Niaea?aeaiey
Aaaaeaiea
Aeaaa I. Iia?aaaeueiua iaiyoieee yiioe a?iicu
1. Enoi?ee eco/aiea yiioe a?iicu
2. Iia?aaaeueiua iaiyoieee Oaeaneeo aeieei
3. Iia?aaaeueiua iaiyoieee Eaoiaiue-Othaeineeoaeieei
Aeaaa II. Eeaaeu e iaoaeeo?ae/aneea i?iecaiaenoaa
1. Eeaaeu yiioe a?iicu
2. Iaoaeeo?ae/aneia i?iecaiaenoai yiioe a?iicu
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
I?eeiaeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
Ia ia?iiiuo i?inoi?ao Aa?iiu e Acee, ?oaaaea III e ia/aea II ouny/aeaoey
aei i.y. nicaeaeenue oneiaey, aeaaii?eyonoaothuea ?acaeoeth
a?iicieeoaeiiai aeaea. Oniaoe neioiaiaenoaa, eioi?uie iaee/aia aoi?ay
iieiaeia III ouny/aeaoey aei i.y. ai iiiaeo iaeanoyo Aa?aceeneiai
eiioeiaioa aaea e cia/eoaeueiiio eciaiaieth anae iauanoaaiiie no?oeoo?u
aeeaoeo ia yoie oa??eoi?ee ieaiai. Onoie iao?ea?oaeueii-?iaeiauo
ioiioaiee auee iiaei?aaiu, nicaeaeenue aiciiaeiinoe aeey oe?ieiai
iaeiieaiey ieaiaiaie aiaaonoa, a aeaea neioa (Aeaaoy?iaa A.Ae no?.1-2).
A?iiciaue aae o ieaiaie Aa?iiu e N?aaeiae Acee a iniiaiii niaiaaeaao ni
II ouny/aeaoeai aei i.y., ii o aieueoeinoaa ec ieo ii i?iaeieaeaaony aua
e a ia/aea I ouny/aeaoeai aei i.y. A oa/aiee yoiai a?aiaie ?acaeaaeenue
iao?ea?oaeueii-?iaeiaua ioiioaiey n ainiiaenoaothuei iieiaeaieai ioae/ei
a naiuea e ?iaea. Yeiiiie/aneie iniiaie yoeo eciaiaiee auei oneeea
cia/eoaeueiinoe neioiaiaenoai, a oaeaea iauee iauai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
nee e, i?aaeaea anaai ?acaeoea iaoaeeo?aee. Iaiaeiaaaeioth ?ieue a yoii
i?ioeanna nua?aei e iinoaiaiiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea ieoaeiiai caieaaeaeey,
i?eciaee eioi?iai a a?iiciaii aaea noaiiayony ana aieaa iiiai/eneaiiuie;
ii ia?a aeaeueiaeoeo oniaoia a?oaieiae/aneie iaoee ia yoii iiaeii
aiai?eoue ana n aieueoie oaa?aiiinoueth. ?iaeiaua iaueiu, aicaeaaeyaiua
noa?aeoeiaie aeaaaie iao?ea?oaeueiuo naiae, auee iauaaeeiaiu a yoi a?aiy
a iiiaiethaeiua ieaiaia, caieiathuea iaoe?iua oa??eoi?ee, ioaeaeaiiua io
oa??eoi?ee ae?oaeo ieaiai eanaie, ?aeaie, ica?aie. Ai aeaaa ieaiai
noiyei ia?iaeiia nia?aiea ioae/ei-niieaiaiieeia. Iaeiaei n oaaee/aieai
/eneaiiinoe ieaiai e, iniaaiii n ia?aciaaieai iauaaeeiaiee ianeieueeeo
ieaiai nia?aiea oa?yao naia ia?aiia/aeueiue oa?aeoa?. A iai oaia?ue
o/anoaotho eeoue /eaiu aeeaeaeoeo e ianoo nia?aiea ?iaeiauo iauei,
inoaeueiuo i?aaenoaaeytho noa?aeoeiu e aiaiiua i?aaeaiaeeoaee. I?ioeann
eiouanoaaiiie aeeooa?ainaoeee niieaiaiieeia. Iinoaiaiii a ?oeao ciaoe
nin?aaeioa/eaaaony e yeiiiie/aneay neea, e aiaaonoaa, e aeanoue, a
oaeaea ioi?aaeaiea ?aeeaeiciuo ia?yaeia.
Ia oiia yoeo a?aiaeeiciuo niauoee i?ienoiaeeaoeo a yiioo a?iicu iaoa
no?aia auaeyaeeo, iyaei aiai?y, iaeieco/aiiie. A?iiciaue aae ia
oa??eoi?ee Eu?aucnoaia ioaaouaaao ia?eiae n I ouny/aeaoeai aei i.y. ii
IX-VIII aa. aei i.y., e oa?aeoa?ecoaony ninouanoaiaaieai aeaoo iniiaiuo
eoeueoo?/ononeie e aiae?iiianeie. Iaa iie iieo/eee naia iacaaiea ii
ianoai ia?auo iaoiaeie (Aiae?iiiai aeec A/einea, *ono Oa?aaineia
aeieeiu). Iineoaeyie iineaaeiae, auee ?iaenoaaiiua ieaiaia i?iaeeaaaoea
ia ia?iiiie oa??eoi?ee i?eo?ieuey, THaeiie Neae?e, Eacaonoaia, e
cia/eoaeueiie /anoe N?aaeiae Acee. A aeaeueiaeoai iniiaiia aieiaiea
aoaeao oaeaeaii eiaiii yoie eoeueoo?a, iineieueeo iinoieueeo /oeneia
eoeueoo?a yaeyaony eoeueoo?ie ianoiiai ianooaaa, aiae?iiianeia aea
yaeyaony eoeueoo?ie iaua aa?aceeneiai ianooaaa. ?anniao?eaay
aiae?iiianeoth eoeueoo?o, iaiyoieee eioi?ie oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiu ia
oa??eoi?ee Eu?aucneie ?anioaeeee, iiaeii neacaoue i caiouaiiinoe ianoiie
a?oaieiaee a yoie iaeanoe. Ia/eiay n 70-o aiaeia ia i?iaiaeeeinue
ieeaeeo enneaaeiaaiee, ioaeeeaoeee e o.i. yoi iai?yioth io?aceeinue ia
ninoiyiee enoi/ieeiaaae/aneie aacu a?iiciaiai aaea a oeaeii (Aeaaoy?iaa
A.Ae no?.3-4).
Iaeiie ec naiuo aeooaeueiuo i?iaeai e a?oaieiae Eu?aucneie ?anioaeeee,
ii iiaio iiaieth, yaeyaony caiieiaiea oae iacuaaaiuo «aaeuo iyoai» a
enoi?ee iaoae no?aiu. Ieeiio ia nae?ao, /oi a enoi?ee Eu?aucnoaia ia
?ac?aaioaiu i?iaeaiu iaeaieeoa, iaieeoa, yiaieeoa (enoaoe, iaaei
ioiaoeoue, iaiyoieeia eioi?iai aiiaua ia iaia?oaeaii, e?iia aiciiaeii
ianeaeueiuo ecia?aaeaiee Naeiaeu-Oao) e ?aiiaa?iiciaiai aaea – oeaeua
ouny/aeaoey iaoae enoi?ee ia noaee aeinoiyieai iaoee. A nayce n yoei,
iia eaaeaony aeooaeueiui iiaeiyoea yoiai aii?ina ia ainoaea?noaaiiii
o?iaia. Aaaeue iai ecaanoii, iu eu?aucu aiai?ei, /oi yaeyainy, /ooue ee
ia naiui ae?aaiei ia?iaeii N?aaeiae Acee. A aeieacaoue yoi neaaeoao ia
aeaea. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iac?aei iaiaoiaeeiinoue a eiiieaeniuo
enneaaeiaaieyo (?acaaaeea, noaoeeiia?iua yiioe a?iicu ia i?iaiaeeeinue
(e?iia aiciiaeii A.A. Eocueieiie e I.A. Aaainiaie, ii yoe iiiia?aoee
auee iinayuaiu Aceaoneiio ?aaeiio a oeaeii. E oiio aea eeanneoeeaoeee
auoa oeacaiiuo aaoi?ia eanaeenue eeoue iaoaeee/aneeo ecaeaeee, e ia
yaeyeenue aeinoaoi/ii iieiuie eae, iai?eia?, inouanoaeaiiay Oaaaeaeeaaui
O.O. ii iaoa?eaeai oth?eneiai a?aiaie, eioi?ay aeaea eioa?aniua
iaoa?eaeu. E?iia oiai, aei neo ii? ia ?aoai aii?in i noaiiaeaiee
neioiaiaenoaa e aai ?acaeoee eioa?anothuaai ian ?aaeiia, o.e.
neioiaiaenoai, ii iiaieth iiiaeo enneaaeiaaoaeae, aicieeei a yiioo
?aiiaai iaoaeea.
Oaeei ia?acii, anoaao caaea/a, iienea iaiyoieeia yoiai a?aiaie e
auyniaiey ii eo iaoa?eaeai oa?aeoa?a noaiiaeaiey neioiaiae/aneiai
oicyenoaa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?eiyoi n/eoaoue, /oi Eu?aucnoai aoiaeeo a
aieueooth enoi?eei-eoeueoo?ioth iaeanoue, ecaanoioth iiae iacaaieai
N?aaeiyy Acey. Ecaanoii oaeaea e oi, /oi n yiioe iicaeiae a?iicu iia
aoiaeeea a aieueoie oeaio?aeueii-aceaoneee iannea, ianaeaiiue ei/aaui e
iieoei/aaui neioiaiae/aneei ianaeaieai. Iaeiaei aei neo ii? ia ynii, e
eaeiio a?aiaie ooiaeeo enoiee e eaeiaa aeeiaieea i?ioeanna ?acaeoey
ianaeaiey io iaieeoe/aneeo ieaiai e neioiaiae/aneei ieaiaiaie
iicaeiaa?iiciaiai aaea. A nayce n oaeie iinoaaeie aii?ina auei au
aanueia eioa?anii i?ineaaeeoue, eae niioiineeny n?ie ninouanoaiaaiey a
yiioo a?iicu aeaoo naiinoiyoaeueiuo eoeueoo?-/onoeie e aiae?iiianeie.
Oai naiui iiaeii aoaeao i?ineaaeeoue ?acaeoea ?acee/athueony
yeiiiie/aneie iniiaie e eoeueoo?ii-auoiauie iniaaiiinoyie aeaoo
yoie/aneeo a?oii
?anniio?aiea ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa aniaeoia i?iaeaiu a?iiciaiai aaea
Eu?aucnoaia iicaieeo aieaa ii?aaeaeaiii aanoe ?a/ue i ?aiieo yoaiao
yoie/aneie enoi?ee ianaeaiey iaoae no?aiu (Aeaaoy?iaa A.Ae no?.4-5).
?acoiaaony, eiathueony iaoa?eaeia iiea iaaeinoaoi/ii. Ioaeiu iiaua
enneaaeiaaiey n oe?ieei o?iiieiae/aneei ioaaoii. Iac?aea iaiaoiaeeiinoue
a iieaauo e eaaeiaoiuo enneaaeiaaieyo ii a?iiciaiio aaeo Eu?aucnoaia.
Yoi niinianoaiaaei au ?ac?aaioea iiiaeo aii?inia, naycaiiuo n
oicyenoaaiiie, eoeueoo?iie e yoie/aneie enoi?eae ae?aaiaai ianaeaiey ia
oieueei n?aaeiae, ii e Oeaio?aeueiie Acee, a oaeaea Ainoi/iie, THaeiie e
Caiaaeiie Neae?e.
Oeaeue Enneaaeiaaiee
Ninoieo a eco/aiee ninoiyiey eco/aiiinoe iauaai o?iaiy a?iiciaiai aaea
Eu?aucnoaia, iniaaiii naaa?iuo aai ?aaeiiia. Aiciiaeiinoue eco/aiey eae
iiaeii aieueoaai eiee/anoaa iaiyoieeia a?iiciaiai aaea, ooi/iaiee
enneaaeiaaiee i?ioeuo eao. Auyniaiee iaee/ey a?iicieeoaeiuo i/aaia, e
iai?aaeaiey eoeueoo?iuo naycae ae?aaieo ieaiai iaeoaaoeo ia oa??eoi?ee
Eu?aucnoaia n nii?aaeaeueiuie ?aaeiiaie.
Caaea/a (?aaiou)
Ninoieo a neaaeothuai:
1) Ia?a/eneeoue iniiaiua iaiyoieee a?iiciaiai aaea Eu?aucnoaia
2) Ia iniiaa aeaiiuo n yoeo iaiyoieeia eeanneoeoee?iaaoue eo ii
iia?aaaeueiiio ia?yaeo, iia?aaaeueiiio nii?oaeaieth e eiaaioa?th. E a
neo/aa aicieeiiaaiey eaeeo eeai —- iniaaiiinoe, auyaeoue eo.
3) Auyaeoue eaoaai?ee e oeiu ecaeaeee, auoiaaaoea a ia?eiae iicaeiae
a?iicu ia oa??eoi?ee Eu?aucnoaia.
4) Auyaeoue iai?aaeaiea enoi?eei-eoeueoo?iuo naycae ae?aaiaai ianaeaiey.
5) Iieacaoue o?iaaiue ?acaeoee e iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuaai i?iecaiaenoaa a
yiioo iicaeiae a?iicu
6) ?anniio?aoue iiyoaiiia ?acaeoea aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?u.
Iaoa?eaeu e iaoiaeu enneaaeiaaiey
Iauaeoii enneaaeiaaiey yaeyeenue ana iaiyoieee a?iiciaiai aaea ia
oa??eoi?ee Naaa?iiai Eu?aucnoaia. Enneaaeiaaiiua iaoa?eaeu aeeth/aee
aeaiiua n oaeeo enoi/ieeia eae Ao?ia/ai, Oao-aaoao, Oao-Othaa-II,
Aeaeacu-Ea/o, Aeaeae—A?ue, Eaeeeee-Nae, ianaeaiee Noeoeoe, Eaeiaea,
Aeaiaaeei eeaaeia Oaioeineee, Ea?aeieueneee, Noeoeoeneee. A ?aaioa
o/oaiu iaoa?eaeu n auoa ia?a/eneaiiuo iaiyoieeia, a oaeaea neo/aeiua
iaoiaeee o?aieeenue a Ainoaea?noaaiiii Enoi?e/aneii iocaa, iocaa
A.I.E.?., a oaeaea iocaa eaai?aoi?ee EIO ei. AE.Aaeanaaoia.
Auaiae ?aaiou iniiaaiu ia noaoe/aneie ia?aaioea iaoa?eaeia i
auoaoeacaiiuo iaiyoieeia. ?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiee aeiiieiaiu aeaiiuie,
iieo/aiiuie i?e aecoaeueiii, iiaa?oiinoiii iniio?a ecaeaeee. I?e
i?iaaaeaiee eeanneoeeaoeee iaoaeee/aneeo ecaeaeee i?eiaiyeenue
oi?iaeueii-oeiieaae/eneeo iaoiaeu enneaaeiaaiey, a oaeaea eeanneoeeaoeee
Aaaianiaie e Eocueieiie.
No?oeoo?a ?aaiou
Aeeieiiiay ?aaioa ninoieo ec aaaaeaiee, 2 aeaa, caeeth/aiee, nienea
eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u e i?eeiaeaiee. A i?eeiaeaiee aeaiu ia?a/aiue
iaoa?eaeia n iaiyoieeia a?iiciaiai aaea Eu?aucnoaia.
Aeaaa I. Iia?aaaeueiua iaiyoieee yiioe a?iicu
1. ENOI?Ess ECO*AIEss YIIOE A?IICU
Yiioa eco/aiey aceaoneie /anoe N?aaeiae Acee – yoi a?aiy cia/eoaeueiuo
nioeeaeueiuo naeaeaia, a?aiy eiinieeaeaoeee ieaiai e aicieeiiaaiey
e?oiiuo nioeeaeueiuo e yoie/aneeo iauiinoae, aucaaiiuo ia?aoiaeii
ae?aaieo ieaiai e iiaiio oaoie/aneiio e oicyenoaaiiiio yoaio ?acaeoey.
Iniaia ianoi a yoii i?ioeanna caieiaao aiae?iiianeay
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneay iauiinoue. Eco/aieth aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?u
iieiaeee ia/aei aieaa iieoaaea iacaae N.A. Oaieiooia. Iia auea auaeaeaia
i?e nicaeaiee eeanneoeeaoeee a?oaieiae/aneeo iaiyoieeia Ieioneineie
eioeiaeiu e aeaoe?iaaia na?aaeeiie II ouny/aeaoey aei iaoae y?u
(Oaieiooia N.A. n.57-112 ). A ianoiyuaa a?aiy enneaaeiaaiea
aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?u oaiaeeo ian aaia?aoe/anee ec Ieioneineie
eioeiaeiu a ia?iiiua i?inoi?u noaiiie, eaninoaiiie, iieoionouiiie /anoe
THaeiiai O?aea, N?aaeiae Acee, Eacaonoaia e Neae?e, a o?iiieiae/anee
ioaaouaaao i?eia?ii oa aea ?oaaaee, eioi?ua i?aaeeiaeee N.A.Oaieiooia.
I?ioei aieaa 70 eao n iiiaioa enneaaeiaaiey e aaaaeaiey a
a?oaieiae/aneoth iaoeo A.ss.Ooai?eiiaui a 1941 a. iiaeeueieea o aea?aaie
Aiae?iiiaa aeec a.A/einea (Ooai?eiia A.ss. n.153-158), ii?aaeaeeaoaai
iacaaiea a?oaieiae/aneie eoeueoo?u ia?iiiiai a?aaea, ii aei neo ii?
aiae?iiianeay eoeueoo?a aucuaaao iiiai aii?inia e nii?ia. N?aaee
enneaaeiaaoaeae iao aaeeiiai iiaiey ii iniiaiui aii?inai enoi?ee
aiae?iiianeeo ieaiai. E iei ioiinyony aii?inu i?ienoiaeaeaiey eoeueoo?u,
ioiineoaeueiie e aaniethoiie aa o?iiieiaee, ninouanoaiaaiey oaaei?ianeie
e aeaeoeueneie eoeueoo?, aii?inu iaeioi?uo eieaeueiuo aa?eaioia
aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?u a oeaeii e ioaeaeueiuo aa?eaioia.
Naii iiiyoea «aiae?iiianeay eoeueoo?a» yaeyaony nii?iui. Ia niaio
iineaaeiae i?eoei aieaa ?anoe?aiiia e oaeoaeaiiia iiiyoea «aiae?iiianeay
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneay iauiinoue» (Oaaei?iaa-Aeuauaeiaa Y.A.,
no?.131-152).Aiae?iiianeay eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneay iauiinoue yaeyaony a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeiie ec eeth/aauo i?iaeai a?oaieiaee yiioe a?iicu.
A?aiy aa oi?ie?iaaiey (ia?aay iieiaeia II oun.) yaeeinue ia?aeiiiui
iiiaioii a enoi?ee ianaeaiey aa?aceeneeo noaiae, eiaaea ieii/aoaeueii
ooaa?aeeeenue ?acaeoua oi?iu i?iecaiaeyuaai neioiaiae/aneiai e
eiiieaeniiai caieaaeaeue/anei-neioiaiae/aneiai oicyenoaa, aeinoeaea
iaeaunoaai ?anoeaaoa iaoaeeo?aey a?iicu.
Neiaeiue e iiiaia?aiiue oa?aeoa? yeiiiieee aucaae na?ueaciua eciaiaiey a
nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?a iauanoaa. Iaaethaeaeny iaiau/aeii auno?ue
?anoeaao eoeueoo? aiae?iiianeie iauiinoe a oeaeii. Eo
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneoth niaoeeoeeo a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iaoneiaee
i?e?iaeiua ?ano?nu ?aaeiia.
Aiae?iiiaoeu ieacaeenue oicyaaaie aiaaouo iaaeii?oaeiuo enoi/ieeia O?aea
e i?eeaaathueo ?aeiiia Eacaonoaia, a caoai e ?oaeiuo ianoi?iaeaeaiee
Aeoay. Aeaoaeueiua ?aeiino?oeoeee enoi?e/aneeo i?ioeannia, yoie/aneie e
nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u aiae?iiianeie iauiinoe iaaiciiaeiu aac auyaeaiey
aaiacena eoeueoo?u, ii?aaeaeaiey neaaathueo aa eiiiiiaioia e ?iee
eaaeaeiai a aa noaiiaeaiee e ?acaeoee, a yoe aii?inu a naith i/a?aaeue
iaeciaiii oie?athony a ?ac?aaioeo aaeeiie a?oaieiae/aneie
ia?eiaeecaoeee, aac eioi?ie ia aiciiaeiu aeaeueiaeoea enoi?e/aneea
iino?iaiey.
Ioeaiea aiae?iiianeeo ae?aaiinoae iaie aeaaony n iiceoeee
eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie iauiinoe, eoaea aoiaeyo – iao?ianeay,
aeaeoeueneay e oaaei?ianeay eoeueoo?u, a oaeaea eoeueoo?u aaeeeiaie
ea?aieee aeaiiiai ?aaeiia. Ioaeaeaiea iineaaeieo (ni?ai?u-aeaenaaaneay,
aaaacu-aeaiaeuaaaaneay e ae?.) io aiae?iiianeie iauiinoe iai?aaiia?ii,
oae eae aaiaoe/anee naycaiu e i?aaenoaaeytho niaie eo aeaeueiaeoaa
?acaeoea a iiauo enoi?e/aneeo oneiaeyo.
A aiae?iiianeee a?aae iu aeeth/eee oacaaaauyaneoth eoeueoo?o ia
iniiaaiee iauiinoe iia?aaaeueiiai ia?yaea, ea?aieee (i?iaiaio, oi?ia
ninoaeia aeecee iaiyoieeai ?aeiia Nieue-Eeaoee-Aeothaeine-I?ne), a
oaeaea i?enoonoaey (eie/a 3) aio?iiieiae/aneiai iaoa?eaea, /a?ou eioi?uo
naienoaaiiu iineoaeyi oieueei aiae?iiianeie iauiinoe. E?iia oiai, ia
oa??eoi?ee ?annaeaiey oacaaaauyaneeo ieaiai ecaanoiu /enoi aiae?iiianeea
noiyiee (Eoeia I.A. no?.52 e ae?.).
O?iiieiae/aneay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue e aaiaoe/aneay i?aainoaaiiinoue
aiae?iiianeeo eoeueoo? onoaiaaeeaaaony ia iniiaaiee: no?aoea?aoee e
ieaiea?aoee iinaeai/aneeo e iia?aaaeueiuo eiiieaenia; yaiethoeee,
oaoiieiaee e oeiieiae/aneeo neaiciuo ?yaeia iaoaeee/aneeo ecaeaeee
(aaiaoe/aneay naycue onoaiaaeeaaaony ia?aoiaeiuie yoaiaie), ea?aieee,
ienaiee e ae?.
Noiaenoai iia?aaaeueiiai ia?yaea, eiaaioa?y e ae?oaeo yeaiaioia
iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi aiae?iiianeea ieaiaia,
?annaeyaoeany ia ia?iiiie oa??eoi?ee eiaee aaiaoe/aneia ?iaenoai e
ninoaaeyee aaeeioth eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneoth iauiinoue, /oiau ?ac?aoeoue
iaeioi?ua i?iaeaiu aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie iauiinoe, iu
ia?aoeeenue e eco/aieth iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo e anaiaueo
enoi/ieeiaaae/aneeo eaoaai?ee ae?aaieo eoeueoo? – iaoaeee/aneei
ecaeaeeyi ii anaio a?aaeo (O?ae, Eacaonoai, Neae?ue, N?aaeiyy Acey).
Auai? iaoaeee/aneeo ecaeaeee a ea/anoaa iniiaiiai enoi/ieea aeey
?ac?aoaiey iauaaiae?iiianeie i?iaeaiu naeaeai ia neo/aeii, oae eae
eiaiii iaoaeee/aneee eiaaioa?ue yaeyaony iaeaieaa iiaeeueiui e ?aoathuei
o?iiieiae/aneei eiaeeeaoi?ii.
Ia iniiaa oaoieei-ii?oieiae/aneiai e iao?e/aneiai aiaeeca iaie aeaaony
oeiieiae/aneay eeanneoeeaoeey iniiaiuo eaoaai?ee a?iiciauo ecaeaeee.
Niaieoiiinoue oaeeo i?eciaeia, eae oi?ia, ?acia?u, oaoiieiaey iicaieytho
?ane?uoue eo ooieoeeiiaeueiue iioaioeeae. O/eouaay nii?iinoue naiiai
iiiyoey «aiae?iiianeay eoeueoo?a» e eoeueoo?iie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe
ioaeaeueiuo eiiieaenia, iu a iaoae ?aaioa iieuecoainy oaeeie
eeanneoeeaoeeiiiuie aaeeieoeaie, eae a?oaieiae/aneay eoeueoo?a e
eoeueoo?ii- enoi?e/aneay iauiinoue. Oa?iei «eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneay
iauiinoue» iauaaeeiyao iaoe?iua iaeanoe, caiyoua ?iaenoaaiiuie ii
i?ienoiaeaeaieth ieaiaiaie. Iaaeaeo ieie iiaeao e ia auoue i?yiuo
eiioaeoia. Cia/eoaeueiay aeecinoue iaoa?eaeueiie eoeueoo?u iaania/aia
caeanue ia oieueei aaeeiuie iooyie ?acaeoey, a noiaeiuo aaia?aoe/aneeo
oneiaeyo e iaeeiaeiaui oicyenoaaiiui oeeaaeii, ii e iaueie ei?iyie
i?ienoiaeaeaiey (Aaieia A.O., n.24). Iiae a?oaieiae/aneie eoeueoo?ie
aaoi? a iniiaiii i?eaea?aeeaaeny ii?aaeaeaiey «eoeueoo?a», eae ia?eiaea
a enoi?ee ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u eiie?aoiiai iauanoaa, aeaiiiai
I.I.A?yciiaui. Ea/anoaaiiua ioee/ey iaeiie eoeueoo?u io ae?oaie
caeeth/aaony ia a oii, /oi a iaeiie eoeueoo?a aieueoa iaeieo aa?eaioia
eaeiai-eeai i?eciaea, a a ae?oaie – ae?oaeo, a a oii, /oi eiie?aoiay
eoeueoo?a oa?aeoa?ecoaony eiiieaenii i?eciaeia, i?enoueo eeoue ae
iaeiie. Ae?oaay aea eoeueoo?a eiaao eiiieaen ae?oaeo naiaia?aciuo
i?eciaeia (A?yciia I.I., n.21).
Enoi?eia?aoey aiae?iiianeiai iaoaeea, ia cia/eoaeueia a ioee/ea io
enoi?ee eco/aiey naiie aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?u. Ia?aay iiiuoea iao/iie
nenoaiaoecaoeee aiae?iiianeiai iaoaeea i?eiaaeeaaeeo I.I.A?yciiao. A
1930 a. a ?aaioa «Eacaonoaineee i/aa a?iiciaie eoeueoo?u», ?anniao?eaay
a?iiciaua i?oaeey Eacaonoaia, Aeoay e Ieioneineiai e?ay, ii auaeaeee
a?oiio ecaeaeee, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey aiae?iiianeie eoeueo?u (eeiaeaeu-iiaee
n auaieaie, aeneiiaooiua oiii?u n «a?aaiai», eaeueou n iiyneii ec aeaoo
auioeeuo eeiee, iaeiia/ieee eiiee n aeeue/aoui noa?aeiai, ieineea
oiii?u-oanea (A?yciia I.I., n.158). Caeanue aea auei caia/aii, /oi yoe
i?oaeey i/aiue aeecee ii oi?iai e i?oaeeyi n?oaiie, aaaoaaneie e
naeieineie eoeueoo?. Aiineaaenoaee noaia I.I.A?yciiaa auea i?eiyoa
N.N.*a?ieeiaui ca iniiao i?e nicaeaiee eeanneoeeaoeee e o?iiieiaee
i?oaeee Ainoi/iiai Eacaonoaia (*a?ieeia N.N.,n.75-87). Enneaaeiaaoaeue
iiiuoaeny auyaeoue niaoeeoeeo ainoi/iieacaonoaineeo e iauaaiae?iiianeeo
oi?i. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ianinoiyoaeueiinoue e eneonnoaaiiinoue
iino?iaiee N.N.*a?ieeiaa i/aaeaeia, eai, ai-ia?auo, iaeuecy ana iaoiaeee
a?iiciauo i?oaeee n oa??eoi?ee Eacaonoaia, ia ?an/eaiyy eo ai a?aiaie,
?anniao?eaaoue eae i?aaeiaou iaeiie eoeueoo?u, ai-aoi?uo, a?aieoea
?ani?ino?aiaiey i?oaeee «ainoi/iieacaonoaineiai oeia» (iiaee n
«iainiaeaiiie ?oeiyoeie», oanea n onooiii, ee?ee e eaeea, eeiaeaeu n
«Iainiaeaiiie ?oeiyoeie», iiaee ieanoei/aoua n onooiii, oeeuey
aaicaeaia?aciua, eaeueou-eiiaoee (*a?ieeiaa N.N., n.77) auoiaeeo aeaeaei
ca i?aaeaeu Eacaonoaia. Ia?a/eneaiiua ecaeaeey oe?iei i?aaenoaaeaiu eae
a iicaeieo iaiyoieeao aiae?iiianeiai eoeueoo?iiai ianneaa, oae e a
neio?iiiuo aa?aceeneeo eiiieaenao.
Aii?inu oeiieiae/aneiai eco/aiey aiae?iiianeiai iaoaeea THaeiiai O?aea
io?aaeaiu a ?aaioao E.A.Naeueieeiaa. Iaeiaei a ieo ia au?aaioaia
eeanneoeeaoeey, a aeaaony eeoue ia?a/aiue iaoaeee/aneeo i?oaeee, eioi?ua
iiaoo auoue ioianaiu e aiae?iiianeiio a?aiaie (Naeueieeia E.A.,
n.338-339), iiyoiio ii?aaeaeaiey oeiia neeoeii ?anieua/aou, ia/aoee.
Aeey iaoae oaiu iniaue eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao iiiia?aoey A.I.*a?iuoa
«Ae?aaiaeoay iaoaeeo?aey O?aea e Iiaieaeuey». N?aaee oeaeiai ?yaea
eioa?aniuo caeeth/aiee iniaiai aieiaiey caneoaeeaatho oa, eioi?ua
iinayuaiu iaoaeeo aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?u.
A.I.*a?iuo, nicaeaaay iauoth oeiieiae/aneoth e o?iiieiae/aneoth
eeanneoeeaoeeth iaoaeea Aieai-O?aeuey, auaeaeyao iaaieueooth na?eth
i?aaeiaoia, eioi?ua iiaee auoue au?aaioaiu thaeiio?aeueneeie
aiae?iiianeeie ianoa?aie. A yoie ?aaioa A.I.*a?iuo aia?aua oaeaeyao
aeieaeiia aieiaiea oeiieiae/aneiio aiaeeco oe?aoaiee aiae?iiianeeo
ieaiai (*a?iuo A.I.,n.112). A ianoiyuaa a?aiy na?ey aiae?iiianeeo
oe?aoaiee cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eeanue. Auaeaeyaony ?yae oeiia, ii eioi?ui
iiaeii i?ineaaeeoue eo yaiethoeeth e a?aaeu (Aaaianiaa I.A., n.67-73).
Oaeei ia?acii, a eco/aiee iaoaeee/aneeo i?aaeiaoia THaeiiai O?aea
aeinoeaioou ii?aaeaeaiiua oniaoe, iaeiaei aeey enoi?e/aneeo
enneaaeiaaiee aanue aiae?iiianeee iaoaee aua ia i?eaeaeaeny. Aei neo ii?
iao oeaeueiie ea?oeiu aai ?acaeoey, ia auaeaeaiu eieaeueiua oi?iu,
oa?aeoa?iua aeey ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiia eee eoeueoo?, i/aiue nii?ia e
?anieua/aoa o?iiieiaey.
Enoi?eia?aoey aiae?iiianeeo iaoaeee/aneeo ecaeaeee oanii naycaia n
enoi?eae eco/aiey iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa e ?oaeiuo enoi/ieeia
aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie iauiinoe. A yoie iaeanoe eiaaony
?yae enneaaeiaaiee. N?aaee ?aaio N.N.*a?ieeiaa, iinayuaiiuo aii?inai
iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa aiae?iiianeeo ieaiai, caneoaeeaaao
aieiaiey «Ae?aaiyy iaoaeeo?aey e ai?iia aeaei Caiaaeiiai Aeoay»
(*a?ieeiaa N.N.,). Enneaaeiaaoaeue aia?aua ia?auaaony e oeie/aneiio
ninoaao aiae?iiianeiai iaoaeea. Eniieuecoy iaaieueooth na?eth
ea/anoaaiiuo aiaeecia, aaoi? noaaeo aii?in i caaeneiinoe nieaaa io
ooieoeee ecaeaeee. A ae?oaie ?aaioa – «E aii?ino i ninoaaa ae?aaieo
a?iic Eacaonoaia», N.N.*a?ieeiaa aeaao oa?aeoa?enoeeo iniiaiuo i?eaiia
eniieueciaaiey nieaaia iaaee e iainiiauaaao aaaeiinoue aiaeeca ae?aaieo
a?iic eae iniaiai aeaea a?oaieiae/aneiai enoi/ieea (*a?ieeiaa N.N.,
n.140-1610.
Eioa?aniua naaaeaiey ii ai?iiio aeaeo e iaoaeeo?aee aiae?iiianeiai
i?iecaiaenoaa Oeaio?aeueiiai Eacaonoaia nia?ae A.O.Ii?aoeai. Iaeaieaa
cia/eoaeueiie /anoueth aai ?aaio yaeyaony eco/aiea ae?aaieo ?oaeiuo
au?aaioie e iano ae?aaieo ieaaeeai A.A.Eannai e A.I.Niniianeee a noaouea
«E enoi?ee eniieueciaaiey ieiaa a I?eaienaeneii e?aa» noaaeo aii?in ia
enoi/ieeao niaaaeaiey Ieioneineiai e?ay ieiaii a aiae?iiianeoth yiioo ia
iniiaa aiaeecia iaoaeee/aneeo i?aaeiaoia . Aaoi?u aeiioneatho, /oi
a?iiciaua ecaeaeey ecaioiaeyeenue aia i?aaeaeia Ieioneineiai e?ay ia
ieiaa iaianoiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey i iiiaaeaee caoai ia Aienae iooai
iaiaia. Aii?inu iaoaeeo?aee aiae?iiianeeo ieaiai caieiaee E.E.Eaooaiiaa
e A.A.Aeaaieaao. Aaoi?u aeaaiaea?y oeie/aneiio aiaeeco oieueei 22
i?aaeiaoia ec Ieioneineiai e?ay, Naaa?iiai Eacaonoaia, N?aaeiae Acee e
Iineiai eeaaea aeaeatho ia nianai iainiiaaiiua auaiaeu – aeaoe?otho
ioaeaeueiua eoeueoo?iua iaeanoe e aeaaea noaayo aii?in i oii, /oi
«oeaio?ii aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?u aue Eacaonoai, ioeoaea iia
?ani?ino?aieeanue ia naaa?, ioaaouaay Ieioneineee e Iineee ie?oaa e
I?eo?aeuea». Aanueia eioa?aniu ?aaiou ss.E.Noi/oaooaaa ii enoi?ee
ai?iiai aeaea e iaoaeeo?aee a Ieioneineie eioeiaeia, a eioi?uo
inaauathony aii?inu iaoaeeiia?aaioee a aiae?iiianeia a?aiy, iienuaaaony
oaoieea aeiau/e iaaeiie ?oaeu e ieaaee iaaee. Iaoaeeo?ae/aneia
i?iecaiaenoai N?aaeiae Acee iaeaieaa iieii io?aaeaii A.A.Eeoaeineei e
A.Ae.?ocaiiaui (Ieeaaeieeia A.I., n.179-191). I?eiaiyy ?acoeueoaou
oeie/aneeo niaeo?aeueiuo aiaeecia n eae?aeoeueneeo iinaeaiee, A.A.
Eeoaeineee iinoaaee aii?in i ieaaea noeueoeaeiuo ?oae a aiae?iiianeoth
yiioo. Aiaeiae/iia caeeth/aiea i ?ac?aaioea noeueoeaeiuo cii iaaeiuo
ianoi?iaeaeaiee aiae?iiianeeie ieaiaiaie naeaeaee N.N.*a?ieeia e E.A.
Naeueieeia (Naeueieeia E.A., n.337), iaeiaei caeeth/aiea iineaaeieo
aaoi?ia iniiauaaeinue aieueoa ia aecoaeueiuo iaaethaeaieyo, /ai ia
niaoeeaeueiuo aiaeecao. A ?aaioa A.Ae.?ocaiiaa enneaaeiaaiu oeie/aneea
a?oiiu, eo enoi/ieee, enoiaeiua ?aeiiu e iooe ?ani?ino?aiaiey
iaoaeeo?aee i?iecaiaenoaa noaiiuo ieaiai yiioe a?iicu N?aaeiae Acee.
Iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuaa i?iecaiaenoai Eacaonoaia e Ee?aecee a yiioa
a?iicu iaoei io?aaeaiea a aeenna?oaoeee A.Ae.Aeyaoa?aaie. A ?aaioao
E.A.Aiaaeaiiaie-Aa?acianeie e Ae.A.Iaoiiaa oaeaea enneaaeiaaeenue
aii?inu aiae?iiianeie iaoaeeo?aee. I/aaeaeii, ec-ca ia?aie/aiiiai /enea
aiaeecia n aiae?iiianeeo iaiyoieeia auaiaeu (Aiaaeaiiaa-Aa?acianeay,
Iaoiiaa Ae.A.), naycaiiua n ?ac?aaioeie i?iaeai i?ienoiaeaeaiey
enoiaeiiai nu?uey, aai ia?aaioee e eniieueciaaiey eneonnoaaiiuo nieaaia,
ia i/aiue /aoee. Aia?aua A.I.*a?iuo oaeaeinue iieacaoue ?ieue
iaoaeeo?aee aiae?iiianeeo ieaiai THaeiiai O?aea a enoi?ee ?acaeoey yiioe
a?iicu aa?aceeneie /anoe iaoae no?aiu, eai aiae?iiianeee
iaoaeeo?ae/aneee i/aa ieeoeaoai?ye naiae aeayoaeueiinoueth ia/aei yoaia
a?iiciaie iaoaeeo?aee a Ainoi/iie Aa?iia. A.I.*a?iuo, eniieuecoy aeaiiua
niaeo?aeueiiai aiaeeca, ?ane?uaaao aii?inu i?ienoiaeaeaiey, ii?aaeaeyao
?oaeiua enoi/ieee e ?aeiiu ?ani?ino?aiaiey aiae?iiianeiai iaoaeea,
auyaeyao ai?iiiaoaeeo?ae/aneea iaeanoe aiae?iiianeiai iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai
i/aaa.
Yoe auaiaeu yaeythony aeinoeaeaieyie a iaeanoe eco/aiey
iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa eoeueoo? aiae?iiianeie iauiinoe. Oaeei
ia?acii, e ia/aeo 80-o aiaeia aieueoeinoai enneaaeiaaoaeae i?eoee e
auaiaeo i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?anniao?eaaoue oaaei?ianeea e aeaeoeueneea
iaiyoieee, eae ioiinyueany e naiinoiyoaeueiui eoeueoo?ai a ?aieao
aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie iauiinoe. Ia aucuaaao ?aceeo
aic?aaeaiee e auaeaeaiea eoeueoo? caeeth/eoaeueiiai yoaia a?iiciaiai
aaea, naycaiiuo n «aaeeeiaie» ea?aieeie. Iniiaiia i?ioeai?a/ea a
iino?iaiee o?iiieiae/aneeo noai naaiaeiy ii?aaeaeyaony ?acee/iui
iiieiaieai acaeiiioiioaiee aeaeoeueneeo e oaaei?ianeeo eiiieaenia.
Ia?aua enneaaeiaaoaee aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?u enoiaeeee ec aaeeinoa aa
?acaeoey ia anae oa??eoi?ee noaiae e eaninoaiae io O?aea aei Aienay.A
enoi?ee eco/aiey a?iiciaiai aaea N?aaeiae Acee iiaoo auoue iaia/aiu o?e
iniiaiuo yoaia. Ia?aue ec ieo ioaaouaaao aeiniaaoneee ia?eiae, eiaaea
neeaie o/anoieeia Oo?eanoaineiai e?oaeea ethaeoaeae ae?aaiinoae e
ioaeaeueiuie eieeaeoeeiia?aie aue nia?ai iaiiiai/eneaiiue iaoa?eae,
inoaaaaoeeny iaeeanneoeoee?iaaiiui. ?aneiiee iaiyoieeia yiioe a?iicu
auee i?iaaaeaiu oieueei a Aiao.
Aoi?ie yoai ia/eiaaony n 30-o aiaeia XX a., eiaaea a ?aciuo iaeanoyo
N?aaeiae Acee i?iaiaeyony ?acaaaeee e ia?aua nenoaiaoe/aneea ?aneiiee,
iicaieeaoea nia?aoue aeiaieueii iaoe?iue iaoa?eae. A yoo aea ii?o a
nayce n eco/aieai ai?iiai aeaea N?aaeiae Acee I.A.Iannii niae?aao
iaoa?eae, eanathueeny ae?aaiae aeiau/e iaaee.
O?aoee yoai – oeaeaono?aieaiiia e oe?ieia a?oaieiae/aneia ianeaaeiaaiea
?anioaeee N?aaeiae Acee, ia/aaoaany a iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae. ?aaiou
iaeioi?uo aieueoeo yeniaaeeoeee i?eaaee e iaeiieaieth niaa?oaiii iiaiai
iaoa?eaea, iicaieeaoaai auaeaeeoue eoeueoo?u yiioe a?iicu,
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii eo aeaoe?iaaoue, ia?eniaaoue iauoth ea?oeio oicyenoaa.
Iaeiaei nouanoaaiiui iaaeinoaoeii yoeo ?aaio yaeyaony oi, /oi ?aeii
enneaaeiaaiey aua?ai eiiaaea ia enoi?e/anee, a enoiaey eo nouanoaothuaai
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai aeaeaiey. Aei neo ii? ia auei iiiuoee ?anniio?aoue
aaiacen eoeueoo? N?aaeiae Acee a oeaeii. Oe?ieiai niiinoaaeaiey
iaoa?eaeia neioiaiae/aneeo e caieaaeaeue/aneeo eoeueoo? ia anae
oa??eoi?ee ia i?iaaaeaii. Iiiaea oeaiiua iaoa?eaeu inoathony ia
ecaeaiiuie eee iioaeeeiaaiu a ecaeaieyo, o?oaeii aeinooiiuo aeaaea aeey
niaoeeaeenoia. Yoi e iiaoaeaeaao naanoe aiaaeeii, niaianoii ?anniio?aoue
e ecaeaoue iaoaeee/aneea ecaeaeey yiieeoe e a?iicu n oa??eoi?ee N?aaeiae
Acee. Iaoaee ec iaiyoieeia aiae?iiianeie iauiinoe n oa??eoi?ee
Eacaonoaia, THaeiiai O?aea, N?aaeiae Acee, Caiaaeiie e THaeiie Neae?e
i?aaenoaaeai ?acee/iuie eaoaai?eyie ecaeaeee: oe?aoaieyie, i?oaeeyie
o?oaea e i?oaeeai. A iinaeaieyo, e?iia oiai, iaoiaeyony iieooaa?eeaou
(ieanoeiee, noa?aeie), noeeee e ae?. Oeiieiae/aneee aiaeec ecaeaeee e
aiaeec eo oeie/aneiai ninoaaa iaia?oaeeee iaeiicia/iia niioaaonoaea
iaaeaeo oeiieiae/aneei e?eoa?eai e oeie/aneei ninoaaii. Iniiaiay ianna
aiaeece?oaiuo iaoaeee/aneeo i?aaeiaoia i?aaenoaaeaia ioiineoaeueii
/enoie iaaeueth eee nieaaaie iaaee n ieiaii, naeioeii e iaeioi?uie
ae?oaeie iaoaeeaie. ?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua a?oiiu nieaaia iaaee, eiaaoea
?ani?ino?aiaiea a aiae?iiianeeo iaiyoieeao. Aanue iaoa?eae iiaeii
?acaeoue ia aeaa a?oiiu: iaaeioth e a?iiciaoth.
A?oiia iaaee. E iae ioianaia ioiineoaeueii /enoay iaaeue n
iacia/eoaeueiuie i?eianyie (aei 1% ae?oaeo iaoaeeia).
A?oiia a?iic. E yoie a?oiia iu ioianee nieaau iaaee n ae?oaeie
iaoaeeaie, niaea?aeaiea eioi?uo i?aauoaao 1%. I?e yoii iaeiaiiaaiea
a?iicu ii?aaeaeyaony aeaiiui iaoaeeii. Nieaa iaaee n ieiaii – ieiayiiay
a?iica, n iuoueyeii – iuoueyeiaay a?iica, n no?ueiie – no?ueiyiay. I?e
iaeiia?aiaiiii i?enoonoaee a nieaaa aeaoo e aieaa eiiiiiaioia, e?iia
iaaee, niaea?aeaiea eioi?uo i?aauoaao 1%, iu aoaeai iacuaaoue neiaeiie
a?iicie e n/eoaoue aai o?ao- eee /aou?aoeiiiiiaioiui nieaaii. Iaeiei ec
iinoiyiiuo aii?inia, eioi?ue noaaeony i?e enneaaeiaaiee neiaeiuo nieaaia
– yoi ii?aaeaeaiea eneonnoaaiiuo e anoanoaaiiuo i?eianae a iaoaeea.
Ieiai, eae ninoaaiay /anoue nieaaa n iaaeueth a iaoaeea aiae?iiianeie
eoeueoo?u, aannii?ii, yaeyaony eneonnoaaiiie i?enaaeeie e iaaee.
Aeieacaoaeuenoai aeaiiiai iieiaeaiey aoaeoo i?eaaaeaiu ieaea.
Ieiayiiay a?iica n?aaee iaoaeea yoie eoeueoo?u auea oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaia e ninoaaeyao 65% ec /enea ?anniio?aiiuo. I?e n?aaeiai
niaea?aeaiee ieiaa 5-7% aai eiioeaio?aoeey a iaeioi?uo iaoaeee/aneeo
nieaaao (oe?aoaiey, iiaee-eeiaeaeu) aeinoeaea 10-15%. Cia/eoaeueii ?aaea
ieiayiiuo a?iic a iaoaeea aiae?iiianeiai a?aiaie ano?a/athony
iuoueyeiaua e no?ueiyiua a?iicu (10% io iauaai /enea aiaeecia). O?iaaiue
eiioeaio?aoeee iuoueyea e no?ueiu a iacaaiiuo a?iicao ieaea, /ai ieiaa a
ieiayiiuo, e ninoaaeyao aeey iuoueyea – 1-3% e no?ueiu – aei 1,5%. Ii
anae aa?iyoiinoe, yoe iaoaeeu ia aaiaeeeenue a nieaa n iaaeueth, a
i?eaiineeenue a iaai niaianoii n iaaeueth ec iaaeiuo ?oae. Iau/ii
enneaaeiaaoaee, eco/athuea iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuee i?ioeann e
iaoaeeo?aeth ae?aaiinoe, ?anniao?eaay aii?in i?ienoiaeaeaiey iaoaeea,
iaoiaeyo nayce iaaeaeo ninoaaii iaoaeea e ii?aaeaeaiiuie iaaeiuie
?oaeiuie enoi/ieeaie (*a?iuo A.I., n.22-34; Naieioiiia E.?.,), inoaaeyy,
iaeiaei, ia auyniaiiui aii?in, eaeay oi?ia ?oaeii?iyaeaiey iiaea auoue
eniieueciaaia: ieeneaiiay eee ia?ae/iay (noeueoeaeiay). Yoio aii?in
aanueia aaaeai, oae eae aei neo ii? iaecaanoai aua a?aiaiiie ?oaaae,
eiaaea ae?aaiee iaoaeeo?a io ieeneaiiie ?oaeu ia?aoae e noeueoeaeiie.
Ia enoi?e/aneii ?acaeoee ?anniao?eaathony i?iaeaiu ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u
iicaeiae a?iicu Eacaonoaia e Ee?aecee, iainiiauaaaony oaia, oeacuaathony
oeaee e caaea/e ?aaiou. Aeai oaeaea iaci? enoi?ee enneaaeiaaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa ieaiai iicaeiae a?iicu Eacaonoaia e Ee?aecee. A aai
eco/aiee auaeaeythony ianeieueei iniiaiuo aniaeoia: oeiieiae/aneee,
oeieei-niaeo?aeueiue, oaoiieiae/aneee. Iniaoth i?iaeaio ninoaaeyao
eco/aiea ai?iiai aeaea: enneaaeiaaiea ae?aaieo ?oaeieeia e ieaaeeueiuo
ono?ienoa.
Ia?aui ia?aoee aieiaiea ia niaoeeoeeo iaeioi?uo oo?eanoaineeo oi?i
i?oaeee o?oaea A.I.Oaeeuea?ai. Ia/aei iao/iie nenoaiaoecaoeee
iiiai/eneaiiuo neo/aeiuo eieeaeoeee naycaii n ?aaioie I.I.A?yciiaa,
auaeaeeaoaai oi?iu a?iiciauo i?oaeee, oa?aeoa?iua aeey aiae?iiianeie
eoeueoo?u. I?iaeaiaoeeie oeiieiae/aneie eeanneoeeaoeee iaoaeee/aneeo
ecaeaeee Eacaonoaia caieiaeny N.N.*a?ieeia. Ei ninoaaeaia iieiay naycea
iaoaeee/aneeo i?aaeiaoia, i?ienoiaeyueo ec Ainoi/iiai Eacaonoaia.
Aieueoie aeeaae a nenoaiaoecaoeeth e ?ac?aaioeo oeiieiaee iaoaeee/aneiai
eiaaioa?y N?aaeiae Acee e Eacaonoaia aianai A.A.Eocueieiie.
Enneaaeiaaoaeue, eco/ay iaoaee yiieeoa e a?iiciaiai aaea N?aaeiae Acee,
auaeaeeea iaeioi?ua niaoeeoe/aneea oi?iu i?aaeiaoia aiae?iiianeie
eoeueoo?u, a oaeaea oeiu, oa?aeoa?iua aeey Naie?a/aineiai i/aaa
iaoaeeiia?aaioee. A.A.Eocueieia onoaiiaeea iicaeiaaiae?iiianeoth
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue Naie?a/aineeo eeaaeia e ii?aaeaeeea eo o?iiieiaeth a
i?aaeaeao XII-IX aa. aei i.y. A ?aieao auaeaeaiiuo yaiethoeeiiiuo ?yaeia
iaoaeea aiae?iiianeie eoeueoo?ii-enoi?e/aneie iauiinoe I.A.Aaaianiaa
au/eaieea iaeioi?ua oeiu ecaeaeee iicaeiae a?iicu, eioi?ua ioianea e
caie?aaai-aaaaceineie eoeueoo?u.
Ae?oaia iai?aaeaiea a eco/aiee aiae?iiianeiai iaoaeea naycaii n
enneaaeiaaieai oeie/aneiai ninoaaa ecaeaeee iaoiaeii niaeo?aeueiiai
aiaeeca. A 50-a aiaeu N.N.*a?ieeiaui e E.E.Eaiueiaui auee naeaeaiu
auaiaeu i ninoaaa e oa?aeoa?a nieaaia iaoaeee/aneeo ecaeaeee Naaa?iiai,
Ainoi/iiai Eacaonoaia e Naie?a/uey. Iniaiai aieiaiey caneoaeeaaao ?aaioa
A.I.*a?iuo, eioi?ie aia?aua ?anniio?ae aiae?iiianeee iaoaee, eae n oi/ee
c?aiey auaeaeaiey oeie/aneeo e iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo a?oii, oae e niioiioaiey
oei – oeie/aneay a?oiia. Aaoi? naeaeae auaiae i oii, /oi
iaoaeeo?ae/aneee i/aa yaeyeny iaeaieaa iiuiui ec nouanoaiaaaoeo ia
naeieineii o?iiieiae/aneii ai?eciioa.
2. IIA?AAAIEss YIIOE A?IICU A OAEANNEIE AeIEEIU
A 1956 e 1957 aa. Oaeanneiio a?oaieiae/aneiio io?yaeo oaeaeinue
caoeene?iaaoue e enneaaeiaaoue a Oaeanneii e Eaoiai-Othaeineie
eioeiaeiao iia?aaaiey yiioe a?iicu, i?aaenoaaeythuea iiea ?aaeeia
yaeaiea, neaai io?aaeaiiia a a?oaieiae/aneie eeoa?aoo?a i Ee?aecee.
A Oaeanneie aeieeia oaeea iia?aaaiey ca?aaeno?e?iaaiu a o?ao ianoao: a
Oao-Othaa, Oao-Aaoao e Aao-Oao (Eiaeaiyei I.I no?.1-4).
Iiaeeueiee a o?i/eua Oao-Othaa (ianeaaeiaaiiue a 1956 a.) ?aniieiaeai ia
eaaie aunieie oa??ana ?. Iaeueaeu, aeec auoiaea aa a aeieeio Oaeana. A
o?i/eua ?aniieiaeaii ianeieueei ?aciia?aiaiiuo eopaaiiuo a?oii, iiyoiio
iiaeeueiee yiioe a?iicu iieo/ee iacaaiea Oao-Othaa II.
Ia iiaa?oiinoe caoi?iiaiey Oao-Othaa II iaicia/aiu eaiaiiuie ia?aaeeaie,
aioo?aiiaa i?ino?ainoai eioi?uo ia aicauoaaony iaae ie?oaeathuae
ianoiinoueth. Ia?aaeee, aueiaeaiu ec ?aaiiai eaiiy, ai iiiaeanoaa
ano?a/athuaainy ia aeeceaaeauae ai?ea Oao-Othaa, aeaaoae iacaaiea
o?i/euo. Iie eiatho ?aciua ieaiu, ioee/athony oaeaea e acaeiiui
?aniieiaeaieai. Ia?aaeee a iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa i?yiioaieueiua,
?aniieiaeaiu a ?yaeu, ninoaaeythuea eae au ei?eaei?u, ?acaeaeaiiua ia
naeoeee. Oaeeo naeoeee a ioaeaeueiuo ei?eaei?ao ian/eouaaaony io aeaoo
aei iyoe. Oieueei o?e ia?aaeee noiyo eciee?iaaiii. Ana ei?eaei?u eiatho
i?eaioe?iaeo ii eeiee CA, ii ano?a/aii aeaa naeoeee, i?eaioe?iaaiiua ii
eeiee NTH.
E?iia i?yiioaieueiuo, a iiaeeueieea ioia/aiu iaaeueiua ia?aaeee, eae
i?aaeei, i?eiueathuea e ioaeaeueiui naeoeeyi ei?eaei?ia ec
i?yiioaieueiuo ia?aaeie.
Iaeaieaa aeeeiiue ei?eaei?, ninoiyuee ec iyoe ia?aaeie (? 16—20),
i?eaioe?iaai ii AC, n ioeeiiaieai ia 5 a?aaeonia.
Ia?aaeea ? 16. E?aeiyy n ainoi/iiai eiioea „ei?eaei?a”, iiaeeaaae?aoiie
oi?iu, ?acia?ii 3 O 3,2 i. Aueiaeaia ec e?oiiuo ?aaiuo eaiiae (ii 5—6 n
eaaeaeie noi?iiu) aeeeiie io 0.3 aei 0,9 i, iinoaaeaiiuo ia ?aa?i e
aunooiathuay iaae iiaa?oiinoueth caiee io 0,15 i aei 0,5 i. N ainoi/iie
noi?iiu ia?aaeee aeaeia “i?eno?ieea” a oi?ia iaaea ec 5 eaiiae, aa
?acia?u 1,2 o 0,66 i. N thaeiie noi?iiu — oaeiai aea oa?aeoa?a
„i?eno?ieea”, ?acia?aie 1,0 o 2,0 i ec 4 eaiiae. A noi?iia, iauae aeey
ia?aaeie ? 16 e 17 ynii aeaeai i?iai oe?eiie 0,7 i. Aia/aea
?aneaiuaaeanue any aioo?aiiyy iiaa?oiinoue ia?aaeee, naiaiaeiay io
eaiiae. Iia ia auaeaeyaony ia iauai o?iaia ianoiinoe. Aa?oiea neie,
ninoiyuea ec eanniaiai noaeeiea, ie/aai ia aeaee aeey auyniaiey
eiino?oeoeee iia?aaaiey. A ainoi/iie /anoe ia?aaeee a aea?iiaii neia
?an/euaia eaiaiiay iaa?inea ieiuaaeueth ieiei 1,2o0.8i. N aeoaeiu 0,25 i
noaee i?iyaeyoueny a?aieoeu iiaeeueiie yiu ii iyaeie canuie e oaa?aeui
noaieai. Iinea ?an/enoee auynieeinue, /oi iiaeeueiay eaia?a eiaea noaiee
ec aeeiu (n iaeeueiie i?eianueth nieiiu) oieueiie 0,4 i, ia/eiaaoeany,
ii-aeaeeiiio, io naiie aeiaaiie iiaa?oiinoe, ii aei auniou 0,25 i ia
nio?aieaoeany. ?acia?u eaia?u 1,95 o 1,33 i. Aeii eaia?u i?ineaaeeaaaony
i/aiue /aoei ii oaa?aeinoe iiae canuiueth e ii aaeiio ecaanoeiaiio
iaeaoo ia aai iiaa?oiinoe. Aiciiaeii, /oi aeii auei iie?uoi oiieie
aeeiyiie iaiaceie aac nieiiu. Aeoaeia eaia?u 1,2 i. A canuie eaia?u
ieeaeeo iaoiaeie ia iaia?oaeaii. Ia iieo ii anae caiaaeiie iieiaeia
ioia/aeenue neeueii iaiaeaeaiiua /aeiaa/aneea einoe. Ia?aaeea auea
ca/euaia e n aiaoiae noi?iiu ia ?annoiyiee 1 i. A iaiin?aaenoaaiiie
aeecinoe io iaa ia aeoaeia 0,3 i n aeaoo noi?ii iaeaeaiu ninoaeu: a
oeaio?a naaa?iie noi?iiu aeaa aieueoeo ai?oea, a thaeiie (iai?ioea)-
iaeei iaiueoeo ?acia?ia. Ae?oaeo iaoiaeie ca ia?aaeeie ia auei
(Eiaeaiyei I.I no?.4-6).
Ia?aaeea ? 17. Ia iiaa?oiinoe eiaao oaeie aea aeae. I?yiioaieueiie
oi?iu, ?acia?aie 3,0 o 3,2 i. A naaa?i-caiaaeiii oaeo ia?aaeee anoue
i?iai oe?eiie 0,6 i. A iauae aeey 16 e 17 ia?aaeie noi?iia, eae
oeacuaaeinue auoa, oaeaea anoue i?iai oe?eiie 0,7 i. ?aneaiuaaeanue any
aioo?aiiyy iiaa?oiinoue. Iia?aaaeueiia nii?oaeaiea – i?aaenoaaeyao
iieioth aiaeiaeth nii?oaeaieth a ia?aaeea ? 16. Ii-aeaeeiiio, yoi aue
iaeei eiiieaen, oae eae iie iaa eiatho aeeiiaeoiua noaiu noiaeiie
oaeoo?u (aeeia n ?anoeoaeueiie i?eianueth) e oieueiu, iaeia ec noaiie
iauay aeey iaieo nii?oaeaiee. THaeiay noaia eaia?u ia ninoaaeyao iaeio
eeieth n oie aea noaiie ia?aaeee ? 16, aunooiay ianeieueei ia?oaeo.
?acia? eaia?u a ia?aaeea ? 17 — 1,4 o 2,0 i, aeoaeia 1,7 i. Aeii, oae
aea eae e a i?aaeuaeouae eaia?a, i?aaenoaaeyao oaa?aeoth iiaa?oiinoue,
neaaea niacaiioth aeeiie aac i?eiane nieiiu. Ia iieo ii anae aai
iiaa?oiinoe iaeeea inoaoee iaiaeaeaiiuo einoae. Ec aauae iaeaeaia /anoue
aeeiyiiai ninoaea, ii eioi?ie ainnoaiaaeeaaaony oi?ia aieueoae /anoe
aai.
Ia?aaeea ? 18. Oeaio?aeueiay a iienuaaaiii „ei?eaei?a”. N ainoi/iie
noi?iiu ioaeaeaia io ia?aaeee ? 17 i?iiaaeooeii oe?e iie 0,6 i oae, /oi
yoe aeaa ia?aaeee eiatho ia iauoth niaaeioth noi?iio, a
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua. I?ioeaiiieiaeiay, caiaaeiay noi?iia—iauay n ia?aaeeie
? 19. Naaa?iay noi?iia ia?aaeee iaaeueiie oi?iu. ?acia?u ia?aaeee
2,8o3.0. ?aneaiuaaeanue any aioo?aiiyy iiaa?oiinoue. A?aieoeu iiaeeueiie
yiu ia onoaiiaeaiu. Ia aeoaeia 1,1 i a oeaio?a ?aneiia ioia/aiu ia?aua
o?aaiaiou ia?aaeaeaiiuo einoae i/aiue ieioie nio?aiiinoe. A?oiiu einoae
iaeaeaiu oaeaea ia aeoaeia 1,35 i (a yoie aea oi/ea) e ia aeoaeia 1,5 i.
Ieaea yoie ioiaoee ieeaeeo iaoiaeie ia auei naeaeaii. Eiio?ieueiue ooue
aeae /enoue iaoa?ee. Ca ia?aaeeie iaoiaeie ia ieacaeinue.
Ia?aaeea ? 19. 2,4 o 3,0 i. Caiaaeiay e ainoi/iay noi?iiu iauea ni
niaaeiuie ia?aaeeaie. Neiaeaia ec ioiineoaeueii iaaieueoeo eaiiae (io
0,25 o 0,35 i aei 0,25 o I,40 i), ii ano?a/athony iaeeii/iua ieeou ?ac
ia?aie 0,4 o 0,7 i. Aioo?e ia?aaeee ?ac?iciaiiua caaea?iiaaiiua iae eea
eaiie. ?aneaiuaaeanue any aioo?aiiyy iiaa?oiinoue. Aei aeoaeiu 0,3 i
iaaethaeaeny iaeii?iaeiue e?nniaue noaeeiie. Ia ioiaoea a 0,3 i a
oeaio?a ec ia?aaeee auyaeeinue iaaeueiia iyoii yc aaeueee n?aaeiae
aaee/eiu a caieae. ?acia?u iyoia iinea ca/enoee ia ioiaoea 0,3 i ?aaiu
0,8 1,1 i. N oaeoaeaieai ieiuaaeue yeeeina oaaee/eaaaony e ia aeia yiu
caieiaao anth ieiuaaeue—2,9O2,2 i. I?iia?u « eiio?ieueiuo n?acao aeatho
aiciiaeiinoue i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi aaea/iay canuiea i?iecaiaeeeanue a
ionooth yio. Caoai yoa eo/a, aeinoeaoay auniou 1,0 i, auea canuiaia
caieae. Ia aeia yiu aaeieue o?ao noai auee oeiaeaiu aieueoea neaioeaaua
ieeou oe?eiie io 0,2 aei 0,5 i, aeeeiie aei 0,7 i, aaeieue caiaaeiie
noaiu oeiaeaiu iaeeea ieeoee (Eiaeaiyei I.I no?.6-8).
Aioo?e auiinoee ec neaioeaauo ieeo ia anae ieiuaaee ?aca?inaiu
iaiaeaeaiiua einoe /aeiaaea. A thai-ainoi/iie noi?iia eaia?u iaia?oaeai
o?aaiaio aeeiyiiai ninoaea. Iiae iaeiie ec ieeo a naaa?i-ainoi/iii oaeo
iaeaeaia a?iiciaay i?ieieea. Ae?oaeo iaoiaeie ia auei. Ca i?aaeaeaie
ia?aaeee iaoiaeie ia iaia?oaeaii.
Ia?aaeea ? 20. E?aeiyy n caiaaeiie noi?iiu ei?eaei?a. A ieaia
eaaae?aoiay, ?acia?aie 0,3 o 3,0 i. Ainoi/iay noi?iia aueiaeaia ec
iaeaieaa e?oiiuo eaiiae, aeinoeaathueo ?acia?ia 70o35o55 ni, ae?oaea
noaiee aueiaeaiu ianeieueei iaiueoeie eaiiyie—?acia?ii io 30o20 aei
40o30 ni. Aei ioiaoee 0,6 i oae iaeii?iaeiue i/aiue ieioiue a?oio. Ia
yoie ioiaoea auyaeeenue a?aieoeu iiaeeueiie yiu, eiaaoae
iiaei?yiioaieueioth oi?io ?acia?aie 2,2O1,2 i. A yia ia aeoaeia 1,5 i
ioia/aiu iaeeea o?aaiaiou aeaeaiuo einoae /aeiaaea. Ieaea
ca?aaeno?e?iaaia a ?aciuo oi/eao e ia ?aciie aeoaeia, aei naiiai aeia
yiu, na?ey iaoiaeie: na?aa?yiua na?ueae, iaa?iooua cieioie oieueaie, n
?ano?oaaie ia iaeiii eiioea iyoue a?iiciauo ieanoeiie-iaeeaaeie /aou?a
a?iiciauo a?aneaoa n iacaiueathueieny, caoiaeyueie ae?oa ca ae?oaa
cae?oaeaiiuie eiioeaie cae?oaeaiiue eii/ee a?iiciaiai iiaea niethniooay
iaieii/ea ec ieanoeiee, iaoeaiay e?oaeay aeyoea, e?oaeay i?ieieea,aonu
ianoiaua ninoaaiua «iiiai/anoiua»), eiathuea aei 6 aeieae aonu
a?iiciaua aiooua, aieaa 90 oo. A iaeaieueoai eiee/anoaa (nauoa 1200
oo.) iaeaeaiu iaeeea aonu ec aaeiai aeanoyuaai iaoaeea, iie?uoiai
oaiii-na?ie iaoeiie.
Ia?aaeea 21. Noieo eciee?iaaiii. Eaaae?aoiie oi?iu (3,0o3,0 i).
Iai?aaeaiea — NTH n ioeeiiaieai e ainoieo ia 15°. Aueiaeaia ec eaiiae,
eiathueo ?acia?u aei 60o50o40 ni; eaiie aunooiatho iaae o?iaiai ii/au
aei 30—40 ni. Aioo?aiiyy iiaa?oiinoue ia?aaeee iaeiiai o?iaiy n
ie?oaeathuae ianoiinoueth. Aei aeoaeiu 0,7 i oae ieioiue neeueii
caieuaoee a?oio. Ia o?iaia 0,7 i ieiioo?eeenue a?aieoeu iiaeeueiie yiu
iiaei?yiioaieueiie oi?iu ?acia?aie 1,6;/
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