Ia?aay ie?iaay aieia e ?aaiethoeey a ?innee. I?e/eiu e iineaaenoaey
Aeaaiie i?e/eiie aaiiieeoe/aneeo eciaiaiee a ie?a noaea Ia?aay ie?iaay
aieia, eioi?ay aeeeeanue n 1 aaaonoa 1914 aiaea aei 11 iiya?y 1918
aiaea. A iae i?eieiaee o/anoea 33 no?aiu ie?a n ianaeaieai nauoa 1
ie?ae. /aeiaae. Aano?i-na?aneee eiioeeeo a ethea 1914 aiaea iineoaeee
eeoue iiaiaeii e ia/aeo aieiu iaaeaeo aieueoeie no?aiaie Aa?iiu.
Iaiaoeeee Aaia?aeueiue ooaa ii?o/ee aaia?aeo A. oii Oeeooaio ca?aiaa
?ac?aaioaoue ieai aaaeaiey aieiu Aa?iaieae ia aeaa o?iioa: Ainoi/iii e
Caiaaeiii. Aieia aeieaeia auea auoue (niaeanii ieaio) auno?ioa/iie,
iaeneioi 5-6 ianyoeaa. Oae aea aeoiaee a aaia?aeueiuo ooaaao ae?oaeo
no?ai.
Aiaiiua neeu iaaeo noi?ii: a?iey no?ai Aioaiou – 6,179 oun. /ae., a?iey
no?ai O?ienoaaiiiai nithca – 3,568 oun. /ae., iooee no?ai Aioaiou – 13
oun. aaeeieoe, i?eaeeceoaeueii noieueei aea auei e o no?ai O?ienoaaiiiai
nithca.
Aia?aua a enoi?ee /aeiaa/anoaa e o/anoeth a aieia auei i?eaea/aii oaeia
ia?iiiia eiee/anoai ethaeae e naiie nia?aiaiiie oaoieee. Iaeiaei
oa?aeoa? aiaauo iia?aoeee, oai aieaa eo iineaaenoaey ieacaeenue
iaaaeaeaaoiuie /aeiaa/aneiio e iaoa?eaeueiiio iioaioeeaeo aiththueo
noi?ii.
Aiaaua aeaenoaey a 1914 a.
Caiaaeiue o?iio:
Aa?iaiey caoaaoeea Aaeueaeth, iioa?iaee ii?aaeaiea o?aioeocneea aienea
ia o?aiei-aaeueaeeneie a?aieoea. Aeoaa ia ?. Ia?ia (5-12 naioya?y 1914?)
aiaei-o?aioeocneea aienea ia niiaee iiaaaeeoue iaiaoeeoth a?ieth;
Ainoi/iue o?iio.
Ianooieaiea ?onneeo aiene a Aaeeoeee e ii?aaeaiea eo io iaiaoeeeo aiene
a Ainoi/iie I?onnee. Aieia a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia caoyaeaaaony, iaae?aao
iiceoeeiiiue oa?aeoa?, e aieia i?eaeaeathony iiaua no?aiu: ssiiiey – ia
noi?iia Aioaiou, Oo?oeey – ia noi?iia Aa?iaiee;
Aano?i-na?aneee o?iio: ia?aiaiiue oniao iaaeo noi?ii. Na?aai ana-oaee
oaeaeinue auoanieee aano?eeoeaa ni naiae oa??eoi?ee;
Eaaeacneee o?iio: oniao ?onneie a?iee a aeoaao i?ioea oo?aoeeie a?iee;
aiaaua aeaenoaey ia ii?a: i?aeiouanoai oeioia Aioaiou. Aiaeeeneee oeio
iioiiee iaiaoeeoth yneaae?o aicea Oieeeaiaeneeo ino?iaia. Iaiaoeeee oeio
eiaao i?aeiouanoai a iiaeaiaeiuo eiaeeao.
Eoiae aiaauo aeaenoaee 1914 aiaea: i?aeiouanoai ia noi?iia no?ai
Aioaiou. Aieia iaae?aea caoyaeiie oa?aeoa?. Aa?iaiey i?eciaao Ainoi/iue
o?iio aeaaiui.
Aiaaua aeaenoaey a 1915 aiaeo
Ainoi/iue o?iio. Aa?iaiey noaaeo oeaeue canoaaeoue ?inneth aueoe ec
aieiu e iiaaaeaeaao a Aaeeoeee, Aieiaeia. ?inney iioa?yea 850 oun.
oaeouo e ?aiaiiuo, 900 oun. ieaiiuo, ii ia eaieooee?iaaea ia?aae
Aa?iaieae. Ia Ainoi/iii o?iioa aieia oaeaea iaae?aao iiceoeeiiiue
oa?aeoa?. E o/anoeth a aieia i?eaeaeathony iiaua aa?iiaeneea no?aiu:
Eoaeey anooiaao a aieio ia noi?iia no?ai Aioaiou, Aieaa?ey – ia noi?iia
no?ai O?ienoaaiiiai nithca.
Aiaaua aeaenoaey a 1916 aiaeo
Aa?aeaineay aeoaa e A?oneeianeee i?i?ua a Aaeeoeee noaee iniiaiuie
aiaauie aeaenoaeyie 1916 aiaea. Nicaeaeanue iaoiaay neooaoeey. Iioa?e n
iaaeo noi?ii ia?iiiua. Iiae Aa?aeaiii iiaeaei ii/oe 1 iei. iaiaoeeeo e
o?aioeocneeo nieaeao e ioeoea?ia. Ia ?. Niiie iioa?e n iaaeo noi?ii
i?aauoaee 1,300 oun. /ae. A?oneeianeee i?i?ua a Aaeeoeee aue aaeeiui
aiaaui oniaoii eiiiaiee 1916 aiaea.
I?e oaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao aioo?aiiaa iieiaeaiea aiththueo no?ai ?acei
oooaeoeeinue. Iaueie aeey ieo auea oicyenoaaiiay ?ac?ooa, oneeaiea
iiiiiieecaoeee, aaaaeaiea i?iae?acaa?noee naeueoici?iaeoeoia, cai?ao
caaanoiaie, aaaaeaiea i?eioaeeoaeueiuo nnoae o ianaeaiey. Ana yoi a
eaaeaeie ioaeaeueii acyoie no?aia auaeaaaeinue eae iaiaoiaeeiia ?aaee
iiaaaeu iaae i?ioeaieeii. E?iia oiai, i?aaeoaeuenoaa iaeioi?uo no?ai
ia?aoee e niaoeeoe/aneei aeaenoaeyi.
A Aa?iaiee auea aaaaeaia ieeeoa?ecaoeey ?aaiou. Caino?eeinue
iieeoe/aneia i?ioeainoiyiea a ?yaeao iaiaoeeie nioeeae-aeaiie?aoee: O.
Oaeaeaiai – O. Yaa?o – E. Eeaeiaoo – ?. Ethenaiao?a.
A Aano?i-Aaia?ee oneeeeenue iaoeeiiaeueiua i?ioeai?a/ey. Eiio?ieue
iaiaoeeeo iiiiiieee ca yeiiiieeie no?aiu noae anaiauaiethuei.
A Aiaeee onoaiiaeeny a?aaeaeaineee ie?. Ii/oe 900 oun./ae., auei
iiaeeeciaaii ia o?iio, oiaeienoe/aneea ?aniieiaeaiey aeooa a iauanoaa
cia/eoaeueii aic?inee, eieiiee ia i?ecua Eiiaeiia iiaeaea?aeaee
Aaeeeia?eoaieth a aieia.
Ai O?aioeee i?iecaiaenoai oaey nie?aoeeinue ia 75%, /oaoia – ia 84%,
noaee – ia 63%, iinaaiua ieiuaaee nie?aoeeenue ia 40%. 60% ioae/ei auei
iiaeeeciaaii a a?ieth. A i?iiaaaiaea aeanoaiaae eicoia “nayuaiiie aieiu
iaoeee.”
A ?innee ia oaaoaei i?oaeey (i?eaeeceoaeueii 400 oun. aeioiaie).
Neaaenoaeai o/anoey ?innee a aieia aue yeiiiie/aneee e
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiue e?ecen, oaaee/aiea i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe ?aai/aai
aeiy, ia?anoaiea caaanoiai/iie ai?ueau, oiaaeie iiia?oee (?aniooei).
A NOA ia/aeny i?iiuoeaiiue iiaeuai. Auieaaee au?inea ia 80%,
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue cieiouo caiania aa?iiaeneeo no?ai ia?aoea e
aia?eeaineei aaieai. E?oiiua iiiiiieee NOA aunooiaee ca o/anoea a aieia.
A oi aea a?aiy caino?eeenue aa?iaii-aia?eeaineea ioiioaiey ec-ca oiai,
/oi Aa?iaiey oiieea aia?eeaineea ei?aaee. A i?iiaaaiaea auea ?acaa?iooa
eaiiaiey iiaeaioiaee no?aiu e iai?iia.
A eieiieaeueiuo no?aiao auea aaaaeaia i?eioaeeoaeueiay ?aaioa, iie
oaaee/eee iinoaaeo nu?uey ai O?aioeeth e Aaeeeia?eoaieth, nieaeaou
eieiiee neoaeeee a a?ieyo iao?iiieee. Iai?eia?, Aaeiao aeae aiaeeeneie
a?iee 1,5 iei. /ae. ia aieio (i?e 10 iei. ianaeaiey no?aiu).
1917 aiae – o?aoee aiae aieiu
Iniiaiua niauoey a Aa?iia auee ia aiaiiua, a iieeoe/aneea. Iie
?acaa?ioeenue a ?innee. A oa/aiea iaeiiai aiaea a oneiaeyo aieiu a
?innee ninoiyeinue aeaa ?aaiethoeee: Oaa?aeueneay e Ieoya?ueneay.
I?e/eiu Oaa?aeueneie ?aaiethoeee: ii?aaeaiea aiene ia Caiaaeiii o?iioa a
1914-1916 aa., yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen e ?ino caaanoiai/iie ai?ueau ?aai/eo
e e?anoueyi, ?ino ?aaiethoeeiiiuo iano?iaiee a a?iee, iineaaeaiea
naiiaea?aeaaey. Aeaaiui iieeoe/aneiio aii?inii ?aaiethoeee noae aii?in i
ie?a.
Aeaaiua niauoey Oaa?aeueneie ?aaiethoeee a ?innee
23 oaa?aey 1917 aiaea – ia?aue aeaiue ?aaiethoeee. Ia Iooeeianeiio
caaiaea ia/aeanue caaanoiaea, a eioi?ie i?eiyee o/anoea 90 oun. ?aai/eo.
A ai?iaea Iao?ia?aaea iuouaeny iaaeinoaoie oeaaa. 25 oaa?aey
iieeoe/aneay caaanoiaea a Iao?ia?aaea noaea anaiauee, ia/aeenue ianniaua
aeaiiino?aoeee. Oea?ue Ieeieae ?? aeae ?anii?yaeaiea no?aeyoue a
aeaiiino?aioia. 27 oaa?aey ia noi?iio ?aaiethoeee ia?aoae Aieuineee iiee
(70 oun. nieaeao), ninoiyeinue inaiaiaeaeaiea ec oth?ai iieeoe/aneeo
ocieeia, ia?aciaaeny Iao?ia?aaeneee niaao i?aeiouanoaaiii ec /enea
ao?aeoaciuo ia?oee. 28 oaa?aey ii ecaeaao I?eeac ?1 “I aeaiie?aoecaoeee
a?iee”, niaeanii eioi?iio ia?aciauaathony auai?iua nieaeaoneea eiieoaou.
2 ia?oa 1917 a. oea?ue Ieeieae ?? io?aeny i?anoiea. Iiia?oey a ?innee
ia?anoaea nouanoaiaaoue. Ia?aciauaaaony A?aiaiiia ?aaiethoeeiiiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai (aeaaa – eiycue Eueaia). Aeaaiua ieienoa?neea aeieaeiinoe
caiyee i?aaenoaaeoaee ia?oee eaaeaoia e ieoya?enoia. A?aiaiiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai aeaei naieoeeth ia a?ano auaoaai oea?y e aai naiuee e
iiaeoaa?aeee aa?iinoue Aioaioa a oa/aiee aieiu ni noi?iiu ?innee.
Aoaa?iaoi?u auee caiaiaiu eiienna?aie A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa,
ia?aciaaiia ia?iaeiay ieeeoeey, aaiaeeony 8-/aniaie ?aai/ee aeaiue.
Aeaaeiiii a?iee aue iacia/ai aaia?ae Aeaenaaa, (I. A?oneeia – n iay 1917
a.). Caiaeueiue aii?in iaauaee ?aoeoue ia O/?aaeeoaeueiii nia?aiee.
Iaoeeiiaeueiue aii?in inoaaaeny aac ia?aiai – nio?aiaiea aaeeiie e
iaaeaeeiie ?innee, eioi?ue noae ia?aii?e/eiie eiioeeeoa n Oe?aeineei
Oeaio?aeueiui niaaoii e Oeieyiaeeae.
E ana-oaee ?inney noaiiaeeanue aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeeie. Aeanoue
A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia auea aaeeiiee/iie. Ia?aeeaeueiie aeanoueth
auee niaaou ?aai/eo, nieaeaoneeo e e?anoueyineeo aeaiooaoia.
Iaaeiaieuenoai ianaeaiey iieeoeeie A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ii iiaiaeo
o/anoey ?innee a aieia ia?anoaei. Oaeie aea ia?ie aic?anoae aaoi?eoao
?EI (aieueoaaeeia), eioi?ua aaee iieeoe/aneoth ?aaioo a iannao aie?oa
eicoiaia: Ie?a! Oeaaa! Caiee! A iieeoe/aneie ai?ueaa aieueoaaeee aa?oo
eo?n ia ia?a?anoaiea ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee a
nioeeaeenoe/aneoth.
4 ethey 1917 a. nioeeaeenoe/aneea ia?oee Iao?ia?aaea i?aaieciaaee
ianniaoth aeaiiino?aoeeth i?ioanoa i?ioea aieiu e A?aiaiiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Aeaiiino?aoeey, a eioi?ie i?eiyee o/anoea ?aai/ea e
nieaeaou Iao?ia?aaeneiai aa?ieciia, auea ?anno?aeyia. Yoi aue eiiaoe
aeaiaaeanoey a ?innee.
Oaa?aeueneay ?aaiethoeey a ?innee iaeiicia/ii iiaeeyea ia aeoeaecaoeeth
aioeaiaiiiai aeaeaeaiey a Aa?iia. Ia Ainoi/iii o?iioa ia/aeinue a?aoaiea
iaaeaeo nieaeaoaie ?onneie e iaiaoeeie a?iee. Ai O?aioeee aeaiiino?aiou
i?aaeuyaeyee o?aaiaaiey ioi?aaeoue ia o?iio oao ieieno?ia, eioi?ua
aunooiaee ca i?iaeieaeaiea aieiu. Iiia?oe/aneea ?aaeeiu a Aa?iia
i/aaeaeii ineaaee.
Ia aieia aic?anoathueo aioeaiaiiuo ?aniieiaeaiee aeooa ni noi?iiu
oe?ieeo neiaa ianaeaiey 25 ieoya?y 1917 a. a ?innee ninoiyeanue iiaay
?aaiethoeey iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii ia?oee aieueoaaeeia. Eo oeaeue
caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oiau caa?aoue iieeoe/aneoth e yeiiiie/aneoth
aeanoue o eaieoaeenoia e iiiaueeia, onoaiiaeoue aeeeoaoo?o i?ieaoa?eaoa,
auno?ieoue nioeeaeenoe/aneia iauanoai a ?innee. Eniieieoaeai yoeo
naa?oneiaeiuo caaea/ aeieaeai aue noaoue ?aai/ee eeann a nithca n
e?anoueyinoaii. Iieeoe/aneia ?oeiaiaenoai yoeie i?ioeannaie aieueoaaeee
inoaaeyee ca niaie. Caiaoei, /oi ?aaeecaoeey yoeo caaea/ i?eaaea e
aeoaeiiui aaiiieeoe/aneei eciaiaieyi ia oieueei a ?innee, a e ai anai
ie?a.
N oiai a?aiaie i?ioae ii/oe aae. Oai ia iaiaa, e naaiaeiy Ieoya?ueneay
?aaiethoeey, ioiioaiea e iae ia yaeyaony iaeiicia/iui ia oieueei a
no?aiao auaoaai NNN?, ii e aeaeaei ca aai i?aaeaeaie. Iaeie (noi?iiieee
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai iooe ?acaeoey iauanoaa) ooaa?aeaeatho: a
aei?aaiethoeeiiiie ?innee aue aeinoaoi/iue o?iaaiue aeecie anao neiaa
ianaeaiey, auniei ?acaeoia naeueneia oicyenoai (a iiaeoaa?aeaeaiee yoie
iunee i?eaiaeyony noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua ia yenii?oa ?inneae ca?ia ca
a?aieoeo) e ii/oe nia?aiaiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Ionthaea eo
ooaa?aeaeaiea: Ieoya?ueneay ?aaiethoeey a ?innee auea ioeaeie, e iia
i?iecioea oieueei aeaaiaea?y yeno?aienoneei aeaenoaeyi aieueoaaeeia.
A eae a oaeii neo/aa auoue n oai “?aai”, i eioi?ii ienae O.A. Oaa/aiei,
aaea n eaeaee iineaaeithth ?oaaoeo nieiatho, a aaaeioth aaeiaeoeo ca
iiaeooiia ?anieiatho, aaea oth?ai ia ia?an/eoaoue, aaea io iieaeaaaieia
aei oeiia ia anao ycueao ana iie/eo. E eaeei i?aae?annaaoiui iaiyi
i?ecaaea Eany Oe?aeiea, eioi?oth neaeo no?aieeny ?acaeoue Eaiaia?ue
O?aiei? Ii/aio e io /aai ?aaaee aieu Aoaianey Ie?iiai, i?ioea eiai e ii
eaeei i?e/eiai aoioiaaee aa?ie iiaanoae I.Eioethaeinueeiai, aaea iaoea
naieo aa?iaa iiaanoe “Caiey” Ieueaa Eiaueyineay? Iaoaeaee a oe?aeineie
eeanne/aneie eeoa?aoo?a aeeciue ia?iaea ecia?aaeaia a i?iecaieueiie
oi?ia? Iao, neaaiua oai?oeu oe?aeineie eeoa?aoo?u ia ii?uaaee n
aeeciueth naiaai ia?iaea e aai noaeueaie – yoi eo ia?aaeeaaiea, eioi?ua
iie eceiaeeee a naieo i?iecaaaeaieyo.
Ae?oaea (noi?iiieee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iooe ?acaeoey iauanoaa)
ooaa?aeaeatho: oieueei aieueoaaeee, nioeeaeenoe/aneay ?aaiethoeey iiaee
nianoe e nianee no?aio io ii?aaiuaiey eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii, a ia?iae –
io auie?aiey e aeeeinoe. A eae a oaeii neo/aa auoue n ioeaieie
enoi?e/aneiai iooe ?acaeoey ninaaeieo ia?iaeia, aaea ia auei
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ?aaiethoeee, a o?iaaiue eo yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey
auoa iaoaai? Iaaa?iia, ia neaaeoao eaeaaeece?iaaoue oi eee ae?oaia
enoi?e/aneia yaeaiea, aeaaea oaeia eae Ieoya?ueneay ?aaiethoeey, oae eae
iieacuaaao enoi?e/aneee iiuo, naii ii naaa yaeaiea, eaeei au cia/eiui
iii ia auei, iiaei nicaeaoue eeoue i?aaeiinueee aeey aeaenoaeoaeueii
na?ueaciuo ia?aiai a aeecie ia?iaea.
Aianoa n oai, neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi nioeeaeenoe/aneea ia?oee ?innee ai
a?aiy auai?ia a O/?aaeeoaeueiia nia?aiea a 54 ie?oaao ec 79 iaa?aee 3/4
aieinia ecae?aoaeae (yna?u – 2,9 iei. aieinia, aieueoaaeee – 9 iei.,
iaiueoaaeee – 1,7 iei.). Oaeia aieaecuyaeaiea oe?ieeo neiaa ianaeaiey
iinea Oaa?aeueneie ?aaiethoeee, aiciiaeii, iauyniyaony oai, /oi
A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai i?aeoe/anee ia auiieieei ie iaeiiai ec
o?aaiaaiee ia?iaea: ia aeaee aio ie ie?a, ie caiee, ie oeaaa. Anee e
yoiio i?eaaaeoue i?ae?auaiea ?aaiou ia iiiaeo i?aaei?eyoeyo, eioeyoeeth
aoiaaeiuo aeaiaa, iacaueuaiiinoue ethaeae ia?aae i?anooiieeaie, ?ino
?anneiaiey iaaeaeo aiaaouie e aaaeiuie, oi eaeay ?aoeoaeueiuo aeaenoaee,
iaiaoiaeeiinoe iieeoe/aneeo e yeiiiie/aneeo ia?aiai iaeaaeaea
cia/eoaeueiui eiee/anoaii ianaeaiey. Aieueoaaeee yoi iiiyee, oeiaeee
?aniieiaeaiey aeooa ethaeae e, iie?aynue ia niaaou, eo no?oeoo?u,
aicaeaaeee i?ioeannu ?aaeeeaeueiuo aeaenoaee.
Auai? iiiaioa aii?oaeaiiiai ainnoaiey, aai ianoa – yoi oaea aii?in
oaeoeee. Iaeiaei oi, n eaeie eaaeinoueth (13 /aeiaae iiaeaei n iaaeo
noi?ii) aieueoaaeee iaea?aeaee iiaaaeo iaae A?aiaiiui i?aaeoaeuenoaii,
eioi?ia eiaei iiiaiieeeeiiioth a?ieth, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi OeE ?EI(a)
aeaaeae iieiie e aa?iie eioi?iaoeeae i oaeouai iieeoe/aneii iiiaioa a
no?aia.
I?eoiae e aeanoe iiauo iieeoe/aneeo nee a oie eee ae?oaie no?aia – yoi
aeaei aioo?aiiaa. Iaeiaei a aeaiiii neo/aa yoi ia oae. Aeaei a oii, /oi
e aeanoe a ?innee i?eoee oaeea iieeoe/aneea neeu, eioi?ua noaaeee oeaeue
ei?aiiui ia?acii eciaieoue nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey a
na?aaeeia no?aiu, a oaeaea ioiioaiey n aiaoiei ie?ii. E yoeo naieo
iaia?aiee ia ne?uaaee.
O/eouaay yoi a ?oeiaiaeyueo e?oaao iiiaeo no?ai, e i?aaeaea anaai,
aa?iiaeneeo, ?aaiethoeey a ?innee aucaaea aaniieienoai, iinoaaeea ia?aae
ieie iiiai aii?inia, a o./. – i noaeueaa eo eaieoaeia a ?innee; i
niaethaeaiee iiaie aeanoueth iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaiee ioiineoaeueii
o/anoey a aieia; i niaethaeaiee i?aa /aeiaaea e o.ae.
Aieueoaaeee, inouanoaea ?aaiethoeeth iieeoe/aneoth, auee iaia?aiu
inouanoaeoue ?aaiethoeeth e a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaieyo. Ia?aui oaaii
a yoii iai?aaeaiee aeieaeai aue noaoue Aeae?ao i ie?a (i?eiyoue ia ??
nuacaea Niaaoia 26 ieoya?y 1917 a.). I?iaeieaeaoue aieio ca ?acaeaeaiea
ie?a, – aiai?eeinue a Aeae?aoa, – i?aaeoaeuenoai niaaoneie ?innee
n/eoaao i?anooieaieai i?ioea /aeiaa/anoaa. Enoiaey ec yoiai,
i?aaeoaeuenoai i?aaeeaaaei anai aiththuei ia?iaeai e eo i?aaeoaeuenoaai
iaiaaeeaiii ia/aoue ia?aaiai?u i caeeth/aiee ni?aaaaeeeaiai e
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ie?a aac aiiaenee e eiio?eaooeee. Aeae?ao
i?aaeoniao?eaae ioaeeeaoeeth oaeiuo aeiaiai?ia, eioi?ua auee iiaeienaiu
oea?neei e A?aiaiiui i?aaeoaeuenoaaie aei 25 ieoya?y 1917 a., e ioeac io
ieo. Yoi aue iieiue ?ac?ua i?aaeoaeuenoaa niaaoneie ?innee n aiaoiae
iieeoeeie i?aaeuaeoueo i?aaeoaeuenoa.
Niaeanii Aeaeea?aoeee i?aa ia?iaeia ?innee, a iniiao eioi?ie auee
iieiaeaiu i?eioeeiu ?aaainoaa, noaa?aieoaoa e naiiii?aaeaeaiea,
ainoaea?noaaiioth iacaaeneiinoue iieo/eea Oeieyiaeey (31 aeaeaa?y 1917
a.) e Iieueoa (29 aaaonoa 1918 a.). Yoe oaae ni noi?iiu niaaoneie ?innee
auee n oaeiaeaoai?aieai ano?a/aiu a Oeieyiaeee e Iieueoe e caeeaaeuaaee
iniiau aeia?ininaaeneeo ioiioaiee.
Ioaeeeaoeey oaeiuo aeiaiai?ia (a 1918 a. auei iioaeeeiaaii 100
aeiaiai?ia), a oii /enea aeiaiai? ?innee e Aiaeee i ?ani?aaeaeaiee noa?
eioa?ania a E?aia, Aoaaienoaia, Oeaaoa; niaeaoaiea Aiaeee, O?aioeee e
?innee i ?ani?aaeaeaiee Oo?oeee (1916 a.) iieiaeeei ia/aei
aeia?ininaaeneeo ioiioaiee n ia?iaeaie Acee.
No?aiu – o/anoieoeu Aioaiou ia i?eciaaaee iiaie aeanoe a ?innee, n/eoaee
aa iacaeiiiie e ia anooiaee n iae ie a eioi?ua ia?aaiai?u, a oii /enea e
a i?aaeeiaeaieyo ?innee i ie?iuo ia?aaiai?ao, i?iaeieaeay n/eoaoue
A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai aaeeiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai eioa?ania ?innee.
No?aiu O?ienoaaiiiai nithca oaeaea io?eoeaoaeueii ioiineeenue e
iieeoe/aneei eciaiaieyi a ?innee. Iaeiaei, enoiaey ec oaeiuo iaia?aiee,
a eiaiii: ineaaeoue naiaai niia?ieea a aieia, iii?iaiaaee anooieoue a
naia?aoiua ia?aaiai?u n i?aaeoaeuenoaii niaaoneie ?innee. 27 aeaeaa?y
1917 a. Aa?iaiey niiaueea ?innee i niaeanee ia/aoue ia?aaiai?u,
i?ae?aoea ia a?aiy ia?aaiai?ia aiaaua aeaenoaey. E caeanue aeey
niaaoneie aeanoe iaaei auei ?aoeoue ?yae neiaeiuo i?iaeai: eae
niaianoeoue i?iiaaaiaeenoneee oa?aeoa? i?ecuaa e ni?aaaaeeeaiio e
aeaiie?aoe/aneiio ie?o n iieeoe/aneei eo?nii ia ie?iaoth ?aaiethoeeth;
eaeei ia?acii /a?ac Aa?iaieth aueoe ia yeiiiie/aneea e iieeoe/aneea
ioiioaiey ni no?aiaie Caiaaea.
*a?ac 6 ianyoeaa iinea Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee Eaiei iiiye, /oi
nioeeaeenoe/aneay ?aaiethoeey a Aa?iaiee iaeiaa?iyoiay. Ia?aaiai?u
aeaeaaaoeee niaaoneie ?innee n Aa?iaieae a A?anoa e iiaeienaiiue oai
ie?iue aeiaiai? aue ia oieueei nianaieai niaaoneie ?innee, ii e a
ii?aaeaeaiiii iiieiaiee ia?aui ionooieaieai niaaoneie aeanoe io iieeoeee
ie?iaie ?aaiethoeee.
Ioiineoaeueii aii?ina i noaeueaa eiino?aiiuo eaieoaeia a ?innee, oi iii
?aoaeinue iiaie aeanoueth ia oae, eae auei i?eiyoi a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
ioiioaieyo. I?aaeoaeuenoai i?eiyei ?aoaiea ia yeni?ii?eaoeee
nianoaaiiinoe eiino?aiiuo a?aaeaeai (2,935 iei. cieiouo ea?aiaaioeaa), i
iaoeeiiaeecaoeee aaieia, ia aiioee?iaaiee eiino?aiiuo e?aaeeoia (5,695
iei.), ia ioeaca auiea/eaaoue aiaiiua e?aaeeou no?aiai Aioaiou (7,273
iei..) 22 ai?aey 1918 a. i?aaeoaeuenoai niaaoneie ?innee i?eiyei Aeae?ao
i iaoeeiiaeecaoeee aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
I?aaa /aeiaaea iiaie aeanoueth a ?innee ?anniao?eaaeenue eeoue /a?ac
i?ecio eioa?ania ?aai/eo e e?anoueyi. Ana ae?oaea neie ianaeaiey auee
iinoaaeaiu aia ?aiie oeeaeeeciaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eo eioa?anu i?inoi ia
o/eouaaeenue, eo i?aaa ia eiouanoai a?oai iiie?aeenue. Niaa?oaeenue
?aciua i?aa?aaeu ia iooe inouanoaeaiey aa?othueie ?aeeaeiciuo e
aeooiaiuo ioaeae. Ana yoi oneiaeiyei iauanoaaiiia iieiaeaiea a ?innee,
ia iiauoaei aaoi?eoao iiaie aeanoe n?aaee i?aayueo e?oaia ie?a, a
/anoiinoe a Aa?iia.
Aeaeueiaeoea aeaenoaey aieueoaaeeia eae i?aayuae ia?oee inouanoaeyeenue
a aeaoo iai?aaeaieyo: ia?aue – ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea nianoaaiiinoe a
iieueco oao, eoi ath ia aeaaeae (ii iinee iiioeenoneee oa?aeoa?); aoi?ie
– iiaeaaeaiea neeie nii?ioeaeaiey ?aaiethoeeiiiui i?aia?aciaaieyi, eae
yoi eiaei ianoi a Iao?ia?aaea a 1918 a. E ana-oaee neaaeoao neacaoue,
/oi ia?iae ?innee a naiai aieueoeinoaa iiaeaea?aeae aeaenoaea
aieueoaaeeia. Ia iao acaeyae, yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi cia/eoaeueiay
/anoue ianaeaiey iiaa?eea iaauaieyi iiaie aeanoe ioiineoaeueii oeo/oaiey
oneiaee aeecie. Ii?aaeaeaiiay /anoue enioaaeanue ?ai?annee ni noi?iiu
i?aaiia iiaie aeanoe.
Oai a?aiaiai ainoaea?noaaiiia no?ieoaeuenoai inouanoaeyeinue ii anai
iai?aaeaieyi. 8 ieoya?y 1917 a. auea ia?aciaaia ?aai/a-e?anoueyineay
ieeeoeey, 22 iiya?y 1917 a. – Ana?inneeneay /?acau/aeiay eiienney. 15
yiaa?y 1918 a. aue ecaeai Aeae?ao i nicaeaiee E?aniie a?iee. E eaoo 1918
a. auee eeeaeaee?iaaiu auoanoiyuea i?aaiu aeanoe A?aiaiiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Aunoei caeiiiaeaoaeueiui i?aaiii noae Ana?inneeneee
nuacae niaaoia, a iaaeaeo nuacaeaie – AOeAE. Ii iacia/ee Niaia?eii
(aeaaiue i?aai eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe e ia?oo 1918 a. aue
eiaeeoeeiiiui). A ia?aue AOeAE aoiaeeei 62 aieueoaaeea, 29 eaauo yna?ia
e 6 iaiueoaaeeia-eioa?iaoeeiiaeenoia.
Nicua e ?inione O/?aaeeoaeueiiai nia?aiey, iauaaeeiaiea nuacaea ?aai/eo
e nieaeaoneeo aeaiooaoia e nuacaea e?anoueyineeo aeaiooaoia e
i?iaicaeaoaiea aeae?aoa ia ia?aciaaiee ??ON? – aio oa aaoe, eioi?ua
caaa?oaee i?ioeann ooaa?aeaeaiey iiaie iieeoe/aneie aeanoe a ?innee.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1. Aa?aaeeia A. I. No?aieoeu aeeieiiaoe/aneie enoi?ee 4-a.ecae –I., 1987
611n.
2. Aoi?ay ie?iaay aieia a ainiiieiaieyo. – I., 2003. 551n.
3. Aiaa?ae I. Aieueoay no?aoaaey. – I., 1980. 464 n.
4. Aiae e?ecena 1938-1939. Aeieoiaiou e iaoa?eaeu. – I., 2004. O.1-2.
5. A?ooaaneee I.N. Ia ii?ic? iiai? Oe?a?ie. – E., 1991. 120 n.
6. Aeieoiaioe e iaoa?eaeu eaioia aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu 1937-1939. –I.,
1981. O.1-2.
7. Aoeiia A.E. Onoaa III: eino?oiaio ie?a. – I., 2006. 131n.
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