?AOA?AO
IA OAIO: «IOOUe AeEEOAOO?U E AIEIU. NO?AIU ACEE E EAOEINEIE AIA?EEE A
IAAEAIAIIUE IA?EIAe»
IOOUe AeEEOAOO?U E AIEIU
Ca?iaeaeaiea i/aaia iiaie ie?iaie aieiu
Ia ia?auo ii?ao Aa?naeuenei-Aaoeiaoiineay nenoaia ono?aeaaea iiiaeo. Ii
e iei n naiiai ia/aea iaeuecy auei ioianoe eae ieieioi o?e no?aiu —
Aa?iaieth, ssiiieth e Eoaeeth.
Ia?aua aeaa ia aac iniiaaiee n/eoaee eoiae iineaaiaiiiai ie?iiai
o?aaoee?iaaiey oieceoaeueiuie aeey naay. Aaaeue ia?aae ia/aeii aieiu iie
ia?aaeeaaee ia?eiae ao?iiai i?iiuoeaiiiai ?inoa e ?ann/eouaaee oi?i/eoue
naie oniao, i?eia?aoy iiaua oa??eoi?ee e ?uiee. Ii iiaaaeaeaiiay
Aa?iaiey iiianea cia/eoaeueiua iioa?e, e aeaaea ssiiiey, aoiaeeaoay a
eaaa?ue iiaaaeeoaeae, ia iieo/eea ie/aai. Iaa no?aiu aiineaaenoaee oiaei
ainiieueciaaeenue yoie neooaoeeae, nieioea aieueoeinoai naiaai ianaeaiey
aie?oa eaeae ?aaaioa, ?anieaou ca «iaoeeiiaeueiue iici?». A Aa?iaiee ia
yoo eaeath ?aaioae e oyaeaeue yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen — ?acoeueoao
eieinnaeueiuo aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia e iineaaeothuae auieaou ?aia?aoeee.
Iaeiiaoe, Eoaeey oaeaea n/eoaea, /oi ia Aa?naeueneie eiioa?aioeee aa
iaaeaeeee. Iacia/eoaeueiua iia?aie/iua oa??eoi?ee, iieo/aiiua Eoaeeae
iicaeiaa, i?e iiaeienaiee ie?iiai aeiaiai?a n Aano?eae (naioya?ue 1919
a.), auee neaaui ooaoaieai. Iiyoiio iuneue i «ainnoaiiaeaiee
ni?aaaaeeeainoe» auea iiioey?ia e a Eoaeee.
Ana yoe o?e no?aiu a aeaeueiaeoai e noaee i/aaaie iiaie ie?iaie aieiu.
Aiaeu Aaeia?neie ?anioaeeee a Aa?iaiee. Iinea oiai eae a Aa?iaiee niaea
?aaiethoeeiiiay aieia, nia?aaoaany a Aaeia?a O/?aaeeoaeueiia nia?aiea
i?eiyei aeaiie?aoe/aneoth eiinoeoooeeth (ethiue 1919 a.). Aeaeueiaeoee
ia?eiae a enoi?ee no?aiu (aei i?eoiaea e aeanoe oaoenoia a 1933 a.)
noaee iacuaaoue Aaeia?neie ?anioaeeeie.
A oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao Aa?iaieth nio?ynaee iinoiyiiua niaiu
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ianniaua noa/ee, aac?aaioeoea e eioeyoeey. Eiaaea a
eiioea 1922 a. i/a?aaeiia i?aaeoaeuenoai, ia aeaey eiuo aiciiaeiinoae
ai?ioueny n e?ecenii, ?aoeei i?einoaiiaeoue iinoaaee oaey ai O?aioeeth a
n/ao ?aia?aoeee, a ?o?neoth iaeanoue auee aaaaeaiu o?aioeocneea e
aaeueaeeneea aienea. Iinoaaee i?eoeinue aiciaiiaeoue.
Iieuecoynue iaaeiaieuenoaii ianaeaiey, iaiaoeeea eiiioienou iiiuoaeenue
iiaeiyoue ainnoaiea a Aaiao?aa (ieoya?ue 1923 a.), ii iii auei eaaei
iiaeaaeaii. Ii/oe n?aco aea iinea yoiai i?iaaeeeanue e iiiuoea
oaoenoneiai ioo/a a Ithioaia. Ii aue iacaai ieaiui ioo/ai, oae eae
oaoenou iau/ii ano?a/aeenue a iaeiie ec ianoiuo ieaiuo. Eacaeinue, /oi
no?aia oaea ia aua?aoueny ec iieeoe/aneiai e yeiiiie/aneiai oaina.
Ii anei?a ana eciaieeinue. A ia/aea 1924 a. ?aia?aoeeiiiay eiienney
Aioaiou nicaaea iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eiieoao yenia?oia, eioi?ue au?aaioae
ieai Aeaoyna (ii eiaie aia?eeaineiai aaiee?a, i?aaenaaeaoaey eiieoaoa).
Niaeanii yoiio ieaio Aa?iaiey aeieaeia auea i?iaeieaeaoue auieaoo
?aia?aoeee, ii aianoa n oai ia ainnoaiiaeaiea yeiiiieee no?aiu
auaeaeyeny iaaeaeoia?iaeiue e?aaeeo (a iniiaiii ca n/ao NOA) a ?acia?a
800 iei cieiouo ia?ie. E?iia oiai, i?e iauai nio?aiaiee noiiu ?aia?aoeee
aaeaaiaeiue ?acia? eo auieaou aue nieaeai, a n?ie ieii/aoaeueiiai
?an/aoa oae e inoaeny iayniui. Yoi iiiiaei noaaeeece?iaaoue aa?iaineoth
yeiiiieeo. A aeaeueiaeoai ii oae iacuaaaiiio ieaio THiaa (iiaiai
i?aaenaaeaoaey eiieoaoa yenia?oia) iauay noiia ?aia?aoeee auea
ianeieueei oiaiueoaia (aaaono 1929 a.).
Anei?a ia/aeny caoyaeiie ie?iaie yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen. Noaei ynii, /oi
Aa?iaiey oece/anee ia a ninoiyiee auieaoeoue ?aia?aoeee. E a eiioea 1931
a. ii i?aaeeiaeaieth i?aceaeaioa NOA A. Aoaa?a no?aiu-iiaaaeeoaeueieoeu
cayaeee, /oi niaeaniu ia i?einoaiiaeo auieaou ?aia?aoeee. Ii aua aei
ia/aea e?ecena Aa?iaiey aeaaiaea?y e?aaeeoai, iieo/aiiui ii ieaio
Aeaoyna, ia/aea ainnoaiaaeeaaoue aiaiioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Iineieueeo
yoi i?ioeai?a/eei aa?naeueneei niaeaoaieyi, eniuoaiey iiauo aeaeia
aii?oaeaiey (oaieia, naiieaoia e i?.) oaeii i?iaiaeeeenue ia iieeaiiao
NNN?. (Niaaoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai ?ann/eouaaei a oa aiaeu ia Aa?iaieth eae
ia aiciiaeiiai nithcieea, oi/ii oeiaea ?ino i?ioeai?a/ee iaaeaeo iae e
no?aiaie auaoae Aioaiou.) Oaeei ia?acii, Aa?iaiey naeaeaea ia?aua oaae e
?aaaioo.
Eoaeey. Iinea ieii/aiey aieiu Eoaeey oaeaea ia?aaeeaaea oiaaeie
yeiiiieee, eioeyoeeth, aac?aaioeoeo, oioy ae, eae iiaaaeeoaeueieoea, ia
ioaeii auei auiea/eaaoue ?aia?aoeee. A ia/aea 1919 a. a Eoaeee aicieeea
oaoenoneay ia?oey ai aeaaa n auaoei nioeeaeenoii A. Ionnieeie. Oaoeci
(iacaaiea i?ienoiaeeo io eo. «naycea», «io/ie») auaeaeyeny n?aaee
ae?oaeo yeno?aienoneeo oa/aiee e?aeiae aa?anneaiinoueth, aeanoeeie
oa??i?enoe/aneeie iaoiaeaie. Eoaeueyineea oaoenou oiaei
ainiieueciaaeenue iaaeiaieuenoaii ianaeaiey eoiaaie aieiu e aaaenoaaiiui
iieiaeaieai no?aiu. A eo i?iiaaaiaea oii? aeaeaeny ia nioeeaeueiia
?aaainoai, /oi i?eaeaeaei iaeieiouea neie ianaeaiey, a oaeaea iaeeoth
ao?aeoaceth. Iiioey?iinoue ia?oee Ionnieeie auno?i ?inea, anei?a oaoenou
ia/aee oi?ie?iaaoue aiaaua a?oiiu, eioi?ua aeiiieiyee i?iiaaaiaeo
neeiauie aeoeeyie.
Iiiuoaeenue nicaeaoue naie aiaaua ae?oaeeiu e ae?oaea ia?oee (a oii
/enea eiiioienou e nioeeaeenou), ii a ianoaiiaea ianeeey e oa??i?a,
iaaiaoaaoaeny oaoenoaie, iie ia niiaee ei i?ioeainoiyoue. Ai a?aiy
i/a?aaeiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai e?ecena (ieoya?ue 1922 a.) oaoenoneea
io?yaeu i?aaieciaaee iioiae ia ?ei. I?aaeoaeuenoai iiaeaei a ionoaaeo, e
ei?ieue Aeeoi? Yiiaioee III ii?o/ee Ionnieeie oi?ie?iaaiea iiaiai
eaaeiaoa.
Iiaaaeea nionoy aeaa aiaea ia auai?ao, oaoenou oaeoe/anee onoaiiaeee a
Eoaeee aeeeoaoo?o. A?aaeaeaineea i?aaa, ii nooe aeaea, auee
eeeaeaee?iaaiu, anyeia nii?ioeaeaiea ?aaeeio Ionnieeie aeanoiei
iiaeaaeyeinue. A aeaeueiaeoai oaoenoneay aeeeoaoo?a naeaeaea Eoaeeth
iaeiei ec eieoeeaoi?ia aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu.
ssiiiey. Iineaaiaiiue e?ecen a ssiiiee caaa?oeeny ioiineoaeueii auno?i.
A oeaeii a no?aia i?iaeieaeaeny i?ioeann iiaea?iecaoeee. Ii i?e yoii
yeiiiieea ssiiiee oneeaiii aiaiece?ica-eanue, oea ii/oe ioe?uoay
iiaeaioiaea e aiaiiui caoaaoai. ssiiineea ieieno?u e aaia?aeu aunooiaee
n ieaiaie aa?annee, a ea/anoaa aa iauaeoia iacuaaeanue ia oieueei
aeaaiyy oeaeue — Eeoae, ii e any THai-Ainoi/iay Acey, oeoiieaaineea
ino?iaa e aeaaea Eiaeey. ssiiiey ia?aie ia/aea ieaie?iaaoue «aieueooth»
aieio. Eoaeueyineea oaoenou a oi a?aiy aeoiaee i?aaeaea anaai ia
oe?aieaiee naiae aeeeoaoo?u aioo?e no?aiu, a a Aa?iaiee Aeoea? aua ia
i?eoae e aeanoe.
A 1931 a. ssiiiey ieeoie?iaaea Iaiue/aeo?eth e ia/aea ianooieaiea ia
ae?oaea ?aeiiu Eeoay. Oae aiciee ia?aue i/aa aoaeouae ie?iaie aieiu. A
ia?oa 1933 a. a ioaao ia iiiuoeo inoaeaeaiey Eeaie Iaoeee yoie aa?annee
ssiiiey aeaiiino?aoeaii auoea ec aa ninoaaa.
Oaoeci ianooiaao. Aa?iaiey neeueiaa ae?oaeo aa?iiaeneeo no?ai
iino?aaeaea io «aaeeeie aeai?annee». Anee a Aiaeee, ai O?aioeee e a
?yaea ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa e?ecen ianooiee iinea ia?eiaea ioiineoaeueiie
noaaeeecaoeee, oi a Aa?iaiee, oicyenoai eioi?ie auei iiaei?aaii
eieinnaeueiuie aiaiiuie ?anoiaeaie e oyaeeei a?aiaiai ?aia?aoeee,
yeiiiieea e aai ia/aeo oieueei noaea aui?aaeyoueny. *oanoai iaeaeu e
oieaeaiiinoe, nio?aiyaoaany o ieeeeiiia iaioeaa ana iineaaiaiiua aiaeu,
aeiiieiyeinue iaaeiaieuenoaii iieeoeeie Aaeia?neie ?anioaeeee,
ianiiniaiie iaaanoe ii?yaeie a no?aia. A Aa?iaiee iinoiyiii aicieeaee
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua e?ecenu, a a?aaeaeiaaaoea ae?oa n ae?oaii
nioeeae-aeaiie?aou e eiiioienou ?aaeueii ie/aai ia i?aaei?eieiaee, /oiau
iaeaa/eoue aaaenoaaiiia iieiaeaiea o?oaeyueony.
A yoie ianoaiiaea noaea ?anoe iiioey?iinoue oaoenoneie, oae iacuaaaiie
Iaoeeiiae-nioeeaeenoe/aneie iaiaoeeie ?aai/ae ia?oee (INAeAI) ai aeaaa n
A. Aeoea?ii. Oaoenou oiaei ea?aee ia /oanoaao iaioeaa, iaauay ei ia
oieueei «?anieaoeoueny» ca ii?aaeaiea a ie?iaie aieia, ii e nicaeaoue
iiaue ii?yaeie a ie?a. Aeaaioth ?ieue i?e yoii ii?yaeea, ooaa?aeaeaee
oaoenou, aoaeao ea?aoue Aa?iaiey, iani?aaaaeeeai iaaeaeaiiay «aeeciaiiui
i?ino?ainoaii». INAeAI iauyaeea iaioeaa «aunoae ?anie», a?eeoeaie,
iaaeaeaiiuie i?aaii oi?aaeyoue «iecoeie ?anaie». A nioeeaeueiie noa?a
oaoenou iaauaee iaiaaeeaiiue auoiae ec e?ecena, eeeaeaeaoeeth
aac?aaioeoeu, oe?ieoth iaoeeiiaeecaoeeth e «ni?aaaaeeeaia» ?aai/aa e
aa?a?iia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Ii i?eia?o eoaeueyineeo oaoenoia INAeAI aua
aei i?eoiaea e aeanoe nicaeaea iiuiua aiaaua a?oiiu (NA).
E?oiiaeoea i?iiuoeaiieee Aa?iaiee, oa?iaaoea ia?iiiua oauoee ec-ca
yeiiiie/aneiai e iieeoe/aneiai e?ecena a no?aia, ioaeaeaeenue a aeanoeii
eiio?iea iaae yeiiiieeie. Iie anooieee a ia?aaiai?u n eeaea?aie INAeAI,
e oa iaauaee a neo/aa i?eoiaea e aeanoe i?iaiaeeoue «ioaeiue» eo?n. A
?acoeueoaoa i?aceaeaio I. Aei-aeaiao?a 30 yiaa?y 1933 a. iacia/ee
Aeoea?a ?aeoneaioeea?ii (i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii). A nionoy aeaa ianyoea
INAeAI iiaaaeeea e ia ia?eaiaioneeo auai?ao.
*oanoaoy naay oicyaaaie iieiaeaiey, oaoenou ia/aee ?ani?aao ni naieie
iieeoe/aneeie i?ioeaieeaie. Iie i?aaieciaaee iiaeaeia ?aeonoaaa (27
oaa?aey 1933 a.) e, iaaeiea a yoii eiiioienoia, cai?aoeee nia/aea
eiiia?oeth, a caoai e ae?oaea ia?oee. Ca i?aaeoaeuenoaii Aeoea?a auee
i?eciaiu /?acau/aeiua iieiiii/ey, ia?eaiaio i?aa?aoeeny a /enoi
aeaei?aoeaiue i?aai, auai?u aieueoa ia i?iaiaeeeenue. Oaoenou iie?aeenue
ia neeiaoth iiaeaea?aeeo oaeiie iieeoe/aneie iieeoeee (aanoaii) e
«io?aiiuo io?yaeia» (NN).
A noa?a yeiiiieee oaoenou aeoeaii i?iaiaeeee iiaea?iecaoeeth, iie?aynue
ia i?aeoe/anee anaioaaoiia ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea. Aaeaa ee ia
ana io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe oae eee eia/a ?aaioaee ia aoaeouoth aiaiioth
yeniaineth. I?ionithcu auee caiaiaiu «o?oaeiaui o?iioii», iaoiaeeaoeiny
a iieiii iiae/eiaiee o INAeAI. Ethaay iiiiceoeey aeoea?ianeiio ?aaeeio
iiaeaaeyeanue ni ana aieueoae aeanoieinoueth. Ii iniiaiay /anoue
ianaeaiey Aa?iaiee auea a oo ii?o ioaa/aia yiooceaciii: no?aia
aeaenoaeoaeueii auno?i auoea ec e?ecena, aac?aaioeoea auea
eeeaeaee?iaaia, o?iaaiue aeecie caiaoii iiauneeny. Oaia?ue aeaei auei ca
caaiaaaieai iaauaiiiai «aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa», e oaoenou oneeaiii
aioiaeeenue e yoiio.
E na?aaeeia 30-o aa. a Aa?iaiee onoaiiaeeny eeanne/aneee oioaeeoa?iue
?aaeei. Oioaeeoa?eci (a aoeaaeueiii ia?aaiaea n eaouie — «ioaaouaathuee
ana») noae iiaui iieeoe/aneei yaeaieai, a eioi?ii o?aaeeoeeiiiay eaeay
aeeeoaoo?u aeiaiaeeeanue aei aaniethoa. A ainoaea?noaao oioaeeoa?iiai
oeia aaiaeeeny iieiue (oioaeueiue) eiio?ieue aiia?aoa aeanoe iaae anaie
noa?aie aeecie iauanoaa, aeaiie?aoe/aneea naiaiaeu eeeaeaee?iaaeenue
(aeaaea anee oi?iaeueii iie e i?iaicaeaoaeenue). Ana aiaaonoai ie?iaie
eoeueoo?u e iauanoaaiiie iunee eniieueciaaeinue eneeth/eoaeueii a
eioa?anao oieoa?iie (aaeeiie) eaeaieiaee, iaycaoaeueiie aeey anao
a?aaeaeai oioaeeoa?iiai ainoaea?noaa; i?e yoii «iaioaeiia» aacaeaeinoii
ioa?anuaaeinue — cai?auaeinue eeai oie/oiaeaeinue a aoeaaeueiii niunea.
I?e oioaeeoa?ecia aeanoue nin?aaeioi/eaaeanue a ?oeao aeeeoaoi?a
(eiiaaea — iaaieueoie a?oiiu «aiaeaeae») iacaaeneii io ioeoeeaeueiie
oi?iu i?aaeaiey. Iiyoiio oioaeeoa?eci ia iaycaoaeueii naycai oieueei n
oaoenoneie aeeeoaoo?ie. Ii a ?acee/iuo aa?eaoeeyo aicieeae e a
iaoaoenoneeo ainoaea?noaao, a oii /enea e nioeeaeenoe/aneeo.
Iaino?aiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee a iaaeaiaiiue ia?eiae
A aiaeu iaaeaeo ia?aie e aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiie ie
Aa?naeuenei-Aaoeiaoiineay nenoaia, ie nicaeaiiay a aa ?aieao Eeaa Iaoeee
a eiia/iii n/aoa ia niiaee iaania/eoue aeaeaiiie noaaeeueiinoe a Aa?iia.
I?aaaea, a oa/aiea 20-o aa. iniauo eiioeeeoia iaaeaeo aa?iiaeneeie
ainoaea?noaaie ia aicieeaei, ii yoi auei ia noieueei ieiaeii /ueeo-eeai
oneeee, neieueei neaaenoaeai oiai, /oi aieueoeinoai no?ai i?eoiaeeee a
naay iinea ecio?eoaeueiie aieiu.
Iaeiaei n onoaiiaeaieai oioaeeoa?iuo ?aaeeiia a Eoaeee, a caoai e a
Aa?iaiee ana yanoaaiiaa iaicia/aeenue eo aa?anneaiua ono?aieaiey.
Oaoenoneea i?aaeoaeuenoaa yoeo no?ai noaaeee naiae oeaeueth
aeanoaaeeece?iaaoue ianoaiiaeo a Aa?iia e ie?a, ?aaeciaaoue
Aa?naeuenei-Aaoeiaoiineoth nenoaio iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee, nicaeaoue
«iiaue ii?yaeie». Yoi iaecaaaeii aaei e aieia, iineieueeo o
oioaeeoa?ecia anoue aua iaeia iniaaiiinoue: ii ia i?eciaao eiii?iiennia
e iaoeaeai ia iiaaaeo naiae «aaeeinoaaiii aa?iie» eaeaieiaee iianthaeo.
Oae, NNN?, aaea ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu 20-o aa. inouanoaeyeanue
no?aieoaeueiay eiaeono?eaeecaoeey n oii?ii ia aiaiioth i?iiuoeaiiinoue,
inoaaaeny aia nenoaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiioaeoia. NNN?, eiia/ii,
i?eieiae o/anoea a ?aaioa iaeioi?uo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiioa?aioeee; e
na?aaeeia 20-o aa. ii onoaiiaee aeeieiiaoe/aneea ioiioaiey ni anaie
aaaeoueie ainoaea?noaaie (eeoue NOA «caaea?aeaeenue» n i?eciaieai NNN?
aei 1933 a.), a a 1934—1939 aa. aoiaeee e a Eeao Iaoeee. Ii oaeoe/anee
ii iaeciaiii caieiae «iniaoth iiceoeeth». Niaaoneia ?oeiaiaenoai ai
aeaaa n E. Noaeeiui noa?aeinue ia naycuaaoue naay ieeaeeie
iaycaoaeuenoaaie n inoaeueiuie no?aiaie, eioi?ua, niaeanii niaaoneie
oa?ieiieiaee, eiaiiaaeenue «eaieoaeenoe/aneei ie?oaeaieai». Naii neiai
«ie?oaeaiea» i?aaeiieaaaei, /oi ?aii eee iicaeii «ie?oaeaiiua»
iiiuoathony aai i?i?aaoue, e yoi i?ae?anii iiieiaee i?aaeoaeuenoaa
aa?iiaeneeo e ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa.
Iineaaeiea auee oaeaea e?aeia ano?aaiaeaiu iiae?uaiuie aeaenoaeyie
eaai?aaeeeaeueiuo nee, ?oeiaiaeeiuo ii eaiaeai Eiieioa?ia ec Iineau.
Iaeioi?ua aeoeee Eiieioa?ia i?eaiaeeee a niae?iaaiea iauanoaaiiinoue
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo no?ai. Oae, a ai?aea 1925 a. aieaa?neeie eiiioienoaie
aue aci?aai eaoaae?aeueiue niai? a Nioee, ia?aiieiaiiue ii neo/ath
Ianoe. Eae cayaeee eiiioienou, yoi auei naeaeaii «aeey eno?aaeaiey
nia?aaoaainy a niai?a oeaaoa i?aayuae ieeaa?oee ».
E ana aea a oneiaeyo oa?icu ia/aea iiaie «aieueoie» aieiu aieueoeinoai
aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa, aeeth/ay e NNN?, auee caeioa?aniaaiu a iaee/ee
nenoaiu eieeaeoeaiie aaciianiinoe, eioi?ay iicaieeea au ano?aoeoue
aiciiaeioth aa?anneth (anee oae aa ia oaeanony i?aaeioa?aoeoue) ia a
iaeeii/eo, a aianoa n neeueiuie nithcieeaie. Neiaeiay nenoaia
iaaeaa?iiaeneeo aeiaiai?ia, aicieeoay e na?aaeeia 30-o aa., eae ?ac e
i?aneaaeiaaea oeaeue iaania/aiey eieeaeoeaiie aaciianiinoe (a /anoiinoe,
NNN? caeeth/ee aeiaiai?u i acaeiiie iiiiue n O?aioeeae e *aoineiaaeeae).
Ii aeey iaaeaaeiinoe aeaenoaey oaeie nenoaiu o?aaiaaeinue no?iai
niaethaeaoue acaeiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa, a yoi, eae iieacae aeaeueiaeoee
iiuo, i?ienoiaeeei aeaeaei ia anaaaea.
Ia/aei oaoenoneie aa?annee
Iaaeaeo oai Aa?iaiey e Eoaeey ia inoaaeyee naieo aa?anneaiuo ieaiia.
Ia?auie i?enooieee e eo inouanoaeaieth eoaeueyioeu. A ieoya?a 1935 a.
iie iaiaee ia Yoeiieth (Aaenneieth) e a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo ianyoeaa
caoaaoeee aa, naeaeaa naiae eieiieae. A Aa?iaiee a 1935 a. auea aaaaeaia
anaiauay aieineay iiaeiiinoue, oiaaea aea niaeanii Aa?naeueneiio
aeiaiai?o aue i?iaaaeai ieaaenoeeo a Naa?neie iaeanoe e iia aa?ioeanue a
ninoaa Aa?iaiee. A anei?a, ia?ooea aa?naeueneea niaeaoaiey, Aa?iaiey
aaaea aienea a ?aeineoth aeaieeeoa?eciaaiioth ciio. Oae aeoea?iaoeu
naeaeaee ia?aua ?aaeueiua oaae e caaiaaaieth «aeeciaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa»
aeey «aunoae?anu». I?aaaea, iiea aeaei eanaeinue eeoue caiaeue, aua
iaaeaaii i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo Aa?iaiee.
Ii oaea a neaaeothuai aiaeo oaoeci ia?aoae a ianooieaiea a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ianooaaa. A ethea 1936 a. eniaineea oaoenou e ae?oaea
i?aaua neeu ai aeaaa n aaia?aeii O. O?aiei iiaeiyee iyoaae i?ioea
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa Ia?iaeiiai o?iioa. Oaeea o?iiou,
aicieeoea e na?aaeeia 30-o aa. a Eniaiee e ai O?aioeee, auee iiiuoeie
niei/aiey anao aeaiie?aoe/aneeo nee ia?aae eeoeii oa?icu oaoenoneie
aeeeoaoo?u. Iaeiaei o/anoea a yoeo o?iioao eaai?aaeeeaeueiuo a?oii, a
oii /enea e eiiioienoia, iiae?uaaei eo aaeeinoai. Eiiioienou no?aieeenue
eniieueciaaoue ia?iaeiua o?iiou ia noieueei aeey ai?ueau n oaoeciii,
neieueei aeey onoaiiaeaiey nianoaaiiie aeeeoaoo?u.
Ia noi?iia O?aiei ioe?uoi aunooieee Aa?iaiey e Eoaeey, uaae?i
niaaaeaaoea aai aii?oaeaieai e aieneaie. Ae?oaea aa?iiaeneea no?aiu e
NOA cayaeee, /oi n/eoatho ia/aaoothny a Eniaiee a?aaeaeaineoth aieio aa
aioo?aiiei aeaeii e iioiio ia iaia?aiu aiaoeaaoueny. Oai ia iaiaa ia
iiiiuue eniaineei aeaiie?aoe/aneei neeai ono?aieeenue ouny/e
aeia?iaieueoeaa ec ?aciuo no?ai ie?a, aeeth/ay NNN?. Aeey ai?ueau n
oaoenoaie a Eniaieth ia?ai?aaeyeinue e aii?oaeaiea (a oii /enea oaiee,
naiieaou, oyaeaeua i?oaeey). Oaeei ia?acii, Eniaiey noaea ia?aie a?aiie
ioe?uoie noaaoee nee aeaiie?aoee e oaoecia.
Caoaao Eoaeeae Yoeiiee e niauoey a Eniaiee iaicia/eee iiaue yoai a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaieyo — ia?aoiae oaoecia a ?acaa?iooia
ianooieaiea.
NO?AIU ACEE E EAOEINEIE AIA?EEE A IAAEAIAIIUE IA?EIAe
Eciaiaiea ?iee «ia?eoa?ee». Ao?iua niauoey 10-o aa. cao?iioee e no?aiu
«ia?eoa?ee». I?aaeaea anaai yoi eanaeinue ia?iiiiai Aceaoneiai ?aaeiia,
caiaaeiay /anoue eioi?iai auea ioaa/aia aiaauie aeaenoaeyie a ia?eiae
ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu. A ?yaea no?ai Acee n aieueoei aieiaieai e
neiiaoeae ioianeenue e Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee a ?innee, auaeaeioaoae
eicoia inaiaiaeaeaiey io eieiieaeueiiai aiaoa.
A naith i/a?aaeue, e Niaaoneay ?inney (n aeaeaa?y 1922 a. — NNN?),
no?aiynue iaaciianeoue naie iaiauyoiua thaeiua a?aieoeu, a ia?aua aea
iineaieoya?ueneea aiaeu iinoa?aeanue iaeaaeeoue eiioaeou n ninaaeieie
no?aiaie Acee. Aieueoaaenoneia ?oeiaiaenoai aeaeaei yoi e aeey
?anoe?aiey noa?u naiaai aeeyiey a ?aaeiia. Ii a iaa oaeaeinue aeeth/eoue
eeoue Iiiaieeth, eioi?ie niaaoneea aienea a 1918—1921 aa. iiiiaee
io?aceoue aa?anneth Eeoay, e iaeaiueeoth Ooao (yoi ainoaea?noai
nouanoaiaaei a 1921—1944 aa., iinea /aai auei ianeeueii aeeth/aii a
ninoaa NNN?). E?iia oiai, ?oeiaiaenoai NNN? noiaei auno?i onoaiiaeoue
ae?oaeanoaaiiua ioiioaiey n Aoaaienoaiii, Oo?oeeae, E?aiii e naaa?iuie
?aeiiaie Eeoay. Iniaua iaaeaaeaeu i?e yoii aiceaaaeenue ia Eeoae, aaea,
eae iieaaaee niaaoneea eeaea?u, eiaeenue ana oneiaey aeey
«niaaoecaoeee».
A oeaeii aea a 20—30-a aa. a ?yaea no?ai Acee e Eaoeineie Aia?eee
?acaa?ioeanue eiiieaeniay iiaea?iecaoeey (a ssiiiee yoio i?ioeann
ia/aeny cia/eoaeueii ?aiueoa). Yoi aue a naiai ?iaea aoio «ia?eoa?ee»,
ia aeaeaaoae i?aauaaoue ia caaeai?eao yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie
aeecie ieaiaou.
Eeoae. A e?oiiaeoae ii ianaeaieth no?aia ie?a, Eeoaa, oiae
iiaea?iecaoeee e?aeia ineiaeiyeny aioo?eiieeoe/aneie ai?ueaie. A 1919 a.
ia iniiaa ?aaiethoeeiiiie i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeaiiie Noiue ssonaiii ca
naiue eao aei yoiai, aicieeea Iaoeeiiaeueiay ia?oey (Aiieiueaeai). Noiue
ssonai, noaaoee a 1921 a. i?aceaeaioii Eeoay, ia iiaeaea?aeeaae
iieeoe/aneie i?ia?aiiu aieueoaaeeia, ii aeaeae a NNN? iiuiiai nithcieea
a aiciiaeiuo eiioeeeoao n ssiiieae e ae?oaeie no?aiaie. Iaaeaeo Eeoaai e
NNN? ?acaa?ioeinue aiaiiia nio?oaeie/anoai: niaaoneea eino?oeoi?u
aioiaeee ioeoea?ia aeey eeoaeneie a?iee e iaiin?aaenoaaiii — /a?ac
oe?ieoth naoue «niaaoieeia» — o/anoaiaaee a aa ?ai?aaiecaoeee. Ii
oeacaieth Eiieioa?ia eeoaeneea eiiioienou aioee a aaeeiue aeie ai aeaaa
n Aiieiueaeaiii.
A 1925 a. Noiue ssonai oia?. Aiieiueaeai e iaoeeiiaeueiia i?aaeoaeuenoai
aicaeaaee aaia?ae *ai Eaeoe. A oii aea aiaeo a Eeoaa ia/aeinue
?aaiethoeeiiiia ainnoaiea, a eioi?ii ?oeiaiaenoai NNN? aeaeaei ca?iaeuo
nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee. Ii yoi auea
iaoeeiiaeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ?aaiethoeey, iai?aaeaiiay ia
eeeaeaeaoeeth inoaoeia oaiaeaeecia, onoaiiaeaiea iiaeeeiiiai
noaa?aieoaoa no?aiu e nicaeaiea aaeeiie aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeee.
I?ioea ?aaiethoeee aunooieee aiaiii-oaiaeaeueiua e?oae. A no?aia
ia/aeanue a?aaeaeaineay aieia. Iii?iie aacie ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aiene,
eioi?uie ?oeiaiaeee Aiieiueaeai, noaee thaeiua i?iaeioeee. A ia?aua
aiaeu aieiu a?iee Aiieiueaeaia aeiaieueii oniaoii i?iaeaeaaeenue ia
naaa?, ii a eiioea 20-o aa. aioo?e ia?oee e ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey
a oeaeii i?iecioae ?aneie.
*ai Eaeoe e oia?aiiua eeaea?u Aiieiueaeaia n/eoaee, /oi iniiaiua caaea/e
?aaiethoeee aeinoeaioou. Iiyoiio iie i?aaeeaaaee caiyoueny
ainnoaiiaeaieai iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee ia aaca iiaea?iecaoeee, oaea
aeaiiino?e?iaaaoae naie i?aeiouanoaa a ae?oaeo no?aiao Ainoiea (ssiiiee
e Oo?oeee).
Iaeiaei eiiioienou ianoaeaaee ia i?iaeieaeaiee ?aaiethoeee ii niaaoneie
iiaeaee, aieioue aei onoaiiaeaiey aeeeoaoo?u i?ieaoa?eaoa, eioi?ue aue
oiaaea a Eeoaa aanueia iaei/eneaiiui. Yoi o?aaiaaiea auei naycaii n
eino?oeoeeyie Eiieioa?ia, iieaaaaoaai, /oi n Aiieiueaeaiii oaea iiaeii
ia n/eoaoueny, e i?aaeeaaaaoaai aea?aeaoue eo?n ia nioeeaeenoe/aneoth
?aaiethoeeth. Eiiioienou oaeaea aunooiaee ca i?iaaaeaiea oe?ieie
iaoeeiiaeecaoeee, /oi iooieeioei au io ?aaiethoeee ao?aeoaceth e
cia/eoaeueioth /anoue e?anoueyinoaa.
?aneieii a ?aaiethoeeiiiii eaaa?a ainiieueciaaeanue ssiiiey, a 1931 a.
?acaa?ioaoay aiaiiua aeaenoaey a Iaiue/aeo?ee, a caoai e a ae?oaeo
?aeiiao Eeoay. A neiaeiuo oneiaeyo yiiineie aa?annee e i?iaeieaeaaoaeny
a?aaeaeaineie aieiu (oaia?ue aeaaiuie i?ioeaieeaie a iae noaee
eiiioienou e Aiieiueaeai) i?aaeoaeuenoai *ai Eaeoe iiiuoaeinue
inouanoaeoue a no?aia iiaea?iecaoeeth. Aeey caueou eeoaeneiai ?uiea auee
oneeaiu aiaoiea oaiiaeaiiua aa?uea?u e i?aeoe/anee eeeaeaee?iaaiu
aioo?aiiea. I?eieiaeenue ia?u ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio ?aaoee?iaaieth
yeiiiieee, oe?aieaieth aaieianeie nenoaiu, aaaaeaieth aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
?aai/aai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e nioeeaeueiiio iaania/aieth. Ia ana
oaeaaaeinue, ii e naeaeaiiiai auei aeinoaoi/ii, /oiau Aiieiueaeai
i?eia?ae i?i/ioth iiaeaea?aeeo ianaeaiey.
Eiiioienou aea, iai?ioea, iinoaiaiii eeoaeenue yoie iiaeaea?aeee.
Ionooiea a ioaeaeaiiua naeueneea ?aeiiu, iie ia?aoee e oaeoeea
ia?oecaineie aieiu, oae eae a ioe?uouo noieeiiaaieyo n aieneaie
Aiieiueaeaia o ieo ia auei oainia ia oniao. A eiioea 1931 a. eiiioienou
i?iaicaeaneee a caiyouo eie ?aeiiao niaaoneoth ?anioaeeeo ai aeaaa n Iai
Oecyaeoiii. Iaeiaei a 1934 a. aiieiueaeaiianeea aienea iaianee
?aoeoaeueiia ii?aaeaiea neeai eiiioienoia e oaeoe/anee eeeaeaee?iaaee eo
?anioaeeeo.
Eoaea aieueooth iianiinoue, /ai eiiioienou, i?aaenoaaeyea a oa aiaeu
yiiineay aa?anney, e a na?aaeeia 30-o aa. *ai Eaeoe aiiaue aue
auioaeaeai ia?aoeoueny e NNN? n i?inueaie i iiiiue.
Eiaeey. A iaaeaiaiiue ia?eiae a Eiaeee ana aieueooth iiioey?iinoue
caaiaauaaei o/aiea Aaiaee i iaianeeuenoaaiiie aioeeieiieaeueiie ai?ueaa.
Eaeay iaianeeey auea aeecea o?aaeeoeeiiiie eiaeoenoneie ?aeeaee
(a?aoiaiecio), i?iiiaaaeiaaaoae aannia?oea aeooe e iiei?iinoue noaeueaa
a caiiii auoee. Iniiaiie iii?ie Aaiaee e aai noi?iiieeia auee
iiiai/eneaiiia e?anoueyinoai e ai?iaeneay aaaeiioa. Iiaeaea?aeeaaea aai
e iaoeeiiaeueiay ao?aeoacey, yia?aeth eioi?ie neiauaaee eieiieaeueiua
ioou.
Aaiaee iinoiyiii i?aaieciauaae eaiiaiee a?aaeaeaineiai iaiiaeiiaaiey,
i?e yoii anaaaea aieiaoaeueii neaaey ca oai, /oiau iie ia i?eiyee
ianeeuenoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Aeaaea a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea aiaeeeneea
aienea ioe?uaaee iaiiue ii aeaiiino?aioai eee ieoeiaothuei, Aaiaee
ianoaeaae ia niaethaeaiee i?eioeeia iaianeeey. ?anno?aeu e ianniaua
a?anou (a oth?ueia ia ?ac ieacuaaeny e nai Aaiaee) ia iiaee neiieoue
o/anoieeia aioeeieiieaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey. Iii oe?eeinue, iinoaiaiii
ioaaouaay anth no?aio.
A 1937 a. ia auai?ao a ianoiua caeiiiaeaoaeueiua nia?aiey Eiaeeeneee
iaoeeiiaeueiue eiia?ann iiaaaeee a aieueoeinoaa i?iaeioeee Eiaeee e
aicaeaaee ianoiua i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Eeoue ia/aaoayny aoi?ay ie?iaay aieia
ia a?aiy i?einoaiiaeea ianniaua aioeeieiieaeueiua aunooieaiey
eiaeeeoeaa.
Oo?oeey. Iaeaieaa oniaoii ?acaeaaeanue iiaea?iecaoeey a Oo?oeee. A oiaea
?aaiethoeee 1918-1923 aa. a no?aia auee eeeaeaee?iaaiu inoaoee
oaiaeaeueii-eiia?neiai ?aaeeia. Aaaeouei aea?aeaaai ia oaeaeinue
iinoaaeoue Oo?oeeth iiae naie oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneee eiio?ieue eae
iiaaaeaeaiioth a ie?iaie aieia aea?aeaao. Yoiio a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
niinianoaiaaea iiaeaea?aeea Oo?oeee (a oii /enea e oeiainiaay) ni
noi?iiu Niaaoneie ?innee. Ia?aui i?aceaeaioii Oo?aoeeie ?anioaeeee noae
a 1923 a. iaeei ec eeaea?ia ieaaeioo?ie, Ionoaoa Eaiaeue, iieo/eaoee
oeooe «ioaoe oo?ie» — Aoaoth?e.
Eeoeaoenue iiiai/eneaiiuo aeaaeaiee (ii nooe aeaea, eieiiee) a?aiai
eiia?ee, Oo?oeey nio?aieea naia iaoeeiiaeueiia yoie/aneia yae?i, /oi
niinianoaiaaei niei/aieth iaoeee a i?ioeanna aic?iaeaeaiey no?aiu.
Aoaoth?e ioaeaeee ionoeueiaineoth oea?eiaue io ainoaea?noaa, cai?aoee
iiiaiaeainoai, aaae naaoneia ia?aciaaiea, a a 1930 a. i?aaei?eiye
iio?ynoee aa?iiaeoeaa (ia aiai?y oaea i ionoeueiaineii ie?a) oaa —
i?aaeinoaaee aeaiueiai i?aai aieina. Yoe ia?u nii?iaiaeaeaeenue ao?iui
?acaeoeai iaoeeiiaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, no?ieoaeuenoaii iiiai/eneaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee. Oniaoiay iiaea?iecaoeey Oo?oeee, ?aaii eae e ssiiiee,
noaea i?eia?ii aeey ae?oaeo no?ai Ainoiea.
A oi aea a?aiy ?aaeei Aoaoth?ea i?e aiaoiae aeaiie?aoe/iinoe niaea?aeae
a naaa yeaiaiou oioaeeoa?ecia. Eiaaea, iai?eia?, a 1922 a. oo?ee auaeee
a?a/aneea aienea ec iaeanoe Nie?iu (Ecie?a), ianoiia a?a/aneia ianaeaiea
auei caa?nee eno?aaeaii ii i?eeaco Aoaoth?ea. Iinea yoiai ec Oo?oeee
auioaeaeaii auei aaaeaoue ieiei ieeeeiia aeeaoeo oai a?aeia (ia
ieaaeioo?eao, enoaoe, eaaeeo ioaaonoaaiiinoue e ca oie/oiaeaiea 1,5 iei
a?iyi a aiaeu ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu).
Eaoeineay Aia?eea. Iiaea?iecaoeey cao?iioea e no?aiu Eaoeiiaia?eeaineiai
?aaeiia. Iinea ieii/aiey ie?iaie aieiu o?aaeeoeeiiiua oiaa?u Eaoeineie
Aia?eee (a iniiaiii i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua) iieueciaaeenue ia ie?iaii ?uiea
ana aieueoei ni?inii, oeaiu ia ieo iinoiyiii ?inee, /oi iicaieyei
aeeaaeuaaoue a ?acaeoea ianoiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aeiiieieoaeueiua
eaieoaeu. A ?yaea no?ai ?aaeiia (A?aaioeia, Iaeneea, O?oaaaa, A?aceeee,
*eee) ia?aoiae e nia?aiaiiui oaoiieiaeyi i?ioiaeee aac iniauo
neiaeiinoae. A yoeo no?aiao iinoaiaiii inouanoaeyeenue e eeaa?aeueiua
?aoi?iu nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey, ?ani?ino?aiyaoeany e ia noa?o yeiiiieee.
Caaeneiinoue Eaoeiiaia?eeaineiai ?aaeiia io NOA ii-i?aaeiaio
nio?aiyeanue. E 1929 a. iauai eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee NOA a yeiiiieeo
Eaoeineie Aia?eee au?in a 4,5 ?aca a n?aaiaiee n 1913 a. Ii yoa
caaeneiinoue oaea ia auea i?eieoeaiui auea/eaaieai nieia ec ?aaeiia.
Aaaeouea no?aiu Eaoeineie Aia?eee iiaee eniieueciaaoue iiaaeoea
naaa?iaia?eeaineea e aa?iiaeneea oaoiieiaee, ?acaeoea eo yeiiiieee a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaenaei io aeeiaieee i?ioeannia, i?ienoiaeeaoeo a
NOA. E anee a 1929 a. yoi i?eaaei e yeiiiie/aneiio e?eceno, oi n ia/aeii
«iiaiai eo?na» O. ?ocaaeueoa iinoaiaiii iaeeea e eaoeiiaia?eeaineay
yeiiiieea.
A oi aea a?aiy ia?yaeo n eiinoeoooeeiiiuie aeaiie?aoe/aneeie
i?aaeoaeuenoaaie a no?aiao ?aaeiia aicieeaee e aeeeoaoi?neea ?aaeeiu
oioaeeoa?iiai oeia. Ii?ie a iaeiie e oie aea no?aia aeaiie?aoey e
oioaeeoa?iay aeeeoaoo?a ia ?ac niaiyee ae?oa ae?oaa. Yoi auei naycaii n
ia?acaeoinoueth aeaiie?aoe/aneeo einoeoooia (a n?aaiaiee n NOA e
aaaeoueie ainoaea?noaaie Aa?iiu), iaee/eai aeanyoeia ieeeeiiia
iaa?aiioiiai e iaeiia?aciaaiiiai ianaeaiey, o?aaeeoeeiiii neeueiie
?ieueth a?iee a yoii ?aaeiia — i?aeoe/anee ana eaoeiiaia?eeaineea
aeeeoaoi?u auee i?aaenoaaeoaeyie aiaiiuo. Oai ia iaiaa aeaaea
aeeeoaoi?neea ?aaeeiu, iiaeaaeyy aeaiie?aoe/aneea naiaiaeu, ia yaeyeenue
i?aiyonoaeai aeey i?iaeieaeaiey iiaea?iecaoeee a noa?a yeiiiieee,
iai?ioea, ia?aaeei niinianoaiaaee yoiio i?ioeanno, aeoeaece?iaaee aai.
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