I?ioeann oeeaeeecaoeee a Oeaio?aeueiie Acee
Oeeaeeecaoeee nouanoaotho ai acaeiiaeaenoaee n ae?oaeie oeeaeeecaoeeyie,
eoeueoo?aie. Aeaaea Ieaai a ?iiaia N. Eaia “Niey?en” eniuouaae
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ieacuaaoue aicaeaenoaea ia naieo enneaaeiaaoaeae.
Naaiaeiy nouanoaoao ia?iiiia eiee/anoai ii?aaeaeaiee oeeaeeecaoeee.
Iai?eia?, “Oeeaeeecaoeee – yoi iniaua oeiu eoeueoo?u cia/eoaeueiuo
/aeiaa/aneeo iann a yiioo eeanniauo iauanoa. Iaiaoiaeeii iiiieoue, /oi
oeeaeeecaoeee, eae i?aaeei, ia niaiaaeatho n yoie/aneeie a?aieoeaie,
/aua anaai iie auaatho iaaeyoie/aneeie”.
Yoi aaaeiia caia/aiea i ianiaiaaeaiee a?aieoe oeeaeeecaoeee e yoiinia
eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea aeey iiieiaiey ?acaeoey oeeaeeecaoeeiiiiai
i?ioeanna a Oeaio?aeueiie Acee. I?eia?ia acaeiiaeaenoaey ?acee/iuo
yoiinia a ?aieao iaeiie oeeaeeecaoeee aeinoaoi/ii iiiai. Yoi i?aeoe/anee
ana aaeeeea oeeaeeecaoeee ae?aaiinoe – ?eineay, a?a/aneay, eiaeeeneay,
eioi?ua ia?aoaaioee yoie/aneea a?aieoeu e noaee, ii nooe, ie?iauie.
Eiia/ii, ?acaeoea oeeaeeecaoeee iiaeao eaeoe e ae?oaei iooai, –
?ani?ino?aiaieai yoie/aneeo noaiaea?oia e iiaeiuaieai ae?oaeo yoiinia.
Iai?eia?, yoi auei n eeoaeneie e aaeiaoneie oeeaeeecaoeeyie. Ii, oai ia
iaiaa, iie ieacaee ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia ninaaeiea ia?iaeu. A /anoiinoe,
?acaeoea iiiaeanoa ia?iaeia i?ienoiaeeei a i?aeoa eeoaeneie eoeueoo?u.
Aeinoaoi/ii aniiiieoue ?acaeoea Ei?ae, ssiiiee.
Ae?aaiea ie?u ia auee caieioouie nenoaiaie. Iai?ioea, iineaaeiea
enneaaeiaaiey aiai?yo ia aeoeaiii i?iaeaeaeaiee ciaiee, i?aaeiaoia
iio?aaeaiey, eino?oiaioia e oaoiieiaee. E I-io no. i.y. onoaiaaeeaathony
nenoaiaoe/aneea oi?aiaua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo oeeaeeecaoeeyie Aa?acee. Iie
ia?acotho iiiaiiiethnioth iae?iiauiinoue n ?acaeaathueieny
eio?ano?oeoo?iuie naycyie.
Iineaaeiea ia?aaeei ia?ooaeenue aneaaenoaea aiaiiuo yeniainee, ii
anaaaea inoaaaeenue aanueia i?iaeoeoeaiuie, aeeyy ia oieueei ia
yeiiiie/aneoth, ii e aeooiaioth noa?o aeecie ia?iaeia, i?eieiaaoeo
o/anoea a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea. Ianiiiaiii, /oi oi?aiaey
nouanoaaiii neacaeanue ia aeecie ei/aauo ieaiai. Acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo
inaaeei-caieaaeaeue/aneeie e neioiaiae/aneeie iauanoaaie auoee ia eiie
o?iaaiue, aaeaeo ioe?uaoeony aiciiaeiinoae iieo/aiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo
aeioiaeia. Iiiaaeu Aa?aceeneeo noaiae auee aeoeaiuie o/anoieeaie
oi?aiai-iaiaiiuo iia?aoeee a ea/anoaa iio?aaeoaeae e ?ani?ino?aieoaeae
i?iaeoeoeee caieaaeaeue/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Caieiay oeaio?aeueiua
iaeanoe Aa?acee, iie inouanoaeyee eiioaeou n oeeaeeecaoeeiiiuie
oeaio?aie io Eeoay aei Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iiu.
Iinoaiaiii neeaaeuaaeanue aaeeeay nenoaia aeaeaeaiey eaeae, oiaa?ia,
oaoiieiaee, oeaiiinoae – Oaeeiaue iooue.
N/eoaaony, Aaeeeee oaeeiaue iooue neiaeeeny ai 2 aaea aei i.y., eiaaea
ioi?aaeaoeeny ia caiaae eeoaeneee aeeieiiao Aeaeai Oeyiue aeinoea
Aaeo?ee. Ia i?ioyaeaiee noieaoee Oaeeiaue iooue inoaaaeny oi?aiaie
a?oa?eae, ii eioi?ie a Aa?iio iinooiaee oaeea eeoaeneea oiaa?u, eae
oaee, i?yiinoe, aoiaaa, ioneon, ae?aaioeaiiua eaiie. Eaaei iauynieii
aeaeaiea eeoaeneeo iieeoeeia aueoe ia n?aaeiaaceaoneea ?uiee, eiaoue
nithcieeia a ai?ueaa n ei/aaieeaie. E oiio aea eeoaeneea iioiaeu a
Ainoi/iue Oo?eanoai e N?aaeithth Aceth noeioee?iaaeenue aeaeaieai
caiieo/eoue ciaiaieouo oa?aaineeo a?aaiaeia – auniei oeaieaoothny
ii?iaeo eioaaeae.
N ?ani?ino?aiaieai eneaia a ?aaeii aaiaeeeenue e niioaaonoaothuea
iieeoe/aneea ioiioaiey. Anee ?acaeoea aa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee naycaii
n iieeoe/aneie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth ai?iaeia, i?aa e naiaiae a?aaeaeai
a ai?ueaa n oaiaeaeueiuie nineiaeyie, oi eia/a auei ia Ainoiea. A
ioee/ea io Aa?iiu, ionoeueiaineea ainoaea?noaa oiai ia?eiaea auee
neeueiuie e oeaio?aeeciaaiiuie, iiyoiio ia iiaei auoue e ?a/e i
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe ai?iaeia.
I?e yoii eaaeaeue ai?iae e i?iaeioeey neaaeeenue naieie ?aianeaiiuie
ecaeaeeyie, i?e yoii aeoeaiua nayce neoaeeee i?aaeiinueeie aiaae?aiey
iiauo i?iiuneia. Ia?yaeo n e?oiiaeoeie i?iiuoeaiiuie oeaio?aie,
?aceaeaioeeyie e iaianoie/anoaaie, oaeeie eae Aeaiane, Aaaaeaae, Eae?,
Ei?aeiaa, iiyaeeinue iiiaeanoai iaeeeo ai?iaeia, i?eia?aoaaoeo
naiinoiyoaeueiia cia/aiea oai, /oi eaaeaeue ec ieo ?acaeaae
eaeoth-ieaoaeue io?aneue i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aeiaiaey aa aei niaa?oainoaa.
A ia/aea 9 aaea iiaoanoaii noaei i?iecaiaenoai aoiaae. Yoi eneonnoai
auei caaacaii ieiei 800 aiaea ec Eeoay a Naia?eaiae e a na?aaeeia 9 aaea
ooaa?aeeeinue a ai?iaeao E?aea, Ne?ee, a iicaeiaa e Aaeioa, auoaniea
iaie?on. ?acaeoeth oi?aiaee niinianoaiaaei aicieeiiaaiea aaeeiiai
ionoeueiaineiai ainoaea?noaa, a?aieoeu eioi?iai i?inoe?aeenue io Eniaiee
ia Caiaaea aei a?aieoe Eiaeee ia Ainoiea. Eoia/aneea ea?aaaiu
aeaeaaeenue ii yoie oa??eoi?ee, ia ano?a/ay ia naiai iooe i?aiyonoaee.
Eeoae e yoiio a?aiaie oo?aoee iiiiiieeth ia i?iecaiaenoai oaeea.
Eaiiie/aneie noaea enoi?ey i eeoaeneie i?eioeanna, eioi?ay oaeii auaacea
oaeeiae/iua eieiiu e oai naiui ia?aaeaea nae?ao i?iecaiaenoaa
ae?aaioeaiiie iaoa?ee “aa?aa?ai”. Oi?aci e Oi?anai i?eia?aee
ecaanoiinoue a a?aaneii ie?a eae oeaio?u i?iecaiaenoaa ia?/e e oaeeiauo
oeaiae, ec eioi?uo iniaaiii oeaieeenue ia?aneea oaeea. I?eaeeceoaeueii n
780 aiaea a?aau ia?aianee e i?eniiniaeee e ianoiui oneiaeyi oaeeiae/iuo
/a?aae e oaea a 9 aaea eniaineea oeaie iieueciaaeenue caneoaeaiiie
neaaie. Ec iiiai/eneaiiuo ianoiinoae, caieiaaoeony i?iecaiaenoaii
oaeeiauo iaoa?ee, iaeaieueooth ecaanoiinoue i?eia?aee Ei?aeiaa,
Naaeeuey, Eenaiia e Aeueia?ey. A iaeiie Aeueia?ee a 10 aaea
ian/eouaaeinue ia iaiaa ainueienio ianoa?neeo, eioi?ua caieiaeenue
i?iecaiaenoaii eneeth/eoaeueii oaeeiauo eaooaiia e iiaycie. N 12 aaea
aiaeiae/iia i?iecaiaenoai oaeea ?acaeaaaony a Neoeeeee. Ii ?anneaco
Eai-Aeaeaaa?a, a 1185 a. a i?acaeiee ?iaeaeanoaa O?enoiaa aeaineia
ianaeaiea Iaea?ii nieioue iaeaeinue a oaeeiaua ieaouey cieioenoiai
oeaaoa e iaaieueoea ecyuiua iaeeaeee.
A aieaa iicaeiaa a?aiy i?iecaiaenoai oaeea ?ani?ino?aiyaony aeinoaoi/ii
oe?iei. Iai?eia?, ai a?aiy naiaai iooaoanoaey ii oa??eoi?ee iuiaoiaai
Aca?aaeaeaeaia a 1561-1563 aa. A. Aeaeaieeinii ioia/aao, /oi “Aeaaiue e
naiue aieueoie ai?iae no?aiu A??ao, iaoiaeeony ia a?aieoeao A?ocee;
aie?oa iaai i?iecaiaeyony aieaa anaai oaeea-nu?oea; ooaea nuacaeathony
aeey oi?aiaee oo?ee, ne?eeoeu e ae?oaea eiino?aioeu.
I?eaiceiua a Aaaaeaae caii?neea oiaa?u /anoe/ii ?aneoiaeenue oaeeoii e
i?eaeai?iie a?enoie?aoeae, ii aieueoay /anoue ioi?aaeyeanue a ii?ou
Ne?ee e Aaeioa e i?aaeiacia/aeanue aeey i?iaeaaee a o?enoeaineea no?aiu
N?aaeecaiiiii?uey, a inoaeueiua oee ii nooa e ii?ai a Eiinoaioeiiiieue,
a ioooaea ?acaiceeenue ii no?aiai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu e a aecaioeeneoth
Eoaeeth. *anoue oiaa?ia ia?aaiceeanue ii nooa a ai?iaea Iaaa?aiiao?a,
ciaiaieoiai oeaio?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee, e aeaeaa ii oaeeiaiio
iooe a Eeoae [37].
Eae ieoao E. Oeeueooeineee: “E niaeaeaieth, i ianooaaao oi?aiauo
iia?aoeee iu iiaeai noaeeoue eeoue einaaiii e aeaaiui ia?acii ec
iaoe?iie aaia?aoe/aneie eeoa?aoo?u e ec iiiai/eneaiiuo iieooieueeei?iuo
iienaiee aeaeueieo caii?neeo iooaoanoaee”.
Iieeoe/aneay neooaoeey na?ueaciui ia?acii aeeyea ia oi?aiaua iooe.
Iai?eia?, nenoaiaoe/aneea aieiu iaaeaeo Aecaioeae e E?aiii i?eaaee e
iiyaeaieth iiaiai ia?o?ooa a iaoiae E?aia /a?ac i?enu?aea?ueeineea
ai?iaea, aie?oa Eaniey, /a?ac naaa?iue Eaaeac – a Eiinoaioeiiiieue.
I?yiua niioaiey Aecaioee n Eiaeeae iiaee auoue onoaiiaeaiu /a?ac E?aniia
ii?a, aaea iaoiaeeeenue aecaioeeneea ii?ou Aeea e Eeenia. Ionthaea
eiaeeeneea e eeoaeneea oiaa?u iiaee eaeoe nooei iooai /a?ac Iaeanoeio e
Ne?eth e N?aaeecaiiiio ii?th. Ii i?aaeeueiie ii?neie oi?aiaee o
aecaioeeoeaa ia E?aniii ii?a ia auei ec-ca ionoonoaey aeieaeiiai /enea
ei?aaeae. Iiyoiio eiia?aoi? THnoeieai (527-565 a. i.y.) a oa/aiea ni?iea
eao ?oeiaiaeeaoee eiia?eae anooiee a ioiioaiey n aaenneioeaie e
oaaaeaeae eo iieoiaoue oae a Eeoaa e ia?ai?iaeaaaoue aai Aecaioee,
no?aiynue caiaieoue eie ia?nia a ea/anoaa oi?aiauo iin?aaeieeia. Ia yoii
a oa/aiea 530-531 aa. aaeenue ia?aaiai?u n oea?ai Aenoia, eioi?ue ioioii
niaeaneeny ia yoi, ii iiiuoea ieii/eeanue ie/ai, oae eae aaenneineea
oi?aiaoeu ia niiaee ni?aaeoueny n ia?neaeneei aeeyieai ia Ainoiea, e
iiiiiieey ia iieoieo oaeea inoaeanue a ?oeao ia?nia. Iiyoiio
eiinoaioeiiiieueneei, oe?neei e aae?ooneei oaeeiaui ianoa?neei
i?eoiaeeeinue eniuouaaoue /oanoaeoaeueiua ia?aaie a niaaaeaiee nu?ueai,
iniaaiii a ia?eiae aieiu n Ia?neae a 540 a. E eiioeo i?aaeaiey
THnoeieaia aii?in i nu?uea aeey oaeeiaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aue /anoe/ii
?ac?aoai iooai i?aaiecaoeee oaeeiaiaenoaa a naiie eiia?ee.
A 568 a. THnoei Aoi?ie iia oaea aeaiiino?e?iaaoue i?eauaoaio e aai
aeai?o ec N?aaeiae Acee iinieuenoao aiieia iinoaaeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai
oaeea. I?iecaiaenoai iaeaieaa oeaiiuo oaeeiauo oeaiae noaei iiiiiieeae
eiia?aoi?neeo aeiaeaaa, e yoe oaeeiaua oeaie, ?aaii eae e ecaeaeey ec
ia?/e, iieo/eee ie?iaoth ecaanoiinoue.
Oi?aiaey n Eiaeeae inouanoaeyeanue a?aaneeie eoioeaie, eioi?ua noaee
i?iieeaoue a yoo no?aio a 7 aaea. E ia/aeo 9 aaea a?aaneea iinaeaiey
nouanoaiaaee ia anai caiaaeiii iiaa?aaeuea Eiaeee, a caoai iie noaee
iiyaeyoueny e ia ainoi/iii aa?aao. Eiaiii caeanue ionoeueiaia
iiciaeiieeenue n ano?iiiieae, iaoaiaoeeie, iaaeeoeeiie, oeieae e
i?eianee iieo/aiiua ciaiey a Aa?iio. Aeaaiaea?y eneaineiio aeeyieth
?anoe?eeenue nayce Eiaeee n A?aaeae, Ne?eae, E?aiii, Aaeioii.
A 6-7 aaeao iaeaieaa iaeeaeaiiui noaiiaeony iooue, i?ioiaeeaoee ec Eeoay
ia Caiaae /a?ac Naie?a/uea e THaeiue Eacaonoai, oioy i?aaeiee iooue
(/a?ac Oa?aaio) aue ei?i/a e oaeiaiaa. Ia?aiauaiea iooe iiaeii
iauynieoue neaaeothueie i?e/eiaie. I?aaeaea anaai, oai, /oi a Naie?a/uea
iaoiaeeeenue noaaee oth?eneeo eaaaiia, eioi?ua eiio?iee?iaaee oi?aiaua
iooe /a?ac N?aaeithth Aceth, e, e?iia oiai, oai, /oi aei?iaa /a?ac
Oa?aaio a 7 aaea noaea iianiie ec-ca iaaeaeioniaeoe. Aaaeii e o?aouea,
aiaaoua oth?eneea eaaaiu e eo ie?oaeaiea noaee e?oiiuie iio?aaeoaeyie
caii?neeo oiaa?ia. Oae, iinoaiaiii, iooue noae aeaaiui: caeanue
i?ioiaeeea iniiaiay ianna iinieueneeo e oi?aiauo ea?aaaiia a 7-14 aa. A
10-11 aaeao ionoonoaea i?i/iie aeanoe a Oaeeoaoa e aieiu a aai ainoi/iuo
i?iaeioeeyo, a oaeaea oi?aiaay iieeoeea Oaoeieaeia e oneeaiea
eoaeueyineeo ai?iaeia niinianoaiaaee eciaiaieth oi?aiauo iooae a
Eiaeeeneii ieaaia. Aaaeiui oeaio?ii ia iooe iaaeaeo ii?yie E?aniui e
N?aaeecaiiui noae Eaiai. Oi?aiaua iooe n THaeiie Eoaeeae iioee /a?ac
Iaa?ea, a a 8-9 aaeao – /a?ac Eniaieth”.
Iaaeaiea eiia?ee ae?aaiaai ie?a e ?aniaae iaeiaaea ia?iiiuo e ?acaeouo
ainoaea?noa N?aaeecaiiiii?uey n eo ia?iiiui iio?aaeaieai ainoi/iuo
oiaa?ia i?eaae e nie?auaieth ie?iaie oi?aiaee. A yiioo ?aiiaai
N?aaeiaaaeiauey e ai?iaea, e aei?iae, e aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea i?eoiaeyo a
oiaaeie. A eiaaea ianooieei iaeeaeaiea yoeo oaeoi?ia ?acaeoey a
?acoeueoaoa aiaiiie yeniaiee iaeiiai ec ia?iaeia O?aieee, oi ieacaeinue,
/oi a iiaie neooaoeee iie aieueoa ia ?aaioatho. Aeoaieee ia?aee/
aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey e oniaoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa ia iniiaa naaeeinoe
iaoneiaeee i?aa?auaiea anaai iauanoaa a e?anoueyineia ii oa?aeoa?o.
Naii aicieeiiaaiea e nouanoaiaaiea ia?iiiuo ainoaea?noa ii eeiee
Oaeeiaiai iooe auei naycaii n ?acaeoeai ea?aaaiiie oi?aiaee. Iai?eia?,
N. Aoeiaeaiia n/eoaao, /oi “aicauoaiey Oi?aci aeiaeeny aeaaiaea?y oiio,
/oi iaoiaeeeny ia ia?ae?anoea oi?aiauo ea?aaaiiuo iooae, naycuaaaoeo
N?aaeithth Aceth n Ainoi/iie Aa?iiie, n ei/aauie ieaiaiaie Aeaoo-e
Eui/aea, Iiiaieee, n aeaeaeei Eeoaai, a aai noieeoea Ao?aaiaeae noaea
neeaaei/iui ianoii e ae?aeae o?aiceoiie ea?aaaiiie oi?aiaee”.
Caaiaaaiey *eiaec-oaia eciaieee iieeoe/aneoth ea?oo ie?a. Oai ia iaiaa,
*eiaec-oai ia oioae aieiu n oi?acioaoii e aai ia?iiiie no?aiie.
Oaeoe/anee noaaeeny aii?in noiye i i?eciaiee *eiaec-oaia ?aaiui ni
noi?iiu oi?acioaoa Iooaiiaaea. Ia?aaiai?u iiiaieueneiai oaia n
oi?acioaoii ia/aeenue a ethia 1215 a., eiaaea a oieueei /oi acyoue
iiiaieaie Iaeei i?eauei iinieuenoai ec Ao?aaiaeaea. *eiaec-oai neacae
iineo: “Ia?aaeae oi?acioaoo: ss aeaaeuea Ainoiea, a ou aeaaeuea Caiaaea!
Ionoue iaaeaeo iaie aoaeao oaa?aeue aeiaiai? i ie?a e ae?oaeaa, e ionoue
eoioeu iaaeo noi?ii ioi?aaeythony e aica?auathony, e ionoue aei?iaea
ecaeaeey e iau/iua oiaa?u, eioi?ua anoue a iiae caiea, ia?aaicyony eie e
oaaa, a oaie … ei iia”. N?aaee aea?ia, ioi?aaeaiiuo oaiii oi?acioaoo,
aue naii?iaeie cieioa aaee/eiie n aa?aethaeee ai?a, (aai aacee ia
ioaeaeueiie iiaicea); ea?aaai – 500 aa?aethaeia – aac cieioi, na?aa?i,
oaee, niaieuee iaoa e ae?oaea ae?aaioeaiiua oiaa?u. Aeaeeii, aieia ia
ieaie?iaaeanue”.
Oaeei ia?acii, iniiaiie oeaeueth *eiaec-oaia auei onoaiiaeaiea
aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey oi?aiaee Ainoiea e Caiaaea. Ii ni?aaaaeeeai
iieaaae, /oi ie? e naiaiaeiay oi?aiaey i?eianoo i?eaueue iaaei noi?iiai.
Oai naiui, ii iauaeoeaii au?aaeae eioa?anu ei/aaieeia, oi?aiaie
ionoeueiaineie ei?ii?aoeee, inaaeeuo caieaaeaeueoeaa, ?aianeaiieeia e
ai?iaeai.
Ii i?eciaiea ?aaainoaa n iiaui aeaaeueie Ainoiea ouaieyei eioa?anu
oi?acioaoa. Yoi aue aucia, eioi?ue ia iia inoaaaoueny aac iineaaenoaee.
A 1218 a. ea?aaai, ninoiyuee ec ionoeueiaineeo eoioeia, iineaiiue
iiiaieueneei oaiii aue ?aca?aaeai a Io?a?a. A ninoaaa ea?aaaia auei 450
eoioeia-ionoeueiai e 500 a?oaeaiuo cieioii, na?aa?ii e ae?aaioeaiiuie
oeaiyie aa?aethaeia.
Eaeay ie?a ai eiy i?eauee auea oaea iaaiciiaeia. Ianoaei a?aiy aieiu ai
eiy onoaiiaeaiey ie?a n oeaeueth iaania/aiey oie aea oi?aiaee.
Eoioeu ia aac iniiaaiee ioaeaee i?aaeii/oaiea i?iaiice?oaiie iieeoeea
*eiaec-oaia. Ioiioaiea iiaouanoaaiiiai oi?aiaiai eiaae e aeaaeuea
Oi?acia eciaieeinue. Noaaea auea neeoeii auniea. Anee oi?acioao
i?aiyonoaiaae ?acaeoeth oi?aiaee, oi iiiaieu i?iaiaeeee eioth iieeoeeo,
niioaaonoaothuoth eioa?anai eoia/aneiai nineiaey.
Iiuue eoia/aneeo iauaaeeiaiee auea aanueia iuooeiie, aa iaeuecy auei
iaaeiioeaieaaoue. A?aaneee enoi?ee Aao-Ooaeaea (11 a.) aiai?eo, /oi a 10
aaea auee eoioeu, /aee eioi?uo, auaeaaaaiua ia e?aeiai caiaaea
ionoeueiaineiai ie?a, o/eouaaeenue ia e?aeiai ainoiea n aieueoae
auno?ioie, /ai oei iinooieaiea oa?aaeaea a eacio naiuo neeueiuo
i?aaeoaeae.
Eae ieoao A. Aa?oieueae “Aeaenoaey oi?acioaoa, eioi?ue eno?aaee ea?aaai,
ninoiyaoee ec ionoeueiaineeo eoioeia, a /enea 450 /aeiaae, aieueoa anaai
a?aaea iaianee ionoeueiaineei oi?aiaoeai; n yoiai a?aiaie ionoeueiaineea
eoioeu ia?aoee ia noi?iio *eiaec-oaia e iiiiaaee aio a iioiaeao ia
ionoeueiaineea no?aiu; iie aea ecaeaeee aieueoa anaai iieuecu ec yoeo
caaiaaaiee; ai anao no?aiao, caaiaaaiiuo iiiaieaie, iie caiyee naiua
auaiaeiua aeieaeiinoe: a /anoiinoe, a ?oeao eoioeia iaoiaeeeinue
oeiainiaia oi?aaeaiea, a oaeaea aeieaeiinoe nai?ueeia iiaeaoae e
aaneaeia”.
Iaeiei ec naeaeaoaeuenoa oaeiai nithca noaei iacia/aiea *eiaec-oaiii, a
caoai e aaeeeei oaiii Oaaaeaai a ea/anoaa i?aaeoaey a Iaaa?aiiao?a
Iaoioaea sseaa/a, e?oiiaeoaai eoioea e ?inoiaueea, oi?aaeyaoaai no?aiie
ec naiae ?aceaeaioeee – Oiaeaeaioa. Aai nui Ianoaeaae, inoaaaaoeeny
oaeoe/aneei i?aaeoaeai no?aiu, a 50-o aiaeao 13 a. iino?iee a Aooa?a ia
ieiuaaee ?aaenoai ia?iiiia iaae?ana, ecaanoiia iiae eiaiai “Ianoaeeea”,
a eioi?ii iao/aeinue ouny/a o/aieeia. Oaeia aea iaae?ana auei auno?iaii
ei a Eaoaa?a.
Iiiaieu ioaiaeeee aaaeioth ?ieue n?aaeiaaceaoneiio eoia/anoao a
oi?ie?iaaiee aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey a Ainoi/iii Oo?eanoaia, eioi?ue
oeaeeeii caaenae io iiiaieueneeo oaiia. I?eaeeaae?iaaiiia iieiaeaiea
n?aaeiaaceaoneiai ionoeueiaineiai eoia/anoaa aucuaaei ?aaiinoue aunoeo
neiaa oeao?neiai iauanoaa, eioi?ua aei iiiaieueneiai iaoanoaey
aeiaeaaeenue yeiiiie/aneiai i?ioeaaoaiey, aunooiay a ea/anoaa oi?aiauo
iin?aaeieeia iaaeaeo Eeoaai e Ia?aaeiae Aceae. I?iyaeaieai yoie ai?ueau
auee aiiaiey ia eneai ni noi?iiu oeao?ia-aoaeaeenoia, a eioi?uo aue
caiaoai eaeeeoo Naeuiaeu, i?ecaaaoee a iaeiie ec naioya?ueneeo iyoieoe
1258 aiaea ono?ieoue a Aaoaaeuea e ae?oaeo ianoao ?acith ionoeueiai, ca
/oi aue eaciai Ioiey-oaiii.
Ii naie oeao?u, eioi?ua caiyee a caiaaeiie /anoe eiia?ee aeieaeiinoe a
aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey, a eo ienueii noaei “oaineei”, ea?aee aiaeiae/iua
ooieoeee a E?aia. Caeanue oeao?u aunooiaee iin?aaeieeaie a
?inoiaue/aneeo e oi?aiauo iia?aoeeyo e ioeoiueeaie iaeiaia n
ionoeueiaineiai ianaeaiey. Aieaa oiai, a E?aia nayuaiiue n oi/ee c?aiey
ionoeueiai a?aaneee aeoaaeo ieacaeny ie ia /oi ia ioaeiui, a acaeiai
yoiai auea aaaaeaia “iaaa?iay” oeao?neay ienueiaiiinoue, e oai?oeai
eioi?ie a ionoeueiaineii ie?a ioiineeenue a?aaeaeaaii. Oai aea ieaoeee
oeao?u ionoeueiaiai. E yoi ioiioaiea auei aiieia iiiyoii, oae eae
a?aaneee ycue aue oaea iieacaoaeai i?e/anoiinoe e oiia, /oi iiaee?aieyei
/oanoai nieeaea?iinoe ionoeueiai.
Niaaeeiaiea neeueiie aeanoe *eiaec-oaia n iiaeaea?aeeie einiiiieeoe/iie
e yeiiiie/anee neeueiie i?aaiecaoeeae eoioeia iicaieeei nicaeaoue
ia?iiioth eiia?eth, eioi?ay i?eaeaea iiuiaeoee eiioeuen ?acaeoeth
oi?aiaee iaaeaeo Ainoieii e Caiaaeii. Oe?aieaieth eiia?ee niinianoaiaaei
?ae?ooe?iaaiea a ninoaa yeeou i?aaenoaaeoaeae iiei?aiiuo ia?iaeia,
aeaaea oao, eoi ieacuaae io/ayiiia nii?ioeaeaiea. Iiiaieu naiui aeoeaiui
ia?acii i?eaeaeaee e naaa ia neoaeao oaeaioeeauo eiino?aioeaa eee
i?aaenoaaeoaeae iiei?aiiuo ieaiai. Aeeaeaeoei niaaoieeii *eiaenoaia e
ainoaea?noaaiiui eaioeea?ii aue eeoaaoe Aethe *ooeae. Oeao? Oaoaooiaa
aue aeaaie i?aaeoaeuenoaa a Ea?aei?oia. Iaiaoo Ooeeaea? eiiaiaeiaae
ee/iie aaa?aeeae *eiaec-oaia. Aeaaiua niaaoieee oaia Oieoy – oeao?
*eieae e ionoeueiaiei Iaoioae sseaaa/. I?e Ooaeeaa aue nicaeai oeaeue
niaao ec eeoaeneeo o/aiuo aeey eii?aeeiaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe iiiaieueneeo
e eeoaeneeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee. Ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie
iaioaeeoaoa aeeoaeae noaiiie eiia?ee *eiaen-oaia o/aiua eae ?ac e
iacuaatho no?aieaiea i?eaeaeaoue ia neoaeao i?aaenoaaeoaeae ae?oaeo
ia?iaeia e ?anniao?eaaoue eo eae ?aaiuo. Iiyoiio iao ie/aai
oaeeaeoaeueiiai a oii, /oi oaiu Cieioie I?aeu ioioii e aac
i?aaeoaaaeaeaiee i?eneooeaaeenue e e niaaoai ?onneeo eiycae, e
eui/aeneeo aieiia.
Iieeoeea a ioiioaiee iiei?aiiuo ia?iaeia o/eouaaea ianoiua iniaaiiinoe,
ii auea oieaa?naeueiie. Niaaoneay enoi?eia?aoey aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy
aiooaea eneeth/eoaeueiia iieiaeaiea ?one a iiiaieueneie eiia?ee. Ii
ieeaeie iniaie eneeth/eoaeueiinoe a iieiaeaiee ?onneeo eiyaeanoa eae
aannaeueiuo ii ioiioaieth e iaeiiio ec iiiaieueneeo oeonia iao.
Iiiaieueneea caaiaaaoaee ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo ainoaea?noaao ia?aie/eaaeenue
aannaeueiie caaeneiinoueth ianoiuo ainoaea?ae, o?aaoy io ieo oieueei
auieaou ii?aaeaeaiiie aeaie e o/anoey a aiaiiuo iioiaeao iiiaieia.
Iieiiio ?ac?ooaieth iiaeaa?aaeenue oieueei oa no?aiu, i?aaeoaee eioi?uo
oaeaaee iiiaieueneeo iineia. Ainoaea?e aea caaeneiuo no?ai
aini?eieiaeenue eae i?aaeoaee ioaeaeueiuo iaeanoae iiiaieueneie eiia?ee
e aeaaea o/anoaiaaee a eo?oeoayo, oioy e aac i?aaa “aieina”. Oae ia
eo?oeoaa 1246 a., aaea iiaui aaeeeei oaiii aue eca?ai Aothe,
i?enoonoaiaae ia oieueei aaeeeee eiycue ss?ineaa Aeaaeeie?iae/, eae
oaeoe/aneee i?aaenoaaeoaeue Aaoo, ii e naeueaeaeoeneee noeoai
Eeeeaeae-A?neai IV, oea?ue A?ocee Aeaaeae, i?eioe Naiaao – a?ao oea?y
Iaeie A?iaiee Oaooia I. Caaenaaoea n 1242 a. io Cieioie I?aeu aieaa?neea
ainoaea?e eni?aaii auiea/eaaee aeaiue, eioi?oth naie aea e niae?aee, a a
1265 a. oea?ue Aieaa?ee Eiinoaioei aue aeaaea auioaeaeai o/anoaiaaoue a
iioiaea iiiaieueneeo aiene ia Aecaioeeneoth eiia?eth.
ss?eie e iaiau/iie /a?oie iiiaieueneie eiia?ee, eioi?ay i?eaeaeea ia eo
noi?iio iiiaea ia?iaeu, auea ?aeeaeiciay oa?ieiinoue. Eiia?ey
*eiaec-oaia e aai iineaaeiaaoaeae auea eiiaeiia?aoii ia?iaeia e oaeaeia,
eioi?ua iiaee niaa?oaiii naiaiaeii eniiaaaeiaaoue ethaoth ?aeeaeth, a
neoaeeoaee eoeueoa – iaoiaeeoue ia i?inoi iie?iaeoaeuenoai i?aaeoaeae e
iaianoieeia, a caeiiioth, cae?aieaiioth a Aaeeeie ssna caueoo. A
niioaaonoaea n aaeaieai *eiaec-oaia a ssna cae?aieyeinue aai
iinoaiiaeaiea – “oaaaeaoue ana eniiaaaeaiey, ia ioaeaaay i?aaeii/oaiea
ie iaeiiio. Ana yoi ii i?aaeienae, eae n?aaenoai auoue oaiaeiui Aiao”.
E yoio i?eioeei iaoeeiiii i?aoai?yeny a aeeciue. Ecaanoii ioiioaiea
iiiaieueneeo iaianoieeia e i?aaineaaiie oea?eae, eioi?ay iiaea
inouanoaeyoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue aac anyeeo ia?aie/aiee.
A.A. Aa?iaaeneee, n?aaieaay eaoiee/aneoth e iiiaieueneoth yeniaineth,
iniai auaeaeye yoo /a?oo: “Iiiaieuenoai ianei ?aanoai oaeo, ii ia aeooa.
Eaoeinoai a?iceei eneaceoue naiia aeooo. Eaoeinoai auei aieinoaothuae
?aeeaeiciie nenoaiith, no?aieaoathny iiae/eieoue naaa e ii naiaio
ia?acoeo ia?aaeaeaoue I?aaineaaioth aa?o ?onneiai ia?iaea. Iiiaieuenoai
ia auei aiana ?aeeaeiciith nenoaiith, a eeoue eoeueoo?ii-iieeoe/aneith.
Iii ianei n niaith caeiiu a?aaeaeainei-iieeoe/aneea (*eiaeniaa yna), a
ia ?aeeaeicii-oea?eiaiua…Iniiaiui i?eioeeiii Aaeeeie Iiiaieueneie
aea?aeaau auea eiaiii oe?ieay aa?ioa?ieiinoue, eee aeaaea aieaa –
iie?iaeoaeuenoai anai ?aeeaeyi. Ia?aua iiiaieueneea a?iee, eioi?ua
nicaeaee naieie iioiaeaie ie?iaoth iiiaieueneoth eiia?eth, ninoiyee
i?aeiouanoaaiii ec aoaeaeenoia e o?enoeai (ianoi?eai). Eae ?ac ai
a?aiaia eiycae Aeaieeea e Aeaenaiae?a iiiaieueneea a?iee iaianee
no?aoiue oaea? ii ionoeueiainoao (acyoea Aaaaeaaea, 1258 a.)…
Eiaiii ionthaea i?ienoaeaei oi i?eioeeieaeueii ni/oanoaaiiia ioiioaiea
ei anyeie ?aeeaeicii-oea?eiaiie i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ia ninoaaeyao oaeoth
oa?aeoa?ioth /a?oo iiiaieueneie iieeoeee, e eioi?ia oaea?aeaeinue, iioii
a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie aeaaea a ionoeueiaineie Cieioie I?aea. A
/anoiinoe, e I?aaineaaiay oea?eiaue a ?innee nio?aieea iieioth naiaiaeo
naiae aeayoaeueiinoe e iieo/aea iieioth iiaeaea?aeeo io oaineie aeanoe,
/oi e auei ooaa?aeaeaii iniauie y?eueaie (aeaeiaaiiuie a?aiioaie) oaiia.
Iiiuoea iaeiaia Eo/eoea neeie canoaaeoue ionoeueiai Ainoi/iiai
Oo?eanoaia ioeacaoueny io eneaia auea i?ana/aia iiiaieaie. Aeaeaaa-iieii
anooiea a Naie?a/uea, iauyaee, /oi eaaeaeue iiaeao neaaeiaaoue naiae
aa?a, nio?aiyy iooue naieo iooeia e aeaaeia. AEeoaee ia?aoee ia noi?iio
iiiaieia, eno?aaeee nieaeao Eo/eoea. Iiiaieu iaeaaeaee Ainoi/iui
Oo?eanoaiii aac nii?ioeaeaiey.
Oaeei ia?acii, o?oaeii niaeaneoueny n oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiui iiaieai i
oii, /oi “eiia?neay aeanoue Iiiaieee a iniiaiii iie?aeanue ia aiaiiia
ainiiaenoai. Aeinoeaiooia aeaaiaea?y i?eiaiaieth aeanoyuae e aeanoieie
i?aainoiaeyuae aiaiiie oaeoeee, ni/aoaaoaeny n caia/aoaeueiuie
aiciiaeiinoyie auno?ie ia?aa?inee nee e eo naiaa?aiaiiui
nin?aaeioi/aieai, iiiaieueneia ainiiaenoai ia ianei n niaie
i?aaieciaaiiie yeiiiie/aneie e oeiainiaie nenoaiu, e aeanoue iiiaieia ia
iie?aeanue ia /oanoai eoeueoo?iiai i?aainoiaenoaa”.
Eiaiii a iiiaieueneie eiia?ee i?enoonoaiaaee ana o?e neaaaaiua, i
eioi?uo ieoao C. Aaeaceineee. Iii?a ia eoia/aneia nineiaea e
iiaeaea?aeaiea nenoaiu oi?aiaee iaaeaeo Ainoieii e Caiaaeii, ?aeeaeiciay
e eoeueoo?iay oiea?aioiinoue iicaieeee iiiaieai iiei?eoue ia?iiiua
ainoaea?noaa e nio?aieoue yoe o?aaeeoeee a oa/aiea aaeia.
Anoanoaaiii, iaeuecy caauaaoue i oii, /oi aieiu ianoo ?ac?ooaiey,
aeaaeue e oain. Ii ae?aaiinoue ia ciaea eiiai niiniaa auyniaiey
ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ia?iaeaie a oneiaeyo ?ac?anoathuaainy eiiieaena
i?ioeai?a/ee. E iiyoiio caaiaaaiey ia ?ac niinianoaiaaee ?acaeoeth
oi?aiaee ?aianae. A /anoiinoe, eae ieoao A. Aaen, “ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y
caaiaaaieyi oi?aiaua ioiioaiey oaeeoaoa anei?a ioaaoeee ana /anoe naaoa
– io Eiaeee aei Aoeaioe/aneiai ieaaia e io e?aeieo a?ai Eeoay aei
Oeaio?aeueiie Ao?eee. ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe iinoiyiii noeioee?iaaeinue
aic?anoaaoei ni?inii ia i?aaeiaou ?ineioe. E?iia oiai, Ei?ai
i?aaeienuaae ionoeueiaiai caieiaoueny oi?aiaeae e ?aianeaie”.
Ana yoe neaaaaiua, iiiiiaeaiiua ia aeoeaiia neeiaia aiaae?aiea Aaeeeie
ssnu iauyniytho o?aaeeoeeth nio?aiaiey /eiaececia a oa/aiea aaeia. Yoio
oaiiiai aiieia iauyniei n oi/ee c?aiey nioeeieiaee. I. Ni?ieei,
?anniao?eaay ae?anne?othuaa aicaeaenoaea ea? e iaa?aae, i?eaiaeeo
neaaeothuee i?eia?: “Ecaanoii, /oi aiaee/aia a iaeioi?uo naieo eieiieyo,
aaea nio?aieeanue aua e?iaiay ianoue, iiae no?aoii iaeacaiey cai?aoeee
aa. *oi iieo/eeinue ec yoiai? Anee iioeaaoeeiiiia aeaenoaea ea?u aoaeao
aeinoaoi/ii neeueii, oi a ia?aia a?aiy aoaeoo aicaea?aeeaaoueny io ianoe
iiae aeaenoaeai ea?u. A aeaeueiaeoai i?e aeinoaoi/iii /enea iiaoi?aiee
yoiai aicaea?aeaiey iii naii noaiao i?eau/eie e ia ioaeii aoaeao
ieeaeiai caeiia e ea?u, /oiau yoi aicaea?aeaiea i?iaeieaeaei
nouanoaiaaoue. ?ac iii noaei i?eau/eie – anyeia aeaaeaiea eceeoia, e
caeii aoaeao oie/oiaeai…Ea?u e iaa?aaeu, a niaaeeiaiee n iiaoi?aieai e
?eeioaoiui aeeyieai aai ia ineoeeo, yaeythony oie iaae/aneie neeie,
eioi?ay o?ainoi?ie?oao iaoe i?aau, iaoa iiaaaeaiea, iaoe i?eau/ee e
aiiaua iaoo aeeciue”.
Yoi aue oieeaeueiue ia?eiae enoi?ee, eiaaea iiae aeanoueth iaeiiai
ia?iaea e iaeiie aeeianoee iauaaeeieeenue ana caiee io ?innee aei Eeoay.
Nicaeaiea aaeeeie aea?aeaau noeioee?iaaei ?acaeoea oi?aiauo ioiioaiee a
?acee/iuo /anoyo eiia?ee. “Eiaiii a ia?eiae iiiaieueneiai eaa, eiaaea
ea?aaaiiua iooe i?ioiaeeee /a?ac ?inneth, ?inney anooieea a aieaa
oanioth naycue e n Ainoieii e n Caiaaeiie Aa?iiie, e anooieaiea Aaeeeiai
Iiaai?iaea e ae?oaeo ai?iaeia a aaicaeneee nithc ?aiueoa ia auei au
aiciiaeiui”.
Noeioee?iaaeanue e iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey aia iiiaieueneiai ie?a.
Neiaeeaoayny a 13 aaea Aaica – nithc iaiaoeeeo oi?aiauo ai?iaeia,
caieiaeny oi?aiaeae n Iiaai?iaeii, i?aaeuyaeyy ni?in ia iooieio, aine,
naei, eai e ainoi/iua oiaa?u, iiiaaeaaoea a Iiaai?iae /a?ac Iiaieaeuea.
Oi?aiaue iooue i?ieaaae /a?ac Na?ae, eioi?ue aue ia?iiiui ai?iaeii.
“Ai?iae Na?ae, – ieoao Eai-Aaoooa, a?aaneee iooaoanoaaiiee, iinaoeaoee
Na?ae-Aa?ea a 1333 aiaeo, – iaeei ec e?aneaaeoeo ai?iaeia, aeinoeaoee
/?acau/aeiie aaee/eiu, ia ?iaiie caiea, ia?aiieiaiiue ethaeueie, n
e?aneauie aaca?aie e oe?ieeie oeeoeaie…. A iai aeeaoo ?aciua ia?iaeu,
eae-oi: iiiaieu – yoi ianoiyuea aeeoaee no?aiu e aeaaeuee aa; iaeioi?ua
ec ieo ionoeueiaia; anu, eioi?ua ionoeueiaia; eei/aee, /a?eanu, ?onneea
e aecaioeeoeu, eioi?ua o?enoeaia. Eaaeaeue ia?iae aeeaao ia naiai
o/anoea ioaeaeueii; oai e aaca?u eo. Eoioeu aea e /oaeacaioeu ec iaieo
E?aeia, ec Aaeioa, Ne?ee e ae?oaeo iano aeeaoo a iniaii o/anoea, aaea
noaia ia?aaeaeaao eiouanoai eoioeia”.
Iiiai/eneaiiua ienueiaiiua e iaoa?eaeueiua naeaeaoaeuenoaa aiai?yo i
nicaeaiee aeiaaeueiie nenoaiu acaeiiaeaenoaey ia?iaeia e eoeueoo?.
Iai?eia?, aee?oaiu Aeiaeuea yaeythony aannii?iui iiae?aaeaieai cieioui
aeeia?ai iicaeieo Oaoeieaeia, /aeaiaiiui a Iaeanoeia a Aaeioa a eiioea
11-aoi?ie iieiaeia 12 aaeia. A oii, /oi oaoeieaeneea iiiaou iineoaeeee
ia?acoeii aeey ioi?ieaiey aee?oaiia Aeiaeuea iao ie/aai no?aiiiai.
Aeinoaoi/ii aniiiieoue, /oi cieioua aeeia?u Oaoeieaeia ia?yaeo n
aecaioeeneeie nieeaeaie aeaaiaea?y naiae aunieie i?iaa auee
iauai?eciaiiui n?aaenoaii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?auaiey a
N?aaeecaiiiii?uea e Ia?aaeiae Acee. Eie iiiaieu aceiaee aeaiue n
ia?iaeia iia?aie/iuo n eiia?eae iaeanoae. Ii?aceoaeueiia noiaenoai n
i?ioioeiii e aunieay oi/iinoue aini?iecaaaeaiey aeaoaeae
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i iacao?yaeiii ianoa?noaa ooaeiaeieeia-eaeeea?aoia e
?ac/eeia ooaiiaeae, ?aaioaaoeo a Aeiaeuea. E. Aaeiaeia e A. Ianoe/
i?aaeiieaaatho, /oi /aeaiea yoeo aee?oaiia ia/aeanue a 1239-1240 aa..
Nicaeaiea Aaeeeie eiia?ee, eioi?ay au iauaaeeieea ia?iaeu, aeeaouea ca
aieei/iuie noaiaie, auei aeaaiie oeaeueth *eiaec-oaia e aai iioiieia.
Ie? ai anai ie?a ai eiy niieieiiai nouanoaiaaiey aac ii/iuo iaaaaia,
oaiiia neioa, naiaiaeiuo ei/aaie, aceiaiey i?eauee n oi?aiauo ea?aaaiia,
eioi?ua iiaoo oaeaea niieieii ia?aaeaeaaoueny aieioue aei iineaaeiaai
ii?y, – ia/oa auea aiieiuaia.
Ei/aaieee e inaaeeua ia?iaeu Oeaio?aeueiie Acee caiyee naia ianoi a
ie?iaie nenoai oi?aiauo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua iieo/eee aiineaaenoaee
iacaaiea Aaeeeee Oaeeiaue iooue. Iiaeii aeaaea aiai?eoue i oii, /oi
noieue oniaoiia nicaeaiea ie?iaie eiia?ee niinianoaiaaei eiina?aaoeee
ei/aaie/anoaa, aiiaue iaoaaeoaai naia ianoi a ie?iaii ?acaeaeaiee
o?oaea.
?aniaae Aaeeeie iiiaieueneie eiia?ee e iiiai/eneaiiua aiaiiua eiioeeeou
?ani?ino?aieee oa??eoi?eth ianoaaeeueiinoe ii anae oa??eoi?ee Aaeeeiai
oaeeiaiai iooe. Aeeeoaeueiua iaaeaeioniaiua aieiu /eiaeceaeia, eioi?ua
aaeenue ia anai i?ino?ainoaa ea?aaaiiuo iooae, i?eaaee e oiaaeeo
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee Oeaio?aeueiie Acee. Ia?ooaeenue nouanoaiaaaoea
yeiiiie/aneea nayce, aeaei ianaeaiea. Oiaaeie yeiiiieee aeinoea
iaauaaeie aeoaeiu.
Naycue iaaeaeo iieeoe/aneie noaaeeueiinoueth e ?acaeoeai oi?aiauo iooae
ia eciaieeanue aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie. Iai?eia?, iieeoe/aneay
eiiuthieoo?a i?aiyonoaoao ?acaeoeth o?ainii?oe?iaee iaooe e aaca ec
Oeaio?aeueiie Acee /a?ac E?ai, oioy i?aeoe/anee ana i?eciatho yoio
ia?o?oo naiui iioeiaeueiui. A ieoya?a 1994 aiaea a Aoaaaaaea
ano?aoeeenue i?aceaeaiou oeaio?aeueiiaceaoneeo ainoaea?noa e Iaeenoaia,
eioi?ua aeiaiai?eeenue i ?anoe?aiee nio?oaeie/anoaa a noa?a
eiiioieeaoeee e yia?aaoeee. A eiioea ieoya?y 1994 aiaea ec iaeenoaineiai
ioieoa Eaaooa ia a?aieoea n Aoaaienoaiii auaoae aaoiea?aaai, ninoiyaoee
ec 30 e?uouo a?ociaeeia, /oiau aeinoaaeoue e?oiioth ia?oeth
iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae /a?ac oa??eoi?eth Aoaaienoaia a oo?eiaineee
ai?iae Eooeo. Aicaeaaeye yoi ia?ii?eyoea i?aaei?eieiaoaeue Oaaaaie (ioae
oiaaeaoiaai i?aiuea?-ieieno?a Iaeenoaia Aaiace? Aooooi). I?aaeoaeuenoai
Iaeenoaia aiceaaaei aieueoea iaaeaaeaeu ia yoio aaoiea?aaai, no?aiynue
i?ieiaeeoue iiaue oi?aiaue ia?o?oo a Oeaio?aeueioth Aceth. Iaeiaei i?e
ia?aoiaea /a?ac oa??eoi?eth Aoaaienoaia yoio aaoiea?aaai aue iieiinoueth
?aca?aaeai iiaeaeaoaaeaie.
O/eouaay oi, /oi ?aniaae eiia?ee *eiaec-oaia i?aa?aoee ia?iiioth /anoue
ieeoiaiu, i?aaeaea anaai o?aaeeoeeiiiua oeaio?u oi?aiaee e ?aianea, a
oaao? aiaiiuo aeaenoaee, ionoeueiaineea eoioeu aeoeaece?iaaee oi?aiaeth
/a?ac ii?neea iooe. Iaeiei ec naiuo e?oiiuo ii?oia aue Eaeeeoo,
ciaiaieoue a 12-14 aa. ii?o ia thaa Iaeaaa?neiai iiaa?aaeuey Eiaeee.
Nthaea i?eacaeaee eoioeu ec Eeoay, Oeaeeiia, Iaeueaeeaneeo ino?iaia,
Eaiaia, E?aia e ae?oaeo no?ai. Eai Aaoooa iienuaaao eeoaeneea ei?aaee
o?ao oeiia, eioi?ua i?eoiaeeee nthaea ec Eaioiia e ae?oaeo iano.
Aeinoaaeaiiua n Ainoiea oiaa?u oee ia caiaae – a Oi?ioc e aeaeaa. A 13
aaea oi?aiaia cia/aiea Oi?ioca neeueii aic?inei. Ii noae aeaaiie ae?aeae
e ia?aaaei/iui ioieoii iaaeaeo no?aiaie Ia?aaeiae e N?aaeiae Acee,
Eiaeeae e Eeoaai. A nayce n iaaaaaie iiiaieia oi?aiaey auea ia?aianaia
ia ino?ia Aeaea?aoi, aaea aiciee iiaue Oi?ioc. Eoioeu e iooaoanoaaiiee
anao no?ai iaoiaeeee caeanue caueoo e iie?iaeoaeuenoai aeanoae e
i?enaieee ai?iaeo yieoao “Iaeoaeue aaciianiinoe”.
Aaaeiie i?e/eiie oiaaeea oeeaeeecaoeee Oeaio?aeueiie Acee noaee niauoey,
i?ienoiaeeaoea aeaeaei ca aa i?aaeaeaie. Caeao Aecaioee, yiioa ?aniaaea
eiia?ee Aa?iiu ia iaeeea ainoaea?noaa e aaneiia/iay aieia iaaeaeo ieie,
oiaaeie eoeueoo?u e o?aaeeoeee, iaaaeiaiea ianaeaiey, i?eaae e oiio, /oi
oi?aiaey iaaeaeo Ainoieii e Caiaaeii noaea caie?aoue. Aaeeeea ainoi/iua
eiia?ee, aeey eioi?uo yoi oi?aiaey i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aeeciaiii
aaaeioth ooieoeeth, iia?oaeaeenue a ia?eiae ?aniaaea. Oi?aiaua iooe
ca?anoaee o?aaie, a iaeiaaea aaeeiue ia?o?oo ?aniaeny ia iaoeeiiaeueiua
e ?aaeiiaeueiua o/anoee. Oeeaeeecaoeee oo?a/eaaee naie ciaiey e aiiaue
aicieeaee ieoieiae/aneea i?aaenoaaeaiey i aeeceeo e aeaeueieo ia?iaeao.
Oi?aiaey iinoaiaiii noaea inaaeaaoue ii?neea iooe. Noaeaiea yeiiiieee
iiaenoaaeaaei oniaeoeu ia iaeiaaea aiaaouo o/anoeao Aaeeeiai oaeeiaiai
iooe, eieaeeciaaea eo oi?aiaeth. Oi?aiaey noaea iineoue ii aieueoae
/anoe ianoiue oa?aeoa?, eiaaea inouanoaeyeny iaiai iaaeaeo
caieaaeaeueoeaie e ei/aaieeaie.
A oi aea a?aiy Aa?iia, iinoaiaiii auoiaey ec ia?eiaea n?aaeiaaaeiauey,
ei?aiiui ia?acii ia?aniao?eaaao naie acaeyaeu ia ie?. Yiioa i?a/iuo
noieaoee, eiaaea aa?iiaeneee ie? aue noaeai aei aea?aaie, ai?iaea e eo
ie?oae, niaiyaony iiaui aeenoaoaeueiui ie?ii, a eioi?ii nouanoaoao ia
oieueei aeaeaiea ia o?enoeai e na?aoeei, ii e iaoiaeyo naia ianoi
ae?oaea ia?iaeu. E caeanue ia?aioie/ie aue aeai iiiaieueneei iaoanoaeai
a Oeaio?aeueioth Aceth, ?inneth e E?ai, eioi?ia aia/aea auei aanueia
naea?aeaiii ano?a/aii aa?iiaeneeie o/aiuie. Aeaeey ia aeaea ioaaoa ia
aii?in ia eo i?ienoiaeaeaiee, e?iia eaaaiaeu i ieaiaiao, caia?ouo ia
e?ath naaoa. Ii n?aaee iiiaieia ieacaeenue o?enoeaia, i eioi?uo ie/aai
ia iiaeic?aaaee aa?iiaeoeu. Yoi i?iaoaeeei i?aeoe/aneee eioa?an e
iiiaieai eae aiciiaeiui nithcieeai a ai?ueaa i?ioea eneaineiai ie?a.
E?anoiaua iioiaeu, ?acaeoea n?aaeecaiiiii?neie oi?aiaee e aa
i?iaeieaeaiea aei Eiaeee e Eeoay no?aieoaeueiui ia?acii ia?aaa?ioee
ie?iaicc?aiea aa?iiaeoeaa.
A 15 aaea ioe?uaaaony iiaue yoai ie?iaie enoi?ee. Iaeiei ec oaeoi?ia
ia?aiai noaei anooieaiea iiauo nee a ai?ueao ca aeeyiea ia ie?iaua
oi?aiaua iooe. Anee aei 15 aaea ie?iaay oi?aiaey iaoiaeeeanue a ?oeao
aceaoneeo ia?iaeia, oi oaia?ue a ai?ueao anooieee eniaioeu,
ii?ooaaeueoeu, aieeaiaeoeu, aiaee/aia. I?e/ai oeaio? oi?aiaee ana aieaa
e aieaa ia?aiauaeny n nooe ia ii?a.
Ia eo iooe anoaea noaia a aeaea iiiuoie i?ana/ue ?acaeoea eo oi?aiauo
ioiioaiee ni no?aiaie Ainoiea ni noi?iiu eiieo?aioia – a?aaneeo eoioeia,
aecaioeeoeaa, oo?ie, a oaeaea oneeeaathuaeny ?aeeaeiciie iaoa?ieiinoe,
?aniaaeathueony ainoi/iuo ainoaea?noa, iia?oaeaiiuo a aaneiia/iua aieiu
e o.ae.
Ii aiaaonoaa Ainoiea, i eioi?uo iiaaaeaee Ia?ei Iiei, Ieaii Ea?ieie,
ecaanoiua e iaecaanoiua iooaoanoaaiieee e oi?aiaoeu, canoaaeyee eneaoue
iiaua iooe a ecaanoiua, ii iaecaaaeaiiua no?aiu.
Ii?ooaaeueoeu a 1486 aiaeo aeinoeaee iuna Aeia?ie Iaaeaaeaeu ia thaa
Ao?eee, a aaniie 1498 aiaea Aanei aea Aaia aeia?aeny aei caiaaeiiai
iiaa?aaeuey Eiaeee e aunaaeeeny a Eaeueeoooa. Iaeaaeaa no?aoaae/aneeie
ioieoaie – Aaeaiii o auoiaea ec E?aniiai ii?y a Eiaeeeneee ieaai e
I?iocii a Ia?neaeneii caeeaa, iie ia?a?acaee noa?ue oi?aiaue iooue ec
Aeaenaiae?ee /a?ac E?aniia ii?a e iaianee oaea? ii o?aiceoiie oi?aiaea
ionoeueiaineeo e eoaeueyineeo eoioeia n Eiaeeae e Eeoaai.
Iiaeaea?aeeaaaiue aaiaoeeaineeie eoioeaie i?aaeoaeue Aaeioa Eainoo
aeue-Aao?e a 1505 aiaeo ioi?aaee oeio a Eiaeeth e /a?ac o?e aiaea iaian
ii?aaeaiea a nithca n eiaeeeoeaie ii?ooaaeueoeai. Ii oaea a neaaeothuai,
1509 aiaeo ii?ooaaeueoeu ?aca?iieee eneaineea ei?aaee e aiiaue noaee
aeiee?iaaoue eo a E?aniii ii?a.
Aaeeeea aaia?aoe/aneea ioe?uoey iicaieeee aa?iiaeoeai i?iieeaoue a
Eiaeeth e Eeoae e iaieoe oa??eoi?ee, eioi?ua iaoiaeeeenue a ?oeao ?aiaa
iacaiaieiuo ei/aaieeia.
Eae ieoao I.E. Eyuaiei “Ioe?uoea ii?neiai iooe a Eiaeeth (Aanei aea
Aaia, 1498 a.) n?aco eeoeei i?aaeiaai cia/aiey ae?aaiea nooiiooiua
ea?aaaiiua iooe ia Ainoie /a?ac Ne?eth, A?oceth, A?iaieth e N?aaeithth
Aceth. Ii/oe iaeiia?aiaiii n yoei iaaeaiea Aecaioee e acyoea
Eiinoaioeiiiiey oo?eaie (1453 a.) cae?uee e ianoiua oi?aiaua iooe
iaaeaeo Caiaaeii e Ainoieii, i?ioiaeeaoea /a?ac A?oceth. N ioe?uoeai
Aia?eee (1492 a.) aiiaua ie?iaay oi?aiaey ia?aiineony a i?aiaeaaeathuae
ia?a ia caiaae”.
Cia/aiea Aaeeeiai Oaeeiaiai iooe ?acei oiaei. Aeaaea iinea onoaiiaeaiey
a?aieoe iaaeaeo Eeoaai e ?inneae ia i?iecioei ainnoaiiaeaiey yoeo iooae.
Anaai ca ia?eiae n 1693 ii 1719 a. ec ?innee ioauei a Eeoae 10
ea?aaaiia. N 1719 ii 1724 a. iaaethaeaaony ia?a?ua a ea?aaaiiie
oi?aiaea, aucaaiiue iieeoe/aneeie ineiaeiaieyie a ?inneenei-oeeineeo
ioiioaieyo. Ii n 1724 a. ea?aaaiiay oi?aiaey aiciaiiaeyaony e aaae?ony
aei 1756 a., eiaaea oaeoe/anee iinueea ea?aaaiia a Iaeei i?ae?auaaony.
Eyooeineay aea oi?aiaey a 1824 a. aeinoeaaao naiaai iaeaieueoaai iau?ia:
iauee iai?io ninoaaee 15 960 000 ?oa., /oi i?aauoaei 10 % io anaai
aiaoiaoi?aiaiai iai?ioa ?innee, iaeiaei a aeaeueiaeoai eyooeineay
oi?aiaey oa?yao iiceoeee a ?onnei-eeoaeneie oi?aiaea. An? yoi auei
aucaaii aieiaie Iaiieaiia a Aa?iia e iineaaeiaaaoei cao?oaeiaieai
ii?neie oi?aiaee iaaeaeo Aa?iiie e Eeoaai, /oi naeaeaei ?inneth ia
ii?aaeae?iiue ia?eiae o?aiceoiie oa??eoi?eae iaaeaeo Aa?iiie e Eeoaai.
Ai?iaea Oeaio?aeueiie Acee iinoaiaiii oo?a/eaatho naia cia/aiea. Ai?ueaa
ca i?eaueue, ca eiio?ieue iaae oi?aiauie iooyie ?acei oneeeaaaony.
?aniaae eiia?ee Oeio?a, i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey iiauo ainoaea?noa
i?iaeieaeaao i?ioeann ae?iaeaiey aaeeeeo oi?aiauo iooae. Eoioeu
iiaeaa?aathony ana aieueoei iianiinoyi. *anoua eieaeueiua aieiu
ieii/aoaeueii iiaeaa?aee caionoaieth iiiaeanoai ai?iaeia, eioi?ua
nouanoaiaaee eae oi?aiaua iinaeaiey. Io?a? e Nao?ai e ae?oaea ai?iaea
i?aa?aoeeenue e 17 aaeo a iaeaiueeea naeaiey.
A iineaaeothuea aiaeu iniiaiie iioie oi?aiaee a ?aaeiia i?eoiaeeoueny ia
ia?o?oou a ?inneth. Aa auno?ay yeniainey ia Ainoie e i?iiuoeaiiia
?acaeoea i?aa?auatho eiia?eth a aaaeiaeoaai oi?aiaiai ia?oia?a. I?e yoii
n?aaeiaaceaoneea eoioeu no?aieeenue caeoiaoue aiaeeeneea oiaa?u,
caaiceiua a Eiaeeth ii?neei iooai, eioi?ua ioee/aeenue io ?inneeneeo
aieaa aunieei ea/anoaii. N yoie oeaeueth n?aaeiaaceaoneea eoioeu
no?aieeenue i?iaeaoue naie oiaa? a ?innee e auaacoe “caiieoth iiiaoo”, n
oai, /oiau aiiaue caeoiaoue oeaie a Eiaeee. I?iecaaaeaiiia ia
iaiooaeoo?ao aaeuea, ieaoee, noeii aeinoaaeyeinue ec Eiaeee aoaaioeaie
eee e?aioeaie e i?iaeaaaeinue ia ?uieao “Aooa?ee” ca ?inneeneea iiiaou.
A oi aea a?aiy nouanoaaiiui i?aaeiaoii auaica a ?inneth aue oeiiie,
ia?eooea, eiaee e o.i.
Ia yoi ia?auaao aieiaiea e I.I. Ayoeei, eioi?ue n/eoae, /oi a Eacaonoaia
a 18 aaea aue nouanoaaiiue i?eciae ia?acaeoinoe oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo
ioiioaiee – yoi iaiiaie oa?aeoa? oi?aiaee. “Cieioi e na?aa?i eae
aeaiaaeiue iaoa?eae a 18 a. ?iee ia ea?aee. I?aaaea, eacaoaie
i?eaiceeenue ia iaio a I?aiao?a aieueoia eiee/anoai iiiao: aooa?neeo,
ia?neaeneeo e eiaeeeneeo, eioi?ua eacaoe auiaieaaee ia neio a
n?aaeiaaceaoneeo ?uieao eee o i?ioiaeeaoeo /a?ac noaiue ea?aaaiia, ii
yoe aeaiueae ea?aee a ?oeao eacaoia ?ieue i?inoiai, a ia aeaiaaeiiai
oiaa?a” [63].
Oaeei ia?acii, anee cieioi e na?aa?i a ?oeao n?aaeiaaceaoneeo eoioeia
auei “caiieie iiiaoie”, oi a ?oeao eacaoia iii i?aa?auaeinue a ?ieue
“i?inoiai oiaa?a”. Oai ia iaiaa, n oaeie ia?aaeienaeueiie ioeaieie
aeinoaoi/ii o?oaeii niaeaneoueny. I?iaeaaea eioaaeae e iaaoe ia ?uieao
n?aaeiaaceaoneeo ai?iaeia ca cieioua e na?aa?yiua iiiaou n iineaaeothuae
iieoieie iaiaoiaeeiuo i?aaeiaoia ia ?inneeneeo ?uieao nei?aa aiai?eo ia
ia?aoiii yaeaiee.
Ii e?ecen ei/aaiai oicyenoaa e caieaaeaeue/aneeo iacenia a 19 aaea
aeinoeaaao naiaai aiiaay. Iaiaeiaaaeiui ianoiyoaeuenoaii aai oaeoaeaiey
noaea iieeoe/aneay nenoaia ainoaea?noa Oeaio?aeueiie Acee. Aeaniioey,
i?iecaie /eiiaieeia anao o?iaiae, ionoonoaea ?aaeueiie caueou
nianoaaiiinoe e i?aa ianaeaiey, a oii /enea e i?aaenoaaeoaeae i?aayueo
eeannia e eoia/anoaa, iinoiyiiua aieiu e iaaaae, i?aa?auaee iaeiaaea
aiaaoaeoee e?ae a yeiiiie/aneoth ionouith. A naiae noaouea i ?onneie
oi?aiaea a N?aaeiae Acee E.A. ssiaeoe, aiai?y i ianiiiaiiuo oniaoao,
au?aaeae na?ueaciua niiiaiey a aoaeouai yoie oi?aiaee. E aeaaiui
i?aiyonoaeai ia iooe ?acaeoey oi?aiaee ii n/eoae iieeoe/aneee aii?in,
iineieueeo “i?aaeaiea ai anao oainoaao ia oieueei aeaniioe/aneia, ii e
aeaaea aia?oe/aneia. Niaia aeaaeaoaeae /anoay, e eaaeaeue ?ac ia?iae
aeieaeai i?eiineoue ia?iiiua aea?oau. I?iecaie ia oieueei oaiia, ii e
/eiiaieeia – iieiaeoee; acyoi/ie/anoai ?acaeoi a neeueiie noaiaie, e
/eiiaiee, iaaeiyaiue a iai, iiaeao iiaeaa?aiooueny ioaaonoaaiiinoe
oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee ia iiaeaeeony ni naiei ia/aeueieeii, eee
aeaaea n naiei oaiii. N/eoaoueny aiaaoui eaieoaeenoii a N?aaeiae Acee
/?acau/aeii iianii; oaeiaie ainiiaeei iiaeaa?aaaony aaea/aniie iianiinoe
eeoeoueny ii i?eeaco oaia ia oieueei anaai naiaai aiaaonoaa, ii e
aieiau… Iioeeiu, oioy eae au e ii?aaeaeaiu iau/aai e caeiiii (ii
aa?ieniiaaaeaieth), ii ia ieo ieeoi ia ia?auaao aieiaiey, e io i?iecaiea
oaia e /eiiaieeia caaeneo acyoue aieueoa eee iaiueoa”.
Iieeoe/aneee aaaio a Aooa?a A.E. Eaiaoueaa a naiai ienueia io 19 ai?aey
1897 aiaea ia/aeueieeo ooaaa Oo?eanoaineiai aiaiiiai ie?oaa aaia?aeo
Oaaei?iao ioia/ae, /oi aeeoaee anao aooa?neeo aaenoa no?aaeatho io
iiai?ia e ianeeee. “Iiaeii aacioeai/ii neacaoue, /oi aiieia
aeia?iniaanoiuo aooa?neeo /eiiaieeia e aaeia ia nouanoaoao, aea e i?e
ianoiyuae nenoaia oi?aaeaiey oainoaii i?e ionoonoaee ii?aaeaeaiiuo
caeiiia e ia iiaeao nouanoaiaaoue”.
Eieiieaeueiue oa?aeoa? yeiiiieee ii?aaeaeyeny iio?aaiinoyie iao?iiieee.
Oe?ieia inaiaiea ?aaeiia, iaiaoiaeeiinoue auaica oeiiea e ae?oaie
i?iaeoeoeee, nauoa ?inneeneeo oiaa?ia i?eaaea e aeoeaiiio no?ieoaeuenoao
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo iooae. A 1881 aiaeo a nayce n aoaeoaeeineei iioiaeii
ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai Caeanieeneie aeaeaciie aei?iae. A 1887 aiaeo ia
Aio-Aea?uea auei o/?aaeaeaii ia?ioiaenoai e i?iaaaeaia aeaeaciay aei?iaa
io *a?aeaeio aei Naia?eaiaea. A 1896 a. iino?iaia
Naia?eaiaenei-Aiaeeaeaineay aeaeaciay aei?iaa, i?i?acaaoay anth
Oa?aaineoth aeieeio. A 1900 aiaeo auea caeii/aia eooeeineay aaoaue, a a
ia/aea OO aaea aeaeaciay aei?iaa niaaeeieea Oaoeaio n I?aiao?aii.
Ao?iia i?iiuoeaiiia ?acaeoea ?innee iaeioi?ua enneaaeiaaoaee naycuaaee n
eieiieaeueiui oa?aeoa?ii eiia?ee. Ii anee ?anniao?eaaoue ?acaeoea
aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua oaeaea aeoeaii inaaeaaee iiaua
oa??eoi?ee, oi iiaeii aiai?eoue i nii?iinoe aeaiiiai oacena.Iai?eia?, a
ioee/ea io Aaeaia Nieoa e Ea?ea Ia?ena, I. Aaaa? i?eaeaaae iaiueoaa
cia/aiea ioe?uoeth e eieiiecaoeee Aia?eee eae noeioeo aa?iiaeneiai
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Ii ia aue neeiiai noaaeoue auaiaeu io
o?ainaoeaioe/aneie oi?aiaee e eieiiecaoeee auoa yiaeiaaiiuo nee, eioi?ua
niinianoaiaaee yeiiiie/aneiio ?inoo a Aa?iia ia i?ioyaeaiee aaeia. Eae e
Ia?en, Aaaa? iiieiae, eae e ii/aio iaeiieaiea eaieoaea e ia?aoiae io
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai e oaiaeaeueiiai ?uieia e naiaiaeiiio ?uieo o?oaea
nua?aee ?ieue “iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo” i?e/ei iaoa?eaeueiiai i?ia?anna a
Caiaaeiie Aa?iia.
Oai ia iaiaa, ?acaeoea ie?iaie oi?aiaee naiui na?ueaciui ia?acii aeeyei
ia ninoiyiea yeiiiieee ?aaeiiia. Oi?aiaey Eeoay n ei/aaieeaie eciaieea
naie oa?aeoa?. Aa iniiao ninoaaeye iaiai eioaaeae ia /ae. Aieaa oiai, n
16 aaea Eeoae i?iaae ?yae ?aoi?i, eioi?ua cae?aieee na?aa?i a ea/anoaa
ia?eea a iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee. Iaoaaoea na?aa?a i?eaaea e aai eiii?oo ec
ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai, a oii /enea e Eaoeineie Aia?eee.
Eae ienae Aaeai Nieo “Ino-Eiaeey oaeaea yaeyaony ?uieii aeey i?iaeoeoa
na?aa?yiuo ?oaeieeia Aia?eee, e i?eoii ?uieii, eioi?ue ni a?aiaie
ioe?uoey yoeo ?oaeieeia iinoiyiii iiaeiuae ana aieueoaa eiee/anoai
na?aa?a. N yoiai a?aiaie iinoiyiii aic?anoaea iaiin?aaenoaaiiay oi?aiaey
iaaeaeo Aia?eeie e Ino-Eiaeeae, aaaeouayny aiaeiui iooai /a?ac
Aeaioeueei, a einaaiiua niioaiey /a?ac Aa?iio aic?anoaee a aua aieueoae
noaiaie”. A naith i/a?aaeue ino-eiaeneea eiiiaiee ?acee/iuo no?ai
auaiceee ec Eiaeee, Eeoay /ae, oa?oi?, i?yiinoe, aaiaaeueneea iaoa?ee e
o.ae.
Oaeei ia?acii, a neeo ?aciiia?aciuo i?e/ei, oi?aiaey n Ainoieii
o?aaiaaea ia?iiiiai eiee/anoaa ae?aaioeaiiuo iaoaeeia – cieioa e
na?aa?a. Ecaanoii, /oi a ia?aue ia?eiae eieiieaeecia (16-18 aa.)
i?ienoiaeee iooie ae?aaioeaiiuo iaoaeeia ec Aa?iiu a Aceth, oae /oi
aiai?eoue i “eieiieaeueiie aeaie”, aoaeoi au iieiaeioai?eaoae Caiaaeioth
Aa?iio, a yoio ia?eiae ia i?eoiaeeony. Eoioeu-iiiiiieenou, aeoeeiia?u
Ino-Eiaeneeo eiiiaiee, iaiaauaeenue, ii ca n/ao aa?iiaeneiai
iio?aaeoaey. A oa/aiea 19 aaea neooaoeey eciaieeanue: i?iiuoeaiiia
i?aainoiaenoai Aa?iiu aeaei ae aiciiaeiinoue aeaenoaeoaeueii auea/eaaoue
ec eieiiee e caaeneiuo no?ai Acee cia/eoaeueiua noiiu – i?eia?ii 2
i?ioeaioa eo AAI.
Ii a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie oneiaey a?eoaineie oi?aiaee ni
no?aiaie Aaeoeee e Ino-Eiaeeae aeaeaee iaiaoiaeeiui aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey
aiaoiaoi?aiaie eeeaeaeiinoe iaeioi?ia iaeiieaiea aeaai?iaeiuo iaoaeeia.
Ii i?e/eia ia?acaeoinoe oiaaeaoiaai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeaiaaeiiai ?uiea
Aiaeey ia i?iecaiaeeea i?aeoe/anee ie/aai, /oi iiaei au auoue
yenii?oe?iaaii. Aeey i?eia?aoaiey ioaieoeu no?ai aaeoeeneiai aannaeia e
eiaeeeneeo “niaoeee” – neiai “niaoeee” a oi a?aiy icia/aee ia i?inoi
i?ei?aau, a ana ainoi/iua oiaa?u, oaeea eae oaeeiaua e oeii/aoiaoiaaeiua
oeaie, e?aneoaee, naoa?, eioa, /ae e naeeo?a, aaeaeaaoiua caiaieoaee
/aio ia iiaee auoue i?iecaaaeaiu a Aa?iia, – A?eoaiee i?eoiaeeeinue a
eieiieaeueiie oi?aiaea aeaeaoue oii? ia yeiiiieth ae?aaioeaiiuo
iaoaeeia.
Aieaa oiai, n 19 aaea cia/eoaeueiua iauaiu a oi?aiaea n Eeoaai noaei
ioaiaeeoueny iieoio. Oi?aiaey eiaeeeneei iieoiii, i?aaieciaaiiay
aiaeeeneie Ino-eiaeneie eiiiaieae, i?eiineea ae ia?iiiua aeioiaeu. A
iineaaeiea aiaeu 18 aaea a Eeoae aiceeinue aaeaaiaeii ieiei 2 ouny/
yueeia iieoia, a ia?aua aiaeu 19 aaea aaeaaiaeii aaiceeinue aei 4 ouny/
e aieaa yueeia, a 1821 a. – 7 ouny/ yueeia, a 1824 a. aaic aeinoeaaao
12639 yueeia, a 1838 a. – 40 oun. yueeia (yuee iieoia aanee ieiei 4
ioaeia). Yoa oi?aiaey aaea e auea/ea na?aa?a – iniiaiie aaethou Eeoay,
/oi iiae?uaaei e aac oiai iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiia oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea
ainoaea?noaa. Oieueei a 1832-1835 aa. ec Eeoay auei auaacaii ia 20 iei.
eyi na?aa?a.
Eeoae, ?aiaa caieiaaoee aaaeouea iiceoeee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea,
ia no?aieeny e ?acaeoeth ioiioaiee n ?inneae n oeaeueth iieo/aiey
yeiiiie/aneie auaiaeu. Ai-ia?auo, ana eiioaeou eeoaeoeaa n eiino?aioeaie
auee naaaeaiu e ieieioio ii i?e/eia caaiaaaoaeueiie aieiu iaiue/aeo?ia
ia oa??eoi?ee Eeoay (1644 – 1683 aa.). Ai-aoi?uo, aiaoiyy oi?aiaey
?anniao?eaaeanue ainoaea?noaii (eioi?ia oaeoe/anee eiio?iee?iaaei ana
aiaoiea nayce no?aiu, a oii /enea e oi?aiaeth) eae aoi?inoaiaiiia
caiyoea aeey ianaeaiey e eniieueciaaeanue eae yooaeoeaiue ?u/aa
aicaeaenoaey ia ninaaeiea ainoaea?noaa.
Iinoaiaiiia i?aa?auaiea Eeoay a caaeneiia ainoaea?noai, ca ?ano?nu
eioi?iai ai?ieenue aa?iiaeneea aea?aeaau, ssiiiey, NOA e ?inney, a
oaeaea oeaeay na?ey iaoeeiiaeueiuo ainnoaiee a caiaaeiuo i?iaeioeeyo,
no?ieoaeuenoai aeaeaciuo aei?ia e onoaiiaeaiea oaa?aeuo ii?neeo iooae
noaee aua iaeiei oaeoi?ii auaaaeaiey Oeaio?aeueiie Acee ec ie?iaie
nenoaiu oi?aiauo ioiioaiee.
Noaiue e ionouiy onooieee ianoi ii?th, a ia?oniia noaeii niaieei
aa?aethaea. Iiaue aeoie ?acaeoey iaoee e oaoieee i?eaae e onei?aieth
yoiai i?ioeanna. Aieaa aaciianiua ii?neea iooe aeiiieiyeenue i?ia?annii
aii?oaeaiee e oaoieee. Iaeiei ec aeaaiuo oaeoi?ia noaei oneiaeiaiea
i?iecaiaenoaa, nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u iauanoaa, nenoaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, auaeaeaiey i?ioanneiiaeueiie a?iee,
aii?oaeaiiie ii iiaie oaoiieiaee, eciaieeanue oaeoeea e no?aoaaey
aaaeaiey aiaiiuo aeaenoaee.
Yoe i?ioeannu aua aieaa oneeeeenue n oi?ie?iaaieai eaae?iauo a?iee ia
i?eioeeiao iiaeeecaoeee e ianuuaiey aa iiaui aeaeaie aii?oaeaiee.
Oaiaeaeueiua a?iee ainoi/iuo ainoaea?noa oaea ia iiaee i?ioeainoiyoue
aa?iiaeneei a?ieyi. Iai?eia?, a eino?oeoeee aieneai iaeaioia ooo?ia
oo?eiaineie e?aiinoe Aaie-oaia Neiaaeaa ienae: “Aie ca ianoiua i?aaeiaou
i?aaenoieo iaeanoi/aiiue. Iai?eyoaeue o?aa? e eneonai a iaeeii/iii aith,
no?aeyao iaoei e niaaaeai oi?ioei oieiaeiui i?oaeeai; ii ii aeaenoaoao
a?annuiioth, a?aca?iae eee ioaeaeueiuie eo/aie, iaei iiniaoiuie aiea
i?aaeaiaeeoaey, a iioiio ianiiniaiuie, ianiio?y ia naith
iiiai/eneaiiinoue, e aaeeinoao aeaenoaee e iaiaa?e?iaaieth iannaie”.
Iaoaii?oicu auee naycaiu ia oieueei n ?inoii iao/iuo ciaiee, ?acaeoeai
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoe, oi?ie?iaaieai o?aoueaai nineiaey. Iie
iiaenoaaeaaeenue e aeaaioneei ?anoe?aieai naiiai ie?a a aeacao
aa?iiaeoeaa. Oi?ie?iaaeanue iiaay ineoieiaey, iiaua noa?aioeiu
iiaaaeaiey, eioi?ua noaee iii?iie aacie aeey nenoaiiiai i?ia?anna.
A oi aea a?aiy ia n?aaeiaaceaoneii Ainoiea oea?eea aeoaieay ionoaeinoue.
Iaoiaeyueany a aeoaeia eiioeiaioa, oeaio?aeueiiaceaoneea ainoaea?noaa
ieacaeenue eciee?iaaiiuie io ae?oaeo no?ai iai?a?uaiie oeaiueth
eiioeeeoia, aeaeathueo iaaiciiaeiui eoeueoo?iia e iao/iia
acaeiiaeaenoaea n inoaeueiui ie?ii. Noaaiaoeey noaea eeth/aaui oaeoi?ii
aeey iineaaeothueo ianeieueeeo noieaoee enoi?ee ?aaeiia.
Aua aieaa neiaeiui noaei nouanoaiaaiea ei/aauo ainoaea?noa. A 15-16
aaeao ea?aeeiaeueii eciaieeanue iieeoe/aneay ea?oa ie?a. Aicieeee iiaua
eiia?ee, i?aaeiea i?ae?aoeee naia nouanoaiaaiea. Oeaio?aeeciaaiiay
?inney ia/aea naie iioiae ia Ainoie e iiae aa oaea?aie iaee Eacaineia e
Ano?aoaineia oainoaa, caoai i?eoea i/a?aaeue e Neae?neiai oainoaa.
?inneeneea e?aiinoe e ino?iae aicieeee ia a?aieoeao ni Noaiueth, a ia
ainoiea niieioeenue n a?aieoeaie Eeoay. Iniaiu ia/aee naie iioiae ia
Aa?iio e ia Ainoie, nicaeaa iaoe?ioth eiia?eth, ea?aaooth aieueooth
?ieue a ie?iaie iieeoeea. Eiaeey noaea iiaie ?iaeeiie aeey iiaieia
Aaao?a e caeanue oaeaea aicieeea iiaay eiia?ey. Iai/aeo?u iiei?eee
Eeoae. Ana yoe aaeeeea eiia?ee auee ii?iaeaeaieai ei/aaieeia, eioi?ua
i?eaeaee ei aeeiaie/iue eiioeuen. E ana iie, aeaaiaea?y iiaiio
oeeaeeecaoeeiiiiio anieaneo, noaee nicaeaoaeyie Iiaiai a?aiaie.
Eae ieoao O. Iae Iaee: “A noa?ii ie?a 18 a. noae ia?eiaeii ?aoeoaeueiiai
e?ooaiey iieeoe/aneie aeanoe noaiiuo ia?iaeia. ?inney e Eeoae ?acaeaeeee
eaaeauea iaaeaeo ieie noaiiua i?ino?ainoaa: Eeoae caoaaoee ainoi/ioth
/anoue, a ?innee aeinoaeanue aieaa aiaaoay caiaaeiay /anoue (aaiaa?neay
noaiue ioioea e Aano?ee). Eeoaeneay iiaaaea iaae nithcii eaeiuoeeeo
ieaiai a 1757 a. icia/aea oeiaeueiue yoai ii?aaeaeaiiie y?u ie?iaie
enoi?ee, iineaaeithth noaaoeo a?iee oeeaeeeciaaiiuo ainoaea?noa n
na?ueaciuie niia?ieeaie ec Noaie” [72].
Caaiaaaiey ?inneeneie eiia?eae Eacaineiai, E?uineiai, Ano?aoaineiai e
Neae?neiai oainoa na?ueaciui ia?acii neacaeenue ia iieiaeaiee
Eacaonoaia. E oiio aea n 18 aaea ia/eiaaony oneeaiea n?aaeiaaceaoneeo
ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua oaeaea ia/aee i?iaeaeaeaiea a noaiue. N ainoiea
aeaaeaiea ia ei/aaua ia?iaeu ieacuaae Eeoae. Oneeeaoeany aea?aeaau
eciaieee neooaoeeth e aucaaee aeaeaeaiea ei/aaieeia, eioi?ua oneeeee
iaaeaeioniaiua noieeiiaaiey a ai?ueaa ca oa??eoi?ee. Noaiue
i?aa?aoeeanue a a?aio iaeanoi/aiiie ai?ueau ei/aauo ia?iaeia ca ana
nie?auathueany i?ino?ainoaa iaeoaiey.
Iniiaiie i?e/eiie e?oiiuo ainnoaiee i?ioea iaaeaeaathuaainy a?aaa auea
ia oieueei oo?aoa naiaiaeu, ii e ecuyoea caiaeue. Iaeieie ec ia?auo
ei/aaieeia, eioi?ua aunooieee i?ioea yoiai i?ioeanna, auee aaoee?u.
A /anoiinoe, yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue A?ieaaoca e Ao?iia (oii III,
N.-Iaoa?ao?a, 1891, no?.225-240) n/eoaao eiaiii oae: “Aoio aue
iaecaaaeai, e ii iaoae naaa aea?iaeoiai i?aaiecaoi?a a eeoea iaua?yea
Aaou?oe Aeaaaa, eioi?ue ioee/aeny oiii e iaoe?iie iaaiiaoaineie
ia?aciaaiiinoueth. Aoio yoio, a iniiaa eioi?iai eaaeaee i?e/eiu
yeiiiie/aneea, i?eiye i?aaeithth oi?io ?aeeaeiciiai aeaeaeaiey. Oaea a
1754 a. Aaou?oa ?acineae ii anaio iaaiiaoaineiio ainoieo ?innee
aiccaaiea, a eioi?ii oeacuaaeinue ia iianiinoue, a?icyuoth iaaiiaoainoao
io iaoanoaey ?onneeo, iaauaeanue iiiiuue ee?aec-eaenaeia e Oo?oeee, e
aanue iaaiiaoaineee ie? i?ecuaaeny e ionoaeaaieth naiae aa?u. A
neaaeothuai 1755 a. aaoee?u ia/aee niae?aoueny a iaaieueoea oaeee e,
iaicia/ea naie iooue iiaea?aie e oaeenoaaie, oaeaeyeenue ca ssee a
Ee?aec-Eaenaoeeoth i?aeo, aaea aeieaeiu auee nia?aoueny ana neeu
iyoaaeieeia. Oaeei ia?acii, Iaiethaao i?aaenoiyea ai?ueaa n eiaeeoeeae
aaoee? e ee?aec-eaenaeia, a a neo/aa oniaoa yoeo nithcieeia – ni anai
iaaiiaoaineei ianaeaieai n?aaeiae Aieae. Iaiethaa eae iaeuecy eo/oa
iiiye iaiaoiaeeiinoue iiaeaaeoue iyoaae a naiii aai ia/aea e i?iyaee i?e
yoii iaiaueiiaaiioth yia?aeth e ecia?aoaoaeueiinoue e aeoaieia ciaiea
ethaeae, n eioi?uie aio i?eoiaeeeinue aanoe ai?ueao. Aiaiiay neea,
iiaeeoiu, iaiai, ieeinoue e no?iaia i?aneaaeiaaiea – ana auei ei iouaii
a oiae, /oiau iiaeaaeoue ainnoaiea i?aaeaea, /ai iii ia?aeaeao a
iauaiaaiiaoaineee iyoaae. N aieueoei eneonnoaii iinaeee ii ?acaei? a
naiii iyoaaeiii ianaeaiee e ioaeae io aaoee? e aeaaea aii?oaeee i?ioea
ieo iaua?yeia, oaioa?ae e aiaueae. I?aaeinoaaeaiiua oieueei naiei neeai,
eeoaiiua aiciiaeiinoe iieo/eoue aiaoithth iiiiuue ni noi?iiu ae?oaeo
iaaiiaoai, iinoiyiii ineaaeyaiua oai, /oi iiiaea o/anoieee iyoaaea
ooiaeeee e ?onneei aeanoyi n iiaeiiie, noi?iiieee Aaou?oe auioaeaeaiu
auee eneaoue nianaiey a ai?ao e eanao. Ii e yoi ia iiiiaei. Nithcieee
?onneeo iaua?yee e oaioa?e oi?ioi ciaee aei?iae aeaaea a naiuo aeooeo
o?ouiaao e?ay, e iyoaaeiua oaeee auee iaoiaeeiu aiaiiuie io?yaeaie oai,
aaea iie n/eoaee naay a iieiie aaciianiinoe. Nai Aaou?oa aue acyo
iaua?yeaie a ieai e iiae neeueiui eiiaiai ioaacai a N.-Iaoa?ao?a;
aeaeueiaeoay noaeueaa aai iaecaanoia. Aieaa 50000 aaoee?, n/eoay a oii
/enea aeaiuei e aeaoae, aaaeaee ca ssee e ee?aec-eaenaeai, ii e oai
Iaiethaao oaeaeinue aicaoaeeoue iaaeaeo nithcieeaie ?acaei?u,
caeii/eaoeany acaeiiui ecaeaieai. Iaeiiaoe, 1 naioya?y ecaeai aue
iaieoano, eioi?ui aaaeaoeai a 6-iany/iue n?ie iiaaeaaaeinue
aica?aoeoueny n iiaeiiie, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa ei a?iceea eiioeneaoeey
anao eo caiaeue. Ia?aaaae ca ssee i?ae?aoeeenue, e aioo?e Aaoee?ee eae
aoaeoi noaei niieieii. I?e/eiu iaaeiaieuenoaa – noieeiiaaiey ec-ca caiee
– ia auee e ia iiaee auoue ono?aiaiu. Ii aaoee?u auee oaea ianoieueei
ineaaeaiu, /oi aoioia iiaeieiaoue ia auee aieaa a neeao. Aaou?oei aoio
aue iineaaeiei aoioii, ii ia iineaaeiei i?ioanoii eo i?ioea ?onneie
aeanoe. Iie iieueciaaeenue anyeei oaeiaiui neo/aai, i?e eioi?ii
i?aaenoaaeyeanue iaaeaaeaea naa?aiooue yoo aeanoue e aa?iooue naie
oo?a/aiiua caiee. Ie iaeii aeaeaeaiea eiioea 18 aaea a I?eaieaeuea ia
iaoiaeeeinue aac o/anoey aaoee?. Ieeiaaea ioaa/aaueia ia i?eiyea au
oaeeo iaoe?iuo ?acia?ia, anee au e iae ia i?eieioee aaoee?u iiae
i?aaeaiaeeoaeuenoaii Naeaaaoa, neaaiaeoaai ec aaoee?neeo aiaaou?ae, i?i
eioi?iai ia?iae e iiiuia ?aniaaaao ianie, io/anoe ei naiei neiaeaiiua.
Iooeei iacuaaao aai “nae?aiui”, ii yoio nae?aiue i?aaeaiaeeoaeue ia
iaiaa nae?aiuo oaae inoee ca naie iaaccaiaeaiiue ia?iae, ca naiaai iooea
THeay, o eioi?iai Oaa?aeuoaa a 1755 a. ioiye caieth iiae naie Neineee
caaiae. *a?ac anth enoi?eth aaoee? e?aniie ieoueth i?ioiaeyo caiaeueiua
iao?yaeeoeu, eioi?ua eaaeaee a iniiaa eo aoioia (iniaaiii iineaaeieo), a
a ianoiyuaa a?aiy neoaeao aeaaiith i?e/eiith eo aaaenoaaiiiai
yeiiiie/aneiai ninoiyiey. Aaoee?ey, yoa iaoe?iay e i?eaieueiay no?aia,
eioi?ay ecaeaaia i?eaeaeaea iiiai/eneaiiuo auoiaeoeaa oeineiai e
oaoa?neiai ieaiaie, e oaeaea ?onneeo noiaeoeaa, ieeiaaea ia auea
ecia?aia, ie ?aciaaeaaaia. Eiay caieth a eciaeeee (aua a ia?aie iieiaeia
oaeouaai noieaoey aaoee?u aeaaeaee nauoa 11,5 ieeeeiiia aeanyoei caiee),
aaoee?u aua n 16 noieaoey i?eieiaee e naaa iinaeaioeaa, iaua?yeia,
oaioa?ae, aiaueae e ae?., eioi?ua naeeeenue ia eo caieyo e ieaoeee
aaoee?ai-aio/eiieeai ia?ie. Anei?a iicaiaeueiua ioiioaiey aaoee? e?aeia
caiooaeenue, iniaaiii iinea oeacia 1736 e iineaaeothueo aiaeia, eiaaea
aaoee?u ca iyoaaee auee eeoaiu naieo caiaeue a iieueco i?aauaoeo aa?iuie
iaua?yeia, iioii niiaa eie iaaeaeaiu, iioii iiyoue oo?aoeee /anoue eo. A
oi aea a?aiy oneeeeanue e ?onneay eieiiecaoeey”.
Aunooieaiey aaoee? i?ioea ecuyoey caiaeue ii?ie ii?iaeaeaee
ii?aaeaeaiiua iaaeaaeaeu ia ainnoaiiaeaiea i?aaeiaai ia?aca aeecie.
Iai?eia?, aaoee?neia ainnoaiea noaei aeey i?eieiaaoeo a iai o/anoea
Eo/oiiae/ae iineaaeiae iaaeaaeaeie ia aic?iaeaeaiea Neae?neiai oainoaa.
Iiieii ?acaeeaaiey aioe?onneeo iano?iaiee n?aaee aaoee? Eo/oiiae/e
iuoaeenue iiaeiyoue ia ainnoaiea cao?aeueneia yna/iia ianaeaiea – oaoa?,
oaioia e iaine. Ai a?aiy iauaai aunooieaiey eaoii 1663 aiaea
ieaie?iaaeinue caoaaoeoue ai?iaea e ia?aaeoue ?onneea aa?ieciiu.
I?aoaiaeaio ia i?anoie (aeaeeii, Aeaaeao-Ae?ae) iaia?aaaeny i?aaeoue
“anae Neae?ueth” ec Oiaieuenea. Eiaaea a 1662 aiaeo aaoee?u ia/aee aieio
i?ioea cao?aeueneeo neiaiae, e iei i?eniaaeeieeenue ianoiua oaoa?u e
iaine. Aeaeeii, aeaaea ie?iay aeayoaeueiinoue ?onneiai ianaeaiey ii
caieaaeaeue/aneiio inaiaieth e?ay ia iiaea ia ouaieyoue eioa?anu
ia?iaeia, eioi?ua aei i?eoiaea ?onneiai e?anoueyieia ?anii?yaeaeenue
caieae a niioaaonoaee ni naieie oicyenoaaiiuie o?aaeeoeeyie. E iioiio ai
a?aiy ainnoaiey caiueaee a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue e?anoueyineea aeai?u e
neaai caueuaiiua naeueneea neiaiaeu.
Aiaeiae/iay neooaoeey neiaeeeanue e a Eacaonoaia. Iai?eia?, A.
A?eai?ueaa ienae: “A ie?anoiinoyo Eacaeeineiai oi?oa ioa?auatho ee?aecia
(eacaoia) io caieaaeaeey i?eaee?ee e iei e eaca/uey aeaaeiinoue ?onneeo
ia?anaeaioeaa, eioi?ua aioiau caoaaoeoue o ieo ana i?ino?ainoai,
oaeiaiia aeey caieaiaoanoaa; i?eaee?ee; i?eaee?ee e aeaaeiinoue, eioi?ua
a 1856 a. e iineoaeeee aeaaiui iiaiaeii e ainnoaieth oocaiiiai ianaeaiey
iiae ciaiaiai ecaanoiiai Aeaeaioiaee”.
Oeeaeeecaoi?neay ienney noaea oai eaiiai, eioi?ue aucuaae eaaeio iiauo
i?ioeai?a/ee. Eae ioia/ae A.O.Aeaooeaeaa?: “I/aaeaeii, /oi ie “ie?”, ie
“oeoeia” ia yaeyeenue oeaeueth iieeoeee naiiaea?aeaauey aeaaea a 18
aaea. Iai?ioea, oea?eci e oiaaea no?aieeny eaae?iaaoue, a eiiaaea e
noaeeeaaoue ?aciua oaiaeaeueiua a?oiie?iaee eacaoneie aa?oooee,
iiaeaea?aeeaay ioiineoaeueii aieaa neeueiua e aeeyoaeueiua, ii iinoiyiii
a naieo eeanniauo eioa?anao e, /oi aeaenoaeoaeueii aa?ii, “aeey
eieiieaeueiie yenieoaoaoeee” a e?ao/aeoai aoaeouai. “Oie?ioai?aiea” aea
ia aeaea au?aaeaeinue a no?ieoaeuenoaa oe?aieaiiuo eeiee, /anoe/iii
ecuyoee eacaoneeo caiaeue aeey Neae?neiai e O?aeueneiai eaca/ueeo aiene,
ia?aie/aiee eacaoneeo ei/aaie, no?aieaiee iao?aaeoue eacaoia ia aaoee? e
eaeiueia ia eacaoia”.
Iiaue eiioeuen, eioi?ue iieo/eee ?inney, Eeoae, n?aaeiaaceaoneea
ainoaea?noaa iineoaeee iniiaie nie?auaiey a?aaea ei/aaiai ie?a.
Iiiai/eneaiiua iiiuoee ieacaiey aii?oaeaiiiai nii?ioeaeaiey yeniainee
auee iiaeaaeaiu. Ainnoaiey iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii E. Oaeiaiiaa e I.
Ooaieniaa, E. Eanuiiaa, Ae. Io?iooaiaaeiaa e iiiaeo ae?oaeo caeii/eeenue
aeanoieie ?ani?aaie. Ianniaia ecuyoea caiaeue, no?ieoaeuenoai e?aiinoae
e ai?iaeia, e?anoueyineay e eaca/uey eieiiecaoeey i?eaaee e nie?auaieth
ianoaeu. Iieiaeaiea onoaoaeyeinue oai, /oi eo/oea ceiiaee ii Nu?-Aea?uea
e a ae?oaeo iaeanoyo THaeiiai Eacaonoaia n 19 aaea noaee
eiio?iee?iaaoueny Oeaeineei e Eieaiaeneei oainoaaie.
?iaea Ii?oaeue n/eoaao i?e/eiie yeniainee a noaiue i?iiuoeaiiia
eniieueciaaiea O?aea: “Oi, /oi noaiue, ioaeaeythuay Oo?eanoai io
aieaeneeo caiaeue, iaiaeeaeaiii i?eia?aea noieue aaaeiia cia/aiea a
ia?aie iieiaeia XVIII aaea, iauyniyaony ia/aeii i?iiuoeaiiiai inaiaiey
O?aea. Eiaeono?eaeecaoeey i?eaaea e canaeaieth o?aeueneiai ?aaeiia e a
neeo eaoi?aeiiai o?oaea, e eioi?iio i?eioaeeee e?anoueyi aeaaeaeueoeu
iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee, ii?aaeaeeea aaanoai ?onneeo ia?anaeaioeaa
ia tha e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, eieiiecaoeeth caiaeue, canaeaiiuo aaoee?aie.
Ionthaea aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue aaaaeaiey eiio?iey ca aaoee?aie e,
iniaaiii, nicaeaiea i?aiyonoaee aeey iiyaeaiey nithca ionoeueiaineeo
ia?iaeia. Yoi iiaeii auei naeaeaoue iooai no?ieoaeuenoaa ii n?aaeiaio
oa/aieth sseea no?aoaae/aneie iai?iieoaeueiie eeiee “Caiaae-Ainoie”,
eioi?ay ?acaeaeeea au aaoee? e eacaoia. Nnueaynue ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue
caueou ianoiuo aeeoaeae io oaiaoecia naieo aaeeiiaa?oeaa, ?inneeneia
i?aaeoaeuenoai ieaie?iaaei “oae aaeeiiaeaeu onie?eoue” aaoee?neee
ia?iae, “/oia ai?aaeue e caiaoaieyi ieeaeie ene?u io ieo ia inoaeinue” e
i?eioaiooue eacaoneea i?aeu no?ieoaeuenoaii ia naaa?iie a?aieoea eo
caiaeue iaaieueoeo, ii oi?ioi oe?aieaiiuo e?aiinoae. Iaeiaei e aeaeaieth
?innee iaania/eoue niieienoaea ?inneeneeo ie?aei e iaeaa/eoue
aeaeueiaeooth yeniaineth i?eaaaeeanue aua iaeia, aieaa a?aiaeeiciay
oeaeue – ioe?uoue iiaeeiio?ieueioth ?onneei aei?iao /a?ac eacaoneea
noaie aeey ?acaeoey iinoiyiiuo ioiioaiee n Oo?eanoaiii e Eiaeeae. Oaeei
ia?acii, no?ieoaeuenoai sseoeeie oe?aieaiiie eeiee naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei i
oii, /oi ioiuia ?inney ia?aoeea aci? ia Aceth”.
Aoi?ay iie. XVII a. – ia?aay iie. XVIII a. ecaanoiu a niaoeeaeueiie
eeoa?aoo?a, eae ia?eiae “iaeiai iiiaieueneiai iaoanoaey”, a?aiaie
iineaaeiaai anieanea aiaiiie aeoeaiinoe ei/aauo iiiaieueneeo ieaiai,
i?aeoe/anee ia i?ae?auathuaeny /a?aaeu aiei, eioi?ua aaei Aeaeoiaa?neia
oainoai, iieuecothuaany iiaeaea?aeeie Oeaaoa, n
iaiue/aeo?i-oaeoannei-thaeii-iiiaieueneie eiaeeoeeae ia Ainoiea,
eacaoneeie aeocaie ia Caiaaea e ?inneae ia Naaa?a.
Iaeiie ec oeaeae aeaeoiaa?neeo i?aaeoaeae auei onoaiiaeaiea eiio?iey
iaae ea?aaaiiuie iooyie e ?aianeaiiuie, oi?aiaui oeaio?aie, a oii /enea
e Ainoi/iiai Oo?eanoaia. Oi?aiaoeu eaaeaeiai eo ainoi/ii-oo?eanoaineeo
ie?oaia aiineee aeaiueaaie e iaoo?ie naith aeieth aeaie aeaeoiaa?ai. I?e
Aaeaeai-Oey?yia yoa aeiey oi?aiaoeaa Eaoaa?neiai ie?oaa, iai?eia?,
ninoaaeyea 20 oun. oaiueaa, 4 eia?a, 4 eonea aa?oaoa, 26 eoneia ae?oaeo
oeaiae, 26 eoneia aieeiea aunieiai ea/anoaa e 500 ooioia iaaee. Iiieii
yoiai e ainoi/iioo?eanoainei-aeaeoiaa?neay oi?aiaey, e any aiaoiyy
oi?aiaey Ainoi/iiai Oo?eanoaia iaeaaaeenue iioeeiaie a iieueco
aeaeoiaa?neeo i?aaeoaeae. Eiathony, iai?eia?, aeaiiua, /oi i?e oii aea
Aaeaeai-Oey?yia auacaeaaoea ca a?aieoeo (a Neae?ue, Eiaeeth) oeao?neea
oi?aiaoeu ii aica?auaiee ec iiacaeee aeieaeiu auee naeaaaoue a eacio
aeaeoiaa?neiai i?aaeoaey “aeanyooth /anoue naieo aa?uoae”.
“Aeaaaeoeaooth /anoue aa?uoae” aeieaeiu auee aiineoue a aeaeoiaa?neoth
eacio “eiicaiiua eoioeu, oi?aiaaaoea a Eaoaa?ee”.
Iaeanoi/aiiay aieia iaaeaeo aeaoiy iineaaeieie aaeeeeie ei/aauie
ainoaea?noaaie – Eacaoneei e Aeaeoiaa?neei, auea naycai ia oieueei n
ai?ueaie ca nie?auathuaany iiea aeeciaiaeoaiey, nio?aiaiea niiniaa
oicyenoaiaaiey a oneiaeyo ?inoa yeniainee ?innee, Eeoay e
N?aaeiaaceaoneeo ainoaea?noa. Iaeanoi/aiiinoue auea naycaii n oai, /oi
noieeioeenue aeaa eaeaieiaee – /eiaececi e io?eoeaiea oaeiaiai. Iiaeii
naeaeaoue i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi anee au noieeioeenue aeaa nenoaiu,
aicaeaaeyaiua /eiaeceaeaie, oi ai?ueaa ia auea au noieue aeanoieie.
I?iecioei au ia?aiiae/eiaiea yey ae?oaie oaineie aaoae n nio?aiaieai
ono?ienoaa, /oi auei aiieia oa?aeoa?ii aeey anaai i?aaeoanoaothuaai
ia?eiaea. Ii a aeaiiii neo/aa, iaiaoiaeeii auei io?a/aiea io
ie?iaicc?aiey, eaeaieiaee e i?aaiauo ii?i.
Oai ia iaiaa, nouanoaiaaea nenoaia oeeaeeecaoeeiiiiai oyaioaiey
Aeaeoiaa?ee e ?aaeiio Oeaio?aeueiie Acee. N na?aaeeiu 17 aaea, iinea
iaiue/aeo?neiai caaiaaaiey Eeoay, eiycuey Aeaeoiaa?ee auee
aaeeinoaaiiuie n?aaee iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia, oii?ii oeeiiyaoeony io
eiioaeoia n i?aaeoaeuenoaii Oeeineie eiia?ee. Iinea iooiaea Ainoi/iie
Iiiaieee e Oeeineie eiia?ee ie?aoneia oainoai noaei oyaioaoue e
Oeaio?aeueiie Acee.
A yoie aieia i?ienoiaeeei aeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea o?aaeeoeeiiiiai
aii?oaeaiey, eioi?ia nicaeaaaeinue eae naieie ei/aaieeaie, oae e
caeoiaeinue o inaaeeuo ia?iaeia. Iai?eia?, oaeoanoeu a 1690 a.
caeacuaaee “aeaeaciia aii?oaeaiea” a eiia?ee Oeei [79], a ie?aou a
1750a. ii naaaeaieyi eoioea Aeaaea Aaoio?aoiaa “i?e i?aaeiai
aeaaeaeueoea Aaeaeai-*e?eia naie aeaeaee ii?io, naeiaoe, ?oaeuey, oo?ee,
naaee e iaioee?e, a iuia aea iiia iieo/atho ec Aieueoie Aooa?ee”.
A aeeeoaeueiii eniieueciaaiee o?aaeeoeeiiiiai i?oaeey iao ie/aai
oaeeaeoaeueiiai. I?aeiouanoaa iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey auyaeeenue ia
n?aco, a n oa/aieai a?aiaie. Ae. Ao?noei i?eaiaeeo i?eia?, eioi?ue
aiieia iiaeao neoaeeoue eeethno?aoeeae i?iaeaiu nei?ino?aeueiinoe eoea e
iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey. A ia/aea 19 aaea aia?eeaineea ia?anaeaioeu
ieacuaaeenue a iaauaiaeiii iieiaeaiee ii n?aaiaieth n ei?aiiuie
aeeoaeyie – eiaeaeoeaie. “Eiaeee eiaeaaoe oniaaae i?ineaeaoue o?enoa
iao?ia e auionoeoue aeaanoe no?ae, iiea oaoanaoe ia?aca?yaeae naia
?oaeuea. Aeaaea anee oaoanaoe aeioiaeee aei oiai, /oi aaeiaaaie e
aeioiaea a?ae n niaie ia?o oyaeaeuo iaeiica?yaeiuo ienoieaoia, ana ?aaii
ii iia naeaeaoue oieueei o?e auno?aea, a iinea auioaeaeai aue
ia?aca?yaeaoue ?oaeuea”. Iieiaeaiea eciaieeinue iinea ecia?aoaiey
Eieueoii oanoeca?yaeiiai ?aaieueaa?a. A eiiiii aith a 1840 aiaeo iiae
Iaaea?iaean anaai iyoiaaeoeaoue ?aeiaeaea?ia iaea?aeaee aa?o iaae
naiuethaeanyoueth eiiai/aie.
A noieeiiaaiey n aieneaie ninaaeieo ainoaea?noa, anoaaoeo ia iooue
i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, iai?eia?, ?innee neacuaaeanue ia oieueei
?acieoea a aii?oaeaieyo. Anoanoaaiii, /oi i?eiaiaiea nia?aiaiiie
a?oeeea?ee e i?oaeey nicaeaaaee i?aeiouanoai iinoiyiiie a?iee ia?aae
iiie/aieai ei/aaieeia. Ii i?iaeaia caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oi ei/aaieee
i?iaeieaeaee i?eiaiyoue i?aeoe/anee oo aea oaeoeeo, /oi e eo i?aaeee.
Yoei e iauyniythony iiiai/eneaiiua iioa?e iianoaioeaa, eioi?ua
iaaethaeaeenue a Aaoee?ee, Eacaonoaia, Eu?aucnoaia e ae?oaeo ?aaeiiao.
Ei/aaieeai, a neeo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e eiie oeeaeeecaoeee, iaaiciiaeii
auei iaeaaeaoue iaaueaie aaaeaiey aiaauo aeaenoaee, i?eiaiyaiuo a
aa?iiaeneeo a?ieyo. Aeaaea eiia?neay Oo?oeey ieacaeanue ia a ninoiyiee
?aoeoue yoo i?iaeaio. Oa?aeoa?ecoy iniaaiiinoe Iniaineie eiia?ee e
ae?oaeo ainoi/iuo aeaniioee, A.E. Iaaeia ieoao: “Nineiaiay iac?aeinoue
ainoi/iiaeaniioe/aneiai iauanoaa neacaeanue oaeaea a iiiuoeao
ia?aciaaoue ?aaoey?ioth a?ieth aaniethoenoneiai ia?acoea. Anee ?yaeiaua
iaoioeioeu e aeaaea a?oeeea?eeneay i?eneoaa inaaeaaee aa?iiaeneea i?eaiu
aiaaie iiaeaioiaee, oi eiiaiaeiue ninoaa inoaaaeny e a i?ioanneiiaeueiii
e, oai aieaa, a ie?iaicc?ai/aneii ioiioaieyo ia o?iaia aiaeaeae
oaiaeaeueii-ieaiaiiuo iiie/aiee. Ia Ainoiea ia ieacaeinue nioeeaeueiie
n?aaeu (oeia aa?iiaeneiai aeai?yinoaa) aeey oi?ie?iaaiey ioeoea?neiai
ei?iona, niei/aiiiai aeooii nineiaiiai e iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaeeinoaa”.
Aieia ei/aaieeia i?ioea iiaie a?iee i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeoie no?aiu
caeai/eaaeanue anaaaea iaeeiaeiai. Ioaeaeueiua iiaaaeu ia iiaee
eciaieoue anaai oiaea aieiu e i?eaiaeeee e ii?aaeaieth
iaeiaeono?eaeueiuo ia?iaeia. A Iiaia a?aiy nouanoaaiii au?inei cia/aiea
yeiiiie/aneiai iioaioeeaea no?aiu a ia?eiae aiei. Aiaaaee oaea ia
oieueei a?iee, ii e ainoaea?noaa, nenoaiu a oeaeii.
Yiioa ei/aaieeia, no?aieoaeueii ia?aaeaeaaaoeony ia ia?iiiua
i?ino?ainoaa, caeii/eeanue. A?aae eo iaeoaiey nie?auaeny eae oaa?aiaaay
eiaea, a ia?ac aeecie ooiaeee a i?ioeia.
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