A ?innee yiioa I?inaauaiey caieiaao i?aeiouanoaaiii XVIII aae, eiaaea
i?aaeoaeuenoai aeoeaii niinianoaiaaei ?acaeoeth iaoe e eneonnoa. A yoio
ia?eiae aicieeee ia?aua ?onneea oieaa?neoaou, aeaeeioaee, oaao?,
ioaee/iua iocae e ioiineoaeueii iacaaeneiay i?anna. Iaeaieueoee aeeaae a
?onneia I?inaauaiea i?eiaaeeaaeeo Aeaoa?eia Aaeeeie, eioi?ay, eae e
i?i/ea i?inaauaiiua iiia?oe, ea?aea eeth/aaoth ?ieue a iiaeaea?aeea
eneonnoa, iaoe e ia?aciaaiey. Oioy a ?innee, eae e a ae?oaeo aa?iiaeneeo
no?aiao, a yoo yiioo i?iecioee nouanoaaiiua ia?aiaiu, ioee/ea ?innee io
caiaaeiiai I?inaauaiey, ninoieo a oii, /oi caeanue ia oieueei ia
i?iecioei naeaeaa iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey a noi?iio ?acaeoey eeaa?aeueiuo
eaeae, ii iai?ioea, iie auee ano?a/aiu e?aeia ianoi?iaeaiii. A
iniaaiiinoe ?onneia aeai?yinoai nii?ioeaeyeinue iaiaaeeai ia
e?aiinoie/anoai. Oai ia iaiaa, ainnoaiea Ioaa/aaa e Aaeeeay o?aioeocneay
?aaiethoeey e a ?innee ii?iaeeee eeethcee i?aaenoiyueo iieeoe/aneeo
ia?aiai e ieacaee cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia eioaeeaeooaeueiia ?acaeoea
iauanoaa. Ianoi ?innee a ie?a a yoo yiioo aeoeaii ianoaeaeaee Aeaien
Oiiaecei, Ieoaee Ua?aaoia, Aiae?ae Aieioia, Eaai Aieoei e Aeaenaiae?
?aaeeuaa. A aeaeueiaeoai yoe aeeneonnee ii?iaeeee ?aneie ?onneiai
iauanoaa ia caiaaeieeia e neaayiioeeia.
???a I?????
E?e I????ey ???a ?? ???iy? ???e?i ??i-?????? I??i A??? e ?i ????e??. Y??
?ay? ????y?? ????e O??? I?????, ??? A??? E???? e ??????y A??ey O???a.
Ai ??y ????y ??? I?? ?????u A???? ?ay ??????i ??eth??a ?? ????? ? ????i
E??i O????. Ii a? ????i ?????? ?????, ?????? ????th I????? ?????? e
E?????? ???? ????a, a ???o ???????ue ???????ay ??ue ??? ?y??e ????a
????e ???? XVIII ??. O??? ????????? e ?????o ? ???o ??i? ?? ???e I???
E????o, ???e ??? ?a?e a ??o ????o ???yo ??????ey, a ??a a ?y?e, ???i??
????e e ???????i ????a.
A??????y y??
E? e a ????e A??a, ? ???a I????? ???a ?ey?a ???i I????? O???. I???a ???i
y? ?ey?a ?? a ??? ????y A???? II. [1]. A???? ??? ??atho ???? ??????i
???a. E? ????, i? ?????? ????th ????o n A???? e Ae??, ???? ?? ? ?????
??? ?? — Y???, A??? y?????? ???? e ?i???oth ?????oth ????? a N??-I????a,
?e ????ey, ????o ?y ???oth?? ???????ey ?????y e ?????y a ???e. Ei ??o
A???? ????nue ????? ????? ? ?????o ??i: Ae?e Ae??, E??? Y??, I?? I??n e
A????i E????. E?? ? O??? ???a Y?????e ?? ?ae ????, A???? ????? Ae??
????ue ?i ??oo a ???e.
O?y ?????a ?-???io ????? ???????e ????, A????, ??oy ???i ??o ?????? ???,
???a ??e ?yae ???, a ????e ??ey???th ???e ??e ??e? ?????. A?e ??a ????u
??????a ???u, ????y ???i ???a ??? ????e ??a ?????? ??. A 1767 a. ?????a
?? ???a O???oth (???????th) ???eth, ???y ??? ?? ???? ??a ??????a N???a
???? 1649 ?? e ???? ???oth ?? ?ae ??i ??eth?? ????, ??????ny a ?????e
???e ??? ????e ???? XVII ??. Aeey ???? ?e ????i I??, ???e ???? i??a ??
???????? ?????, ????i ???o ?????o *??a A???a e I????. O?y ???o ??o???o
?????e ?y ?????y ??? ?????ey I?? ? ??, ???????y ????? ????a ????i ????
?y ???????y ?????o ??; ?????? ?i ?? ?y??? ??e ????a I????? ? I????a a
I??o (1790 a.).
O? ? ??a, y???? A???? ? ??? ?????e Y?????e e ?? ? ????? ?e? ? ??eye ?
??i ? ?????e ??eth?? ??? [2], a ??a ??a ??????[3] e ?a???? ??eth?e
????ue, ?i I????? ????o ???a ?ey?a ? ????n?th ??ue, I??? I??? ? ??????i
?e ??th?i a oth??[4], ???? — ??? ? ???o, a ?i ???, ?e e ??? A???a, ??
???u e ????u. E????ey ??e I????e ? 3 ?y 1791 a. A????e ?? ????a ?e
y????y [5][6] e ???y ? ??? ?ey?th ? ???th e ? ?????? ?ey?th a
I??a[7][8]. A ??a a 1792 a. ?????ue ???-???ay ??a, ? ???e ?????e ???u
I??e[9]. Y?o ???o ? ???? I????ey ???e ???? ???????ea.
I?????
A ??? ?????ey I?? A???i ??u a ???e ?? ??????u ?y ???ey ?oe ????i ??ey.
Ca ?????i ???? ?? I?? I ???e ??yi ???y ? ???o. Ii ? ????ye ??ey ?y
?????e a ???e ?? ?i??? ???a. I?? ? ??? ?? ????ay ??a a I??a, ????y a
1701 a. ?y ????? ??? ??ue ?????? ???? ??a. A 1715 a. ?y ?e ? ?? ?? ???a
???y ???ey a I????a. A 1707 a. a I??a ?y??? ?????y ??a ?e ???i ????a, a
1715 a. — ????ay ??a e a ?i ? ?? a I????a — ??????ay. A 1720o ??o a ???e
i?????? ? ????e ?? a ??????? ???o, ? ???e ?n? ????o, a ???o ????? I????e
????? ??u ???a?? «???? ??? [10].
I?? I ?? ??e ?????e ???o, ????a ?? ???? ?e??? ???? n ????i. Ei ?? ???
A???? e ??? ???? ????, a ??a ????ia TH??e ???a ???i, ?e I???? e ???e?o
????eth, ?????? n ????i ?????a ? ????o ????th ?y ???o ??yi, ???a ??? ?e
??e I?? ????i ?e ???y [11].
A??e a A??a, ?? ????e a ?ith ??th ???o ??? ???o, ? ?o?? ?????e A???th
??. I? ?e ?a ??a ?i ??? ????ue ?a ???o ????y: ???ey e ?????o n ??y
?????ie e ??????i ?????, ???, ????, ????e, ???e e ??a. A??i ???i ??????i
?? I????e, ?????y a 1755 a. E?? ?i ?????? ????? e ?a ??y??e I????e
?????? ??u a I????a ??a ?a ?????? ?????a ??u ?e ????yo, ???a a 1786 a.
?? ????? a A??? ????a ???a. A 1798 a. ???a ???????ey e ?????? ?????y ??
????a ????i I????e ???-??????e ????. Aeey ???i ??y??a a 1731 a. ?e ????
Oey???e ????e ???, a a 1752 a. — I??? ????e ???. A ????o Oey???? ???a
???e ???, ?????, ???, ????, ???y, a???ey, ????e e ?????e y??, y??, ??i,
y????, ???oeey, ????ey e ?????ey, ?????, ???, ??u, ?????a, ?n??? e
?????. Ai ??? ???? XVIII ?? ???? ???????a ??a ???a ???? e ???? ?????a.
A????? ???a ?i?y? ??? ????? ????a[12].
A ????e n C???e A??? ???y, ???y ???? ?????e e ?????, e ??o y?? I????ey
?a ? ??a ?? ???o ????e. Ae?a ??? ?i ??????ny N????? O?? ??e ??? ??????a,
???a ?y??? ? ? ??? ??a. I????, A????? ?????o ?e ?????i ? ??? ????, ????i
?? a 1636 a. A? ??e ??????e ?????ueth ???? I????ey ?? ?i ?????ue ?
?????e ???. A?e ? C??a ???? ?????? ?e I?????, ?e e ?????? ????y, ? a
???e ???i ???????? ??? ?? ??????i, ??ath??y ? ????o ?????ey. Ia ???
???????? a ?????? ???i?, ?i ? ??? ? ??????i ???? ?????? ???u, ? e
???????? ??eth?oth ???eth, ???y a ????? ???? ?? ??y ??a ?i ? ?i ?o.
I??????? ????????o ?? ?? ????i ???e ? ??ei ? ???u I???a e ????a. A??e
????o e ???e I??e U???a, ? ?e ??????y i ???a ??? ??ey? ??? ???, ???, ?i
???e ????? ?-??iy?? ??i?a ?????a. E?i A??e ??a ???e ? ???o ???????e
???u. A? ??e??ey ???e ?????ue a ?????e N???? ????a, ???i a ???e ????
????y ?y ??? ?????? ??????y. Y?o ??? ?e, a ?ith ???ue, ?????? ?????i ??
?????? ?????ey O??? O???a, ???e ??ae, ?i ???a ?????a y?y?ny ?th?i ?y
????y ?????? i??e a ??i. C????? ????a E?????? A???e ?? e ???? A????
Ae??? ???i ??atho ?e? ??e ? ??????oe ????a. I?, a ????e, ??????a ???th
A???th ? ???o ?????e. Ae?a ???ay ?????ay ???ue ???e ??? ?ae ?ey?a ??
I????ey. I????e ?o???o I??i (E??i) ???? e ???a ????i ?????y e ?????e
??????e.
I??
A??? ??a ?y??? a ???e ?e I?? A???. Oe?ue ?e ????n?? a ?????e ?? ??o
????, a ?????e ? Ae??? A???, ?y ?? ???e a N??ue e A??? ????i y????e, a
?i ??a ????oth y????th A???. A 1719 a. I?? ???? ? O?e e a N??ue A??ey
O???a, ??i ? ????e ???? ??a ?? ??????? ???? ???e. A ?? ??? ?i ?????? a
?????? ??????, a ????e, O??? ???? e ????? e ????? ???oth ???, N???e E??
A???i (1550), ??e ?yae ????e e ????i ??? ??? ?????? ?????. A? ??? ?ae
«E???e ?????? ?????? a ???a ?? ??e; ??? ?i y?? ??a ?e ?????i ?? a
1768—1769 ?. A. O. I???i, a iy?e — a 1848 a. I. I. I???ui.
N?????e ??? e ???eth ???o ?????? ?e ?i ????e? I??????e A???e ??, ?? ??
????? ??? ????a ???a A??u. N?? i? ?e e A??? I???, ??? ???e ?o??, ???
«I???y N????i ???? (1750 a.) e ?????e ???? ??????y ??e. A???eth e ??o
N??e ???e ????e N??i E??????, E?i E??? e I?? I??n. ???? ????? ??e ?th
?ith ??ue ?e e ????? ????e E??? Y??, ???e ? ??? i?? ???? ? ???i y??, ? e
?? a I????a ???i ????a ???o ???, ??e ???o «I???a, ?e ??a i ????, a
??????i ????? (1736 a.) e «A?i?ay ?????y ??????y» (1779 a.), ??? ???
????a ?? ???u ?????e ??????e.
A??? ??ae a ???? ???e ??e ??? ???? I??? E????, ????o ???? ????? ??i
????ey ??u. E?? ??, ? ??ae? ??? ?????e ????? ??e, ???ey?i-?????? ???
??a, ????ye ?e??? ?????e ?????e, n ???th ???o ??? ????o o ???u A??u, a
??a ?e ????i ?y?i e ??i ? ????? ???a??i ???? y??. N?? ????? ?????????e
y?? I?n???y ???? ??a ??e O?? E??, ?????u e y?i??u E??i Aa?? e E??i
Ath??i??o, ???e e ???o E??i O??, ???? I. ss. I?????? e I. E. ???a
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