ПЕТР I

?inneeneee Cai/iue Einoeooo Oaenoeeueiie e E?aeie
I?iiuoeaiiinoe

“I?o? Ia?aue. Enoi?e/aneee ii?o?ao”

?aoa?ao ii ioa/anoaaiiie
Nooaeaio 1-ai eo?na

enoi?ee
a?oiiu AA – 954

Ea?ei Ae.A.

Iineaa, 1996

IAEAAEAIEA

Aaaaeaiea . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Iao/aiea iaeieaoiaai Iao?a . . . . . . . . 6

Niauoey 1682 aiaea . . . . . . . . . 6

I?o? a I?aia?aaeaineii . . . . . . . . . 7

Iecaa?aeaiea oea?aaiu Niouee. I?aaeaiea oea?eoeu Iaoaeuee . . . .
9

Acianeea iioiaeu. Eoiiainoaa . . . . . . . . 11

“Aaeeeia (/?acau/aeiia) iinieuenoai” 1697 – 1698 aiaeia . . . . 11

Ia?aua i?aia?aciaaiey e no?aeaoeeee ?icune . . . . . . 13

Ia/aei Naaa?iie aieiu. Aiaiiua aeaenoaey 1701 – 1706 aiaeia. Iieoaaa . .
13

Aoi?ie yoai naaa?iie aieiu. I?ooneee iioiae. Ia?neaeneay aieia . . .
16

Ieooaaeneee ie?iue aeiaiai? . . . . . . . . 18

Aioo?eeeanniaay e eeanniaay ai?ueaa a ia?aie /aoaa?oe XVIII aaea . . .
18

Iaino?aiea eeanniaie ai?ueau. Ano?aoaineia ainnoaiea . . . . 19

Ia?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea 1707 – 1708 aiaeia . . . . . . . 19

?aoi?iu Iao?a I. Eo oa?aeoa? . . . . . . . . 20

I. ?aoi?ia i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey . . . . . . 21

II. Aiaiiay ?aoi?ia . . . . . . . . . 23

III. Ono?ienoai nineiaee

1. Neoaeeaia nineiaea . . . . . . . . . 23

2. Ai?iaeneia nineiaea (iinaaeneea e ai?iaeneea ethaee) . . . .
24

3. E?anoueyinoai . . . . . . . . . . 25

IV. Oea?eiaiay ?aoi?ia . . . . . . . . . 26

V. Oeiainiaua ia?u . . . . . . . . . 26

VI. ?aoi?iu a iaeanoe eoeueoo?u e auoa . . . . . . 27

Eoiae i?aia?aciaaiee . . . . . . . . 29

Eeoa?aoo?a . . . . . . . . . . 33

AAAAeAIEA

Eciaiaiey ai anao io?aneyo e noa?ao nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie e
iieeoe/aneie aeecie no?aiu, eioi?ua iinoaiaiii iaeaieeaaeenue e
iac?aaaee a XVII aaea, ia?a?inee a ia?aie /aoaa?oe XVIII aaea a
ea/anoaaiiue nea/ie. Iineianeay ?onue i?aa?aoeeanue a ?inneeneoth
eiia?eth. A a? yeiiiieea, o?iaia e oi?ia ?acaeoey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo
nee, iieeoe/aaeii no?ia, no?oeoo?a e ooieoeeyo i?aaiia aeanoe,
oi?aaeaiey e noaea, a i?aaiecaoeee a?iee, eeanniaie e nineiaiie
no?oeoo?a ianaeaiey, a eoeueoo?a no?aiu e auoo ia?iaea i?iecioee
ia?iiiua eciaiaiey. Ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaieeinue ianoi e ?ieue ?innee a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaieyo oiai a?aiaie.

Ana yoe eciaiaiey i?ienoiaeeee ia iniiaa
oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneiai no?iy, eioi?ue iinoaiaiii noaiiaeeny
aeaaiui oi?iicii aeey i?ia?anneaiiai ?acaeoey no?aiu, anooiae a noaaeeth
naiaai ?aceiaeaiey. A no?aia an? aieaa io/?oeeai i?iyaeyeenue neiioiiu
ca?iaeaeaiey e ?acaeoey iiauo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee.

A nayce n yoei oaea a ia?aie /aoaa?oe XVIII aaea i?ineaaeeaaaony
aeaaiia i?ioeai?a/ea, naienoaaiiia ia?eiaeo iicaeiaai oaiaeaeecia.
Eioa?anu naiiaea?aeaaii-e?aiinoie/aneiai ainoaea?noaa e eeanna oaiaeaeia
a oeaeii, iauaiaoeeiiaeueiua eioa?anu no?aiu o?aaiaaee ?acaeoey
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, aeoeaiiai niaeaenoaey ?acaeoeth i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
oi?aiaee, eeeaeaeaoeee oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneie ionoaeinoe no?aiu. Ii aeey
?aoaiey yoeo caaea/ auei iaiaoiaeeii nie?auaiea noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe
e?aiinoie/anoaa, ia?aciaaiea ?uiea aieueiiia?iiiai o?oaea, ia?aie/aiea e
eeeaeaeaoeey nineiaiuo i?aa e i?eaeeaaee aeai?yinoaa. I?ienoiaeeei aea
i?yii i?ioeaiieiaeiia: ?ani?ino?aiaiea e?aiinoie/anoaa aaeoaue e aoe?ue,
eiinieeaeoeey eeanna oaiaeaeia, cae?aieaiea, ?anoe?aiea e
caeiiiaeaoaeueiia ioi?ieaiea aai i?aa e i?eaeeaaee. Iiyoiio ?acaeoea
i?iuoeaiiinoe, oiaa?iuo ioiioaiee, oe?aieaiea iiue ainoaea?noaa
nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ?aceei ?inoii e?aiinoie/aneie yenieoaoaoeee,
iiiaue/ueaai i?iecaiea, oe?aieaieai aeanoe aeai?yi e
/eiiaie/uea-ath?ie?aoe/aneiai aiia?aoa naiiaea?aeaaey. Yoi iaino?yei
iniiaiia i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo ainiiaenoaothuei eeannii e ?acee/iuie
eaoaai?eyie e?aiinoiiai e?anoueyinoaa, ninoaaeyaoaai aieaa 90% ianaeaiey
no?aiu. Caiaaeeaiiinoue oi?ie?iaaiey ao?aeoacee e i?aa?auaiey a? a
eeann, i?ioeainoiyuee eeanno oaiaeaeia-e?aiinoieeia, i?eaiaeeei e oiio,
/oi eoia/anoai e caaiae/eee ieacuaaeenue aoyioouie a noa?o
e?aiinoie/aneeo ioiioaiee.

Neiaeiinoue e i?ioeai?a/eainoue enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu a
yoi a?aiy ii?aaeaeeee e?aeithth i?ioeai?a/eainoue aeayoaeueiinoe Iao?a I
e inouanoae?iiuo ei ?aoi?i. N iaeiie noi?iiu, iie eiaee ia?iiiia
i?ia?anneaiia cia/aiea , oee iaano?a/o iauaiaoeeiiaeueiui eioa?anai e
iio?aiinoyi, niinianoaiaaee cia/eoaeueiiio onei?aieth enoi?e/aneiai
?acaeoey no?aiu e auee iaoeaeaiu ia eeeaeaeaoeeth a? ionoaeinoe.

N ae?oaie noi?iiu – inouanoaeyeenue e?aiinoieeaie,
e?aiinoie/aneeie iaoiaeaie e auee iai?aaeaiu ia oe?aieaiea eo
ainiiaenoaa. Iiyoiio i?ia?anneaiua i?aia?aciaaiey

iao?ianeiai a?aiaie n naiiai ia/aea ianee a naaa eiina?aaoeaiua /a?ou,
eioi?ua a oiaea aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey no?aiu aunooiaee an? neeueiaa e,
aianoi oiai, /oiau eeeaeaee?iaaoue ionoaeinoue, eiina?ae?iaaee a?. A
?acoeueoaoa iao?ianeeo i?aia?aciaaiee ?inney auno?i aeiaiiyea oa
aa?iiaeneea no?aiu, aaea nio?aiyeinue ainiiaenoai
oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneeo ioiioaiee, ii iia ia iiaea eeeaeaee?iaaoue
ionoaeinoue io no?ai, anoaaoeo ia eaieoaeenoe/aneee iooue ?acaeoey.

Yoa neiaeiinoue e i?ioeai?a/eainoue ni anae neeie i?iyaeeanue e a
i?aia?aciaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe Iao?a I, eioi?ay ioee/aeanue
iaoe?ioeiie yia?aeae, iaaeaeaiiui ?aciaoii, niaeinoueth a eiiea
ioaeeaoeo o/?aaeaeaiee, caeiiia, onoiaa e oeeaaea aeecie e auoa.
I?ae?aii iiieiay cia/aiea ?acaeoey oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe, I?o? I
inouanoaee ?yae ia?ii?eyoee, niioaaonoaiaaaoeo eioa?anai eoia/anoaa. Ii
ii aea oe?aieye e?aiinoiua ii?yaeee, iainiiauaae ?aaeei naiiaea?aeaaiiai
aeaniioecia. Aeaenoaey Iao?a I ioee/aeenue ia oieueei ?aoeoaeueiinoueth,
ii e e?aeiae aeanoieinoueth “iaoa?iaeeaiai naiiaeanoiiai iiiaueea”.

I?e iiaeaioiaea ?aoa?aoa auee eniieueciaaiu o?oaeu oaeeo
aaee/aeoeo enoi?eeia, eae N.I. Nieiaue?a, A.I. Eeth/aaneee, N.O.
Ieaoiiia. Nia?aiaiiay oi/ea c?aiey ia iao?ianeea i?aia?aciaaiey
eco/aeanue n iiiiuueth ?aaiou I.O. Aaeyaneiai.

Na?aae Ieoaeeiae/ Nieiaue?a. A naieo /oaieyo Nieiaue?a aeoaiei
aiaeece?oao aeayoaeueiinoue Iao?a I, a? eoiae, acaeyaeu caiaaeieeia e
neaayiioeeia ia aeaea Iao?a Aaeeeiai. Ii iiae/??eeaaao a?iiaaeiinoue
i?aia?aciaaiee e i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeeyiey aeae Iao?a ia
enoi?e/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee. Ciaiaieoue enoi?ee inoaeaeaao acaeyaeu eae
caiaaeieeia, oae e neaayiioeeia, n/eoay, /oi iie ia niiaee aeoaiei
eco/eoue ana i?ioeannu, eioi?ua i?ienoiaeeee ai a?aiy oea?noaiaaiey
Iao?a. Ii inoaeaeaao aeaaiaiaaeiia oaaaeaiea e aeaeai Iao?a iaeieo e
?aceia ii?eoeaiea ae?oaeo. Caneoaa Nieiaue?aa ninoieo a oii, /oi ii
iaeei ec ia?auo aeaeeo, /oi any aeayoaeueiinoue Iao?a auea iaoneiaeaia
i?aaeoaaenoaothuei ?acaeoeai ?innee, ii ia?auaaony e aeiiao?ianeie
enoi?ee, /oiau iiiyoue, ioeoaea i?iecio?e yoio ia?aai?o, aeey /aai ii
iiiaaeiaeeny. A yoio ia?eiae, n/eoaao enoi?ee, a aeecie ?onneiai ia?iaea
i?iecio?e ia?aoiae ec iaeiiai aic?anoa a ae?oaie – ec aic?anoa, a
eioi?ii i?aiaeaaeaao /oanoai, a aic?ano, a eioi?ii ainiiaenoaoao iuneue.
Nieiaue?a aa?aaeii ioiineony e ianeaaeeth Iao?a, auniei ioeaieaaao aai
ee/iinoue eae i?aia?aciaaoaey.

Aaneeee Ineiiae/ Eeth/aaneee. Ia?ac Iao?a I neeaaeuaaaony o
Eeth/aneiai aeieai e neiaeii. Oae a “Enoi?e/aneeo ii?o?aoao” ciaiaieoue
enoi?ee ?acaeaaao iuneue Nieiaue?aa ia enoi?e/aneie iaoneiaeaiiinoe
aeayoaeueiinoe Iao?a I eae “aiaeaey”, ii/oanoaiaaaoaai iio?aaiinoe
ia?iaea e i?iaiaeeaoaai naie i?aia?aciaaiey niaianoii n ia?iaeii.
Eeth/aaneee ioia/ae iaineaaiia /oanoai aeieaa e iunee Iao?a ia
iauanoaaiiii aeaaa e oi, eae iie aeeyee ia ie?oaeathueo. Iaeiaei, ii
iaiaeiicia/ii ?anniao?eaae eoiae i?aia?aciaaiee Iao?a Aaeeeiai, caia/ae
ianiioaaonoaea iaaeaeo eo caiuneii e ?acoeueoaoaie.

Eeth/aaneee ienae, /oi ath?ie?aoecaoeey aaea e ianniaiio
eaciie?aaenoao e ae?oaei aeieaeiinoiui i?anooieaieyi. Iicaeiaa, a ia/aea
OO aaea, an? aieaa i?iyaeyeanue eioeiiia?oe/aneay iicooeey Eeth/aaneiai.
Ii oei?yao Iao?a ca naiiaeo?noai, aeaniioeci, iaaeaeaiea iiieiaoue
ia?iae ?aaee aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiuo caaea/ e o. i.

Na?aae O?aei?iae/ Ieaoiiia. Iniiaa anaai aeeciaiiiai o?oaea
Ieaoiiiaa – no?aieaiea ecaaaeaoue oaiaeaioeeiciinoe, iiaeaiiee oaeoia
iiae i?aaeacyooth noaio. Eiaiii n yeo iiceoeee ii iiaeoiaeeo e ioeaiea
iao?ianeeo i?aia?aciaaiee. Ioaa?aioa oaiaeaioeeiciua, iioaaeueiua e
i?aiaa?aaeeoaeueiua o?aeoiaee aai ee/iinoe e aeayoaeueiinoe, auniei
ioeaiea “aiaaonoai i?e?iaeiuo niiniaiinoae Iao?a” eae iieeiaiaeoea e
a?aaeaeaineiai aaeieieno?aoi?a, Ieaoiiia ia no?aieony e ioeaieai, a
aeaeaao i?inoie auaiae ec aiaeeca oaeoia i oii, /oi a nicaeaiiii Iao?ii
“ainoaea?noaa ia auei ie i?eaaeaae?iaaiiuo eeoe, ie i?eaaeaae?iaaiiuo
a?oii, e ana iie auee o?aaiaiu a iaeeiaeiaii ?aaainoaa aani?aaey ia?aae
ainoaea?noaii”.

A yioeeeeiiaaee/aneii neiaa?a A?ieaaoca e Ao?iia aea?ony naeaoia e
nooia eceiaeaiea iao?ianeiai ia?eiaea. E?aoeinoue eceiaeaiey iniiaiuo
oaeoia aeecie e aeayoaeueiinoe Iao?a Aaeeeiai ia?aieaoaaony caeanue n
iaoe?iui noaoenoe/aneei iaoa?eaeii. Eiaiii caeanue iiaeii iaeoe iiiaea
eioa?aniua oeeo?u, au?aaeathuea iaeioi?ua yeiiiie/aneea iieacaoaee oiai
a?aiaie. Iiiai aieiaiey oaeaeaii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio iieiaeaieth ?innee e
aai eciaiaieth a nayce n niauoeyie iao?ianeie yiioe. Neiaa?ue
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eioa?aniaeoaa aeiiieiaiea e ae?oaei enoi/ieeai
eioi?iaoeee i aeayoaeueiinoe Iao?a Aaeeeiai.

Enoi?ey NNN?, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi auea ecaeaia a 1975 aiaeo,
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie enoi/iee iiiaeo i/aiue aaaeiuo oaeoia e ioeaiie.
O/aaiee aue iaienai aeey enoi?e/aneeo oaeoeueoaoia AOCia e a i?i aea?ony
na?ue?ciue aiaeec anai niauoeyi iao?ianeie yiioe.

* * *

I?o? Aeaenaaae/ ?iiaiia (I?o? I, I?o? Aaeeeee) – ia?aue eiia?aoi?
ana?inneeneee, ?iaeeeny 30 iay 1672 aiaea, io aoi?iai a?aea oea?y
Aeaenay Ieoaeeiae/a n Iaoaeueae Ee?eeeiaiie Ia?uoeeiie, ainieoaieoeae
aiy?eia A.N. Iaoaaaaa. I?o? aue /aou?iaaeoeaoui ?aa?ieii oea?y Aeaenay e
ia?aui io aai aoi?iai a?aea. Ia?aay aeaia oea?y, aei/ue E.Ae.
Ieeineaaneiai Ia?uey Eeueeie/ia, oia?ea, inoaaea aio aeaoo nuiiaae
O?aei?a e Eaaia, e iiiai aei/a?ae. Oaeei ia?acii i?e oea?a Aeaenaa a
oea?neii naiaenoaa aeaa a?aaeaeaaiuo ae?oa ae?oao e?oaa ?iaeiuo: noa?oea
aeaoe oea?y n Ieeineaaneeie e Iaoaeuey Ee?eeeiaia n nuiii e ?iaei?e.
Aeaei a oii, /oi oea?aae/e O?aei? e Eaai ia ioee/aeenue oece/aneie
e?aiinoueth e ia iiaeaaaee iaaeaaeaeu ia aeieaieaoea, a ieaaeoee
oea?aae/ I?o? oea?e caei?iaueai, iiyoiio, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi ii aue
naiui ieaaeoei ec a?aoueaa, eiaiii aio auei noaeaeaii noaoue oea??i. Ia
yoi e iaaeayeenue Ia?uoeeiu, ii yoiai i/aiue aiyeenue

Ieeineaaneea, e oieueei no?ao ia?aae oea??i Aeaenaai naea?aeeaae
i?iyaeaiey naiaeiie a?aaeaeu.

Ni nia?oueth oea?y Aeaenay Ieoaeeiae/a aeooay ai?ueaa Ieeineaaneeo
e Ia?uoeeiuo ia?aoiaeeo a ioe?uoia noieeiiaaiea. Ia/aeenue nni?u e
eio?eae. Aiy?ei A.N. Iaoaaaa, noiyaoee oiaaea ai aeaaa anao aeae aue
nineai ia naaa? a Ionoic??ne. Iieiaeaiea iaoa?e Iao?a noaei i/aiue
cao?oaeieoaeueii.

IAO*AIEA IAEIEAOIAAI IAO?A

Iao/aiea Iao?a oei aeiaieueii iaaeeaiii. Ii noa?i?onneiio iau/ath
aai ia/aee o/eoue n iyoe eao. O/eoaeai Iao?a noae aeueye Ieeeoa Iienaaa,
nui Cioia, /aeiaae o/?iue, ii ethayuee auieoue. Aiineaaenoaee Iao?
iacia/ee aai eiycai-iaiie oooianeie eieeaaee iueyinoaa.

Cioia i?io?e n Iao?ii acaoeo, /anineia, inaeou?ue, aaaiaaeea e
aiinoie. Oae aea ia/eiaee nai? o/aiea e oea?ue Aeaenae, e aai noa?oea
nuiiauey. Cioia eanaeny e ?onneie noa?eiu, ?anneacuaae oea?aae/o i?i
aeaea aai iooea, i?i oea?y Eaaia A?iciiai, i Aeieo?ee Aeiineii e
Aeaenaiae?a Iaaneii. Aiineaaenoaee I?o? ia oa?ye eioa?ana e enoi?ee,
i?eaeaaae ae aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey.

Aei nia?oe naiaai iooea, oea?y Aeaenay, I?o? aeee aaeiaiai a
oea?neie naiuea. Aio auei anaai o?e n iieiaeiie aiaea, eiaaea oia?
ioaoe. Oea?ue O?aei? aue e??noiui iooeii naiaai iaeaiueeiai a?aoa e
i/aiue ethaee aai. Ii aea?aeae Iao?a i?e naaa a aieueoii iineianeii
aeai?oea e caaioeeny i aai iao/aiee.

O/eeny ee I?o? o Cioiaa au? /aio-ieaoaeue, inoa?ony iaecaanoiui;
nio?aieeinue i?aaeaiea i oii, /oi Cioia iieacuaae oea?aae/o iiiai
“iioaoiuo eenoia”, oi anoue ea?oeiie enoi?e/aneiai e auoiaiai
niaea?aeaiey, i?eaiceiuo a Iineao ec-ca a?aieoeu. Ca iao/aieai o Cioiaa
aeieaeia auea neaaeiaaoue noieanoe/aneay iaoea, n eioi?ie ciaeiieeenue
noa?oea a?aouey e aeaaea n?no?u I?o?a iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii eeaaneeo
iiiaoia. Iao?o i?aaenoiyei eco/eoue a?aiiaoeeo, ieeoeeo, ?eoi?eeo,
aeeaeaeoeeo e oeeinioeth, eaoeineoth e a?a/aneoth a?aiioo e, aa?iyoii,
iieueneee ycue. Ii ia?aae ia/aeii yoiai iao/aiey oea?ue O?aei? oia? e
ia/aeanue niooa 1682 aiaea. Ec-ca yoiai I?o? inoaeny aac
nenoaiaoe/aneiai ia?aciaaiey. Aei eiioea aeecie ii eaii?e?iaae
a?aiiaoeeo e i?oia?aoeth.

NIAUOEss 1682 AIAeA

Oea?ue O?aei? Aeaenaaae/ oie?aao, ia inoaaea ianeaaeieeia i?noiea.
Ii iauaio iiaieth ianeaaeiaaoue i?anoie aeieaeai aue aai a?ao Eaai. Ii
15-eaoiee Eaai aue i/aiue

aieaciaiiui e iaeioiiui e, eiia/ii, ia iia i?eiyoue aeanoe. Ciay yoi,
ethaeioeu oea?y O?aei?a (sscueia, Eeoa/?a e ae?.) ono?ieee aeaei oae,
/oi n?aco iinea nia?oe O?aei?a iao?ea?o Eiaeei e aiy?a i?iaicaeaneee
oea??i ieaaeoaai oea?aae/a Iao?a. Iaeiaei, i?aaa oea?aae/a Eaaia auee
ia?ooaiu e aai ?iaeiua ia iiaee i?eie?eoueny n i?ienoaaeoei. Naiuie
oiiuie e ?aoeoaeueiuie n?aaee ieo auee oea?aaia Niouey Aeaenaaaia e
aiy?ei Eaai Ieoaeeiae/ Ieeineaaneee. I?ioea naieo a?aaia (sscueiaa e
Ia?uoeeiuo) iie iiaeiyee no?aeaoeeia aienei.

No?aeueoeai aeaee ciaoue, /oi oea?aae/ Eaai caaeooai e a ?oee
no?aeueoeia aeaee nienie “eciaiieeia-aiy?”. No?aeueoeu iiaa?eee e ia/aee
ioe?uoue iyoaae. 15 iay 1682 aiaea iie, aii?oaeeaoenue, i?eoee a
E?aieue. Oea?eoea Iaoaeuey Ee?eeeiaia auaaea ia E?aniia e?ueueoei
aeai?oea oea?y Iao?a e oea?aae/a Eaaia e iieacaea eo no?aeueoeai.
Iaeiaei no?aeueoeu ia oniieieeenue, aeiieeenue a oea?neee aeai?aoe e ia
aeacao /eaiia oea?neie naiuee caa?nee oaeee aiy?eia Iaoaaaaa e iiiaeo
?iaenoaaiieeia oea?eoeu Iaoaeuee. I?o?, auaoee i/aaeaeoeai e?iaaauo
noeai no?aeaoeeiai iyoaaea, aucaae oaeeaeaiea oa??aeinoueth, eaeoth
nio?aiee i?e yoii: noiy ia E?aniii e?ueueoea ii ia eciaieeny a eeoea,
eiaaea no?aeueoeu iiaeoaaouaaee ia eiiuey Iaoaaaaa e aai noi?iiieeia. Ii
iaeneea oaeanu iaecaeaaeeii a?acaeenue a iaiyoue Iao?a, aa?iyoii,
ionthaea aa?oo ia/aei e ecaanoiay ia?aiinoue, e aai iaiaaenoue e
no?aeueoeai. *a?ac aiae 11-eaoiee I?o? ii ?acaeoinoe iieacaeny
eiicaiiiio iineo 16-eaoiei thiioae.

*a?ac iaaeaeth iinea ia/aea aoioa (23 iay) iiaaaeeoaee iio?aaiaaee
io i?aaeoaeuenoaa, /oiau oea?yie auee iacia/aiu iaa a?aoa; au? iaaeaeth
nionoy (29-ai), ii iiaiio o?aaiaaieth no?aeueoeia, ca iieiaeinoueth
oea?ae i?aaeaiea auei a?o/aii oea?aaia Niouea. Ia?oey Iao?a auea
iono?aiaia io anyeiai o/anoey a ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeaeao.

I?O? A I?AIA?AAEAINEII

Ca an? a?aiy ?aaainoaa Niouee Iaoaeuey Ee?eeeiaia i?eacaeaea a
Iineao eeoue ia ianeieueei ceiieo ianyoeaa, i?iaiaey inoaeueiia a?aiy a
iiaeiineiaiii naea I?aia?aaeaineii. Ieiei iieiaeiai aeai?a
a?oiie?iaaeanue cia/eoaeueiay /anoue ciaoiuo oaieeee, ia ?aoaaoeony
naycaoue naith noaeueao n a?aiaiiui i?aaeoaeuenoaii Niouee.
I?aaeinoaaeaiiue naiiio naaa, I?o? ?aco/eeny ia?aiineoue eaeea-oi
noaniaiey, ioeacuaaoue naaa a eniieiaiee eaeiai au oi ie auei aeaeaiey.
Oea?eoea Iaoaeuey, aeaiueia “oia iaeiai”, ii au?aaeaieth a?
?iaenoaaiieea eiycy Eo?aeeia, caaioeeanue, ii-aeaeeiiio, eneeth/eoaeueii
i oece/aneie noi?iia ainieoaiey naiaai nuia. Iu aeaeei Iao?a ie?oae?iiui
“iieiaeuie ?aayoaie ia?iaeo i?inoiai” e “iieiaeuie ethaeueie ia?auo
aeiiia”; ia?aua a eiioea eiioeia acyee aa?o, a “ciaoiua ia?niiu” auee
ioaeaeaiu. Aanueia aa?iyoii,

/oi e i?inoua e ciaoiua i?eyoaee aeaoneeo ea? Iao?a iaeeiaeiai
caneoaeeaaee eee/eo “ici?ieeia”, aeaiioth ei Nioueae.

Iaiaiiue, aaieaeueiue ?aa?iie ia iiaeao neaeaoue a eiiiaoa aac
aeaea; ii ?a?ony ec ia/aeueiiai iiaeueiiai aeiia ia oeeoeo, niae?aao
ieiei naay oieio iieiae?aee ec i?eaeai?iuo neoaeeoaeae: caaaaeyaony,
ea?aao n ieie: eae ana aeeaua aeaoe ethaeo ea?aoue a aieio, a nieaeaou.
Ia aa?aao ssocu o naea I?aia?aaeaineiai ii iino?iee naaa “iioaoioth”
e?aiinoue – I?anao?a e ieiei ia? nia?ae oeaeoth aethaeeio “iioaoiuo”
aieiia. Nia/aea yoi aue nieioiie na?iae “i?aia?aaeaineea eiithoe”, eae
au?aaeaeanue Niouey. Iioii yoie eiiiaiee I?o? i?eaeae oi?io aeaoo
nieaeaoneeo iieeia (I?aia?aaeaineiai – a naea I?aia?aaeaineii e
Nai?iianeiai – a ninaaeneii naea Nai?iianeii), e iiiaiiiao ec “iioaoiuo”
iieeia o Iao?a ia?aciaaeenue ianoiyuea iieee, iieiaeeaoea aiineaaenoaee
ia/aei aaa?aeee. Iieaaay caaaaa Iao?a iieo/eea oe?ieea ?acia?u e
na?ue?ciia cia/aiea. I?o? iiiye aaaeiinoue aiaiiiai aeaea e noae
o/eoueny eiaeaia?iiio e a?oeeea?eeneiio eneonnoao.

“Aeey iaoaiaoeee, oi?oeoeeaoeee, oiea?iiai ianoa?noaa e iaiae
a?oeoeoeeaeueiuo” iiyaeyaony i?e Iao?a o/eoaeue-eiino?aiaoe O?aioe
Oeiia?iai. Nio?aieaoeany oao?aaee Iao?a naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i aai
ianoie/eauo oneeeyo onaieoue i?eeeaaeioth noi?iio a?eoiaoe/aneie,
ano?iiiie/aneie e a?oeeea?eeneie i?aioae?inoe: oa aea oao?aaee
iieacuaatho, /oi iniiaaiey yoie i?aioae?inoe oae e inoaeenue aeey Iao?a
oaeiie. Caoi oiea?iia eneonnoai e ie?ioaoieea anaaaea auee ethaeiuie
caiyoeyie Iao?a. Oe?iei ecaanoia no?anoue Iao?a e eiaeeai e ei?aaeyi.
Iinea oiai, eae I?o? iao?e a naea Eciaeeiaa caa?ioaiiue ii?aoiaeiue
aioee (“aeaaeooeo ?onneiai oeioa”) e iao/eeny ieaaaoue ia i?i, ii aanue
oo?e a yoi aeaei e ia/ae no?ieoue noaea ia aieueoii Ia?ayneaaneii ica?a.
Iiiaei yoi eacaeinue ionoie caaaaie. Inoaeaeaee a Iao?a e aai aeecinoue
e iaioeai. I?o? /anoi auaae a iaiaoeeie neiaiaea, aaaeue eiaiii oai ii
iia iaeoe iauyniaiey iiiaei iaiiiyoiui aeey ?onneeo ethaeae aauai,
iai?eia? ano?ieyaee. I?o? iniaaiii naeeceeny n oioeaiaeoeai Ai?aeiiii,
aaia?aeii ?onneie neoaeau, o/?iui, e ni oaaeoea?oeai Eaoi?oii,
iieeiaieei, /aeiaaeii i/aiue niiniaiui e aan?eui. Iiae aeeyieai Eaoi?oa
I?o? i?eaue e ooiiui ie?ai e ?acaoeo. E niaeaeaieth, ie eiycue Ai?en
Aeaenaaae/ Aieeoeui ainieoaoaeue Iao?a, ie aai ainieoaoaeue Ieeeoa Cioia
ia iiaee oaea?aeaoue iieiaeiai oea?y io eooaaeae e ooiiuo ie?ooae.

Aneaaenoaea iaaeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeaonoaa I?o? inoaeny aac
i?aaeeueiiai ia?aciaaiey e aianoi aiaineianei-noieanoe/aneeo iiciaiee
i?eia??e aiaiii-oaoie/aneea. Iieiaeie ainoaea?ue i?aaenoaaeye niaie
iaiaueiiaaiiue aeey iineianeiai iauanoaa eoeueoo?iue oei. O iaai ia auei
ethaae e noa?ui iau/ayi e ii?yaeeai i?eaeai?iie iineianeie aeecie, caoi
ia?aciauaaeenue aeeceea ioiioaiey n “iaioeaie”. I?o? ia ethaee
i?aaeoaeuenoai Niouee, aiyeny Ieeineaaneeo e no?aeueoeia, eioi?uo n/eoae
iii?ie e ae?ocueyie Niouee.

O/anoea Iao?a a ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeaeao, ai a?aiy ?aaainoaa
Niouee, ia?aie/eaaeinue i?enoonoaeai ia oi?aeanoaaiiuo oea?aiiieyo. I?o?
aanue oo?e a naie caaaau. Iineianeea ethaee n/eoaee aai iana?ue?ciui e
ionoui /aeiaaeii.

Aaeeinoaaiiui e?oiiui e iaoaea/iui aiaoaoaeuenoaii iaoa?e a
ee/ioth aeeciue Iao?a auea aeaieoueaa ia A.O. Eiiooeiie 27 yiaa?y 1689
aiaea ?aiueoa aeinoeaeaiey Iao?ii 17 eao. Oea?eoea Iaoaeuey iaaeayeanue
ioaea/ue nuia io ionouo caaaa e naeaeaoue aai aieaa nieeaeiui. Oae eae
i?eaeeaeaeny eiiaoe ii?ee oea?aaiu Niouee iaae oea?yie e oea?noaii, yoi
auea nei?aa iieeoe/aneay, /ai ainieoaoaeueiay ia?a.

N aeaieoueaie I?o? ia eciaiee naieo i?eau/ae. Ianoiaenoaii
oa?aeoa?ia noi?oaia e iaethaiaueth aeai?a e Eiiooeiie iauyniyaony oi,
/oi “ec?yaeiay ethaiaue” Iao?a e aeaia “i?iaeieaeeeanue ?acaa oieii
aiae”, a caoai I?o? noae i?aaeii/eoaoue naiaeiie aeecie – iioiaeioth, a
iieeiaie ecaa I?aia?aaeaineiai iieea. Iiaia caiyoea – noaeino?iaiea –
ioaeaeei aai au? aeaeueoa: n ssocu ii aianoa ni naieie ei?aaeyie
ia?anaeeeny ia Ia?ayneaaneia ica?i e aanaei i?iaiaeee oai a?aiy aeaaea
ceiie.

IECAA?AEAIEA OeA?AAIU NIOUeE.

I?AAEAIEA OeA?EOeU IAOAEUeE

Oae iiaeioei niaa?oaiiieaoea Iao?a (30 iay 1689 aiaea), eiaaea
iaoue e ?iaeiua canoaaeee aai ia/aoue ai?ueao n Nioueae ca aeanoue.
Aeaaiui aeaeaieai Niouee auei noaoue iinoiyiiie “naiiaea?aeeoeae”,
nii?aaeoaeueieoeae oea?ae. Aeey yoiai iia noa?aeanue aeaenoaiaaoue /a?ac
no?aeueoeia. Iia iaaeayeanue, /oi no?aeueoeu iiaeaaeoo /aeiaeouea – ia
inoaaeyoue i?aaeaiey, aai/aoueny oea?neei aaioeii e noaoue
naiiaea?aeeoeae. Iaeiaei, caaiai? ioe?ueny, e eaoii 1689 aiaea ia/aeenue
ioe?uoua nni?u iaaeaeo oea??i Iao?ii e oea?eoeae Iaoaeueae n Nioueae,
eioi?ua ia?a?inee a ioe?uooth a?aaeaeo.

Niouey iianaeanue i?yiiai iaiaaeaiey Iao?a n aai “ici?ieeaie” e
iiyoiio aea?aeaea a Iineaa aie?oa naay oneeaiiua ea?aoeu no?aeueoeia.
Onooieoue Iao?o e ioeacaoueny io i?aaeaiey iia e ia aeoiaea. I?o? oaeaea
aiyeny iieooaiee no?aeueoeia ia naith aeeciue. A ii/ue ia 8 aaaonoa 1689
aiaea I?o? aue ?acaoaeai a I?aia?aaeaineii no?aeueoeaie, i?ei?noeie
aanoue i aeaenoaeoaeueiie eee iieiie iianiinoe ni noi?iiu E?aiey. I?o?
?acaeaoue oneaeae a aeeaeaeooth ?iuo, oai iaeaeny e iii/aeny a
O?ieoea-Na?aeaa iiianou?ue, eoaea i?eaoae /ooue aeeaie io onoaeinoe e
aieiaiey. No?aoe ieacaeenue ii-aeaeeiiio, eiaeiuie, no?aeueoeu ia oee a
I?aia?aaeaineia, ii I?o? n oao ii? no?aaeae iinoiyiiui ia?aiui iaaeoaii:
o iaai iiyaeeenue iiae??aeaaiey uaee, iai?iecaieueiua aeaeaeaiey aieiau
e iaeioi?ay iai?aaeeueiinoue iioiaeee. Ii, ii oiaaeaoiaio au?aaeaieth,
“aieiao cai?ii?ouaae e iiaith caieiaeny”. I?eaa?aeaioeu Iao?a
?anii?yaeeeenue nicaaoue aeai?yineia iiie/aiea, iio?aaiaaee e naaa
ia/aeueieeia e aeaiooaoia io iineianeeo aiene e o/eieee ei?ioeoth
?ani?aao n i?eaa?aeaioeaie Niouee (ei.A.A.Aieeoeui, Neeueaano?,

Oeaeiaeoue). Niouey auea ia?anaeaia a iiaeiineiaiue Iiaiaeaae/ee
iiianou?ue. Eiaii i?aaee eeoue iiieiaeueii; oaeoe/anee aeanoue ia?aoea e
ia?oee Iao?a. Ia ia?auo ii?ao, iaeiaei, “oea?neia aaee/anoai inoaaee
nai? i?aaeaiea iaoa?e naiae, a nai i?ai?iaiaeaeae a?aiy nai? a caaaaao
yeca?oeeoeee aiaiiuo”.

I?aaeaiea oea?eoeu Iaoaeuee i?aaenoaaeyeinue nia?aiaiieeai yiioie
?aaeoeee i?ioea ?aoi?iaoi?neeo no?aieaiee Niouee. I?o? ainiieueciaaeny
ia?aiaiie naiaai iieiaeaiey oieueei aeey oiai, /oiau ?anoe?eoue aei
a?aiaeeiciuo ?acia?ia naie oaanaeaiey. Oae, iai?a?u iiauo iieeia
caeii/eeenue a 1694 aiaeo Eiaeooianeeie iioiaeaie, a eioi?uo “oea?ue
O?aei? Ieaoao?neie” (?iiiaeaiianeee) ?acaee “oea?y Eaaia Nai?iianeiai”
(Aooo?eeia), inoaaea ia iiea iioaoiie aeoau 24 ianoiyueo oaeouo e 50
?aiaiuo.

?aoe?aiea ii?neoo ciaaaa Iiaoaeeei Iao? aeaaaeu niaa?oeoue
iooaoanoaea ia Aaeia ii?a, i?e/?i ii iiaeaa?aaeny na?ue?ciie iianiinoe
ai a?aiy iiacaeee ia Nieiaaoeeea ino?iaa. Ca yoe aiaeu oeaio?ii
?acaoeueiie aeecie Iao?a noaiiaeony aeii aai iiaiai ethaeioea Eaoi?oa a
iaiaoeeie neiaiaea. “Ooo ia/aeinue aeaaionoai, iueyinoai oaeia aaeeeia,
/oi iaaiciiaeii iienaoue, /oi ii o?e aeiy, caia?oenue a oii, aeiia,
auaaee iueyiu e /oi iiiaei neo/aeinue iooiai e oie?aoue”. A aeiia
Eaoi?oa I?o? “ia/ae n aeiiaie eiicaiiuie iaoiaeeoueny e aio? ia/ae
ia?aue auoue e iaeiie aei/a?e eoia/aneie” (Aiia Iiin). “N i?aeoeee”, ia
aaeao Eaoi?oa, I?o? “iao/eeny oaioeaaaoue ii-iieuenee”: nui aeaoneiai
eiienna?a Aooaiaio o/ee aai oaooiaaieth e aa?oiaiie acaea, aieeaiaeaoe
Aeieon – i?aeoeea aieeaiaeneiai ycuea; ai a?aiy iiacaeee a A?oaiaaeuene
I?o? ia?aiaeaeny a iao?inneee aieeaiaeneee einothi. Ia?aeeaeueii n yoei
onaiaieai aa?iiaeneie aiaoiinoe oei auno?ia ?ac?ooaiea noa?iai
i?eaeai?iiai yoeeaoa: auoiaeeee ec oiio?aaeaiey oi?aeanoaaiiua auoiaeu a
niai?ioth oea?eiaue, ioaee/iua aoaeeaioeee e ae?oaea “aeai?iaua
oea?aiiiee”. “?oaaoaeuenoaa ciaoiui ia?niiai” io oea?neeo ethaeioeaa e
i?eaeai?iuo oooia, oae aea eae e o/?aaeaeaiea “anaoooaeoaai e
anaiueyiaeoaai niai?a”, aa?oo nai? ia/aei a oie aea yiioa.

A 1694 aiaeo oia?ea iaoue Iao?a. Oioy I?o? oaia?ue “nai iiioaeae?i
aue anooieoue a oi?aaeaiea, iaeiaei ae o?oaea oiai ia oioae iiianoe e
inoaaee ana naiaai ainoaea?noaa i?aaeaiea – ieieno?ai naiei” (Eo?aeei).
Aio auei o?oaeii ioeacaoueny io oie naiaiaeu, e eioi?ie aai i?eo/eee
aiaeu iaaieueiiai oaeaeaiey io aeae; e aiineaaenoaee ii ia ethaee
naycuaaoue naay ioeoeeeueiuie iaycaiiinoyie, ii?o/ay eo ae?oaei eeoeai,
nai inoaaaynue ia aoi?ii ieaia. I?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay iaoeia a ia?aua aiaeu
i?aaeaiey Iao?a i?iaeieaeaao eaeoe naiei oiaeii. I?o? aiaoeaaaony a yoio
oiae eeoue oiaaea e iinoieueeo, eiaaea yoi ieacuaaaony iaiaoiaeeiui aeey
aai aiaiii-ii?neeo caaaa. I/aiue nei?i, iaeiaei, “ieaaeai/aneia ea?aiea”
a nieaeaou e ei?aaee i?eaiaeeo Iao?a e na?ue?ciui cao?oaeiaieyi, aeey
ono?aiaiey eioi?uo ieacuaaaony iaiaoiaeeiui nouanoaaiii iio?aaiaeeoue
noa?ue ainoaea?noaaiiue ii?yaeie. “Oooeee iiae Eiaeooiaui, a oaia?ue
iiae Acia ea?aoue aaeai” – oae niiauaao I?o? O.I.Ai?aeneio a ia/aea 1695
aiaea ia Acianeii iioiaea.

ACIANEEA IIOIAeU. EOIIAINOAA.

Ia/aei aeoeaiuo aiaiiuo aeaenoaee i?ioea Oo?oeee ii?aaeaeyeinue
?yaeii iiiaioia: ai?ueaie ca auoiae e ii?th, no?aieaieai iieii/eoue n
iinoiyiiuie iaaaaaie e?uineiai oainoaa a thaeii?onneea caiee,
iaania/eoue aiciiaeiinoue aieueoaai eniieueciaaiey e canaeaiey
ieiaei?iaeiuo caiaeue THaa. I?e iiaeaioiaea ia?aiai Acianeiai iioiaea
auee o/oaiu ioeaee Aieeoeuia, e iniiaiie oaea? aue iai?aaeai a 1695
aiaeo ia oo?aoeeoth e?aiinoue Acia. Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia ouaoaeueioth
iiaeaioiaeo, ia?aue Acianeee iioiae ia i?ei?n oniaoa. Ionoonoaiaaei
aaeeiia eiiaiaeiaaiea, ia auei iiuoa inaaeu neeueiuo e?aiinoae, ia
oaaoaei a?oeeea?ee, a aeaaiia, o inaaeaeaaoeo ia auei oeioa aeey oiai,
/oiau aeiee?iaaoue Acia e aini?aiyonoaiaaoue aeinoaaea iiaee?aieaiee,
aiai?eiania e i?iaeiaieuenoaey.

N inaie 1695 aiaea ia/aeanue iiaeaioiaea e iiaiio iioiaeo, e a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue no?ieoaeuenoai oeioa a Iineaa ia ?aea ssoca e a
Ai?iiaaea. Auei iino?iaii aeaa e?oiiuo ei?aaey, 23 aaea?u e aieaa ouny/e
aa?ie e iaeeeo noaeia. E Aciao aeaeioeanue a?iey, aaeaia aieueoay ii
n?aaiaieth n 1695 aiaeii. 19 ethey 1696 aiaea Acia aue acyo. Yoi aue
e?oiiue aiaiiue e aiaoiaiieeoe/aneee oniao. I?o? ooiii i?acaeioao
iiaaaeo, ii oi?ioi /oanoaoao iaaeinoaoi/iinoue nee aeey i?iaeieaeaiey
ai?ueau. Ii i?aaeeaaaao aiy?ai “noaaoeoue oi?ooio ca aeanu” e ecuneaoue
n?aaenoaa ia iino?ieeo oeioa, /oiau i?iaeieaeeoue aieio n “iaaa?iuie” ia
ii?a (auoiae a *??iia ii?a caie?aea Ea?/ue, iaeaaeaoue eioi?ie iiaeii
auei oieueei a ?acoeueoaoa aeieaie e oyae?eie aieiu). Aiy?a aiceiaeeee
iino?ieeo ei?aaeae ia “eoiiainoaa” naaoneeo e aeooiaiuo
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, eiaaoeo ia iaiaa 100 aeai?ia. Inoaeueiia ianaeaiea
aeieaeii auei iiiiaaoue aeaiueaaie. Iino?iaiiua “eoiiainoaaie” ei?aaee
iicaeiaa ieacaeenue ieeoaea ia aiaeiuie, e aanue yoio oeio, noieaoee
ianaeaieth ieiei 900 oun. oiaaeaoieo ?oaeae, ia iia auoue oiio?aae?i ie
aeey eaeeo i?aeoe/aneeo oeaeae. Iaeiia?aiaiii, ?aoaii auei nia?yaeeoue
iinieuenoai ca a?aieoeo n oeaeueth iienea nithcieeia i?ioea “iaaa?iuo”.

“Aaeeeia (/?acau/aeiia) iinieuenoai” 1697 – 1698
aiaeia

“Aaeeeia iinieuenoai” a ninoaaa 250 /aeiaae auaoaei ec Iineau 9
ia?oa 1697 aiaea. Oi?iaeueii aai aicaeaaeye aaeie?ae O.Eaoi?o e aaia?ae
O.Aieiaei, ii a aai ninoaaa iaoiaeeeny e nai I?o? I iiae eiaiai
“o?yaeieea I?aia?aaeaineiai iieea Iao?a Ieoaeeiaa”. E?iia iieneia
nithcieeia, I?o? iinoaaee ia?aae niaie caaea/o eco/aiey ei?aaea no?iaiey
e ei?aaeaaiaeaeaiey a Aiaeee e Aieeaiaeee. Iinieuenoai iinaoeei
I?onneth, Iieueoo, O?aioeeth, Aieeaiaeeth, Aiaeeth, Aano?eth. I?o? a
oa/aiea iieoaiaea ?aaioae ia aa?oyo Naa?aeaia e Ainoa?aeaia.

A oiaea ia?aaiai?ia noaei niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi oainia ia
caeeth/aiea a Aa?iia nithca aeey aieiu n Oo?oeeae iao, oae eae Aa?iia
noiyea ia ii?iaa aieiu ca “eniaineia ianeaaenoai”. Yoi eneeth/aei
aiciiaeiinoue i?iaeieaeaiey aieiu n Oo?oeeae, ii aeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue
ia/aoue aieio ca auoiae e Aaeoeea aac ?enea, /oi Oaaoeey iieo/eo
iiaeaea?aeeo iaeiie ec e?oiiuo no?ai Aa?iiu. ?inney iiaeao iiiuoaoueny
i?eaea/ue ia naith noi?iio Iieueoo e Aeaieth, o eioi?uo auee na?ue?ciua
i?ioeai?a/ey ni Oaaoeeae a I?eaaeoeea. Iniaaiii aaaeia iiceoeey Iieueoe,
iiyoiio ae ieacuaaeanue eae aeeieiiaoe/aneay, oae e aiaiiay iiiiuue aeey
auai?a ei?ie?i e ooaa?aeaeaiey ia iieueneii i?anoiea naeniineiai
eo?oth?noa Aaaonoa, /oi nicaeaei oneiaey aeey naeeaeaiey iieeoeee
Iieueoe e ?innee. A ?acoeueoaoa ?inney iiaea eiaoue a aieia ni Oaaoeeae
nithcieeaie Iieueoo e Aeaieth, nithcieeia i?aaaea, iaiaae?aeiuo, e ia
i/aiue caeioa?aniaaiiuo a oneeaiee ?innee.

*oi aea eanaaony aoi?ie oeaee iooaoanoaey, oi I?o? i?ia?e 8 aeiae
ia aieeaiaeneie aa?oe a Naa?aeaia, ?aeiiaiaeiaaiiie aio iaeiei ec
iineianeeo ciaeiioeaa. Ii oaeeaee ianaeaiea iaeaiueeiai ai?iaeea naiei
naiei yeno?aaaaaioiui iiaaaeaieai. A yiaa?a 1698 aiaea I?o? iiaoae a
Aiaeeth e noaaaeny oai o?e n iieiaeiie ianyoea, ?aaioay i?aeiouanoaaiii
ia aa?oe a Aeaiooi?aea.

Oioy aeaaiay oeaeue iinieuenoaa ia auea aeinoeaiooa – ?inney ia
niiaea iaeoe nithcieeia aeey aieiu n Oo?oeeae, caoi I?o? oiio?aaee a?aiy
i?aauaaiey a Aieeaiaeee e Aiaeee aeey i?eia?aoaiey iiauo ciaiee, a
iinieuenoai caieiaeinue caeoieie i?oaeey e anaaiciiaeiuo ei?aaaeueiuo
i?eiania, iaeiii ii?yeia, ?aianeaiieeia e o.i. Ia aa?iiaeneeo
iaaethaeaoaeae I?o? i?ieca?e aia/aoeaiea ethaiciaoaeueiia aeeea?y,
caeioa?aniaaiiiai i?aeiouanoaaiii ?ai?neaie, i?eeeaaeiuie ciaieyie e
anaaiciiaeiuie aeeeiaeiaie e iaaeinoaoi/ii ?acaeoiai, /oiau
eioa?aniaaoueny nouanoaaiiuie /a?oaie aa?iiaeneie iieeoe/aneie e
eoeueoo?iie aeecie. Aai ecia?aaeatho /aeiaaeii aniueue/eaui e ia?aiui,
auno? iaiythuei iano?iaiea e ieaiu e iaoiathuei aeaaeaoue niaie a ieioou
aiaaa, iniaaiii iiae aeeyieai aeia.

Caa?aie/iia iooaoanoaea Iao?a Aaeeeiai eiaei i/aiue aieueoia
cia/aiea. Ai-ia?auo, i?aauaaiea a /oaeeo e?ayo a oa/aiea iieooi?a
eaoieii/aoaeueii au?aaioaei ee/iinoue Iao?a. Ii iieo/ee iiiai iieaciuo
ciaiee, i?eaue e eoeueoo?iui oi?iai aa?iiaeneie aeecie, oinoaaiii
nic?ae. Ai-aoi?uo, iooaoanoaea oea?y ia Caiaae iaeeaeei ioiioaiey Iineau
n Caiaaeii, oneeeei iaiai ethaeueie iaaeaeo ?onueth e Aa?iiie.
A-o?aoueeo, ca a?aieoeae I?o? ociae aeaenoaeoaeueiua iieeoe/aneea
ioiioaiey aea?aeaa, e aianoi ianauoi/iuo ia/oaiee ia ecaiaiee oo?ie a
Aceth au?aaioae o?acaue ieai ai?ueau ni Oaaoeeae ca Aaeoeeneia
iiaa?aaeuea.

IA?AUA I?AIA?ACIAAIEss E NO?AEAOeEEE ?ICUNE

Ecaanoea i no?aeaoeeii aoioa aucaaei Iao?a a ?inneth. I?aaeaea
anaai i?aaenoiyei iieii/eoue ni no?aeueoeaie e ni noa?ui ii?yaeeii
aiiaua. I?yii n aei?iae, ia iiaeaeaaoenue n naiue?e, I?o? iiaoae e Aiia
Iiin, caoai ia naie i?aia?aaeaineee aeai?. Naiae aeaia Aaaeieee
Eiiooeiie caaeacii ia?aaeae i?eeac eaeoe a iiianou?ue. I?ioea aiee a?
ioaacee a Nocaeaeue e iino?eaee a Iie?ianeii iiianou?a. Nuia naiaai
Aeaenay ( ?iaeeaoaainy a 1690 aiaeo) I?o? ioaeae ia iiia/aiea naiae
nano?u oea?aaiu Iaoaeee. Ia neaaeothuaa oo?i 26 aaaonoa 1698 aiaea, I?o?
noae nianoaaiii?o/ii no?e/ue ai?iaeu o ia?auo naiiaieeia ainoaea?noaa, e
ioaea?o i?eeac iineoue ei?ioeia aa?iiaeneia ieaouea. I?aai iineoue
ai?iaeu nio?aiyei eeoue aeooiaainoai e e?anoueyinoai. Iaeiia?aiaiii n
ia?auie oaaaie naieo eoeueoo?iuo i?aia?aciaaiee I?o? ia/ae no?aoiue
no?aeaoeeee ?icune.

No?aeueoeu oaea auee ?acaeou Oaeiui iiae Aine?anaineei iiianou??ie
ca/eiueee aoioa auee iaeacaiu. I?o? aiciaiiaee neaaenoaea i aoioa,
noa?aynue iouneaoue neaaeu aeeyiey ia no?aeueoeia oea?aaiu Niouee.
Iaeaey aeieacaoaeuenoaa nei?aa acaeiiuo neiiaoee, /ai ii?aaeae?iiuo
ieaiia e aeaenoaee, I?o? oai ia iaiaa canoaaee iino?e/ueny Nioueth e a?
nano?o Ia?oo a iiiaoeie a Iiaiaeaae/ueai iiianou?a. No?aeaoeeia aienei
I?o? ?aoee oie/oiaeeoue. Ie?u e iiiieee niaiyeenue eaciyie, a eioi?uo
oea?ue eiiaaea nai ea?ae ?ieue iaea/a. N eiioea naioya?y ii eiiaoe
ieoya?y 1698 aiaea auei eaciaii aieaa ouny/e no?aeueoeia. A oaa?aea 1699
aiaea no?aeueoeia iiyoue eacieee nioiyie.

Iineianeia no?aeaoeeia aienei i?ae?aoeei nai? nouanoaiaaiea. Oeac
io 20 aeaeaa?y 1699 aiaea i iiaii eaoien/eneaiee oi?iaeueii i?ia?e /a?oo
iaaeaeo noa?ui e iiaui a?aiaiai. Ioi?acaeiiaaa 1-ai naioya?y 1699 aiaea
ianooieaiea iiaiai 7208 aiaea ii noa?iio n/?oo, I?o? aaeae 1 yiaa?y
aiiaue i?acaeiiaaoue iiaue 1700-e aiae e ai?aaeue n/eoaoue aiaeu io
?iaeaeanoaa O?enoiaa, eae e a ae?oaeo i?aaineaaiuo no?aiao.

IA*AEI NAAA?IIE AIEIU.

AIAIIUA AeAENOAEss 1701 – 1706 aiaeia. IIEOAAA

A 1699 aiaeo I?o? ia/ae i?eaioiaeaiey e aieia ni oaaaeaie. 11
iiya?y 1699 aiaea aue caeeth/ai oaeiue aeiaiai? iaaeaeo Iao?ii e
Aaaonoii, ii eioi?iio I?o? iaycuaaeny anooieoue a Eiae?eth e Ea?aeeth
oio/an ii caeth/aieth ie?a n Oo?oeeae, ia iicaea ii?aey 1700 aiaea.

Nithc aue caeeth/ai e n aeaoneei ei?ie?i O?enoeaiii. Ie? n
Oo?oeeae aue caeeth/ai 13 ethey 1700 aiaea a Eiinoaioeiiiiea. Ii
oneiaeyi Eiinoaioeiiiieueneiai aeiaiai?a Acia e /anoue acianeiai
iiaa?aaeuey, ia eioi?ii no?ieeny Oaaai?ia, iooiaeeee e ?innee. Oniaoo
ie?iuo ia?aaiai?ia a iaiaeie noaiaie niinianoaiaaei oi, /oi ?onneia

iinieuenoai, aicaeaaeyaiia Aiaeueyiii Oe?aeioeaaui, iaiaeeaeaiii aeey
oo?aoeeeo aeanoae iiyaeeinue a Noaiaoea ia 46-iooa/iii o?aaaoa.

18 aaaonoa a Iineaa aue niaeaeai “i?aec?yaeiue oaea?aa?e”: oea?ue
I?o? Aeaenaaae/ i?acaeiiaae oo?aoeeee ie? e i?eia?aoaiea Aciaa. Ia
ae?oaie aeaiue 19 aaaonoa, iauyaeaia aieia oaaaeai, aieia, caoyioaoayny
ia 21 aiae. Au? aei iauyaeaiey aieiu I?o? ia/ae nicaeaaaoue iiaoth
a?ieth, oae eae “ii ?aniouaiee no?aeueoeia ieeaeie iaoiou nea
ainoaea?noai ia eiaei”. 17 iiya?y 1699 aiaea aue iauyaeai iaai? 25 iiauo
iieeia, ?acaeae?iiuo ia 3 aeeaecee. Ia?aua aeaa aeeaecee (Aieiaeia e
Aaeaea) auee aiieia noi?ie?iaaiu e na?aaeeia ethiy 1700 aiaea; aianoa n
iaeioi?uie ae?oaeie aieneaie anaai aei 49 ouny/, auee aeaeioou 19
aaaonoa e Ia?aa, acya eioi?oth I?o? iia oa?iaeaoue Eeoeyiaeee e
Ynoeyiaeee.

Oieueei e eiioeo naioya?y aienei nia?aeinue o Ia?au; oieueei a
eiioea ieoya?y aue ioe?uo iaiiue ii ai?iaeo. Ii a yoi a?aiy
iaia?oaeeeinue, /oi thiue e eaaeiiuneaiiue ei?ieue Ea?e XII iaeaaeaao
ia?iiiie yia?aeae e aiaiiui oaeaioii. Ii i?eioaeee aeao/ai e ie?o. Caoai
iai?aaeeny e Ia?aa e i/aiue auno?i e iaiaeeaeaiii iaiae ia ?onneea
aienea. A ii/ue n 17 ia 18 iiya?y ?onneea ociaee, /oi Ea?e XII
iai?aeyaony e Ia?aa. I?o? oaoae ec eaaa?y, inoaaea eiiaiaeiaaiea i?eioeo
aea E?oa, iaciaeiiiio n nieaeaoaie e iaecaanoiiio ei – e ainueieouny/iay
a?iey Ea?ea XII, onoaeay e aieiaeiay, ?acaeea aac anyeiai o?oaea
ni?ieaouny/iia aienei Iao?a. I?e/eiaie ii?aaeaiey auee: neaainoue
a?oeeea?ee, iaaeinoaoi/iay aiaaay auo/ea a?iee, ieceay aianiiniaiinoue
eiiieoeu e oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /o cia/eoaeueioth /anoue eiiaiaeiaaiey
ninoaaeyee eiino?aiiua ia?iieee. Ianiio?y ia aa?ie/aneea e oiaeua
aeaenoaey I?aia?aaeaineiai e Nai?iianeiai iieeia, ?onneay a?iey iioa?yea
anth a?oeeea?eth, eeoeeanue aiai?eiania e nia?yaeaiey, iiianea
cia/eoaeueiua iioa?e. Iieiaeaiea iiae Ia?aie ?acei oooaeoeei
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia iieiaeaiea ?innee e nicaeaei oa?ico aoi?aeaiey Oaaoeee
a ?onneea caiee.

Aeaa ?onneei oyae?eue o?ie, Ea?e XII iio?e ia tha i?aneaaeiaaoue
ei?iey Aaaonoa: oae eae aiaoueny ca iai?eyoaeai neaaui, inoaaeyy a oueo
neeueiiai e ?aoeoueny n iaaieueoei aieneii ai aoi?ie iieiaeia iiya?y
eaeoe aaeoaue ?innee, auei au e?aeiei aac?annoaenoaii.

Iaaeaaeaeu, aicaoaeae?iiua a Iao?a iooaoanoaeai ii Aa?iia,
niaiythony ?aci/a?iaaieai. Nai I?o? oa?aeoa?ecoao nai? ninoiyiea
neiaaie: ”Oiaaea iaaiey eaiiinoue ioiaiaea e ei o?oaeiethaeth e
eneonnoao aeaiue e ii/ue i?eioaeeea”. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, n yoiai iiiaioa
I?o? i?aia?aaeaaony. A iia?aie/iuo ianoao Iiaai?iaea, Ineiaa, Ia/i?neii
iiianou?a eeiaee ?aaiou ii eo oe?aieaieth. ?aaioaee ana, ioae/eiu e
aeaiueiu, nieaeaou e nayuaiieee. A?oeeea?ey auea iioa?yia iiae ia?aie.
I?o? aaeae ni anaai ainoaea?noaa, ni ciaoiuo ai?iaeia io oea?eaae e
iiianou?ae nia?aoue /ano eieieieia ia iooee e ii?oe?u. A eiioea 1701
aiaea auei i?eaioiaeaii aieaa 300 i?oaeee. A yoi aea a?aiy i?eoiaeyo
aeia?ua aanoe io oaeueaeia?oaea Ai?ena Iao?iae/a Oa?aiaoueaaa:
iieuecoynue i?aainoiaenoaii naieo nee ii ii?acee oaaaeneiai aaia?aea
Oeeiiaiaaoa i?e

Y?anooa?a, iioa?e oaaaeia auee ao?ia aieueoa ?onneeo. Ia?aay iiaaaea
iinea Ia?au! A ethea 1702 aiaea Oa?aiaoueaa iiyoue iai?n neeueiia
ii?aaeaiea Oeeiiaiaaoo i?e Aoiiaeuenaioa e acye noa?ua ?onneea ai?iaea
ssi e Eiii?uea. Nai I?o? inaiueth 1702 aiaea yaeeny o enoieia Iaau e
acye oaaaeneoth e?aiinoue Iioaiao?a, noiyaooth ia ianoa noa?iai
iiaai?iaeneiai I?aoea. Aiciaiiaea oe?aieaiey yoie e?aiinoe, I?o? iacaae
a? Oeennaeueao?aii, oi anoue “eeth/ii – ai?iaeii” e ii?th. Ia aanio 1703
aiaea ?onneea nionoeeenue e onoueth Iaau, e a iaa 1703 aiaea I?o?
caeiaeee Iao?iiaaeianeoth e?aiinoue e iiae a? noaiaie iniiaae ai?iae
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a – oe?aie?iiue auoiae e ii?th, eioi?ui ii n?aco aea
ainiieueciaaeny. Ia ?aea Ae?ue ianiao no?ieeenue ii?neea noaea e a oii
aea 1703 aiaeo iie oaea auee niouaiu ia aiaeo. Inaiueth 1703 aiaea I?o?
ia/ae ?aaiou ia Eioeeia-ino?iaa aeey iino?ieee ii?neie e?aiinoe
E?iioeioa (E?iiooaaeoa). Yoa e?aiinoue noaea aaaaiueth aeey iiaiai
Aaeoeeneiai oeioa. Iaeiiaoe, a 1704 aiaeo auee acyou neeueiua oaaaeneea
e?aiinoe Aea?io (TH?ueaa) e Ia?aa. Oaeei ia?acii, I?o? ia oieueei
i?eia??e auoiae e ii?th a nai?i “ia?aaeeca” Iaoa?aa?aa, ii e caueoee
yoio auoiae n ii?y (E?iioeio) e n nooe (ssi, Eiii?uea, Ia?aa, Aea?io).

Ea?e niaa?oee iaiii?aaeioth ioeaeo, aeiionoea Iao?a aei oaeiai
oniaoa, e ?aoee caaeaaeeoue a? eeoue iinea oiai, eae ?ani?aaeeny n
ae?oaei iai?eyoaeai – Aaaonoii, aaea a 1707 aiaeo auioaeee aai
iiaeienaoue naia?aoiue ie?iue aeiaiai?. A eiioea 1707 aiaea Ea?e
aeaeioeny ia Iao?a, a?icynue naa?aiooue aai n i?anoiea. Oaia?ue ?inney
inoaeanue aac nithcieeia.

I?o? ?anii?yaeeeny ia anooiaoue a aaia?aeueioth aeoao niai?eyoaeai
a iieueneeo aeaaeaieyo, a noa?aoueny caiaieoue aai e naiei iiaui
a?aieoeai, a?aaey i?e anyeii oaeiaiii neo/aa, iniaaiii i?e ia?ai?aaao
/a?ac ?aee. I?o? iaoiaeeeny a cao?oaeieoaeueiii iieiaeaiee, oae eae Ea?e
iiaeieao inoaiaaeeaaeny, e auei iaecaanoii, eoaea ii ioi?aaeony aeaeaa.
A iaeii e oi aea a?aiy I?o? oe?aieye Iineao e Iaoa?ao?a.

A ia/aea 1708 aiaea Ea?e XII acye ai?iae A?iaeii e ioooaea
aeaeioeny ii iai?aaeaieth e Iineaa. N iei auei aieaa 40 ouny/ ioai?iiai
aienea e, e?iia oiai, aeaeae iiiiuue aaia?aea Eaaaiaaoioa n 16 ouny/aie
nieaeao e aiaiiuie caianaie. Ia aei?iaa e Aeiai?o oaaaeu iiaaaeeee
?onneeo i?e naea Aieia/eia e a Iiaee?aa iaeaaeaee ia?ai?aaie /a?ac
Aeiai?. Ea?e o?e a Iaei?inneth a ?an/?oa ia eciaio aaoiaia Iacaiu, i
eioi?ie I?o? au? ia ciae. Eaaaiaaoio ni naiei aieneii inoaeny iicaaee
Ea?ea e aeieaeai aue aai aeiaiiyoue. I?o? ia aeae ei niaaeeieoueny,
iaiaa ia Eaaaiaaoioa ia ?aea Niaea i?e aea?aaia Eaniie. 28 naioya?y 1708
aiaea I?o? iaaieiao ?acaee iai?eyoaey e caa?ae aanue iaic e a?oeeea?eth,
ia eioi?ua oae iaaeayeny Ea?e. “Ney o ian iiaaaea, – ii neiaai Iao?a, –
iiaeao ia?aay iacaaoueny iiiaaea iaae ?aaoey?iui aieneii ieeiaaea oaeie
ia auaaei, e oiio aea au? ai?acaei iaiueoei /eneii aoaeo/e ia?aae
iai?eyoaeai: ooo ia?aay i?iaa nieaeaoneay auea”.

Ea?e aio?e ia Oe?aeio. Iaei?inneeneee aaoiai Iacaia ia?ao?e ia aai
noi?iio, ia?aoee ia aai noi?iio e caii?iaeneea eacaee; ii ia?iaeiay
ianna a Iaei?innee inoaeanue

aa?ia ?onneiio oea?th. Ea?e iaiaioeny ai anao naieo iaaeaaeaeao: iinea
Iacaiu e caii?iaeoeaa ii au? iaaeayeny ia Oo?oeeth, ii oo?ee e oaoa?u,
eae e ana ninaaeiea ia?iaeu, ioeacaeenue i?eiyoue o/anoea a ai?ueaa ca
oo eee ae?oaoth noi?iio. Ana eae aoaeoi i?eoaeee aeuoaiea,
aeiaeeaeaynue, /ai caeii/eony ai?ueaa iaaeaeo Iao?ii e Ea?eii, /ai
?aoeony noaeueaa Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu.

Iia ?aoeeanue iiae Iieoaaie. ?aca?ii iiae Eaniie inoaaee Ea?ea XII
aac ?aca?aia, aiai?eiania e iicaieee ?onneie a?iee anooieoue a ?aoathuaa
n?aaeaiea ni oaaaeaie a auaiaeiuo aeey ia? oneiaeyo. 27 ethiy 1709 aiaea
i?iecioea Iieoaaneay aeoaa, caeii/eaoayny iieiie iiaaaeie ?onneie a?iee.
eiiaiaeiaaiea aaeeeieaiii i?iaeoiaei ieai aeoau e iineaaeiaaoaeueii
inouanoaeei aai . Iii eca?aei aeey n?aaeaiey ia?ana/?iioth ia?aaaie
eanenooth ianoiinoue e iino?ieei caeanue oe?aie?iiue eaaa?ue ia aa?aao
Ai?neeu, i?ee?uaathuae aai oue. Aia?aua a aiaiiie enoi?ee ?onneay a?iey
i?eiaieea caeanue nenoaio iieaauo oe?aieaiee – ?aaeooia, aeanoyua
ii?aaaeaaoeo naay a oiaea aiy. Oaea e iieoaeith n?aaeaiea ?aoeeinue a
iieueco ?onneeo. Oaaaeu iioa?yee aieaa 9 ouny/ oaeouie e aieaa 3 ouny/
ieaiiuie. I?aneaaeoy ?acaeooth e niaa?oaiii aeaii?aeeciaaiioth
oaaaeneoth a?ieth, eiiieoea Iaiueoeeiaa auioaeeea eaieooee?iaaoue o
ia?ai?aau ia?aaaei/iay ia Aeiai?a au? 16 ouny/ oaaaeia. Ia?ai?aaeeenue
/a?ac Aeiai? e aaaeaee a Oo?oeeth oieueei Ea?e XII, Iacaia, ianeieueei
nio nieaeao e eacaeia-eciaiueeia.

A ?acoeueoaoa Iieoaaneie aeoau nooiiooiay oaaaeneay a?iey
oaeoe/anee ia?anoaea nouanoaiaaoue. Noaeueaa Oaaoeee auea ?aoaia. Aei
Iieoaaneie aeoau Oaaoeee i?eiaaeeaaeaei aeaaainoai ia Aaeoeeneii ii?a e
aiiaua a Naaa?iie Aa?iia. Iieoaaneay aeoaa ia?aaeaea yoi aeaaainoai
Iineaa. A yoii ninoieo a? aeaaiia cia/aiea. “Iuia oaea niaa?oaiii
eaiaiue ai iniiaaiea Iaoa?ao?aa iieiaeai”, – n ai?aeinoueth ienae I?o?
I.

Ia iaiaa aaaeiua iineaaenoaey eiaea iieoaaneay iiaaaea e a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaieyo. Iia auaaea ?inneth ia oe?ieoth
iaaeaeoia?iaeioth a?aio, canoaaeea ana no?aiu Aa?iiu n/eoaoueny n iae.
Neaaenoaeai Iieoaau auei aiciaiiaeaiea nithca n ?inneae a aieia ni
Oaaoeeae ni noi?iiu Aeaiee e Iieueoe, i?eniaaeeiaiea e yoiio nithco
I?onnee e Aaiiiaa?a: iiaua iiaaaeu ?innee a 1710 aiaeo a I?eaaeoeea.

AOI?IE YOAI NAAA?IIE AIEIU. I?OONEEE IIOIAe.

IA?NEAeNEAss AIEIA.

Iieoaaneay aeoaa e ?aca?ii Ea?ea XII ia i?eaaee e ieii/aieth
aieiu, eioi?ay i?iaeieaeaeanue au? 12 eao. Iniiaiuie i?/eiaie yoiai auee
aiaoaoaeuenoai ae?oaeo no?ai, a oaeaea oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi Oaaaeoeey
auea ?aca?iieaia ia nooa, ii i?iaeieaeaea ainiiaenoaiaaoue ia ii?a.
Iiyoiio ia aoi?ii yoaia aieiu oeaio? aiaiiuo aeaenoaee ia?aianoeeny ia
Aaeoeeo. Yoiio i?aaeoanoaiaaee iaoaea/iua aeey ?innee niauoey 1711
aiaea.

Iiaeno?aeaaiay Ea?eii XII e O?aioeeae Oo?oeey inaiueth 1710 aiaea
iauyaeea aieio ?innee, iio?aaiaaea aica?auaiey Aciaa e oie/oiaeaiey
?onneiai oeioa ia Acianeii ii?a. Ii/oe 200-ouny/iay oo?aoeeay a?iey
ia?ai?aaeeanue /a?ac Aeoiae e a iaa 1711 aiaea aeaeioeanue e Aeiano?o.
Aiaiiua aeaenoaey ?acaa?ioeenue e?aeia iaoaea/ii aeey ?innee. Oioy aieia
e aucaaea iiaeu?i iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey iieaeaaai,
aaeaoia, aieaa?, na?aia e /a?iiai?oeaa, ii iaeeaeaaoeony cia/eoaeueiuo
iiaee?aieaiee ?onneay a?iey ia iieo/eea. Ia i?eoei e iieueneia aienei,
iaauaiiia Aaaonoii II. ?yae aaia?aeia aeaenoaiaae ia?aoeoaeueii e ia
auiieiye oeacaiee Iao?a I. A ?acoeueoaoa 44-ouny/iay ?onneay a?iey auea
ie?oaeaia oo?aoeeie a?ieae o ?aee I?oo. Aac oeaaa e aiaeu, ecio/aiiua
iioiaeaie e aiyie, ?onneea aienea aeieaeiu auee au iieiaeeoue i?oaeea,
anee au oo?aoeeee aeaaiieiiaiaeothuee (aece?ue) ia niaeaneeny ia/aoue
ia?aaiai?u i ie?a.

I?ooneee ie?iue aeiaiai? i?aaeoniao?eaae aica?auaiea Aciaa, n?uoea
Oaaai?iaa, oie/oiaeaiea Acianeiai oeioa e auaiae ?onneeo aiene ec
Iieueoe.

Aiaiiua aeaenoaey ia Aaeoeea a 1713 – 1721 aiaeao. Aiaiii-ii?neie
Aaeoeeneee oeio ia/ae nicaeaaaoueny n 1703 aiaea, ii iniaaiii eioaineaii
aai no?ieoaeuenoai ?aaa?ioeinue iinea Iieoaau. A 1713 aiaeo niaeaenoaea
oeioa iaania/eei caiyoea Aaeueneiaoi?na (Oaeueneiee) e Aai, iooaniaiea
oaaaeneeo aiene e caiaaeiui a?aieoeai Oeieyiaeee. A oiaea yoiai ?onneee
oeio iaea?aeae ia?aoth aeanoyuoth iiaaaeo iaae oaaaeneei oeioii i?e
Aaiaooa 27 ethiy 1714 aiaea. A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai aiy auei caoaa/aii 10
ei?aaeae ai aeaaa n eiiaiaeothuei io?yaeii aaeie?aeii Y?aioaeueaeii.
Iiaaaea i?e Aaiaooa i?eaaea e oiio, /oi oaaaeneee oeio, aei yoiai
ainiiaenoaiaaaoee ia Aaeoeea, oaia?ue auioaeaeai aue ia?aeoe e iai?iia.

?inney, Aiaeey, Aaiiiaa?, Aieeaiaeey e Aeaiey nicaeatho “Naaa?iue
nithc”, iai?aaeaiiue i?ioea Oaaaeoeee. Ii iauaaeei?iiue oeio nithca ia
eae?o aeaeueoa aiaiiuo aeaiino?aoeee, oae eae Aiaeey e Aieeaiaeey ia
auee caeioa?aniaaiu a iieiii ii?aaeaiee Oaaaeoeee. Yoi i?eaaei e
?aniaaeo nithca e caeeth/aieth ?inneae aeiaiai?a i ae?oaeaa n O?aioeeae,
e aeoeaiui aiaiiui aeaenoaeyi ?innee e aiciaiiaeaieth ie?iuo ia?aaiai?ia
ni Oaaaeoeeae, eioi?ay auea e?aeia enoiuaia aieiie. Iaeiaei ie?iue
aeiaiai? niiaa ia aue iiaeienai. Ea?e XII aue oaeo a neo/aeiie nou/ea, e
e aeanoe i?eoea i?iaiaeeeneay a?oiie?iaea, ianoaeaaaoay ia i?iaeieaeaiee
aieiu. A Aaeoeeneii ii?a iiyaeeny aiaeeeneee oeio. Yoi niiaa caoyioei
aieio, ii ia iiaei eciaieoue a? oiae.

A 1719 aiaeo ue aunaaeai aeanaio a Oaaoeee, eioi?ue iai?n oai ?yae
oaea?ia e oniaoii aica?aoeeny. A oii aea aiaeo ?onneee oeio iaea?aeae
iiaaaeo o ino?iaa Naa?aia, caoai auea e?oiiay ii?neay iiaaaea i?e
A?aiaaia a 1720 aiaeo. Oiaaea aea oniaoii auea io?aaeaia iiiuoea
aiaeeeneiai oeioa aiaoaoueny a oiae aiaiiuo aeaenoaee. A 1721 aiaeo
iineaaeiaaea aunaaeea aeanaioa iaiin?aaenoaaiii a ?aeiia Noieaieueia.

Yoi canoaaeei aiaeeeneee oeio oeoe ec Aaeoeee, a Oaaaeoeeth iieoe
ia caeeth/aiea ie?a.

Ieooaaeneee ie?iue aeiaiai?

30 aaaonoa 1721 aiaea a ai?iaeea Ieooaaeoa aue iiaeienai ie?iue
aeiaiai?. Aai oneiaey cae?aieyee ia?aoiae e ?innee Aaeoeeneiai
iiaa?aaeuey io Auai?aa aei ?eae. Iaeia ec aeaaiuo caaea/, noiyaoeo
ia?aae no?aiie ni a?aiaie ia?aciaaiey aaeeiiai ainoaea?noaa, auea
?aoaia. Eoiae Naaa?iie aieiu i?aa?auaee ?inneth a iaeio ec aaeeeeo
aea?aeaa Aa?iiu, ieacuaaee ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
oi?aiaee, oe?aieaiea e ?anoe?aiea yeiiiie/aneeo, iieeoe/aneeo e
eoeueoo?iuo naycae ni no?aiaie Caiaaea, iicaieyee oe?iei eniieueciaaoue
iieo/aiiia a ?acoeueoaoa Naaa?iie aieiu “ieii a Aa?iio”.

I?o? aue iaiaueiiaaiii ?aae ie?o e ooiii i?acaeiiaae iiaaaeo a
nai?i “ia?aaeeca” a Iaoa?ao?aa, a caoai a noa?ie Iineaa. A
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa 22 ieoya?y 1721 aiaea (a aiaeiaueio inaiaiaeaeaiey
Iineau a 1612 aiaeo) I?o? i?eiye oeooe Eiia?aoi?a Ana?inneeneiai e
i?aa?aoee i?aaeiea “aaeeeea ainoaea?noaa ?inneeneiai oea?noaey” ai
“Ana?inneeneoth eiia?eth”. Ca ee/iua caneoae Naiao iaeiaiiaae Iao?a
“Aaeeeei” e “Iooeii ioa/anoaa”.

N?aco ii ieii/aiee Naaa?iie aieiu I?o? ia/ae iiaoth aieio – n
Ia?neae. A 1722 aiaeo ?onneea aienea ec Ano?aoaie aunooieee ia tha e
caiyee ia?neaeneea ai?iaea Aea?aaio e Aaeo. A 1723 aiaeo Ia?ney
caeeth/eea ie?, onooiea Iao?o caiaaeiia iiaa?aaeuea Eanieeneiai ii?y.

Iao?o iii iiiaaeiaeeinue aeey oiai, /oiau iaeaaeaoue iooyie ia
Ainoie, a Eiaeeth.

Oaeei ia?acii ana aieiu, eioi?ua a?e I?o? Aaeeeee a nai?
oea?noaiaaiea auee iaoeaeaiu ia i?eia?aoaiea ii?neeo aa?aaia:
/a?iiii?neeo (acianeeo), aaeoeeneeo e eanieeneeo. Aaieaeueiue iieeoee
?aaeny e ii?yi, iiieiay, eaeia cia/aiea eiatho ii?y a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
ioiioaieyo e a aeaeaeaiee eoeueoo?u.

AIOO?EEEANNIAAss E EEANNIAAss AI?UeAA

A IA?AIE *AOAA?OE XVIII AAEA

Ai?ueaa aioo?e ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna. Iinea ono?aiaiey Niouee
ciaiaiai anao ?aaeoeeiiiuo nee noae nui Iao?a I oea?aae/ Aeaenae.

Iiiuoee Iao?a i?eaea/ue nuia e o/anoeth a aai aeayoaeueiinoe e
i?aia?aciaaieyo iioa?iaee iieioth iaoaea/o. E aeaenath noiaeeeenue ana
ieoe caaiai?a, iai?aaeaiiiai ia naa?aeaiea Iao?a. ?an/eouaay
eniieueciaaoue eiicaiioth iiiiuue aeey aeinoeaeaiey naieo ieaiia,
Aeaenae a 1716 aiaeo aaaeae a Aano?eth, /oi cia/eoaeueii ineiaeieei
iieiaeaiea ?innee a Naaa?iie aieia. Iaeiaei Iao?o oaeaeinue aeiaeoueny
aai aica?auaiey. A 1718 aiaeo ia/aeinue neaaenoaea. Aeaenae i?eciaeny a
caaiai?a e auaeae anao naieo iiiiuieeia, eioi?ua iinea aeanoieeo iuoie
auee eaciaiu. 24 ethiy 1718 aiaea ninoaaeaiiue ec aunoeo naiiaieeia noae
i?eaiai?ee Aeaenay e nia?oiie eacie, ii oio i?e iayniuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao

oia? a eacaiaoa Iao?iiaaeianeie e?aiinoe. Eiaiii aeaei oea?aae/a Aeanay
yaeeinue i?e/eiie ecaeaiey a ea/anoaa caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai aeoa “I?aaaeu
aiee iiia?oae”. A iae iainiiauaaeinue i?aai iiia?oa iacia/aoue ii naiaio
oniio?aieth i?a?iieea i?anoiea.

Caiaia i?eioeeiia ii?iaeu i?eioeeiii auneoae, auaeaeaeaiea ia
ia?aue ieai aeai?yinoaa e /eiiaiie ath?ie?aoee, eeeaeaeaoeey
iao?ea?oanoaa, oo?aoa oea?eiaueth iieeoe/aneie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe,
ecuyoea /anoe a? aeioiaeia aucaaee ?aceia iaaeiaieuenoai aiy?noaa,
oea?eiaiie ea?a?oee e iiianou?ae.

Iaino?aiea eeanniaie ai?ueau. Ano?aoaineia ainnoaiea

Eeanniaay ai?ueaa a oi a?aiy auea iai?aaeaia ia i?ioea
i?aia?aciaaiee, a i?ioea oiai, /oi yoe i?aia?aciaaiey nii?iaiaeaeaeenue
oneeaieai e?aiinoiiai ai?oa e e?aiinoie/aneie yenieoaoaoeee.

Ano?aoaineia ainnoaiea 1705-1706 aiaeia, aucaaiiia oaaee/aieai
i?yiuo e einaaiiuo iaeiaia, oaaee/aieai iiaeiiinoae ai?iaeneeo e
neoaeeauo ethaeae, e?aeiei i?iecaieii ano?aoaineie aaeieieo?aoeee,
ia?aaea/ae ia ioeoi ?uaiuo e nieyiuo i?iiuneia, yaeyaoeony iniiaiui
enoi/ieeii nouanoaiaaiey ano?aoaioeaa, auei ia?aui e?oiiui aunooieaieai.
Iiaiaeii e ainnoaieth yaeeinue ianeeuenoaaiiia a?aaeia?eoea, aaaaeaiea
iaiaoeeie iaeaaeaeu, nii?iaiaeaeaaoaany a?oauie ecaeaaaoaeuenoaaie e
oo?aoaie. Ainnoaaoea iaeaaeaee e?aie?i, ?ani?aaeeenue niaeaieaa
iaiaaenoiuie /eiiaieeaie, caoaaoeee eacio e i?oaeea, a aeaaiia –
nicaeaee nenoaio auai?iuo i?aaiia, eioi?ua ioiaieee nai? iiauo iaeiaia,
onoaiiaeee ?acia? aeaeiaaiey aeey neoaeeeuo ethaeae e o.ae. Ana ia?u
auai?iuo i?aaiia aeanoe auee iai?aaeaiu ia ia?aie/aiea e?aiinoiiai
ai?oa, eeeaeaeaoeeth aani?aauey iinaaeneiai ianaeaiey e ia?aie/aiea i?aa
e i?eaeeaaee aeai?yinoaa. E?oiiua aiaiiua neeu iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai
oaeueaeia?oaea A.I.Oa?aiaoueaaa iiaeioee e Ano?aoaie e iaeaaeaee ae a
ia?oa 1706 aiaea. Neaaenoaea i?aa?aoeeinue a caa?neoth ?ani?aao,
caoyioaoothny ia aeaa aiaea e caeii/eaoothny eaciueth anao
iiaeneaaenoaaiiuo.

Ia?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea 1707 – 1708 aiaeia

Aaeaa caeii/eeinue Ano?aoaineia ainnoaiea, eae ia/aeinue iiuiia
ia?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea ia Aeiio, a Neiaiaeneie Oe?aeia e a Iiaieaeuea. A
ioeaiea yoiai aeaeaeaiey enoi?eee ?anoiaeyoy: iaeie n/yeoatho aai
e?anoueyineie aieiie, ae?oaea ooaa?aeaeatho, /oi iii ia auoei ca ?aiee
eacaoeeiai ainnoaiey e eeoue o?iiieiae/anee niaiaei n aieiaieyie
e?anoueyi.

Ainnoaiea ia/aeinue a ?aeiia Aeiia, eoaea a yoio ia?eiae
ono?aieeny iaeei ec aeaaiuo iioieia aaaeuo e?anoueyi, iuoaaoeony
nianoenue io oneeeaathuaainy e?aiinoiiai ai?oa. Iiaiaeii iineoaeeee
aeaenoaey ea?aoaeueiiai io?yaea eiycy TH.A.Aeieai?oeiai, iai?aaeaiiiai

i?aaeoaeuenoaii ia Aeii aeey aica?auaiey aaaeuo e?anoueyi. Nii?ioeaeaiea
e?anoueyi aicaeaaee eacae Eiiae?aoee Aoeaaei, ?aca?iieaoee iaaieiao
io?yae Aeieai?oeiai. Aeaenoaey Aoeaaeia na?ue?cii iaaniieieee eacaoeeoth
noa?oeio, eioi?ay aunooieea i?ioea ainnoaaoeo. Aeiineie aoaiai
E.Ia?oaiueyiia ?acaee Aoeaaeia e oio aue auioaeaeai aaaeaoue a
Caii?iaeneoth Na/ue. A ia/aea 1708 aiaea ii aa?ioeny ia aa?oiee Aeii, e
Oii??neee ai?iaeie noae oeaio?ii ainnoaiey. Aoeaaei iaeaaeae *a?eanneii
– aeaaiui oeaio?ii aeiineiai eaca/anoaa – e aue eca?ai aoaiaiii.
Ni?aoieee Aoeaaeia iaeaaeaee ?yaeii ai?iaeia ia thaa nia?aiaiiie
Ai?iiaaeneie iaeanoe, caoaaoeee Eaiuoei, Oea?eoeei, inaaeeee Na?aoia e
Acia. Iaoaea/ae Aoeaaeia iiae Aciaii e oai, /oi aai neeu auee
?acae?iaeaiu, ainiieueciaaeinue caaeeoi/iia eaca/anoai. Iaaeaynue
cae?aieoue nai? iieiaeaiea, caeeth/ea naeaeeo n oea?neei
i?aaeoaeuenoaii, noa?oeia i?aaieciaaea oaeenoai Aoeaaeia, nia?oue
eioi?iai au? aieaa ?aciaueea neeu ainnoaaoeo. A eiioea 1708 aiaea
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui aieneai oaeaeinue iiaeaaeoue iniiaiua i/aae
ainnoaiey.

N oao ii? anyeay naiinoyoaeueiinoue Aeiineiai eaca/anoaa iaea e
i?aaeoaeuenoai noaei iieiui oicyeiii ia Aeiio.

A ia?aii aeanyoeeaoee XVIII aaea a Iiaieaeuea e I?eo?aeuea
i?ieaouaaaony aieia ainnoaiee aaoee?, ia?eeoeaa, oaoa?, /oaaoae, eioi?ua
o/anoaotho a ia?iaeiii aeaeaeaiee 1707-1708 aiaeia. Iiieii iauae
i?e/eiu, aucaaaoae yoe ainnoaiey, onoaiiaeaiea a yoeo ?aeiiao
e?aiioie/aneeo ii?yaeeia, neacuaaeenue ?aceee ?ino ainoaea?noaaiiuo
iaeiaia e iiaeiiinoae, i?iieeiiaaiea iiiaue/ueaai caieaaeaaeaieye
ianeeueonaaiiay o?enoeaiecaoeey. Iaeaieaa e?oiiui ec ieo auei ainnoaiea
aaoee?, eioi?ia i?iaeieaeaeinue n 105 ii 1711 aiae. Ianiio?y ia o/anoea
a ieo oaiaeaeia, iii auei ai?ueaie aaoee?neeo iann i?ioea
eieiiecaoi?neie iieeoeee oea?ecia e ?aceiai ?inoa iaeiaiaiai ai?oa.

Iaino?aiea eeanniaie ai?ueau auei aucaaii ?ani?in?aiaieai
e?aiinoie/aneeo ioiioaiee ia iiaua oa??eoi?ee e eaoaai?eeianaeaiey,
ianaaeaeaieai oyae?euo oi?i e?aiinoie/anoaa, i?iecaieii
/eiiaie/uea-ath?ie?aoe/aneiai aiia?aoa e iiiaueeia. Neeueiia aeeyiea
eiae oaeaea cia/eoaeueiue ?ino iaeiaia e iiaeiiinoae.

?AOI?IU IAO?A I. EO OA?AEOA?

A naieo ?aoi?iao I?o? ia iia aea?aeaoueny ca?aiaa au?aaiaaiiiai
ieaia e oi/iie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe, iioiio /oi ana aai i?aia?aciaaiey
i?ieoiaeeee iiae aeaaeaieai aiaiiuo ioaeae, iaeia ii?iaeaeaea ae?oaoth,
oaeiaeaoai?yy o?aaiaaieyi aeaiiiai iiiaioa. E eaaeaeay ec ieo
ii?iaeaeaea iaaeiaieuenoai, ne?uoia e ioe?uoia nii?ioeaeaiea, caaiai?u e
ai?ueao, ioee/aaoothny e?aeiei iaeanoi/aieai n iaaeo noi?ii. Aieia ni
oaaaeaie i?eiyea caoyaeiie oa?aeoa?, auea o?oaeiie, oauoi/iie e iianiie.
I?o? iieiinoueth aoyioeny a aiaiiua aeaea. Ii oi iaiin?aaenoaaiii
n?aaeaeny a ia?auo ?yaeao naiaai aienea, oi a?inaeny a A?oaiaaeuene e a
Ai?iiaae aeey oiai, /oiau i?aaieciaaoue iai?iio naaa?iuo e thaeiuo

a?aieoe no?aiu io aiciiaeiuo iaiaaeaiee a?aaa. A oaeeo oneiaeyo
ainoaea?ue ia iia aeoiaoue i nenoaiaoe/aneeo i?aia?aciaaieyo. Aai aaaiie
caaioie noaiiaeeinue aeiauoue aeinoaoi/ii ethaeae aeey oniaoiiai
i?iaeieaeaiey aieiu. Aieia o?aaiaaea ?aaoey?iuo aiene: I?o? eneae
niiniau eo oaaee/aiey e eo/oaai ono?ienoaa, – e yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai
iiaeoaeeeaaei oea?y e ?aoi?ie?iaaieth aiaiiiai aeaea e ia?aono?ienoao
aeai?yineiai nineiaey e, a /anoiinoe, aeai?yineie neoaeau. Aieia
o?aaiaaea aeaiaa – e a i?ioeanna eo iienea I?o? an? aieueoa iniciaaae
iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey iiaeaoiie ?aoi?iu e inouanoaeaiee ia?aiai a
iieiaeaiee ia?iaeia no?aiu e e?anoueyinaa a oeaeii. Iiae aeaaeaieai
aiaiiuo ioaeae I?o? niaoii niaa?oee ?yae iiaiaaaaeaiee, ?ac?ooaaoeo
noa?ua ii?yaeee, ii au? ia nicaeaaaee ie/aai iiaiai a oi?aaeaiee
ainoaea?noaii. Aiiiaenoaiaae iaeioi?ue oain e /ai aeaeueoa, oai aieueoa
ii aeaaae i naaa ciaoue.

Eiaaea iinea Iieoaaneie iiaaaeu e I?ooneiai iioiaea aiaiiua
aeaenoaey noaee iaiaa iai?yae?iiuie, a iano?aiea Iao?a aieaa oaa?aiiui e
niieieiui, I?o? i?eiyeny i?eaiaeeoue a ii?yaeie an?, /oi auei naeaeaii
ei ?aiaa oi?iieeai e ii /anoyi. A iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea aeeie Iao?a
(1716-1725) auea aeinoeaiooa iaeioi?ay nenoaia e iaeaaeai iiaue no?ie
oi?aaeaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiey i?aia?aciaaiee oei ainoaea?noaa,
nouanoaiaaaoee aei Iao?a, ia aue eciai?i e a yoii ioiioaiee I?o? ia
niaa?oee ieeaeiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa. Ana ia?aiaiu aeieaeiu
auee eeoue niaa?oainoaiaaoue noa?ue no?ie, i?eaeaaay aio aieaa
eoeueoo?iua aa?iiaeneea oi?iu.

I. ?aoi?ia i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey

Ec anao i?aia?aciaaiee Iao?a oeaio?aeueiia iieiaeaiea caieiaea
eiaaii yoa ?aoi?ia. Noa?ue i?eeaciie aiia?ao aue ia a ninoiyiee
ni?aaeoueny n oneiaeieaoeeny caaea/aie oi?aaeaiey. Nouiinoue aea ?aoi?iu
naiaeeeanue e oi?ie?iaaieth aeai?yinei-/eiiaie/ueaai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai
aiia?aoa aaniethoecia.

N 1708 aiaea ia/eiaaony eiiea noa?uo o/?aaeaeaiee e caiaia eo
iiauie. A ?acoeueoaoa e eiioeo ia?aie /aoaa?oe XVIII aaea neeaaeuaaaony
neaaeothuay nenoaia i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey.

Any iieiioa caeiiiaeaoaeueiie, eniieieoaeueiie e noaeaaiie aeanoe
nin?aaeioi/eeanue a ?oeao oea?y. A 1711 aiaeo Aiy?neay aeoia auea
caiaiaia aunoei i?aaiii eniieieoaeueiie e noaeaaiie aeanoe – Naiaoii.
*eaiu Naiaoa iacia/aeenue oea??i ii i?eioeeio neoaeaaiie i?eaiaeiinoe. A
ii?yaeea inouanoaeaiey eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe Naiao ecaeaaae
iinoaiiaeaiey – oeacu, eiaaoea neeo caeiia. A 1722 aiaeo ai aeaao Naiaoa
aue iinoaaeai aaia?ae-i?ieo?i?, ia eioi?iai aiceaaaeny eiio?ieue ca
aeayoaeueiinoueth anao i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee, ii aeieaeai aue
auiieiyoue ooieoeee “iea e ooa ainoaea?aaa”. Yoio eiio?ieueii auiieiye
/a?ac i?ieo?i?ia, iacia/aaiuo ai anao i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo.
E iei aeaaaeyeanue nenoaia oeneaeia, aicaeaaeyaoeony

iaa?-oeneaeii. A iaycaiiinoe oeneaeia aoiaeeei aeiianaiea i anao
ceioiio?aaeaieyo o/?aaeaeaiee e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe e ia?ooaiee eie
“eacaiiiai eioa?ana”.

A 1717-1718 aiaeao onoa?aaoay nenoaia i?eeacia auea niaiaia
eieeaaeyie. Eaaeaeay eieeaaey aaaeaea ii?aaeae?iiie io?aneueth eee
noa?ie oi?aaeaiey. Aeaaiuie n/eoaeenue o?e eieeaaee: Eiino?aiiay,
Aiaiiay e Aaeie?aeoaenoai. Aii?inaie oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe aaaeaee:
Eiiia?oe-, Iaiooaeoo?- e Aa?a-eieeaaee. Iineaaeiyy ec ieo aaaeaea
iaoaeeo?aeae e ai?iie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth. O?e eieeaaee aaaeaee oeiainaie:
Eaia?-eieeaaey – aeioiaeaie, Ooaon-eieeaaey – ?anoiaeaie, a
?aaeceii-eieeaaey eiio?iee?iaaea iinooieaiea aeioiaeia, nai? iiaeaoae,
iaeiaia, iioeei, i?aaeeueiinoue ?anoiaeiaaiey o/?aaeaeaieyie ioiouaiiuo
ei noii. THnoeoe-eieeaaey aaaeaea a?aaeaeaineei noaeii?iecaiaenoaii,
Aio/eiiay, o/?aaeae?iiay ianeieueei iicaeiaa, – aeai?yineei
caieaaeaaeaieai. E iei aeiaaaeyeny Aeaaiue iaaeno?ao. Iniaia ianoi
caieiaea Aeooiaiay eieeaaey, eee Neiiae, oi?aaeythuay oea?eiaueth.
Eieeaaee iieo/eee i?aai ecaeaaaoue oeacu ii oai aii?inai, eioi?uie iie
aaaeaee.

E?iia eieeaaee auei nicaeaii ecaanoiia /enei eiioi?, eaioeaey?ee,
aeaia?oaiaioia, i?eeacia, eioi?ua aaaeaee /?oei ii?aaeae?iiuie
aii?inaie, Iaeie ec ieo – aaaeaaoay neoaeaie e i?iecaiaenoaii a /eiu
aeai?yi Aa?ieueaeiaenoa?neay eiioi?a; I?aia?aaeaineee i?eeac e Oaeiay
eaioeaey?ey, aaaeaaoea aeaeaie i ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?anooieaieyo;
Aeaaeaiey iaoe – iiae/eiyeenue iaii?aaenoaaiii Naiaoo, ae?oaea –
Iiiaoiue aeaia?oaiaio, Nieyiay eiioi?a, Iaaeaaay eaioeaey?ey e ae?. –
iiae/eiyeenue iaeiie ec eieeaaee.

A 1708 aiaeo I?o? aia?aua aa?e a ?innee aeaeaiea aoaa?iee.
Ianeieueei i?aaeieo oacaeia niaaeeiyeenue a “i?iaeioeeth”, a ianeieueei
i?iaeioeee – a “aoaa?ieth”. Nia/aea auei ia?aciaaii 8 aoaa?iee, a caoai
eo /enei noaei iinoaiaiii ?anoe. Ai aeaaa aoaa?iee noiye aoaa?iaoi? (eee
aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?), iiae/ei?iiue Naiaoo; ai aeaaa i?iaeioeee e oacaeia
– aiaaiaeu. I?e ieo ninoiyee auai?iua io aeai?yi eaiae?aou, iicaea –
caineea eiienna?u, iiiiaaaoea ei a oi?aaeaiee iauei niaaoii e a oacaeao.
A aoaa?ieyo aeaenoaiaaee iiaua “iaaeai?iua noaeu”. Iao?o ia oaeaeinue
onoaiiaeoue a oi?aaeaiee aoaa?ieyie iaeii?eaeiue ii?yaeie, iiyoiio i?e
i?i e iinea aai nia?oe a ianoiii oi?aaeaiee ainiiaenoaiaae iaeioi?ue
oain.

Iiaay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey cae?aieea aeoeaiia o/anoea aeai?yinoaa a
inouanoaeaiee naiae aeeeoaoo?u ia ianoao. Ii iia iaeiia?aiaiii ?anoe?eea
iau?i e oi?iu neoaeau aeai?yi, /oi aucaaei aai iaaeiaieuenoai.

Oaeei ia?acii, iinea ?aoi?iu ainoaea?noai oi?aaeyeinue aaa?oo
/eiiaieeaie, a aieco auai?iuie aeanoyie, eae e aei Iao?a. Naiioi?aaeaiea
auei iiae/eiaii ath?ie?aoee. A oeaeii aeaei oi?aaeaiey cia/eoaeueii
oneiaeieeinue e ia ai anao /anoyo auei aeinoaoi/ii au?aaioaii.

II. Aiaiiay ?aoi?ia

Iao?o Aaeeeiio eiiaaea i?eienuaaaony ono?ienoai a ?innee
?aaoey?iiai aienea. Iaeiaei oaea ai a?aiy oea?naiaaiey Ieoaeea
O?aei?iae/a a Iineaa noaee caaiaeeoue ?aaoey?iua iieee eiicaiiiai no?iy.

Oai ia iaiaa aiaiiay ?aoi?ia Iao?a i/aiue aaaeia. I?o? iinoaiaiii
oi?acaeiee aienea noa?iai oeia. Ii oie/oiaeee no?aeaoeeea iieee n?aco
iinea no?aeaoeeiai ?icunea 1698 aiaea. Ii iinoaiaiii oi?acaeiee
aeai?yineea eiiiua iie/aiey, i?eaeaeay aeai?yi e neoaeaieth a ?aaoey?iuo
iieeao.

I?o? oaaee/eaae /enei ?aaoey?iuo iieeia, iinoaiaiii naeaeaa eo
iniiaiui aeaeii iieaauo aiene. Aeey eiiieaeoiaaiey yoeo iieeia auea
aaaaeaia anaiauay aieineay iiaeiiinoue, iiaieiaiay aeey aeai?yi,
?ae?ooneay aeey i?i/eo nineiaee (ec ?an/?oa ii iaeiiio ?ae?ooo ia 20
aeai?ia). Io nieaeao/eiu auee inaiaiaeaeaiu oieueei naiuee aeooiaainoaa.

Oae eae a?iey oi?ie?iaaeanue a aiaiiia a?aiy, nieaeaou io?uaaeenue
io naieo naiae e caiyoee, i?eiaaeeaaeaee eneeth/eoaeueii neoaeaa, noiyee
a eaaa?yo, a a ie?iia a?aiy aeeee “ia iinoia”. Aeieaia a?aiy o
i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia auei aeaiaa ia iino?ieeo eaca?i aeey iiaie ia?iiiie
a?ieee.

I?o? i?eiauee e naiae a?iee eaca/uee aienea a ea/anoaa iinoyiiie
ninoaaiie /anoe.

?acoeueoaou aiaiiuo i?aia?aciaaiee Iao?a auee ii?aceoaeueiu: a
eiioea oea?noaiaaiey ii ?aniieaaae a?ieae, a eioi?ie auei ieiei 200
ouny/ ?oaoey?iuo aiene (iieaauo e aa?ieciiiuo) e ia iaiaa 75 ouny/
eaca/ueeo ?aaoey?iuo; e?iia oiai, ia oeioa neoaeeei 28 ouny/ /aeiaae,
auei 48 e?oiiuo ei?aaeae e aei 800 iaeeeo noaeia.

III. Ono?ienoai nineiaee

1. Neoaeeaia nineiaea

Ai?ueaa ni oaaaeaie o?aaiaaea ono?ienoaa ?aaoey?iie a?iee e I?o?
iiiaiiiao ia?aa?e ia ?aaoey?ioth neoaeao anao aeai?yi e neoaeeauo
ethaeae. Neoaeaa aeey anao neoaeeauo ethaeae noaea iaeeiaeiaie, iie
neoaeeee iiaieiaii, aann?i/ii e ia/eiaee neoaeao n iecoeo /eiia.

Ana i?aaeiea ?ac?yaeu neoaeeauo ethaeae auee niaaeeiaiu aianoa, a
iaeii nineiaea – oeyooaonoai. Ana ieaeiea /eiu ( eae ciaoiua, oae e ic
“i?inoiai ethaea”) iaeeiaeiai iiaee aeineoaeeoueny aei aunoeo /eiia.
Ii?yaeie oaeie auneoae aue oi/ii ii?aaeae?i “Oaaaeai i ?aiaao” (1722
a.). A “Oaaaee” ana /eiu auee ?ani?aaeaeaiu ia 14 ?aiaia eee “/eiia” ii
eo neoaeaaiiio noa?oeinoao. Eaaeaeue, aeinoeaoee iecoaai 14 ?aiaa, iia
iaaeayoueny caiyoue

aunooth aeieaeiinoue e caiyoue aunoee ?aia. “Oaaaeue i ?aiaao” caiaiee
i?eioeei ?iaeiaeoinoe i?eioeeiii auneoae e neoaeaaiie i?eaiaeiinoe. Ii
I?o? naeaeae auoiaeoeai ec aunoaai noa?iai aeai?yinoaa iaeio onooieo. Ii
iicaieee ciaoiie iieiae?aee iinooiaoue ii i?aeiouanoao a aai ethaeiua
aaa?aeaeneea iieee I?aia?aaeaineee e Nai?iianeee.

I?o? o?aaiaae, /oiau aeai?yia iaecaoaeueii o/eeenue a?aiioa e
iaoaiaoeea, a ia iao/aiiuo eeoae i?aaa aeaieoueny e iieo/eoue
ioeoea?neee /ei. I?o? ia?aie/ee caieaaeaaeaeue/aneea i?aaa aeai?yi. Ii
ia?anoae aeaaaoue ei iiianouey ec eaciu i?e iinooieaiee ia neoaeao, a
i?aaeinoaaeye ei aeaiaaeiia aeaeiaaiea. Aeai?yineea aio/eiu e iiianouey
cai?aoee ae?iaeoue i?e ia?aaea/e nuiiaueyi (caeii “I iaei?aoa”, 1714).
Ia?u Iao?a ioiineoaeueii aeai?yinoaa ioya/aee iieiaeaiea yoiai nineiaey,
ii ia iaiyee aai ioiioaiey e ainoaea?noao. Aeai?yinoai e i?aaeaea e
oaia?ue aeieaeii auei ?aniea/eaaoueny ca i?aai caieaaeaaeaiey neoaeaie.
Ii oaia?ue neoaeaa noaea oyaeaeaa, a caieaaeaaeaiea noani?iiaa.
Aeai?yinoai ?iioaei e i?iauaaei iaeaa/eoue naie oyaiou. I?o? aea
aeanoiei ea?ae iiiuoee oeeiieoueny io neoaeau.

2. Ai?iaeneia nineiaea (iinaaeneea e ai?iaeneea
ethaee)

Aei Iao?a ai?iaeneia nineiaea ninoaaeyei i/aiue iaei/eneaiiue e
aaaeiue eeann. I?o? oioae nicaeaoue a ?innee ai?iaeneie yeiiiie/anee
neeueiue e aeayoaeueiue eeann, iiaeiaiue oiio, /oi ii aeaeae a Caiaaeiie
Aa?iia. I?o? ?anoe?ee ai?iaeneia naiioi?aaeaiea. A 1720 aiaeo aue
nicaeai aeaaiue iaaeno?ao, eioi?ue aeieaeai aue caaioeoueny i ai?iaeneii
nineiaee. Ana ai?iaea auee ?acaeaeaiu ii /eneo aeeoaeae ia eeannu.
AEeoaee ai?iaeia aeaeeeenue ia “?aaoey?iuo” e “ia?aaoey?iuo” (“iiaeeuo”)
a?aaeaeai. ?aaoey?iua a?aaeaeaia ninoaaeyee aeaa “aeeueaeee”: a ia?aoth
aoiaeeee i?aaenoaaeoaee eaieoaea e eioaeeeaaioeee, ai aoi?oth – iaeeea
oi?aiaoeu e ?aianeaiieee. ?aianeaiieee aeaeeeenue ia “oeaoe” ii
?ai?neai. Ia?aaoey?iuie ethaeueie eee “iiaeeuie” iacuaaeenue
/a?ii?aai/ea. Ai?iae oi?aaeyeny iaaeno?aoii ec ao?aiieno?ia, ecae?aaiuo
anaie ?aaoey?iuie a?aaeaeaiaie. E?iia oiai, ai?iaeneea aeaea
ianoaeaeaeenue ia iinaaeneeo noiaeao eee niaaoao ec ?aaoey?iuo
a?aaeaeai. Eaaeaeue ai?iae aue iiae/ei?i aeaaiiio iaaeno?aoo, ieioy
anyeia ae?oaia ianoiia ia/aeuenoai.

Ianiio?y ia ana i?aia?aciaaiey, ?onneea ai?iaea oae e inoaeenue a
oii aea aeaeeii iieiaeaiee, a eaeii auee e ?aiueoa, I?e/eia yoiai –
aeae?eee io oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiiai no?ie ?onneie aeecie e oyaeaeua aieiu.

3. E?anoueyinoai

A ia?aie /aoaa?oe aaea auynieeinue, /oi iiaeai?iue i?eioeei
iaeiaiiaeaaeaiey ia i?ei?n iaeeaeaaiiai oaaee/aiey iinooieaiey iiaeaoae.

A oeaeyo iiauoaiey naieo aeioiaeia iiiaueee nnaeyee ianeieueei
e?anoueyineeo naiae ia iaeei aeai?. A ?acoeueoaoa, ai a?aiy ia?aiene a
1710 aiaeo auynieeinue, /oi /enei aeai?ia n 1678 aiaea nie?aoeeinue ia
20% (aianoi 791 oun. aeai?ia a 1678 aiaeo – 637 oun. a 1710). Iiyoiio
aue aaaae?i iiaue i?eioeei iaeiaeaiey. A 1718 – 1724 aa. inouanoaeyaony
ia?aienue anaai iiaeaoiiai ianaeaiey ioaeneiai iiea iacaaeneii io
aic?anoa e ?aaioiniiniaiinoe. Ana eeoea, aian?iiua a yoe nienee
(“?aaecneea neacee”), aeieaeiu auee ieaoeoue ii 74 eii. iiaeooiie
iiaeaoe a aiae. A neo/aa nia?oe caienaiiiai iiaeaoue i?iaeieaeaee
ieaoeoue aei neaaeothuae ?aaecee naiuey oia?oaai eee iaueia, a eioi?oth
ii aoiaeee. E?iia oiai, ana iiaeaoiua nineiaey, ca eneeth/aieai
iiiaua/ueeo e?anoueyi, ieaoeee ainoaea?noao ii 40 eii. “ia?iea”, /oi
aeieaeii auei o?aaiiaaneoue eo iiaeiiinoe n iiaeiiinoyie iiiaua/ueeo
e?anoueyi.

Ia?aoiae e iiaeooiiio iaeiaeaieth oaaee/ee oeeo?o i?yiuo iaeiaia n
1.8 aei 4.6 iei., ninoaaeyy aieaa iieiaeiu athaeaeaoiiai i?eoiaea (8.5
iei.). Iiaeaoue auea ?ani?ino?aiaia ia oeaeue ?yae eaoaai?ee ianaeaiey,
eioi?ua a? aei yoiai ia ieaoeee: oieiiia, “aoeyueo ethaeae”,
iaeiiaeai?oeaa, /a?iinioaiiia e?anoueyinoai Naaa?a e Neae?e, ia?onneeo
ia?iaeia Iiaieaeuey, I?eo?aeuey e ae?. Ana yoe eaoaai?ee ninoaaeyee
nineiaea ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?anoueyi, e iiaeooiay iiaeaoue aeey ieo auea
oaiaeaeueiie ?aioie, eioi?oth iie ieaoeee ainoaea?noao.

Aaaaeaiea iiaeooiie iiaeaoe oaaee/eei aeanoue iiiaueeia iaae
e?anoueyiaie, oae eae i?aaenoaaeaiea ?aaecneeo neacie e nai? iiaeaoe aue
ii?o/ai iiiaueeai.

Iaeiiaoe, iiieii iiaeooiie iiaeaoe, e?anoueyiei ieaoee ia?iiiia
eiee/anoai anaaiciiaeiuo iaeiaia e nai?ia, i?ecaaiiuo iiiieieoue eacio,
iionoaaooth a ?acoeueoaoa aiei, nicaeaiey a?iiicaeeiai e aei?iainoiyuaai
aiia?aoa aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey, ?aaoey?iie a?iee e oeioa, no?ieoaeuenoaa
noieeoeu e ae?oaeo ?anoiaeia. E?iia yoiai ainoaea?noaaiiua e?anoueyia
ianee iiaeiiinoe: aei?iaeioth – ii no?ieoaeuenoao e niaea?aeaieth
aei?ia, yineoth – ii ia?aaicea ii/ou, eac?iiuo a?ocia e aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe e o.ae.

Eoae, a eiioea oea?noaiaaiey Iao?a Aaeeeiai i/aiue iiiaia
eciaieeinue a aeecie nineiaee. Aeai?yia noaee eia/a neoaeeoue. Ai?iaeaia
iieo/eee iiaia ono?ienoai e eueaiou. E?anoueyinoai noaei eia/a ieaoeoue
e ia /anoiuo caieyo neeeinue n oieiiaie. A ainoaea?noai i?iaeieaeaei
niio?aoue ia nineiaey oaeaea, eae e ?aiaa. Iii ii?aaeaeyei eo aeeciue
iiaeiiinoueth, a ia i?aaii. Ana iiaeaeaiiua aeeee ia aeey naay, a “aeey
ainoaea?aaa e caineiai aeaea”, aeieaeiu auee auoue iineooiui i?oaeeai a
?oeao ainoaea?noaa.

IV. OeA?EIAIAss ?AOI?IA

Aaaeiia ianoi a noaiiaeaiee aaniethoecia caieiaea oea?eiaiay
?aoi?ia. A 1721 aiaeo iao?ea?oanoai auei eeeaeaee?iaaii, e aai ianoi
caiyea Aeooiaiay eieeaaey, eee “Nayoaeoee i?aaeoaeuenoaothuee neiiae”.
Aai aeaaie aue iacia/aaiue oea??i iaa?-i?ieo?i? Neiiaea. Eeeaeaeaoeey
iao?ea?oanoaa, o/?aaeaeaiea Neiiaea icia/aee eeeaeaeaoeeth
naiinoiyoaeueiie iieeoe/aneie ?iee oea?eae. Iia i?aa?auaeanue a
ninoaaioth /anoue /eiiaie/uea-ath?ie?aoe/aneiai aiia?aoa ainoaea?noaa.

Ia?aeeaeueii n yoei ainoaea?noai oneeeei eiio?ieue ca aeioiaeaie
oea?eae n iianou?neeo e?anoueyi, nenoaiaoe/anee ecuiaei cia/eoaeueioth
eo /anoue ia no?ieoaeuenoai oeioa, niaea?aeaiea a?iee, eiaaeeaeia, oeie
e ia ae?oaea ?anoiaeu. Auei cai?auaii nicaeaiea iiauo e ia?aie/aiii
/enei iiiaoia a nouanoaothueo iiianou?yo. Yoe aeaenoaey Iao?a aucaaee
iaaeiaieuenoai oea?eiaiie ea?a?oee e /??iiai aeooiaainoaa e yaeeinue
iaeiie ec aeaaiuo i?e/ei eo o/anoey ai anyeiai ?iaea ?aaeoeeiiiuo
caaiai?ao.

V. OEIAINIAUA IA?U

I?o? ia oieueei eciaiee i?yioth iiaeaoue, naeaeaa a? iiaeooiie, ii
e cia/eoaeueii iiaunee einaaiiua iaeiae, ecia?aoae iiaua enoi/ieee
iieo/aiey aeioiaeia.

Ca 8 eao aieiu I?o? iaae?aao ieiei 200 ouny/ nieaeao, aeiaiaeeo
/eneaiiinoue a?iee n 40 aei 100 ouny/. Noieiinoue yoie a?iee iaoiaeeony
a 1709 aiaeo ii/oe aaeaia aei?iaea, /ai a 1701: 1.810.000 ?oa. aianoi
982.000. Ca ia?aua 6 eao aieiu auei caiea/aii aieaa 1,5iei. iieueneiio
ei?ieth a aeaea noaneaeee. ?anoiaeu ia oeio, a?oeeea?eth, niaea?aeaiea
aeeieiiaoia, aucaaiiua aieiie ninoaaeyee 2.3 iei. a 1701 aiaeo, 2.7 iei.
a 1706 aiaeo e 3.2 iei. a 1710. Oaea ia?aay ec yoeo oeeo? neeoeii aaeeea
ii n?aaiaieth n oaie n?aaenoaaie, eioi?ua iieo/ae I?o? a aeaea iaeiaia
io ianaeaiey (ieiei 1.5 iei.). Iaaei auei eneaoue aeiiieieoaeueiua
eoi/ieee aeioiaeia.

Ia?aia a?aiy I?o? aa??o aeey naieo oeaeae ec ainoaea?noaaiiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee ia oieueei eo naiaiaeiua n?aaenoaa, ii e oa noiiu,eioi?ua
?anoiaeiaaeenue i?aaeaea ia ae?oaea iacia/aiey: yoei ?anno?aeaaaony
i?aaeeueiue oiae ainoaea?noaaiiie iaoeiu. E an?-oaee e?oiiua noaouee
iiauo ?anoiaeia ia iiaee iie?uaaoueny noa?uie n?aaenoaaie, e I?o?
nicaea?o aeey eaaeaeie iiaie ec ieo iniaue ainoaea?noaaiiue iaeia. A?iey
niaea?aeaeanue ec aeaaiuo aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaa – oaiiaeaiiuo e
eaaaoeeeo iioeei. Aeey niaea?aeaiey eaaaea?ee iiiaaeiaeeinue iacia/eoue
iiaue iaeia “ae?aaoineea aeaiueae”, aeey oeioa – “ei?aaaeueiua” e o.ae.
Iaeiaei yoeo i?yiuo iaeiaia nei?a iecaeinue iaaeinoaoi/ii, oai aieaa,
/oi iie niae?aeenue i/aue iaaeeaiii. Iiyoiio i?eaeoiuaaeenue e ae?oaea
eno/ieee iaeiaia. Naiay ?aiiyy auaeoiea yoiai ?iaea, aaaae?iiay ii
niaaoo Eo?aaoiaa – aa?aiaay aoiaaa, ia aeaea iaeeaeaaoeony io ia?
aa?uoae. Oai aieueoaa cia/aiea eiaea ii?/a iiiaou. Ia?a/aeaiea
na?aa?yiie iiiaou a iiiaoo iecoaai aeinoieinoaa ii i?aaeiae iiieiaeueiie

oeaia aeaea ii 946 oun. ?oa. a ia?aua o?e aiaea (1701-1703 aa.), ii 313
oun. ?oa. – a neaaeothuea o?e: ionthaea auee auiea/aiu eiino?aiiua
noaneaeee. Iaeiaei, nei?i aanue iaoaee aue ia?aaaae?i a iiaoth iiiaoo, a
noieiinoue a? a ia?auaiee oiaea ia iieiaeio: oaeei ia?acii, iieueca io
ii?/e iiiaou auea a?aiaiiie e nii?iaiaeaeaeanue ia?iiiui a?aaeii. Iiaie
ia?ie aeey iiauoaiey aeioiaeia auea “ia?aia?i/ea” a 1704 aiaeo noa?uo
ia?i/iuo noaoae e ioaea/a ia ia?ie iiauo. Iauay oeeo?a eac?iiuo
iinooieaiee ii yoie noaouea iiaeiyeanue e 1708 aiaeo n 300 aei 670 oun.
?oa. aaeaaiaeii. Aeaeaa, eacia acyea a ?oee i?iaeaaeo niee, i?eianooth
ae aei 300 oun. ?oa. aaeaaiaeiiai aeioiaea, oaaaea (yoi i?aaei?eyoea
ieacaeinue iaoaea/iui) e ae?oaeo i?iaeoeoia, aeaaaaoeo aei 100 oun. ?oa.
aaeaaiaeii. A ?acoeueoaoa a eiioea oea?noaiaaiey Iao?a ainoaea?noaaiiua
aeioiaeu aic?inee aei 10 n eeoiei ieeeeiiia.

?acoiaaony, yoio ?ino ia eaaei i?eo?eny ia?iaeo. I?o? oioae i?eeoe
ia iiiiuue naiei iiaeaeaiiui, oeo/oeoue oneiaey eo o?oaea, iiaeiyoue
aeaaininoiyiea. Ii ?aoee i?eaea/ue a ainoaea?noaa ae?aaioeaiiua iaoaeeu
oi?aiaeae, eioi?ay eiaea au aeoeaiue aaeain. Aeey yoiai ii any/anee
iiiu?ye oi?aiaeth. Ciay aaaeiinoue ?onneeo ai?iaeai, ii niaaoiaae ei
niaaeeiyoueny a eiiiaiee e i?eaeaeae e oi?aiaea aeai?yi.

I?o? any/anee iiiu?ye ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe, nai caaiaeee
oaa?eee, ioneae eo a oiae, a caoai ioaeaaae a /anoiua ?oee. I?e i?i auee
aia?aua ioeaiaiu ieia?aeueiua aiaaonoaa O?aea, ia THaa aue iaeaeai
oaieue.

I?o? eneae n?aaenoa ia?iaeiiai iaiaauaiey e aeaeae iiaeu?ia
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea. Aeey yoiai ii i?eiaiye iieeoeeo
i?ioaeoeeiiecia, iiaeay eaaeaeue oaa oi?aiaee e i?iecaiaenoaa.

VI. ?AOI?IU A IAEANOE EOEUeOO?U E AUOA

Aeaaiui niaea?aeaieai ?aoi?i auei noaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea eoeueoo?u
e i?inaauaiey, “aa?iiaecaoeey” a auoo e iai?aaeaiee ?acaeoey eoeueoo?u.

Ia?aay naaoneay oeiea auea ioe?uoa a 1701 aiaeo a iineianeie
Nooa?aaie aaoia “Oeiea iaoaiaoeoeeeo e iaaeaaoeeeo iaoe”, iineoaeeaoay
iniiaie aeey Ii?neie aeaaeaiee a Iaoa?ao?aa. A neaae ca iae nicaeathony
iaaeeoeeineea, eiaeaia?iua, ei?aaeano?ieoaeueiua, ai?iua, ooo?iaineea,
?aianeaiiua oeieuth Aicieeiiaaiea naaoneie oeieu o?aaiaaei nicaeaiey
iiauo o/aaieeia. Ia?iiiia cia/aiea eiaei nicaeaiea a 1703 aiaeo
“A?eoiaoeee ne?a/ue iaoee /eneeoaeueiie” E.Iaaieoeeiai, yaeyaoaeny
o/aaieeii ii anai ?acaeaeai iaoaiaoeee e iiaeeeiiie iaoaiaoe/aneie
yioeeeeiiaaeeaeoiai a?aiaie. Ia?aiia/aeueii, eiaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue a
niaoeeaeenoao auea iniaaiii aaeeea, i?aaeoaeuenoai aeiioneaei a oeieu
aeaoae iiaeaoiuo nineiaee, ii oaea a eiioea XVII aaea oeieu i?eia?aoatho
oa?aeoa? nineiaiuo aeai?yineeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee. ?yaeii n ieie
au?anoaao nenoaia aeooiaiuo naieia?ee.

Aeey ia/aoaiuey naaoneie o/aaiie, iao/iie, iieeoe/aneie eeoa?aoo?u
e caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia auee nicaeaiu iiaua oeiia?aoee a Iineaa e
Iaoa?ao?aa. ?acaeoea eieaiia/aoaiuey nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ia/aeii
i?aaieciaaiiie eieaioi?aiaee, nicaeaieai a 1714 aiaeo ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeaeeioaee, eaaoae a iniiao aeaeeioaee Aeaaeaiee iaoe, iiyaeaieai
e?oiiuo aeaeeioae o iiiaeo a?enoie?aoia. N 1703 aiaea nenoaiaoe/anee
auoiaeeea ia?aay ?onneay aacaoa “Aaaeiiinoe”, ioaeeeiaaaoay eioi?iaoeeth
i iaaeaeoia?iaeiie, aioo?aiiae e eoeueoo?iie aeecie oiai a?aiaie, oiaea
aiaiiuo aeaenoaee.

Ai a?aiy oea?noaiaaiey Iao?a i?aaieciauaaaony ?yae e?oiiuo
yeniaaeeoeee, naiie cia/eoaeueiie ec eioi?uo auea yeniaaeeoeey Aa?eiaa.
Ninoaaeaiea ?onneeie oiiia?aoaie ea?o Eanieeneiai ii?y, Eo?eeueneeo
ino?iaia e iiaeaioiaea ia?aiai Aaia?aoe/aneiai aoeana ?innee – an? yoi
aeieaeii auei niinianoaiaaoue inaiaieth oa??eoi?ee e iaae? no?aiu.

Nicaeaiiay Iao?ii I Eoinoeaia?a iieiaeeea ia/aei nai?o eieeaeoeee
enoi?e/aneeo e iaii?eaeueiuo i?aaeiaoia e ?aaeeinoae, i?oaeey,
anoanoaaiii-iao/iuo eieeaeoeee e o.ae. Yoi auei ia/aeii iocaeiiai aeaea
a ?innee.

Eiae/aneei eoiaii anao ia?ii?eyoee a iaeanoe ?acaeoey iaoee e
i?inaauaiey auea iiaeaioiaea e ioe?uoeth Aeaaeaiee iaoe a Iaoa?ao?aa.
Iineieueeo a no?aia ionoonoaiaaea nenoaia iauaia?aciaaoaeueiie oeieu, oi
a? ninoaaiie /anoueth yaeyeenue aeaaeaie/aneee oieaa?neoao e aeiiacey.
Ioe?uoea aeaaeaiee, aieueoeinoai /eaiia eioi?ie ninoaaeyee i?eaeao?iiua
a ?ineth eiino?aiiua o/?iua, ninoiyeinue a naiii eiioea 1725 aiaea.

Eneonnoai. N ia?aie /aoaa?oe XVIII aaea inouanoaeyaony ia?aoiae e
a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoao e ?aaoey?iie ieaie?iaea ai?iaeia. Iaeee ai?iaea
ii?aaeaeyao oaea ia eoeueoiaay a?oeoaeoo?a, a aeai?oeu e iniaiyee, aeiia
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee e a?enoie?aoee. Iaeaieaa y?ei yoe /a?ou
aunooiatho a Iaoa?ao?aa, oae eae e?oiiia no?ieoaeuenoai a ae?oaeo
ai?iaeao auei ia a?aiy cai?auaii. A aeeaiiene ia niaio eeiiiiene
i?eoiaeeo ii?o?ao. E oiio aea a?aiaie ioiinyony iiiuoee nicaeaiey
?onneiai oao?a, iaeiaei i?oanneiiaeueiua “eiiaaeeaeueiua o?aieiu” a
Iineaa e Iaoa?ao?aa i?inouanoaiaaee iaaeieai. I?i/iaa aioee a aeeciue
oi?aeanoaiiua i?acaeieee n eeethieiaoeeyie, eniieiaieai eaioao,
no?ieoaeuenoaii o?eoioaeueiuo a?ie. A yoi a?aiy auee iaienaiu ia?aua
ae?aiaoo?ae/aneea i?iecaaaeaiey: o?aaeeiiaaeey I?ieiiiae/a “Aeaaeeie?”,
“Neaaa ?inneeneay” O.AEoeianeiai e o.ae.

Eciaiaiey a auoo. Noa?ay i?eau/iay aeieaeiieay iaeaaeaea n
aeeeiiuie ?oeaaaie auea cai?auaia e caiaiaia iiaie. Eaicieu, aaenooee e
aeaai, oe?ieiiieua oeyiu, /oeee, aaoiaee, ia?eee auno?i auoaniyee a
ai?iaeao noa?oth ?onneoth iaeaaeaeo. Aieueoia nii?ioeaeaiea e
iaaeiaieuenoaa aucaaei cai?auaiea iineoue ai?iaeu. Iniaaiii iaaeiaieueiu
yoei auee iiaeaoiua nineiaey, ii aaaaeaiea iniaiai “ai?iaeiaiai iaeiaa”
e iaycaoaeueiia iioaiea iaaeiiai ciaea ia aai oieaoa, oioy e ia
nie?aoeei iaaeiaieuenoaa, ii ?acei oiaiueoeei /enei nio?aiyaoeo ai?iaeo.

O/?aaeaeaiea ainaiaeae iieiaeeei ia/aei ooaa?aeaeaieth a n?aaea
?onneiai aeai?yinoaa “i?aaee oi?ioaai oiia” e “aeaai?iaeiiai iiaaaeaiey
a iauanoaa”, e ?acaiai?a ia eiino?aiiii, i?aeiouanoaaiii o?aioeocneii
ycuea.

Eciaiaiey a auoo e eoeueoo?a eiaee ia?iiiia i?ia?anneaiia
cia/aiea. Ii iie au? aieaa iiae/a?eioee auaeaeaiea aeai?yinoaa a
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiia aeaai?iaeiia nineiaea, i?aa?aoeee eniieueciaaiea aeaa
e aeinoeaeaiee eoeueoo?u a iaeio ec aeai?yineeo nineiaiuo i?eaaeaaee e
nii?iaiaeaeaeenue oe?ieei ?ani?ino?aiaieai aaeeiiaiee e i?ac?eoaeueiiai
ioiioaiey e ?onneiio ycueo e ?onneie eoeueoo?a a aeai?yineie n?aaea.

* * *

A 1724 aiaeo I?o? neeueii no?aaeae io iacaei?iauey, ii iii ia
canoaaeei aai ioeacaoueny io i?eau/ae ei/aaie aeecie, /oi e onei?eei aai
eii/eio. 29 ieoya?y 1724 a. I?o? ioi?aaeyaony aiaeie a Nanoa?aae e,
ano?aoea ii aei?iaa naaooth ia iaeue oethieo, ii iiyn a aiaea iiiiaaao
nieiaoue n ia? nieaeao. Eeoi?aaeea e aea? canoaaeytho aai 2-ai iiya?y
aa?iooueny a Iaoa?ao?a, 5-ai ii nai naay i?eaeaoaao ia naaaeueao
aoei/ieea, 16-ai eacieo Iiina, 24-ai i?acaeioao ia?o/aiea aei/a?e Aiiu.
Aanaeey aiciaiiaeythony ii iiaiaeo auai?a iiaiai eiycy-iaiu 3-ai e 4-ai
yiaa?y 1725 a. Noaoeeaay aeeciue eae?o naiei /a?aaeii aei eiioea yiaa?y,
eiaaea iaeiiaoe, i?eoiaeeoueny i?eaaaaoue e iiiiue a?a/ae, eioi?uo aei
yoiai a?aiaie I?o? ia oioae e neooaoue. Ii a?aiy ieacuaaaony oiouaiiui,
a aieaciue iaeoeaeeiie; 22-ai yiaa?y aicaeaeaatho aeoa?ue aicea eiiiaou
aieueiiai e i?e/euatho aai, 26-ai “aeey cae?aaey” auioneatho ec oth?ai
eieiaeieeia, a 28-ai yiaa?y, a /aoaa?oue oanoiai oo?a I?o? oie?aao, ia
oniaa ?aniiy?aeeoueny noaeueaie ainoaea?noaa.

EOIAE I?AIA?ACIAAIEE

Iiaiey i ?aoi?ia Iao?a /?acau/aeii ?anoiaeeeenue oaea i?e aai
aeecie. Iaaieueoay eo/ea aeeaeaeoeo ni?aoieeia Iao?a aea?aeaeanue
iiaiey, eioi?ia aiineaaenoaee Eiiiiinia oi?ioee?iaae neiaaie: “ii Aia
oaie, Aia oaie aue, ?inney”. Ia?iaeiay ianna, iai?ioea, aioiaa auea
niaeaneoueny n ooaa?aeaeaieai ?aneieueieeia, /oi I?o? aue aioeo?enoii. E
oa, e ae?oaea enoiaeeee ec oiai iauaai i?aaenoaaeaiey, /oi I?o? niaa?oee
?aaeeeaeueiue ia?aai?io e nicaeae iiaoth ?inneth, ia iioiaeoth ia
i?aaeithth. Iiaay a?iey, oeio, niioaiey n Aa?iiie, iaeiiaoe, aa?iiaeneay
aiaoiinoue, aa?iiaeneay oaoieea – an? yoi auee oaeou, a?inaaoeany a
aeaca: eo i?eciaaaee ana, ?anoiaeynue eeoue ei?aiiui ia?acii a eo
ioeaiea. Oi, /oi iaeie n/eoaee iieaciui, ae?oaea i?eciaaaee a?aaeiui
aeey ?onneeo eioa?ania; /oi iaeie n/eoaee aaeeeie caneoaie ia?aae
ioa/anoaii, a oii ae?oaea aeaeaee eciaio ae?oaei i?aaeaieyi; iaeiiaoe,
aaea iaeie aeaeaee iaiaoiaeeiue oaa ii iooe i?ia?anna, ae?oaea
i?eciaaaee i?inoia ioeeiiaiea, aucaaiiia i?eoioueth aeaniioa. Iaa
acaeyaea iiaee

i?eaiaeeoue oaeoe/aneea aeieacaoaeuenoaa a naith iieueco, oae eae a
?aoi?ia Iao?a auee ia?aiaoaiu iaa yeaiioa – e iaiaoiaeeiinoe, e
neo/aeiinoe. Yeaiaio neo/aeiinoe aieueoa aunooiae ia?oaeo, iiea eco/aiea
?aoi?iu Iao?a ia?aie/eaaeinue aiaoiae noi?iiie ?aoi?iu e ee/iie
aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aia?aciaaoaey. Ae?oaea ?acoeueoaou aeieaeii auei
aeaoue eco/aiea oie aea ?aoi?iu a nayce n a? i?aoeaaeaioaie, a oaeaea a
nayce n oneiaeyie nia?aiaiiie ae aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Eco/aiea
i?aoeaaeaioia Iao?ianeie ?aoi?iu iieacaei, /oi ai anao iaeanoyo
iauanoaaiiie e ainoaea?noaaiiie aeecie – a ?acaeoee o/?aaeaeaiee e
nineiaee, a ?acaeoee ia?aciaaiey, a ianoaiiaea /anoiiai auoa – caaeieai
aei Iao?a iaia?oaeeaathony oa aea naiua oaiaeaioeee, eioi?ui aea?o
oi?aeanoai Iao?ianeay ?aoi?ia. ssaeyynue, oaeei ai?acii, iiaeaioiaeaiiie
anai i?ioeui ?acaeoeai ?innee e ninoaaeyy eiae/aneee ?acoeueoao yoiai
?acaeoey, ?aoi?ia Iao?a, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, e i?e i?i au? ia iaoiaeeo
aeinoaoi/iie ii/au a ?onneie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, a iioiio e iinea Iao?a
inoa?ony oi?iaeueiie e aeaeeiie. Iiaua ieaouey e annaiaeae ia aaaeoo e
onaiaieth aa?iiaeneeo i?au/ae e i?eee/ee; oi/ii oae aea iiaua
caeinoaiaaiiua ec Oaaoeee o/?aaeaeaiey ia iie?athony ia niioaaonoaaiiia
yeiiiie/aneia e i?aaiaia ?acaeoea iannu. ?inney aoiaeeo a /enei
aa?iiaeneeo aea?aeaa, ii ia ia?aue ?ac oieueei aeey oiai, /oiau ii/oe ia
iieaaea naeaeaoueny i?oaeeai a ?oeao aa?iiaeneie iieeoeee. Ec 42
oeeoe?iuo i?iaeioeeaeueiuo oeie, ioe?uouo a 1716 – 1722 aiaeao, oieueei
8 aeiaeeaatho aei na?aaeeiu aaea; ec 2000 iaaa?aiaaiiuo, aieueoae
/anoueth neeie, o/aieeia aeaenoaeoaeueii auo/eaathony e 1727 aiaeo
oieueei 300 ia anth ?inneth. Aunoaa ia?aciaaiea, ianiio?y ia i?iaeo
Aeaeaiee, e iecoaa, ianiio?y ia ana i?eeacaiey Iao?a, inoathony iaaeieai
ia/oie.

Ianooaau eciaiaiee, i?iecioaaeoeo ca a?aiy i?aaeaiey Iao?a
ia?iiiu. Cia/eoaeueii au?inea oa??eoi?ey no?aiu, eioi?ay iinea iiiaeo
aaeia ai?ueau iieo/eea auoiae e ii?th e eeeaeaee?iaaea ninoiyiea
iieeoe/aneie e yeiiiie/aneie ecieyoeee, auoea ia iaaeaeoia?iaeioth
a?aio, caiyea aeaeiia ianoi a nenoaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee e
i?aa?aoeeanue a aaeeeoth aa?iiaeneoth aea?aeaao. A ?innee a yoi a?aiy
aicieeea iaiooaeoo?iay i?iiuoaeaiiinoue, a eioi?ie iniaia cia/aiea
i?eia?aea iiuiay iaooaeo?aey. Ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaieeny oa?aeoa? e
?acia?u aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae oi?aiaee e iau?i yeiiiie/aneeo naycae n
ae?oaeie no?aiaie. Auee nicaeaiu iiuiay ?aaoey?iay a?iey e oeio, naeaeai
ia?iiiue oaa a ?acaeoee eoeueoo?u e i?inaauaiey. Aue iaian?i neeueiue
oaea? aeooiaiie aeeeoaoo?a oea?eae a eoeueoo?a, i?inaauaiee e ae?oaeo
iaeanoyo aeecie no?aiu. Inouanoaeyeanue eiiea noa?iai ?ooeiiiai
iao?ea?oaeueiiai auoa.

Ana yoe eciaiaiey i?ienoiaeeee a oneiaeyo anooieaiey
oaiaeaeueii-e?aiinoie/aneeo ioiioaiee a noaaeeth ?aceiaeaiey e
ca?iaeaeaiey a eo iaae?ao iiauo ao?aeoaciuo ioiioaiee. Iai?aaeaiiay ia
eeeaeaeaoeeth oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneie e eoeueoo?iie ionoaeinoe no?aiu, ia
onei?aiea e ?acaeoea, iie eiaee ia?iiiia i?ia?anneaiia cia/aiea.

I/aaeaeii, oaeaea e nii?ioeaeaiea, eioi?ia aucaaea eaaeaeay ec
?aoi?i, iaaeiaieuenoai eie ni noi?iiu naiuo ?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo nee e
nei?a: aiy?noaa – oai, /oi aai iooanieee “ooaei?iaeiua”, e oai, /oi
ia?anoaei nouanoaiaaoue “naiiaea?aeaaea n Aiy?neie

aeoiie”; aeai?yinoaa – iinoiyiiie e oyae?eie neoaeaie; oea?eae – oo?aoie
naiinoiyoaeueiie iieeoe/aneie ?iee e ainiiaenoaothuaai iieiaeaiey a
eoeueoo?a e i?inaauaiee, ecuyoeai ainoaea?noaii cia/eoaeueiie /anoe a?
aeioiaeia; eoioeia e iinaaeneiai ethaea – ?inoii iaeiaia, iiaeiiinoae e
neoaea; ia?iaeiuo iann – oneeaieai e?aiinoie/aneiai ai?oa e oai, /oi
?aoi?iu inouanoaeyeenue ca eo n/?o. E yoiio aeiaaaeyeinue iauaa
iaaeiaieuenoai iiaoanoaaie, eioi?ua ?ac?ooaee oei?aieaoeany o?aaeeoeee e
n?aaeiaaaeiaoth einiinoue iao?ea?oaeueiiai auoa e oeeaaea aeecie.

Eo inouanoaeaiea auei a iaiaeie noaiaie naycaii n
aeayoaeueiinoueth e ee/iinoueth Iao?a Ia?aiai, – iiaeaeoe, naiiai
e?oiiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeayoaey aei?aaieethoeeiiiie ?innee, n aai
eneeth/eoaeueiie oeaeaono?aie?iiinoueth, yia?aeae niaeinoueth, n eioi?ie
ii eiiae ?ooeiiua ii?yaeee e i?aiaeieaaae aan/eneaiiua o?oaeiinoe,
Auaeathueeny iieeoee, aiaiiue aeayoaeue e aeeieiiao, ii oiae i?aaeeueii
ioeaieaaoue ianoaiiaeo, auaeaeyoue aeaaiia, aeaeaoue i?aaeeueiua auaiaeu
ec ioeaie e iaoaea/, ec eciaiaiey aioo?e- e aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie
ianoaiiaee.

Iaeaaeaaoee oe?ieeie ciaieyie, i?iyaeyaoee aieueoie eioa?an e
eeoa?aoo?a, enoi?ee, i?aao, eneonnoao, ?ai?neai e anoannoaaiiui iaoeai,
ii i?ae?anii ciae aiaiiia aeaei, ei?aaeano?iaiea, ei?aaeaaiaeaeaiea e
a?oeeea?eth. Iooeeineea no?iee “oi aeaaeaiee, oi aa?ie, oi
ii?aieaaaoaeue, oi ieioiee” iaoei au?aceee anth iiiaia?aiiinoue eaio/ae
aeayoaeueiinoe Iao?a I. Ii oiae iiaeae?aoue aeayoaeueiuo e yia?ae/iuo
iieeiiieeia a eaaeaeie ec io?aneae e noa? ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. A /enea “ioaioeia aiacaea Iao?iaa” auee oaeea e?oiiua
ainoaea?noaaiiua e aiaiiua aeayoaee naiaai a?aiaie, eae A.Ae.
Iaiueoeeia, A.I. Oa?aiaoueaa, O.I. Ai?aenei, A.A. Naiyaei, A.A. Eo?aeei,
Oaioai I?ieiiiae/, A.I. Oaoeuaa.

Ii ana eciaiaiey e ?aoi?iu inouanoaeyeenue ia e?aiinoie/aneie
iniiaa, e?aiinoie/aneeie iaoiaeaie, e auee iai?aaeaiu ia nio?aiaiea e
oe?aieaiea oaiaeaeueii-aaniethoenoneiai no?iy, nineiaiie no?oeoo?u
iauanoaa, nineiaiuo i?aa e i?eaeeaaee ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna. Iie
nii?iaiaeaeaeenue ?ani?ino?aiaieai e?aiinoie/aneeo ioiioaiee ia iiaua
oa??eoi?ee e iiaua eaoaai?ee ianaeaiey, ia iiaua noa?u yeiiiie/aneie
aeecie, ianaaeaeaieai iaaieaa a?oauo e oyae?euo oi?i e?aiinoie/anoaa,
?ani?ino?aiaieai aeaniioecia e i?iecaiea oea?y,
/eiiaie/uea-ath?ie?aoe/aneiai aiia?aoa e iiiaueeia. Yoi oi?iiceei
oi?ie?iaaiea eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee a no?aia, yeiiiie/aneia e
eoeueoo?iia ?acaeoea ia?iaea e ia iicaieyei eeeaeaee?iaaoue
oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneoth e eoeueoo?ioth ionoaeinoue iaoeee. Iaaaoeaiay
noi?iia eciaiaiee e i?aia?aciaaiee auea i?aaie/anee naycaia e n
aeayoaeueiinoueth naiiai Iao?a I, aeey eioi?iai auea oa?aeoa?ia e?aeiyy
aeanoieinoue, i?iecaie, iainiiaaiea e inouanoaeaiea i?eioeeiia ie/ai ia
ia?aie/aiiiai naiiaea?aeaaiiai i?iecaiea.

Aeoiath, /oi aeaaecii oiai a?aiaie iiaee au noaoue no?i/ee
Iooeeia: “Iie ae?oa, io/ecia iinayoei aeooe i?ae?aniua ii?uau!” I?o?
Aaeeeee ia aeaeae ie nee, ie caei?iauey

ai eiy i?ioeaaoaiey ?innee, noa?aeny, /oiau aai niiaeaeaeieee e aanue
?inneeneee ia?iae neaaeiaae aai i?eia?o.

EEOA?AOO?A

1. Yioeeeeiiaaee/aneee neiaa?ue. Ecaeaiea A?ieaaoca e Ao?iia. O. XVII
A, N.-Ia, 1858.

2. Enoi?ey NNN? n ae?aaiaeoeo a?ai?i aei eiioea XVIII aaea. Iiae ?aae.
A.A.?uaaeiaa. I., Ecae-ai “Aunoay oeiea”, 1975.

3. Nieiaue?a N.I. “*oaiey e ?anneacu ii enoi?ee ?innee”, I., Ecae-ai
“I?aaaea”, 1989.

4. Ieaoiiia N.O. “O/aaiee ?onneie enoi?ee aeey n?aaeiae oeieu. Eo?n
nenoaiaoe/aneee”, I., Ecae-ai “Caaii”, 1994.

5. Eeth/aaneee A.I. “Enoi?e/aneea ii?o?aou”, I., Ecae-ai “I?aaaea”,
1991.

6. Nu?ia N.I. “No?aieoeu enoi?ee”, I., Ecae-ai “?onneee ycue”, 1983.

7. Iaaeaiei I.E. “I?o? I e aai a?aiy”, I., Ecae-ai “I?inaauaiea”, 1989.

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