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I?AAI A AECAIOEE A YIIOO EAOEINEIAI AEAAeU*ANOAA

A???e:

N??? I ??a

E?????? ?????

N?????? ???y

E????? 2009a

I??i a A???e a y?? ????? a?????

I???y ? ????a o??????a ???? ????i-y??????, ???? ???? ?c????? e ?????
???? ? ??? XII—XIII ????, ????????? ???-?????u y??? ? E??o, ???i ?,
???ey? ????? ???i ?????i ??????y, ?????i ? ??? ???, ?n???-??? ?ycyo e
?????? a ???yo ???a, ????ey ????e ???, a ???yo ????? ?????? ???a, ??????
?????????o ?????. A ?ith ???ue, e ???? ?????a, n ? ???????th e ?????
???? ???? ??a, ????th?? ?????y ????ue a A???e ????i-y?????? ????oe, ?
??i ? ?? ??? ???? C??a. E ????? ???? ? ??i? ????o ?? ?, ?i ?e, ??? ??
??u ????y ?????? e ??i ??? ???a ??i, ??e ??th? ??e ????ue ?? ??u ?e??,
?ya ? ??? ?y???ny ?a ??? (?e A??? A????i ) a E?????? ?????a ?? ???a,
????e ?ae ????i «E?????? ???».

A ????e E???? ???e y?o ??n, ???i, ??? ???????ny. Ia ?c ????y ??ath?y
??????? ???ey, ?????ny a «A??? ????» e a I???? ???a (?iy??e XIV a.), i
?i, ?i ??? ???e A??? ???e ? E????a. A «A??? ????» ?? ??u??y, ?i ??a ???a
E??????ey ????? A???, ?????? ?ae Y??i Ae???, A???? I?????? e ??? ??? y??
?i??? ????? e ??eth e ????o E????a n ???? ???? eo ??? e ???, ?i ?e ??
???? e ???? a ?????e ???a e ?i ?? ?????? ????????y ?e ?e ????? ??????
??y? a ???? (AR. ?. 150; N?.: Nhr. gr. Vs. 2591—2614). Ia ??i ? ?? a
???e A???a ? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???a e i???y ??ue E???? ???e ???ey?? a
???? ????? 1204 a. ????i, ??????i ?????i, ?????i ??e ??y? *????i ?????
??? e ????? ??ae ?? «??????.

I????e 1204 a. ????—y? ??????i ??ia ????? ?y ???e ??????y ????, ???e ??
«???ui ???? E???? ???e e ???e, ?e ??atho, ???? o «A??? ??? ?????»
??????i ??????e ? ????o «??? e????? a ???e A???. A ?i ?????, ??????? e
???e??i ??????i ????ey ?? ??? ???????a ??, a ?i ??a ????ay Partitio
Romaniae. Ie a ??i ?????i ?e y?? ????a, ? a ??i ???????i ?e th?????i
????a, ????? ? A???a ?e ?i ?????, ? Ae???, Ae?? ?e A???ey I??????i,
???oe, ? ??, a ????a ???? n ????? ?????? e ?????e ??i ????y ? ??yi?? ??
????eyo, ?o ? ????i ??? ? ???a a y? ??y a Ea???e ???e ???-? ??i ???i
???????? ??a, a ?i ??a e ?????i ? «E?????? ????.

*? ? y? ?e ? ???? — ????ay 1204 ?? «?????y» ?

N?????e ? ????i y?? ??o ???? 13 n??e, a ???o ??????? ??? ??????ey A???e
e ??aea ???, ? ??y? n y?i ??a ???? ??a, ???????a ???iu ????? ?????a,
???a ?a ???iy? ????. Ae??? ????y ??i ?????? ?y???i: «I??a ??i ?, ???a ?y
O??a, ??? ?????e ??e ????ue ???. A??? ??? ???? ????ue e ??oth??: 1) ?
?y?i ??? ???? ???ue ????a ??????i e ???? ?a a ???y??a ?o ?oe, ???o ????
??e ???; 2) ?y ?????y ??? ??? ?? ????? a ??????a ??i, ?e y?i ?e ???? ???
?? ??? ?????i a ???? e????? ? ?o ??, ???e ??? ? ????ue ?????? ????? A???
IV, a ???ithth ???? ???? ??? ???i, ??u ?a ?? ??????u a ???e ???e; 3) ??
?a ? ???ny ??e-? ???e, ? ?i ????? ????? ???o ??o ?????? e ????, a ?? ?a
e ?? ??? ???ny ??????, ??u ?????ny ? ?? A??ay ??ae ??????, ??? ????? ?e,
?e ?????? ??uey 2; ??????? ? ??o ????i ???o; 4) ?a ????? e ???ey, ???a
??e ?i???u ? ???a E??????ey, ??o ????u ? ?? e ??a ?i ???a; 5) ?????
????ue 6 ?????a e 6 ???a n ?i, ??u ??ua ???ue ????? ????? ? ??a ????? ?
???, ???? ????o, ? ??eth ????, ??? ???? ????ey ???e «? ??o A?a, ?y?e
???? Oe??e e ????, ?e ?i ???ue ???? ?????i ?e ?????? ???a, a a ??? ???i
??a ???a ????? ??o ????i n ???th ??ey; 6) ????? ???o 1/4 ????? e??? e
??? A????? e A???i, ????a ? ??o ???o ??e?i ??o ???? e ??????; 7) ???e,
??????a e ???a, ? ???e ? ??o ??? ?????, ???o ????eth ????ue ?????i ?.
N?? e ???ue ????a, ????e ?? ???? ?????i ???, ????? e ???i, ? ? ??o e n
?????? ??? a ????e ??? ?????? ??u ?ey?y (? ???? ??? ???? ??o ???? ?????,
??u ?? n ??ueth, ??? ? — ????? ?y ????ey, ????a ??o ????, ?e ???i a
??????? ???); 8) ?a ?????u ??? ??y??ue, ?i ??o ????ny ? ??? ?i???a a
???a ??i ??, ???y n ????? ?y ??a. A? ?, ?i n???o ?? ???a ????a a ???e,
??? ??y??ue ? ???? ????? a ?????? n ?????e ??ay?; 9) ???ey ? 12 ???a?? e
12 ???a ?????o ??u e ???? ????e e ????o ?yc???e ???? e ?????o ?oe ??ae
?????i e ????, ?e y?i ???u ??o ???? ? ??? ???th ? ??u. I?? ?????ey
?????o a ????? ?? ??i ??i. A??e ??o ??ue ??? ?a? ??? a ??i ??a ?a, ?i
????, ? ??th??? ??, ?i ???i??o ???i e ?i ?y?????i ? ????th e ????? e
???e. E?? ?y????a, ???? ???? ????e ??? e ???? ?????, ????tho e ?y????? ?
????th e ???e, ???a ??ai ???y? ?????; 10) a ??? ??u ??o A???e e ??e-??
??i? ? ?? ????i ????? ??? ? ??o ???? a ???u E???? ???e ? ??a y?e ??u;
11) ????? e ??? ?y??th?y ??e???ue ??, ?i ??????y ??iy?? ????; 12) ?????
??? ??y??y, ?i ??o ???ue ??????a ??? e ???? ?????, ???a ????? ???ey ? 24
«????????; ??? ?ae e ??? I?????? n 6 ?????e ??o ???? ?i-?? ???o ? ?o e?
?iy?; 13) ?ae ??????y ? ????? ??y? ?????, ? ?i i?????? ?y?? ??y??ue a
?????? n ????e.

E? ??i, «???????? ???ue ????a ? ??ue ? ??e, ?i ?, a ????, ????ey? ??e ?
???i «?????th» ??? ??????, ???i ???? i ???a ???i ??o ??????e e A???e,
??? ??? ?? Ae??? a ??????? ??? ????y ??a ?a?. A??ey ?????ue ????? ??
???? ??ae ? ?????i i???y?y e ? ???? ??? ???oth ??? ?????, e y? ????
?????y ?????a ? ???a a th????? ??a, ???ey ?a????i ???????? ?y A?????e
???? ?? ????? i? ????? Ae???, a ????e ?e ?????? ???a I??i Ae?ii, ???e,
???, ?????? ????? ????? ????, ? a ? ? ??y ??e ?yae ???y??e, ??? ???c n
?i, ???? ??ue ??ue ??i i ?i, ?i ?????? ??? ?ae ???e ??? ?e ??????y ???y
? ??o ???? ?? ?? ???, ??a ????? (TTh. I. S. 558).

E? «???????? ????, ????? ??a? ?? e ?a ?? ??? ?u????e ????? – ? ?????
?????e ???? ?????? ????y ?????e ???, ?i ????? ?????e, ?i ???????e n
?????yie e o. ae. A ???a ? «A??? ??? ?????» ???? ? ??? ? ?????o ??o-??
??? e ????? ?y ???i, ? e ? ????o ae?a i ????e ??e, ??i ? ??a ? ??. E ??
? (? ???e ??, ? ??? ??o) ???? ??? ?ith ?? «????i ???», ?e ?e, ?oy e a
??i ??i ??, ??????? ???a ???? ????: i ???, i ????o ??????i ????? ???
?????a, i ??? e ?y???oyo ?????, i ?i ???????e n ????e, n ???ueth, i
??y?a ?i e???y. E???, ?y ???? ??e ??i y?? ?? ??????, ????i ???e ???????
??a ???, ?y??? ??a ????? ??u ?? «A?? ????», a ???o ??????i ????y ?????a
??????o ???a, ?, ????ny, ? ???????i (?i E???? ???-??i ?a ?e ???yi ?y
??????), a ??c E??, ?? ?e ?? ????u ? N?? E??uey??.

«E?????? ???» — ?????? ?iy?? ?????i ??a, ??, ??????ny ? ??y??e ?????i
???e (??oe XII — XIII a.). I??????y ???ey ??a, ?????ay ? ???????? y??,
????ay, ?? ??? e??eth, «? ??? ???? ???? ???e, n ???? ????? e ???? ??????
e ????ay a ??a ?. A?? (?nth? ? ????— «Let tres de Saint Sepulcre», «I??a
?. A??»), ? ?????ue. A?? ??, ?a ??i ??????ue ??? ????a ???ey a ?????
???ey, a ?????e ??ue ??? ?????e ?????i ??a, ???a ? C??a ?a ??? ?? ??o
??ue ??e ???. A???i, a «I??? ?. A??», ????, ???? ???eth, ?e ????? N???a
a E???? a 1187 a., ???o ??? ??a ??????o ??a ? ????ua ??u e ?????? ??y?o
? ?o ????? ?y????a.

O?? ??c ??e ? ?n ?a a ?e ???e ????, ???th ?e ??y? ??a ? ??? ? ?????i y??
????e th???e XIII a. O???i I???? e AE?ii ae’E???i, ???i ????? a ? ????a
?????a ?????ea ???a e ?? ? ??????a ?????. Y? «A??u E????a e E??»
?eth?tho a ?ay ?e ????oth «E?? ??eth» (???? ??? ?iy??, ae????e 1197—1205
?.), ??? A??? ?? (Assises de la Haute Cour) e ?? ???a ???i (Assises de
la Basse Cour, de la Cour des Bourgeois), ? ???? ????a ?e?????i a ?i
???????? e ????? ??a «Livre de play-doier». I???? ? y?o ?? ?i??? ?e
????i (? ?? ??y???, a XIV a.) ?????i ??i (???, ???i ?????e, ?? ????i,
???i ????e) ? ????i y?e. I?y?y?ny y?, ?-????, ????i ?????? ????i ??c ??
???i ? ????th n ???? A??? ??, ???ae ???o ? ????e y?e ?ith? ? ????y
??????ueth, ?e ?e ?e ???? ?????, ?????o ??? ??e ?a????e ???a.

Ae??????, ??? A??? ?? ?????? i?? ??th???? ????y ??o ???i e ?i ????e, a
??a ???????y ????, ??y?e ???, ??a e ?y???? ???? e ?n??a, ?????u ?????e
???. I?? ? ???? ??? ???o?a, ???????o ???? A??? ??, ?? ??????? ??a n??? ?
?????, ????? ??a ???a ???????a ? ????th n C??? ? ?????i ??????e A???. A
????? ?????? ???yo, ??? a ???yo ??e ??iy?? ?? n ????? ?????, ???u ??
?y?? ???ue ??? ???? ? 40 ?? a ??, ?e ? ??? ?y???o C???e A??u, a ??e ?ae
(? «E?????? ????) ?e 8 ?ny?a (? «A??? ????» (AR. ?. 109—110)). Iiy??,
??a ?e ? i??o ????????? ?y???o ??? ?a ?c ??a ????ny ec ??? ??a ? ???
???????a ??y, a ?????o ???o yoi ?? ?????i ???a ?e ??? ????? e ???u ???
?? ae????y ???ey ???a ? ???. A y?o ???yo e ??? ???? ???? ??a ???o ?
????? ? ?ae e ?? ?? (? «A??? ??a?? — ? 2 ?? e 2 ?y), ??? ??? ? ????e y??
??a ??????e ?? ?a ???ue ?i ??. I???a ???? ??a ???o ? ?? ??, ?-????,
????? e ?iy???i ??????? a ?????? ???? ????ey ????e ????i ????? a ?????o
???o.

*? ???ny ??c ?? ???i, ? ?e ????e ????y??y ???? e ????? ????? ??a, o. a.
???????? ? ?????? ????u ??o ???e ?e ???e y????? ?o??e ????y ???a (????e,
?iy?? e o. ae.). E ?oy a ??? ??e y?o ???e ??a ???? «????a ???, ???
?????? ? ???o ?????oth?o ?i???????o ????a, ?ey?a ??????i ??a, n ???i y?
«????a ??? ? ??????e ????? a ??? ????, ??ue i??????y ????? ????i.
I??atho, ?i ???? ??c ??e??? I???i, N???n A??? ?e ? ??a-? ??? ??????
th?????a ????; ? ??eth ??? ???, y? ?? ???u TH????, ?????y Y??a, ? ???
??i ?e ????? «N???? ????» (???y?y V a., ??????y, ? ?? ??y??? a VIII a.,
n ????? ? ????e), a ???i ???-?????? ??????a ??i ????i ? ?? ???ey ???????
y?i??a ??? ????i ????? ??a. E?ue ???a ?????a ?????ey (?i e ??? ?a ????ny
???????, ?i ???? ??a?? ??i ??? ????, ?i ???i) ??? ?? ??o ? y?o ???.

E? ? ? ? ??, ?yae ???? ????? e th????? ??, ???????o ????, y?i e ???????i
?????i ? ???e ???-??????i ??a. O?, a ???e ???????? ??a ??i ???? ????????
???a ?e ??th??e th????? ??? ? ???o (??? ???a ????i e ??? a ???i ???a a
?i ???, ?? ? ?????o), ????a ??a ???????? ???e (?????) ? ??o????e e
??aey? ????, ?????? ??a ???ey ????e a?ueth ??a ??????? ??a, ????a
???????? ?? ???e ?-? ??????ny ???? ??, e o. ae. A ???e ????i ??a
i???atho ???? ??a ??u, ?e ????? ???? ?th? ?????i ????? ??, ????a ???i
???ey ???y ??? ? ??e ?????y?, ???????? a ??i-???i ??a (osculo
interveniente), ???y ? ????a ??a ???? ?? e ? ??? ?????, ????a ????i ??y?
n ?n???i ???? ????a e ??????y ????i ??a ?????y ??a, ????????? ??? ???y?
??o ???? ????e, ????a a ???? ???u ???a ???u ?e ??e-?? ??? ????e ???e, e
o. ae.

I???, a ??????? ??a ?ey?a ????n?? ??a (a ????e, ??? 118 e 115 TH????,
Y??e e o. ae.) ???i, ??a ?? ?? i ??????? ???y??yo, ??ny??y e ?????eth a?
????y, ? ????th, a ??ayo ????y a ??? ?????ey e o. ae.

I????y?ny ?????i ?ae??? ????y ???a ? ?a ?????? ??????y «A??? ???e? —
?iy??a ????? ??a y?? ????? ?????a. A ??a ??o ?????? ” ???y ?i ????o a
??oth?i ??: y? ???e ????? ???a I????i ?y???, ????e (?e e ????ay I???ay
???a) ? ???y??? ????e ??a ? ?????i y?? e ????????e (a ??????i ????) ??o
1333 e 1349 ?. ??i-? ???i ??i, ??? ??i ?????i ????, ??e???i ? ??o ?????
?ycy. N??? ?ith? ? ?e ?????e ?ae????e ????? ??a. E?ue ? ???? n
??????-???? ????????i ? ???e ???? «??? (a I?? y?o ???, ????, ? ????y?y
?e ? ????y?y a ??????? ? ?????ei-????i ???????? th????? ???o) e ??o ?a
???? ???e ???y?e, ???y a ???? ??????i ?????a ??? ?? ???ue ??? ??? ????.
I??? (?a a XV a.) ? ???a ???e I????a y?o ?? ?e ?uy?? ?????i a ?????
???eyo A???, ?y ?? ? ?e ????i ? ?????? ???o, ??????i a ????? ???o
(«?????i ????» y?y?ny ?o ?????? y???y?, ???e ?e ????i a 1453 a. a I????,
?a ? e ??a ? ??y ???a ??? ???e) e a ??i ?? ??e ? ?n, a ? ??y ?e ???y??ay
??i????y ???ey «A?? ????» ? ?????ue.

Ii ??? ???o «A??u ????» ???ath?y ? ??? ?????? ??e: ???? ?????ay ? ?o (?
??o ??ae) ???? ???, ?ath?a ?? n ?????e ????y? (???y ?????y ??a ???o;
????a ?? — ???; th????y, a ??a ???e ??th?y y? e ?????a ? nth??); ??ay
??ue ?eth?? ???, ???th?a ???u ??i??a ?ycy e ?i ????? ??a e ?ath?a ????th
e ???eth n ???? ??? ????e; ??a — ?????? ??i ??c (??uey ??ue), i??y??y e
???o ???? ?e ????o ???a, ?oy y? ??? e ia ???eytho ???i ???i ???a, ???
?????? ? ??o ????, ? e ??? ? ????th?y ????e ?e ????. N??a ??i, ?e
?????atho ???? n ??????e ??e ??ey, n ??e ??ey ??, ????? ?e ????a ???a.
I???, ???ithth (????th) ??? ???eytho ???, ???th?a ????a nth??: ????i
???i (§ 38), ???u (§ 142, 192), ???a ?????y ????e (§ 37, 149) e ??? ??a
(§ 150, 170). An? e y?? ???? ????i ??c ?????? ????i ??a (§ 204), ? y?
??o ?a, ?i ??i a «A??? ????» ??e i ????o ?e ???o: a I?? ? ?????? y?????
«E?? ??c ????, ?????? a E?????? ?????a ??o 1240 e 1244 ?., e ?o ???o ???
??????y ??ue y?e «E??».

I??atho ??a ? ?ay ???? ??? ??? (71, 138, 178 e 194), ???th?a ??? i ??a
????o ???? I?? e ?????? n?????o ???eth. Ae?i a ?i, ?i ?????ny a I????
???a n???a ? ???? AE??? A???oy? ???ue ??? e ??i ??? a?i ????i a ?? ??y
?e ??????i ???????ey a ????? ??i ????e A??e ??a ?????? ???. I??i I???ay
???a, ???eth ???e ? ?????o a ?e ???e, ?y??? n ?a??? ?????i, ??ey? ? ???e
?? ???a ???ey, ? ??o ????y ?????i ????? ? ???o ???o. Ia ??o ??? ??ue e
??? ????a ??? i ????o ????, ?e ?e a ?o ? ??o? ???o ??? ???. I???a, ???
y?o ??c (e ???? § 138 i ???a ??a ???? ???a ?e ?????? ? ??? ??e ??o ?i
???y? ?e ????) ?????, ?i ?????a a ?o ??u ????o ???? ?e ??i ? ??i ?????,
? ?y?i ??? ???, ???ey, ?e ?e ? ?atho ????a ????i ???ey, ? ???? 40-????
n?? ????? ?????u, ? ????? ??i ?????e ?y??i?ueth ??e ???th ???; ??? ?e
y?y?? ???e ???e ????e ??????ueth, ???a ?????ey ???e ??????? (?e e a n??a
n ???y??? ??y?) ???e ???-??????i ???? i??, ??? ??i ???? 118 TH????, ???y
a ??? ?????ey ab intestat ???????o ??? ?o??? ? ??? ?? ??o ??e ?????? ?c
???ey ??. I??a, ?e ?????? ????a ???? e ???? ?a-?? ????? ?a????a ?????i
???? ?? (???u ?????ue e ?????eth ?e ????? ???), ? ?????? ?? ???a ?????ey
?ae???o ???? ?????? ???a, ?e y? y???o ? ?????eo ?????a. Ia ??th??, ?i
??u ??????i ??a ?? ? XIII a. ?????e ?????ey ?y ?????a ???ai ??, e y?
???? ???? ?? ?????a a ????e I??.

N??? ??a ????, ?i e ??? ????u ?c????? ??a ????? a «A??? ????», ????
30-??? ?? ????ey ???a ? ??a ??? ???a, ??th?e ?i ???? ??a????a (§ 182);
??i ????? ? ??ue ????e, ??????? ? ? ?????? ??a, a ? ??y ?e y? ??y ???ny
??????ueth ?i?????; ???? ??o a 25 ????a ? ???o ?????ue ???eo ??a ??, ?e
???i ???e (§ 204), e o. ae. Ii a ? ? ??y a ???o ??thae??y e ????y
???-??????o e ??????o ??o, ???a y?i ? ????ue a ????e I??. O?, ????a ??i
??? ? ?????? ? ??????y a ?ae ????? ?????, ? «????, ???? ???o, ??y ?e
??ay? ? ??? (???y a ?? ?????? ?a?.— E. I.) ?e ???» (§ 145), e ia ???o
?y????i ?e ?????e ????y ?????a ????? ???y, ?????y ??????ue ?? ?e ??
????? n ?i, ??u ????a ????ue ???? (§ 146).

*? ? ???ny ?????, ???? ????? ?????, ???eyy ???y?th, ?, n ??e ???u, y? ??
?????a e???? ???????? ????a ?e, ??a ???y, ? ?????y, e??? ???? ? ?y???
??? ?e ?????ue ? ???? ???e e ???a, ??? ?????e e ????????? a ?? ???i
???ey ??c, ????? a 1276 a. a ?y??? ???y?e (th??u- ?? ?? ?ai ???e, ???ay
?? ???a ???y?e, ????? ?? ? ??i ??? e y?? ???eth, ?e, ???i, e e ???
?????; ???a ???e???o ???? a «A??? ????» ?? ???e ??ny ?e ???? ia ????i
????? ???a, ???? ?????y ???? ?e ?????e ????). N ??? ???u, y? ????
???oth?o ????? ???a (usanze, costume), ???? ? ????a «A?? ????» a ???
????.

Ii ?e ? ?a-?? ??iy? ?? n ??? a ?o ???yo A?????e ???e, ???a ???? ??????
I???ue ? y?o ??? ???, ?e ?e ????e ??yo a y?i ????e ????. A???, ????
????? — o?a ?????, a ??? ???, ????, ????? ??, /? ??? ????? ???ey a ???e
??a a y?o ???, ????, a O????a ?e a I?? ? ?????i. A???? ?e, ???e, th?????
?iy??, a ??? Synopsis Minor, ???e ? ?ae??? ???e ?????i ????y ? I?? XIII
a., e ?o ?e ????i ?????? ????ue ?????i ???? e ????e y??.

O? ? ??a ?????? ??? ???????i ? ?????th?o y?o ??a ????? ???y?ny ? ?????
?n?? ???, e ?i ??????otho, ????, th????? ??, ???? a ???y?yo XIII a.
????? I?????u e I?? I?? ?? ??? A?i a O???e, A?????i ????y ?? O????a e
E??????e ??th?y y? e ?????a ? nth??); ??ay ??ue ?eth?? ???, ?a?oth?a
???u ????? ?ycy e ?i ????? ??a e ?ath?a ??a?eth e ???eth n ???? ???
????e; ??a — ?????? ??i ??c (??uey ??ue), ??ny??y e ???o ???? ?e ????o
??e?, ?oy y? ??? e ? ???eytho ???i ???i ???a, ??? ??u???e ? ??o ????, ?
e ??? ? ????th?y ????e ?e ?e??e. N??a ??i, ?e ?????atho ???? n ??????e
??e ??ey, n ??e ??ey ??, ????? ?e ????a ???a. I???, ???ithth (????th)
??? ???eytho ???, ???th?a ????a nth??: ????i ???i (§ 38), ???u (§ 142,
192), ???a ?????y ????e (§ 37, 149) e ??? ??a (§ 150, 170). A?e e y??
???? ????i ??c ?????? ????i ??a (§ 204), ? y? ??o ?a, ?i ??i a «A???
????» ??e i a???? ?e ???o: a I?? ? ?????? y????? «E?? ??c a???», ??????
a E?????? ?????a ??o 1240 e 1244 ?., e ?o ???o ??? ??????y ??ue y?e
«E??».

I??atho ??a ? ?ay ???? ??? ??? (71, 138, 178 e 194), ???th?a ??? i ??a
????o ???? I?? e ?????? n?????o ???eth. Ae?i a ?i, ?i ?????ny a I????
???a n???a ? ???? AE??? A???oy? ???ue ??? e ??i ??? a?i ????i a ?? ??y
?e ??????i ???????ey a ????? ??i ????e A??e ??a ?????? ???. I??i I???ay
???a, ???eth ???e ? ?????o a ?e ???e, ?y??? n ?a??? ?????i, ??ey? ? ???e
?? ???a ???ey, ? ??o ????y ?????i ????? ? ???o ???o. Ia ??o ??? ??ue e
??? ????a ??? i ????o ????, ?e ?e a ?o ? ??o? ???o ??? ???. I???a, ???
y?o ??c (e ???? § 138 i ???a ??a ???? ???a ?e ?????? ? ??? ??e ??o ?i
???y? ?e ????) ?????, ?i ?????a a ?o ??u ????o ???? ?e ??i ? ??i ?????,
? ?y?i ??? ???, ???ey, ?e ?e ? ?atho ????a ????i ???ey, ? ???? 40-????
n?? ????? ?????u, ? ????? ??i ?????e ?y??i?ueth ??e ???th ???; ??? ?e
y?y?? ???e ???e ????e ??????ueth, ???a ?????ey ???e ??????? (?e e a n??a
n ???y??? ??y?) ???e ???-??????i ???? i??, ??? ??i ???? 118 TH????, ???y
a ??? ?????ey ab intestat ???????o ??? ?o??? ? ??? ?? ??o ??e ?????? ?c
???ey ??. I??a, ?e ?????? ????a ???? e ???? ?a-?? ????? ?a????a ?????i
???? ?? (???u ?????ue e ?????eth ?e ????? ???), ? ?????? ?? ???a ?????ey
?ae???o ???? ?????? ???a, ?e y? y???o ? ?????eo ?????a. Ia ??th??, ?i
??u ??????i ??a ?a ? XIII a. ?????e ?????ey ?y ?????a ???? ??, e y? ????
???? ?? ?????a a ????e I??.

N??? ??a ????, ?i e ??? ????u ?c????? ??a ????? a «A??? ????», ????
30-??? ?? ????ey ???a ? ??a ??? ???a, ??th?e ?i ???? ??a????a (§ 182);
??i ????? ? ??ue ????e, ??????? ? ? ?????? ??a, a ? ??y ?e y? ??y ???ny
??????ueth ?i?????; ???? ??o a 25 ????a ? ???o ?????ue ???eo ??a ??, ?e
???i ???e (§ 204), e o. ae. Ii a ? ? ??y a ???o ??thae??y e ????y
???-??????o e ??????o ??o, ???a y?i ? ????ue a ????e I??. O?, ????a ??i
??? ? ?????? ? ??????y a ?ae ????? ?????, ? «????, ???? ???o, ??y ?e
??ay? ? ??? (???y a ?? ?????? ?a?.— E. I.) ?e ???» (§ 145), e ia ???o
?y????i ?e ?????e ????y ?????a ????? ???y, ?????y ??????ue ?? ?e ??
????? n ?i, ??u ????a ????ue ???? (§ 146).

*? ? ???ny ?????, ???? ????? ?????, ???eyy ???y?th, ?, n ??e ???u, y? ??
?????a e???? ???????? ????a ?e, ??a ???y, ? ?????y, e??? ???? ? ?y???
??? ?e ?????ue ? ???? ???e e ???a, ??? ?????e e ????????? a ?? ???i
???ey ??c, ????? a 1276 a. a ?y??? ???y?e (th??u-???? ?? ???e, ???ay ??
???a ???y?e, ????? ??? ??i ??? e y?? ???eth, ?e, ???i, e e ??? ?????;
???a ????e??o ???? a «A??? ????» ?? ??????y ?e ???? ? i???? ????? ???a,
???? ?????y ???? ?e ?????e ????). N ??? ???u, y? ???? ???oth?o ?????
i??? (usanze, costume), ???? ? ????a «A?? ????» a ??? ????.

Ii ?e ? ?a-?? ??iy? ?? n ??? a ?o ???yo A?????e ???e, ???a ???? ??????
I???ue ? y?o ??? ???, ?e ?e ?o??? ??yo a y?i ????e ????. A???, ????
????? — ?? ?????, a ??? ???, ????, ????? ??, ?i ??? ????? ???ey a ???e
??a a y?o ???, ????, a O????a ?e a I?? ? ?????i. A???? ?e, ???e, th?????
?iy??, a ??? Synopsis Minor, ???e aei ????i ???e ?????i ????y ? I?? XIII
a., e ?o ?e ????i ???o??e ????ue ?????i ???? e ????e y??.

O? ia ??a ?????? ??? ???????i ? ?????th?o y?o ??a ????? ???y?ny ? ?????
???i ???, i ?i ??????otho, ????, th????? ??, ???? a ???y?yo XIII a.
????? I?????u e I?? I?? ?? ??? A?i a O???e, A?????i ????y ?? O????a e
E????? ?? N??u, a ??a ????a ???? th?????i ????ey. O?, ???? ????e y???y??
???ey??ny a XIII a. (e, ????, a ??e I??n?e ???e) th????? e ?????? ????a
y?yth?y ???? Sinaiticus gr. 1117 e Parisinus gr. 1234, ????? ??o ???
????u ?????? y??, a ???o, a ????e, ????ny ????a?ay ????y ? ???? ????????
??a (????a ??e ?a?y ? ?? a ??? ???e ???a e o. ae.). N?a ? ?? y? ????y
?????o XII a., ? ???n e ?e a I???? ???e OO a. ??? ?????i: ? ??i, ?i e
???i ????? I??? IV A???? (1208—1214) e A??? II (1223— 1240) ?????ue ???
?????a ???u . A oe?? y?o ???n ???????o i ?i, ?i ?????? ??? ????? ??a ?e
?????? ???a, ????o ???o ?e ????? n?? ???ueth ? ???o ?e ? «iy??? ????ey,
???? ????? ?ith ????th.

A?e, ???, a ? ??y e ???e ????? ?a ??a ?????ny ??? ??o th????? ????e e
???. E??i a XIII a. ??o O???? ????y ? A?? A???, ???a ???e ?????
(1256—1259, 1261—1265), ??a?e ?????th ???y?th ???a («N???n ?y??? ????),
??iy?th ? 141 ??u. A ??? ??a y?? ??a ????eyth?y ?????? ????y ????o ???a
e ?????? ???? ??? e ?? ? ????ey. A ??a ?? ????ny ????ue ???a, ????ny
???i ???a, e a ?????a ???a ?ae ????i «TH????? ??? ?thony ??? ? ?????a
????y ?????? ??a. A ?????? /?? ??? ??a A??? ???? ????y??, ???y n O?ey,
??i???? ???? (??th??? y?y?ny ??ay ??a, a ???e ???th?y ????a ????y, ?
????a a ?????? ??? ???), a ?????e — ???? a 87 ?? E??a N????a.

Y?o ?? ????i ?????, ?i a ??o ????o ?????a a ? ??y ???ue ??i ????e n
Collectio 87 capitulorum, a ??a n ???e ??????e ????, ???????? ?y ????
??a ???i ???ey oe???? th??????.

E ???oe, Y??, y?o ??? y???? ???, ??e?? ? ????? A?????e ???e a ???? ??e
A????? i?????. C?? th????? ?y????ueth ????? ??a ??th?any ??????e ??????
??????? OO ???ey, ?e ???i?o ?????e E?? A???, ? ???? ??????? ? ????e?
????e Ae???e O???i (??ae I??, ?e A??a, a C???e I???? ??? a ??? ???? XIII
a. a ??? Y???? ???a), i ???i, ??? ??i ??ue e ??? ??. Y?o ????ue ????e
??? e ???? ??? ???? XIII a. ???e a ???a ?? (?-????, a E???o???a) ?????
??a e ?????a th????? ?????a e ??i, ????? ???a ?????? a I??a ?e ??????
E??a E???a, a ???a (????y ????eth E??a I?????i) e ??????i (?.
1216—1234), ??ye ?y???a ???a a ??????, ?????? e ????e ??e ? ??? Y????
?y???, ? ? ???? e ??i ????????i ??i-??y??? ???a. Y? ? ????e O??? A?a?
?????i a O?????, y? e ?? ?e e ????? ??a ????? ? ??i ????i ???? ?????u,
???? e y???, a ??a n???a ????e (????, ??? ???? N??i, ?????? ?o 14 a???a
? ???e ????) e eth? ?? ????.

N????? ith???? ????th XVI a. (Monacensis gr. 62), ????, ? ?a ??? ??????
????a ??????? ????y O???? (a ??? ???, a ???o ?????ue ????a th????? e
????a ???u, ??? ?????? ???ey e ??? ? ??a ?i 220 ????, ???? ???y, ????
?y?y e o. i.) ?atho ??????? ???? ?y ???e ??????i ??a ??? e ??????i ??a a
????e. A ?o ? ???a? ??? ? ?e ???? ???ue, ? ?e ???? ??y, ?iy?e ? ??aea
??? e ????th?e y? ??i a ??? n ??e. O?, ????? ?e ?o?? ??? ???a ??? ??,
???e, ?????eyy ??e ???th, e?? ???? ???i I??? N???a a ????a ??a ?????ey
??????a e ???e ?????, Ae???e O???i ?????o (? n??? ? ?????oth?a ??a A???
e ???u ???a E???a i ?i????) ??????? ????a i ?????i ???????e, i ???a
?????? ?? (?? ? ??? ?e ??????) ???? ??e???ue a ???? ???????? ?o ?????,
??u ???? y????i ??????ue ???????? ????i ?? ???. E? ?i?a ?y?e ??????e,
???o ?,— y? ? ??????? ????a?a; ?? ? bona fides ?????o, ? ? ?e???? ?i-??
a ?ith ??????ue ???????? ??i, ? ?i ????? ? ??o ?????? ? ????? ????, ?e
?e y? ? ???i ????, ???i «?????? ???? e ?? ?e ??? ??????? ??o ??????a. E?
??y, a ? ??e ????o O???i e ?i, ?a ? ????o ?? ??? ????? ??o ??e n ??th
???oue ?? ????i ????th: a y?i ????e ? ??o ?????ue ?? ????th ??? ?????.

A? ???ey? ???, ?i O???i a ??e ?y?e??? ????? ????i ????e ?ay ?????
??????i E?????????i ?????a, ????? ????o ???? e ???u ????? ??a. I? y?i
???i e ???? ????? ??a ?y i?i ?? A???e e ? N???n, ? ???a ? ??iy?i ????y e
??i ???? n ???e ????th. I????i, ? ?????i ?? y?o ?e?????? ?? e, ??y?i, ??
a ??i ???y??e ?i ??? y?a?ey?, ?oy ?? ?????y ?a ? N????i. Ii ??y? n
A????e ? ????y ??a ? ???u ?????a (E?a VI, A??ay I E??? e ???? ??i ? i???
???a E???a i ?????a), ???? ????? A??? (????, O??ay), «I?? A???y ??ay,
«???th ??? ???? a ???e ??a ? ??i ??????, ??? ????? ????a ????????, a
????e a ?????yo E??a -C??u e O??? A????a, e o. ae. «A?????a e ??????a
???, ?????? ?????y ??a ??? e ?y??? ???» ?y ?? — «???, ?y?a ? ???? ????
???i, ???a ????? O??a, ?th?y ???e ?o ?????. N?th ??? O???i ?????o ??? a
?i, ??u a ???yo ?????i ????y e ????? ????ey ???ue ???o y?? ??ey. O?, ?
????? ???? ss?? i ?????e ????y ???i ???i, ?i y? ????? ???, ???? «?o a
???a ???, e ? ????ii ? ???? ? ??? ????i, ? e ?????i ????, ? ??? ???y
??iyi a ?y??? ????yo ??? n ???e e o. ae.

I??i ???? ???????i a ??ue ?ith ????th O???i ?a ? ? a ??o; ?i ??, ????, ?
???y, ? ????o ????a ????u ????, ??? ??i ??y???, ??a. Y? ??i ????a, ? ?o
??yae, a ?i ???y??yo ?????? ??a ????i ?????ey ???? e a ?i ??y??? ??????
??, ?i e ? ?????a ??i???? ???uy??? ??o ?? ????y, ?? ????u ????e, ???a
?????tho ?i ????i e ???ytho ???y? e ?y??, e o. ae.

A ??? ???e ????u ???, ?????ny a «??? O???? (?e, ???i, e a «??? E??a
I?????i), ? ??e?? ?????a e ???? ???a. I????e th?????i ??? e I????? XIV
??e?, a ??a ????? A????e a ???? ????e ??u ?????i ?th?, ? ????i ?????
????e E?a VI, ????? ????e ??n???ue a Y?? XIII a., ????y?, ?-????, ???e
???? ???? ??a. Ai ?y?i ?o?a, o O???? ??????i 11 ?e i ?????a (???????)??e
????o ??a ????y (i???th ??o ?????? ??????, ????, ??y??e ?y???, ???,
?????e e o. ae.), e ? ?? ?o ?????, ?? ?y???? aaeth???i, ??????ny e ???
?????e ??a, e O????i a ?/??a ?y?, ??ath?e ?????? ??a e ?y????, a ????e
?a? ?????ey ????? ????a ???, ????? a ?????a. I???? ??????ny ?? ??a
??????y, ????? ???ue ???n, ??a ??e O??n, ????????? ?i ???a I???, i????e
??? ?o ????a ????i, ???i ??? ????, ?oy e ? ???e ??e, ????e — ??y?? ???a
I??? E????i (???? ??e, ?e ???y, o I??? ? ??). I??a, O??n ?e y?i ???ny ?
????a ??, ???i ?o y?? ???e ?o ?? ???ey, ? ? ? ?? i??y?? ???? ?? —
??iy????, ?????a O???? ??????ue y?o ??? ?e ?? i ????? ab intestat e
?????ue, ?i ????e a ?????a ?i e ?i ?? -????a ?atho ??i ?? ? 1/6 ??????e
????, ??a ?e ????a ???? ???? ?????i ? ???e ??e. O???i, ??i ???i, a ????
? ??ay ????? ??i?e ??? ?y? e ??, ????, ??iy? ????? ???? ??o ????e e
?????e ?th??, ???? ?e, ?i ? ??a, ???? ?????, ????y? ? A???? e ????y
??????? ???u E?a VI.

I??i ???? ???y????e E?? I???n?e e Ae???e O???i ?iy?? a ??a ???????
????a, ??? ???????? a ??o ????o ??? y???? ???? e a ?e???? ???a ??????y
?????? ??a. I? y?i ??y? n ??????e ?y ???-??????i ??a ????e ?????y ??a
(???, ?e ????ey ??, ??th??y?a ??, ???a, ???i, ??ue ??e ??e ? ?????ny;
?ny????? ? ??ue ???a; ??a ?ia ? ??? ?? ?c ????ey ??; ?y???ny a ????
????? ??e ???a ???i ???? e o. ae.) th????ay ???? Y?? ????o ??????i
??????? ????a ? ????, ? ???????i ????????i: ????a ??e ??? ?? a ???o
???a?yo (???e) e ??c ?? n ?i; ???????? ????a ?? (???, cyoy, ?e ?e ??????
?? i ???a ?e ?? ??, ????? cyoy ???? ????, ???? ??e e ??? ?a,— a ?i, ?i ?
?????y ?????? ??th, ?e ?a ????y??? eth?, ?e ??y????e i?? ??e, ???y? a
???? ??e ? a ?? ?i, ? a ???, ? ?? ?e ????o e o. ae.); ????a ???a
????oth?i e ???a iy? ?o; «a?????ay ???????? ???? (?e a ??????y E???
I????? ??? n ???? ??e, ??a ????e e ????e 16-??? ?ae ? ?a ??????ue ???u
??e ??? e ?????i ????aey?e ?i ????i ??, n ???e ? ?e ????i, ?a ???
?????); ??th??a ??a ???e ?? ??e ? ??? (?e a ?i ????? y?c?a, ??a ???????
O??? ? ???e I??? ??? ??? ??? ????, 18-???i ??y E??a, ? ??? ??? ???,
«?aey??y ?o ? ???? a ??o?, ??e ?c??e, ???i ??????i, ????, ??e ? ???y?e
?-????»; ??u ???ue ??????a E??a, O??? ???? ?i a oth??, ??a? ? ??? ???e
?y???a, ?e ?e ???a ????? ????ue ??yae ??????ey, ? ??a ??a ????e ??e
?????e ???o, a «???? ?????ue ??ue, E?? ??? e ????ny a I?i?o, ?a e ??e
????e??ue: ??th??? ??? ?? ??e ? ??? ?? ?e ???i ????????).

I??i ??e ????? n ??e ??ey ???e ???i-???? ??a ???? ???a ?? «??????y ?????
???? (???ay ?e ??? ? ?o), i ???e ????u th????? ???? E??a I?????i e
Ae???y O???? ???? ???a, ????a e ??e ??? ??????a ???. N???????y, ?e ???i,
???e ?????? ??? ?? ?y??ey i ????e e ????? e ???o e ???u i ?????e ??a ???
?????ue ??i e ?????? e ????ue ?????? ?y ?????y ??a.

A?? ????, ?i ??e ? ?? y?o ??ayo ??e (E?? I?????, Ae???e O???i) ??? ????
?? ??o a ?i, ?i ????? ???e ????y ?y ???a ? ?? ??????u ???? ???????
???-??????i ??a, ?????e y? a ??o ??????yo, ??? ?? ????? ??? i ???????e ?
?? e ?i ? ??a, ?????oy? ???i ???i e ????i «y???? e ?iy?yy ???oth ?????,
??e ??? ?e ????o ???, ????? ????oth ????oth ??ue ???? e ????? ??e ??????
e ????? ????i ?? ??e. A??i, ?e y?i ???? ???a e ???i, a ?i ??a e ??y??i,
???? ??ayi.

I???ay ???o ??a a ??i a y?? ????ai ????ey, ???o, ??i ???i, ???ue ??ae,
?i «th????? ?th???» ?e ???????a ??? ???? ??? ????? ???i??ey, ??? a ???
??y ??? a A???e ??? ??ay, y?yy? ????? ????? ???e ????? e ?????? ?????. A
yo? ??? ???tho ??? ???? ???a ??i, ???a ??i, ???ue?a ??i ????o ?y??a,
???a, ??????oy ???i ???i n ???e ???-??????i ??a, ???atho a ??? ???e
??????th ???oth ????? a ??? A????i N??????uey, ???oth ????? ??? ???ey.

N??e ?????:

1. E???a Ae??? XIII – ??ay ???? XV a. I.: I??, E 90., 1991. – 640 n.

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