e 1929 ?? ?????? ??????? ??e ???, a a ??? ???a ??a ????y ?????e ??u
??e ??o??? ????. A ???a ???? ???y??a ??u, ???o ??? a I????e ???e ??
???????? ??a 2 ?ny/.
Aei ??eth?e ???y? ???ey? ??? 20 % ? ?u?i ??a ???y??o ?cy??, a 1928 ?? y?
??a ?a ????a 67 %. A ? ? ??y ????? ??o? ???y??o ??? ? y?o ? ??? ?????ue
n 15 % ? 3,5 %.
A ?????? n ??y?i ? ????? ???????e 1929 ?? iy???? ??? ???ey ????i ?cy??a
e 1933 ?? e??? ??? ?? ??? 15 % ?? ?????y????e ????e (? ?a??eth n 2 % a
1928 ??). I??i, ?? ????? a y?o ?? ????? ???ey ??????? ?e e ???? ? ???, ?
a ???e ???????e iy???a ????ue ?????i ???????e. I?? ?y??ey i ????? ?????
?e ??? ??a 5 ?i. ???e, ??? a NNN?, ???e? ?a ???. E??e ? ??e ?? ???? a
???, ? ????i ????????, a ?? ?e ????e ???a a ????a ??? ???.
E? e ??????e «??? ??????», ??e????y ???????y ????? ??? ??? e ?c ?? ???
ia ??oy?? ????? ????i ?cy??a. ?????? ??e ???? ?? ???? ??ae, ? ???? ????
????? O???, I???a, N???e E??c e E????. E??uey? ???e ?????. O??a ?e???i
??a ????i 1932 ?? ?????. I????ay ????? ???????o, ?i n 1928 ? 1937 ?ae
????a ???e ?????ue ? 20 ?i. ??a?. O??i a E????a ?-? ???i ????ey ????y
??? ??a 1,5 ?i. ????i ????y. A ???? ???o NNN? ???? ????? O????ay ???ue.
I?y? ???e e IAIO ???? ???th?a ? ??aea ???e, ? ??y ???y?i ?? a ??ae.
*?? ?????? ??? ???y??i, 7 ???a 1932 ?? ?e ??yo C?? ? ??? ????????
??????e («i ?ao ????»). O??ue ? ???a ????e ??????e (????, ??aeath?a ????
????e ??? n ???????i ??? ?e ???? n ?ey ???i ??a, ??u ????ue ??ath?o ??e)
????y ???? ?e 10 ?o ?????e.
I???y ? ???th ???????oth ???eth e ?y???a ???ey ????ue iy???o ? ??? ??,
??y?e ?? ????y ????? ????i ?cy??a ?e ????th ????. A ??i ??? 1934 ?? N??i
??? XVII ??ae AEI(a). N ??? ?? E??a y?o ??i ??e a ???th e? «??ae ??????
(? ?i ?? ????? ?uy??i i ??? ????? a NNN?), ? ????? ?? ? ???ue ?i «???i
?????? ?e «???i ?????»: ??ue ??i ? 1966 ????a 1108 ?? ?????, a ? e????
139 ??? e ????? a ??u Oe?????i E???a 98 ????y?. I???e y?? ??e ????? ???i
?????y ? ???o ??? OeE. I??a ???a ??? ?? ??? 270 ????a, ??a ?e ??? E??a
??? 3. O??-? N??i e ??e, ?i ??? ??y ?iy?ny ??????e ???e ?y?a ???.
A ?a 1934 ?? ??a ??? ???e ?? I????e. N??y ?nyoe, 11 ethey, N??i ??? ????
?????o ????? ?e, ai ??a ???? ???? A??? ss??. IAIO ??i a ??? ??? ????a a
???? A???i ????ey ????? ?e. E?? ??, ?ae ?i??e ss?? ????? AOEAA, A???
????? ?????e e ???i?e ???, ???y, ???? e ???a ?????i ???ey. O?? ?e IEAAe
?? ???i I??a ????a, ???a ??i ??i ??????ue e n??a ? 5 ?o, ????? ?e ????ue
? ??? a ???????? ?a?ue.
1 ???y 1934 ?? ????? ??????i?e ????o E??ae I???a ????e N??y E??a, ?????
????a E??a N???, ???e ?a a 1926 ?? ???? ??? ???i ??a ????ue ?????a ?
??????? ???? ???.
N??ue E??a ??a ???? ?y ??? ??e ?o??????e ???. I??? ? I??u ????? a ???
??????? IEAAe ?? ? ??????? ??? ??????, ???a a ???a 1934 ?? ????i ?c
????? ?y ????ey ???i ???e ???. I??th ???u ???? y?o «????, ? E?? ? ????
?????? ???? e ???? ? ??????. O??ue N??i ????e ???ae?e ??????e ?? a ???
??oe n ???i ????i «E?????? ???????? ???». E?? y??, ??? ??i ???? ???
????i «I????? ???», a ???e ??e E???, C???a e ? ??? ?????, ?????a a ???a.
O? 15 ???y ? ???? ??????? ???a ???, ?iy?? ??i E??a AE??a ?uy?e, ?i ????
?? ?????? ????? ???e ?????? ????e. Ia ??oth?e ?? a I??a ?? ????? C???a e
E???. *?? ??eth ?e ?? ?????u – I??i ????? IEAAe e ???????? ??? ? ?????i
?? ? ? ???e a ????. N ???e «E??a???? ???» ?a ??iy? ???i ??. 29 ???y 1934
?? ?e a ?? ????i ????i ????y ?? ?????u e ??? ?? ????y e a ?o ? ??
????y?.
I??i C???a e E??? ? ??? ??? e ??o ???. O? a ???? y??y 1935 ?? ?e ?? ????
??i ??? ? «?????th» ???? E??a e ????? a A??a-O???oth oth?? ?y i?????o
??th???. C???a ???? n ??e a ??? ????i nay?e ?? i ???a — ???, ? ???e
????, ?i ????? a ???. A ?a 1935 ?? N??i ??? ??oth ???eth ? ???????e
??????, a ???th ??a ?? ??e A?a, AE??a, I???a e ?a ????i /??a OeE. N??y
?nyoe a ???a ???? AEI(a) ?? ???i «C???a ???» ? ?y????i ??? ??? ??? ???.
O?? ? N??i a ?a?e ?c ??e E???a e C???? y?? ? ????? ????y ? ?ith ???o. N?
??? ? iy???? ??, ????? a y??a. Ii y? ?? o??i ???. Ca ?nyoe ? y?? a
?ay??o ???? ?? ???u 300 ??eo ???????, ???o ??? ???? e ?????? ????. A
?/?? ?? 1936 ?? ????? e ???? ?? ????th ????a. C???a e E??? ?????ue ????
?ith «??» a ??i ? ??ue. N??i ?i??e, ?i ??i ? ??iy?? ? ??o ????yi e,
???i, ???e. A i??? 19 ???a 1936 ?? a E???i ?? Ae?a Nith?a ?? ???i ???
???? ????a ? ?? ?????i-??????i ??a. 24 ???a ?a ?? ???i — ?ae ????? ?? 16
??iy??, ???? ?? ????a ????y ? ???a, O???i e A???a, e ????o.
A ??y?a 1936 ?? ss?? ?e ??? n ??a ??u IEAAe, a ??c ?a ?? ????yi ? ????th
a ???? I????? e A???i. A? ??? I??? A?a, ???? ???iy? ????ue ??th ?yc?th
??ue «???e ???», a ??i ?????ue ? ??i ????????. Ii ?e ????th ??? ???
?cy?o e ????i ??, ?i ? ??? ??a ?e e ?iye, ??th ?? ?o ???? ???. ??ue y?
????ey? n?? ???y?? e ? y?? ?a ??a ???e ???c ?????a, ??/a e ??a ????y.
23 y??y 1937 ?? ???y «???n ?????». Ia y?o ?c ??? ???a, Iy???, N?????a e
?a 14 ??? ??i??? A???a. I????a, ????a ????oth ????? ? E?y?a, ?? ????y ?
???a e A???a. N??y ??eth 13 ???e, ???? ia ??? ????? a E???i ??, ??
?????u e ????o. A ??c ?nyoe ??iy?y ??? OeE AEI(a).
Ca iy? ?? ? ??? ???a, 18 ???y 1937 ??, ?n? ??? ? N???i ?????y ?-????
????????e A???o I?????a. O????i-????? I??i N??i ????e a ????? A???a e
???a. 27 ???y 1937 ?? Oe????? E??? AEI(a), 70 % ???? ??o ????y? a ????a
????i ?ny?a, ???? ??? ???? i ??????e ??? «????i-?????? ??????» a ??
????ey. ???a e A???a ????? ? ??a e ???e ? E?y?o. 2 ??a 1938 ?? ?e ??? n
ss??e e ?a 18 ??? ???e ??????, ??????e A??i e N???i a «????????e ??», ??
? ??ueth ????? a Ae?a Nith?a. *?? 11 ??, ??a ???? ??e ?????e ??????th
??e?, ?ae ?uy?e ?? ?? ???a ????e ???? — ????.
A?e ????y ??o ??? ????? N??i ???e ?????? ??? ? ??? ????, ? ??y?ay ? ???
?i???i ???a ??? ??? ??? ???? — ??? ????? ?y ?? ??? ?ae ?ae ??e ?a ?????i
?EEA. E?????a ?????? e ?????? ????? ?? ????e N???, ?eth?y ????a??eth
(??th??a ???? Aeth??, ???e, ??ay? ? ???th ???i?o a E??, ???y ????e
?????e ???a ??????ey ? Aea??i A???). O? ? ??a, E?? N??i ??e ??????
????ue a???? ?y?.
A y??a 1937 ?? ??? IEAAe ????? ? ????th a ????a 525 ???? ?EEA. 11 ?y
N??i ?????e ???o ???o «c?????? ?e ??? ??. O?, O????? ?e ????i ?????ue
I????? ???i ???i, a ss?? ???? ? E?? a E????. N??y ?a ??? ???? OeE ?a
???a ??? ???? ???? ?? ?a???u e ???? a ?? A??. A ??? ethiy ? A??? ??? ?e
??i? ???u (??c ????i ?ny?a 12 ?i ??? ??o ???????) ?? ????u ???u A????a e
A?? i ????i ????. *?? ????i ??, 11 ethiy 1937 ??, ??iy?y ???? ?ae ?ae
O?????, ss??i, O????i, E??i, Y????, O????i, I????i e I??e. I?????? ??
N??i ???? O???. ?y?i n ?i ??? ???u A???e e Aeth??, ????? 1-? ??a O????a
e A??, ????? 2-? ??a A???, Ae???, E?? e ??? A?y?a. A ??? ?? ??? ?e ??e e
?/??? IO?EEA A???e, ? ? ????e ?????ny. I??? ???i ???e, e ?a ??u y?? ??,
??a O????? e A????, ??o ?????. N???a ????a ???ue ????i ??a, ??a ?? ?a,
?eth?y ??????ny ?????? ? ????? a ??i ? ??ue I????, ?? ?????u e ????o.
I??? ?ae A???? e ??? a ??e ??e ??ae?? ??? A??. A???a N??? ???e ?i ??ye —
????e ?? ? C????y E???? A?ey, ???? a eth? 1938 ?? ??? ??? ?????? A??. A
???a I??? A?a ? ???????? ?iye ?? ???a ???i ????? (a y?i ????? ? ?? ???
?????, i???? ??? ????i ??? ????, ???a ???e ??th??ua ?????e). 8 ???y 1938
?? A?ey ?????? ?iye ??i A??, ???e ????i ??c a ???? E?y?e. Ii ???? e
???????i ??? a 1937—1938 ??o ?? ????? ??i 5,5 ?i. ???e, ? ?o ????
700—900 ?n. ????y?.
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