????
«Ae??yy ??ue»
??iyy ???y ??yi ????????y ? ????? ???eyi ???o ????e e ???????i ???, ???a
??? ?????? ?????th?y ???e e ??? ????i ??? e ????e.
E???i, ?i ???? a ??a III ?? ? ????? ? E??o ? N???? Ae?? ??? ???e ????e
?thc ??a, ???o ??y? ???ue ??y??. A ???? VI ?? ??u ??? ????i ??e A???
???o e ??? n?ay??a ???a, ???a ? y?? ???e ????e ??iy?? ??ae ? A??? e ???e
n A????. *?? ??a ?? ??? ???e a I?i?eth, a ??ue, ???, ??? ? ???, ?a e
????? ?? ????.
I?? ????i ????y ??y?, ??? a A???? A??a, ? ???ey ???tho ? ???oe ????e,
??u ??ue ?ya??y ??? a IX ??.
I??i ??ue ? ??? ???? ????ey. A VI — VII ??o ????? ???? Oea????e e A????
A??u ? Y?? ? ??? ? N???? Ae??a ? a??? e ? N??? A?? ? ??? ? Ae?ay ? th?
???? ???? ?a??e ???????e ????, ???a ?? ??y??. E??i y? ???a a VII —VIII
??o ??? ???? ? ?a?i-??ae, ???y ?????, ????? ???e e ?????e. O? ?aay?
?????e I?iy? e ?????ue ? ??a ??e. A IX ?? ?e ??e ? ??? A?o?a, ???? ????a
?????, ? ???e ??? ????ue Ae?????? ?????i. I???, ?????a ??yi, ?????ny
?????i, ?y?ny n ????? ?? e ?????y a ??e n ????? ???i ????, ??i ?????.
Ii ??? «I??? ????o ??, ????? ?n?? ????, ??y? ?????ue ??oth?i ???i. Ia
???i ???e Ae??a ?? ?ey?, ? ??ae ? ?o, ? ?? I?iy?, — ??ey?, ??o Ii??e e
C???e Ae??e — ????e, a ???? ??a E???, ? ??i A??a, O??ue, E??ue e I?a —
???a, ? ?????, ?a ??y?y ???uey ?e A??, Ae??a e C???e Ae?? — ???e, ? ??i
??? Ae??a, e ??? ? ?eyi — ???y?, ??a ? ???, ? ???th ?? N? — ????, e
???-???o ? ?o — ay??, ? C???? e TH??o A?o — ???, ? Ae??? e ? Ae?ay —
???u e ??e.
C??? ??a ?????, ??y? ??o ??y?? ???ue ? ???o ???o e ??? ?e ???, ???a ???
?? ?????? e ???? ???a. O? ???? E?a, I???ae, I??e, O?? e ae??a ???.
I?????i ? ??o ??yo ?????? ??? ??y??a ?y???, ??? ???? ? ???o ??e E???a,
I?????a e I???a. I??i ??? ??y?, ?? ???i ????? e ?????a ??? e ?????, ??e
???? ????. Ia th? ?e ??? ?ae ??oue O????i ????, a ? ??? ????ue ???e ???a
???-????, ????? o ??yi ???? ??y?a.
O??u, ???e ???????i Oth???i ????, ?????ny a VII ??, ???e ? ????? Ae????
?????a ???i, ? ???? ??oy ??? n ????e a??a ?? ????u ???e ? I?????y ? Ae?.
C?? ? 2-e ???? VIII ?? ?e ??? ??? O???? ???o ? ???? a ??? E??, ?a ?????e
??a?e ?? ???i, ?????e nth? ??y? ? I??e. O??u ??? ????ue ?? th?? ??e
????o ??yi, a ?i ??a e E???a ?y??ai, ???? ? ??th, ???? ???a ????a a ??a,
???o ??i ????e ? ??? A?e e N???e A??e.
Ii ??i ??y??i ??yi ???? ????? ???? ?? «? ??ya a ???, ???e ???ye A????a
?? n *??i. Y?o ?? ???? ? I?a, E????o ??o, A???, ??o E???, Ei??, ??i ???i
? ???? C???e Ae??, ??? ? Ae?? ???i a A??? Ae?? e ? ??, ?????y ???, ???e
????? a *??a ??. E??i y? ???ay ???y e ??? ?ae ??? ??y?a. I???????i, ?
2-e ???? IX ?? ???? ??? ?th?e ? ??e ???? ???? ??ae E??o, ?iy?? ? A??? e
y?y??ny ????i ???i ????o ??yi o ??? a A????a ??. A ???? IX ?? ??o ??y??
e ??y?? ????e ????, a ????? ???? E??a ?? ???a, ? ?i?????? ??? A??? ????
?a ?iy??ny ???? ?y?ythony 13 ????, ?ae ???? ??e ??? ??e ??u ???u ?th??,
a ?i ??? ???? ?e ????y ??e. I??i a ??? ???e ?th?e ??o?y n ??a ???i ???i
e ??? ?????e O???i e N???i. Ii ?????o a ???? ???eth, ??y?a ???e a 862 ??
?????? n????a A????. O?a ??y??? ?ycy A??a O???i, ?th?e ?? ?y?? a I????,
O??? — a E???a, ??? ????, a N??n — a o??-???? A????. O?? ???i, ????a
??y?, A??y, E???y, a ??i e N??ey ??? ?ae ??? ????.
Ii ???eth, ?th?e ???? n ???i ???i ? ?? «? ??ya a ??? ???? A???a e Ae?a,
???a ???? E???a ?y???, ?????ue ??a e ??? ? E???????. A???i, ?i E?a e ???
????y ?ae ????i ????. O? ?e ??a, 18 ethiy 860 ?? a ?? E?????????i ???
??e 360 ???? A???a e Ae?a e ???e ???o A?????e ???e. E??????? ???ny
?????e ????? ??ae ??y??-??y??i ???i. E???? ?? ?i???y a ????? ??ae e ??e
????? n ????e. A??? e Ae? ??th?? ????a e, ?????a, ???e ???e, ????ue a
E?a. Ni?oy 7 ?o a E??????? ? E?? ???i ?????, ???a ??th/?i n A???? ???
????. A E?a ?e ???i ???i E???, ???? ??e ????ue ??e ??. O? ???a ??????
??? a Ae?????? ?????i.
A 879 ?? ?th?e ??, ???a ??? ?????i ?ia E??y ? ????a I??. E ?? ???e A???
e Ae? ????e ??e a??e ???th ??ue Ae?????? ???u, e ??? I?a ??e ????ue
?????i ???i ?y ?? ?th??. A 882 ??, ??? ???a ??? ?aayi e ????, I?a ????ny
?? ? ?? «? ??ya a ???. Ii ?? An??? e Ae?a, ??a ?? ?? ?y?? a E??. I?a
????y ???ue ?iue ???i e ???? ??e ??? ??eyi, ???yi e ????e. I?? y?? ????
??a n O???? ????i, ???y ?? ??????? ????? ???a. O??-???? ??y ???a ?e ??ue
????? ? n?iyi, ???? ??? E???? ?y??? e, ? ?????ay?, ???e?? a A??o.
A 907 ?? ?y? I?a ???? ???e ??ae ? E???????, ? ???a, ????a ?? ?o ? ???o
?????? ??e?. N??y 5 ?o ? ????y. E???ue ????, ?i I?? ?????e ?a?ue ? ???
eth??? ?iy. E?????, ?y? ???? ??? ? ?i e i??? ? ???a ????, ?a ?? ??? ??.
A 912 ?? I?a ???? i i????? e ???e i ??? ?iy. A? ????, ?i ? ??i ??. Ae??
????oe ??????: «E ???e I?a ? ? ??i, ?a ??? ??e ?i ??a e ??i ??e, ?? n
?iy e, ??ay??ue, ???: «Io ?? ? ??? n??ue ?a ??y??» E ??? ? ??e ? ??i, e
???? ? ??? ?ay e ???a ?i a ??. E ? ?? ????ny ? e ??».
Ia ???e ??? ?i ?th?? ?y? E??. A ??? a? ?y??y ? Ae??????i ?????a ?????
Ae??y?, ???o ??? E?? ???? ??e ??? ??e ??ey.
A 939 ?? ??o O???? ????i e A???? ?i??? ??a, ????y ?????? a E?? ????.
Eiy? E?? ??a? ???? ? ???a A???e, ???? ????th ???? a E???e? ???a. A 940
?? ??y ??a ?ae ???i ???u N???? ?y? ??ae I????, ???o ???, ???a ?? ?th???e
????. I??i a o? ? ?? ???, ??a ? E???a ?y???, ????e E??y ???ue ia ? ???a.
E?? 941 ??, ?? ?ycy E??y ??e ? E???????, ? 8 ethey ?????? O??i ??e
????th ????e ???e ????? ????i ??i.
I??th ???e ??? E??y ????ue ??e. I?a?? ??iy?? ??u n ?????, ???? ?????e,
?th??e A?a??. A 944 ?? ?y? E?? ??? ???a ????? ???, ???a ?ae e??????
N???? ??ue ????ue ? A???th, ? ? y?o ?c ????? ????e ????ny e ??th?e ????
?y ??e ??? ????, ia ??aey ?? ? ??? ????. A?? N???? ????ue n ???? ae??e,
e ???a E??y ?????a ? ?ycy ???ue n ???e ??eyi ???th ??. Ae??y? ?ae ???i
??? ?ycy I?a ?y?? ? ??? e ???? ?y??oth ???o. C????? a ?? E?? ?e ??y?i e
?? n???i ???yi e ???? ? ??e.
N???ae ??a ??? E??y ?? ?ycy I?a, ?? E????, ???o ??eyi e ???e ? ?a ??a
oy??e ??th. I??? aea Ae?????? ?????? ??a ?? E??y ?y?iy I??, ???y ????
E?? e ??? ? ??i ????? ??i Nay???? ?? a A??-??. Y? ???? ????e ???o ???e e
????? ???? ???.
A? a 949 ?? Ae?????? ?????i ?????? A???e ???o, ???y ???a ??yi ??? ????
???a n E??a. A 957 ?? E?a ??? ??a ?????e ?a — ?y?iy I?? ?????ue a
E???????, ?a 9 ??y?y ?? ? ?? ??y? ??????. Y? ???? ?thc n A???? e ?y?e
??a O????o ????, n ???? ??o ? ???? ??a. A 964 ?? ???e Nay??? ???e ?th??
???i ay??e, ??? ? I?. C??, ???y? a y?o ??yo, ??? 965 ?? ??? Nay???a
????i ??, ????? ?? ? I? a A?? e ??i a ??? O????i ????. ??u ????? ????a
???, ???i ?y? E??, e ???o ????e ?? ??????a.
Nay??? ?e ?????? ????, ???e ??e ?????? ??e e ??????? ??e ??e a ??a.
I?a ???e ?y? ??? ? ????, a ???a Ae??????? ?????a ???a ????? I??.
A 966 ?? ?????? ????? I??? O?a ??e ????? ???ue ?? A???e e ????? y? ???.
A E?a ?? ???i ?????, ???a, ??? 1500 ??? ???, ???i Nay???a ???ue ? ???.
A??e 968 ?? ???a ???u ??e a ??a Ae?ay e ?e ????a ????? ???u ????a ?????
????? ???. A a??? ?? ? ?? Nay??? ?a ?c ??? ??? a ??a o Ae???? e ???? ?th
??? ??? ? O???ey.
Nay??? ????y a ????? ???, ??????ue a ??? I???a. O? ? ??e ? ???????y ?
?????i, a ?? ??? ? E??????? e ??ue ?????? ?????i. O?aa ? y?i, I??? O?a
??? ??o ?th??? ????a ? ??ue, e ??? 969 ?? ?e ???e E?a. Nay??? ???? ?e
??? ????y ??e, e ???? ????e. E?? ?? ? ?? I?? ???. I??i e ??a y?? Nay???
? ????ny ??. Ia ?y??? ???? ? ???e ??o ?i??, ???? ?????i ? ??u, a ?i
???ny a A???th. O? ss??ee ?? ?y?? a E??, I?a — o ??eyi, a A???? — a
I????.
I??i, ?? Nay??? ?e a E??, a E??????? ??? ?????. I???y?? I??? O?a ?e ???i
o ?ay a ?a??, a ??i ?????i ?? E?? Oe???e, ???e ??? ????? ???, ?iy?a ???
??? a N??, a A???th. A??e 970 ?? ???a ?th?? Nay???o ???a e ??? ?? ?????a
??y? o A????ey. E???? ????? ???? ? Nay???? a ?????, ? ?y? ????y ????
A???th. O?? ??? 971 ?? ?????? ?? ??e a Ae?? e ?e ????a ??e I??? ?e ?yo.
I?? y?? ??? Nay???a ???? ?y A???y, e ? ? ??i ???i ???y a ???? Ae????.
Aei ???a ?? ???? ?a ???e ?????a ?y? ???? e ? ?c ????ue n ?????i a ????
?th. Ii ??ae e ??? a ???o ????e Nay???a ????ue ?? n A????. ??? ????? ?y
i?????y a A???e ???, ? ?e ??? ?? ????y ??e. N???ae ??e ???a ?? a E?a
??ueth, a Nay??? n ??e ???? ??c ae??o Ae???, ?a ??? 972 ?? ? ???o ??e a
???, ????oth ?/???e, e ?e ??. A?????a ???? ??o, ?i ??a ????y a ??a n
Oe???? Nay??? ???e ? ?? ????. Ii ?? ??? ??a A??, ??y??i ??????, ????
???? ?? ???? a ??i ??? e ???? a E?a ???y??a ??ue ?a ???. O? ?e ??a, ?
E?? ?y? ? ???ny.
C?i a E?a ??? n ???i ???i N???ae, ???e ??? ss???a ?? ??? ? I?? e ????ue
?i ??. Ae?i a ?i, ?i a 975 ?? I??? ???a ???a Eth?, ?? N????, ? ??a ??eyi
e ??a ?i. Y? ????i ???i ?????? ??u, a ?? ???e ?a ?? ??oy I?a ?e ??, a
??ey??y ??y ??? ?ae ??? ????i ?ycy ss???a.
O?? i ???yo ? th?, A???? ???e I???ae e ???ny a O??th, ?a ??e ????ue ????
?y ??? ? ??a. I????? ???i ?y ??? ??o ??uey? ????i ????a ????? A???? e
?y?a ????, ??? ???a ?????, ????? ????e a I???. ???? ???? A????, ?y?a, ?i
??? ??e c?? ? ss???a.
I?? 980 ?? A???? n ????i ???i ??e ? I???ae, ???? ?i e ??e ???? ? tha. Ii
?? ? ???? I??e, ?? ?ycy ????? e ???? ???y ? ????. A??a A???? ?iye ?ae
???e E??. I??i ? ? ???e ??ue ??ae ???i, a ??? ?a? ? ?????, ? ??y ???o
?????? ?? ?i. O? ?y? A???? ?? ??????i ????? Ae??????i ?????a. I????
???y?a ?, ? ??????ue, ???? a E???????, ???? ????? ? ????ue ? ?????y ?
??ue.
O?????ue a E??, ?y? A???? ???? ?o?u a I??o, a A???-E??oth A???th
(??????a ?????i ? A?? e E?a), ????e ???e ??? a ??? E????? ???a, ?a ??
???i ???a O??????? ?y???. O?? A???? ???? ??e ??? ????e e ay??e.
A ???a 987 ?? ?????? ?????? A?? O?a ??ye ????a ??? ?????. E???? ???e ??e
??e a??, ????? ? ???o iy????, A??? II, ????? ?????? A?????a, ????y ?
???th e ?ycth A????. Eiy? ????ny, ? a ???? ??? ? ??? ????? a ?? ???
????? A?o I?o????o. Iy???e ??? ?????? e ???a, e ?ae ????i ??iy???a A???
????ny. A??? ??? ??a ???i a E??????? e ??e 988 ?? a ??a o O???ey ?????
??th O?e. Ii, ??a i???? ????, ????? ???? ???y? ????. O?? ?y? A???? ???y
a E?i e ???? O???n, ??a ?? A?a ?? ???ia ? ???ue e ????? ???. I??i, ??u
????ue y?o ??, A???? ???? ??y? ??????. Eiy? ????y a ??e ? ???e O????,
???y ? A?a, ??a ?? ??? ??ae ??yi e ????ny a E?a. A ??i E?? ?? ?a ????
??i ????, a ????ny y???? ????? ??? ???e a ?? e ?????. I??i ??????ey ??
??e ?oy??? ? ???ey, ???oth ???ay ?????? ??i???? ???? ????y, ? ????i
?????ny n ??e ???a.
A??a ??a ??y?y A????i e ?i ???? o?????a ? ???e ???? Ae??????i ?????a
????eo ??? ???o. Eiy? A???? ????? ????ny ? E?????i?y e ????e A???th,
???y ?? oy??th e ????th ??o n A????. A??? II A?????a ???i ????y?y n
??aey?, ????e ???i ??a, ??ae?? ??? ? ???e e a 1018 ??, ?a ??a ??? A????,
A???y ?a?? ? ???ue ????ey. Aeey ??e ????a A???e ????? ?????? ???? ????a
e ???e ????? ????, ???o a Ee?a, ??e ???o ?? ??i ??? ???a e ?????.
Ii ???? o A???? ?? ???? ??i ?i, ? ???o ? ?? 12 ???e. Eiy? ???? ?? ??e a
??u ???yi. Ec a?? ?i ???????i ????a ???? ??????u ??oth?a. N??? ?i
Nay???, ????ny ? ????e ????, ?y?e a ?? eiy?i Nay????, ??ye ??????, ? ?i
?e ???i ?ae ??o, a ??i ?y?e a O??a. Ecy??, ?i ???? e ????? I???e ????,
???e a ?? I??e, ? ??? ??. A??e ?i ???? ss??? ?y?e a I????. Eiy? A??,
eth??e ?i A???? ? ????? ????u, eiy?e a ????, a ?i ?? A?a — a I??a.
A 1014 ?? ?y? ss???, ????y ????? ??i??, ????y ???ue ?? ????? E?? 2/3 ??,
????? n I?????e ??e. Y? ?e ???? ??, e A???? ??e ?? ??? ? I???ae. Ii 15
ethiy 1015 ?? ?y? A???? ??????i ????y.
I?? ?i ??? ???e ?iye ???e ?i Nay?i?e. N??y? e ?????eth, Nay??? ???e
????ue ?? ??o ?i?????o ???a. Ii ???? ??ue ??o ???a A??a, A?? I????i e
Nay???a Ae??y???.
I??a Nay???a ???? ss???, ?i A???? ? ??a n ???? ?y??e I????e, ss??? ?a ?e
??e ?? ???e a ?y??a I???ae, ? ????y ???ue ?? E??. O??ue ???i?u ???i
????? ss???a. I? ????ue, ?i a ??? ??? Nayo??? I???ae ??ue ???ny a ?????
E??. Ai ??a ???u a 4 ?n. ???e ss??? ???ny ? E?a. A ??a ?? ??? Eth?/ ?
????e ??th Nay???a e ?iye E?a. Nay??? ??e e ??? ??th — ????o ??eth
A????. N ???th ???? ??e, a ??a ???? e ????? ????a Nay??? ??? ?? E?a.
ss??? ???ny a I???ae. A??? ????a ???e ????? ??eyi, ???a ??y? ???i?.
I???e ??? A???a ???e E?a e ? ???? ?? ???? ??? *??? e I???? (??e *????
??e).
ss??? ??ue y??y e E?? n ???? e ???? ??? Nay???a, ???e ??e e ????i. A
1019 ?? a ?th? n ????ie ? ???y ? ??ue. Ii a ??a o ?? A?? Nay??? e ?i
?th??e ?? ?????u. ss???, ?????? ????? I??i, ?iye ???e a Ee?a.
A??a o ss???a ?y??y ??e ???? — ?i ???e ?? I???a, ?y? O?????. A 1024 ?? a
??a ?e E???a ? ???e ???o ss???a. O?? ss??? I??e ??th?e ????? n ???, ?
???? ?????i ?????ue ? ?a ??e. I?????a Ae??a n E??i e I???ae ???? ?
ss????, ??e e ???o ? Ae??a ?i?e e I????. A 1036 ?? ??a ?i ??? ss???
????e ?a ??e ?n???? ?ae ??e ???th.
A 1030—1031 ?? ss??? I??e ???? ??? ? I?ue?, a ????? ???o ????e ?????th
A????i *???oth ?o?. A 1038 ?? ???e ?y? ??e a ??ae ??? ???e y?y?a, a 1040
?? — ??? ????, a a 1042 ?? — ??? ???e ?ue. A ????? y?o ???a ?? ????u e
????u ???? e ???-???? ???u ??e. Ia ??yo ??, e ??? ? *???i ??a, ss???
I??e ???e ??ae TH?? (?? O??). Ia ??yo E?? ss??? ???e ??ae I????e (??
I????e).
Aeey ??? th?? ???e ? ???o ??? ????a, ??? e ????a, ???e ?y? ???a ?????th
??? a I?i?a. A 1036 ?? ? ??n ?????a ????a ????i, ???? ? a ?????? ??e. A
1043 ?? ss??? ??e ??o n A?????e ????. I??i ??y ??ay? ????e ? ??, a ???a
????a ????a. A 1046 ?? ? ??th?e ?? n ????. I? ?e ????i ??? A????, ??
ss????, n ???th ??????i ????? E????? I???a.
ss??? ???y ??????e E???e ????? ? ?????????? ????a. A 1051 ?? ? ???? ????
?????? ??????i ?????? E????, ???? ? ??????th.
I? ss???a I??i ????ue ???ey n C???e A???. Ec ????i ??? ?????? ???e
??ey?i ??y??nue ??a ???? ???? ???e a E?a ?y ???e ??.
I?? ??? ss???a a 1054 ?? ???a ??e ?? i???u ??o ?i ???y?. N???o ?? ss???a
Ecy??o ????ue E?a e I???ae, Nay??? ???e *???a e O?????, A???ae —
I?ay???, ???a, N??? e A????a, E?? — A??ue, a Ay??? — Ni???. Ecy??,
Nay??? e A???ae, ???a ??????e a ??o ?e? ???? ?????, ??th?? ????? i ?????
????? ??ueth. A 1067 ?? ?e ????e ????? ??ae ??? ????i ?ycy A???a *??ay,
???e ???y ????ue I??? e I????i. A ??a 1067 ?? ? ??? ??a ??????? ??u ? ??
I??a ??? I??. Ai ??y ???e n A???? ? Ae??a ss?????e, ???a ???? ?e??? e ??
???ey, ???? ?i, ???e a E?a e ???? a ??a.
A 1068 ?? ???u Ecy??a, Nay???a e A???? a?e ???u ????e a ??a o ?? A??.
Ecy?? E A???ae ??? a Ee?, Nay??? — a ?? ?? a *????. A?y ??????ue ?y?e
??o?ue ??ae, ??ey? ???e ??, ??? ?? ??ny n ?????e e ???e e Ecy??o ??? n
?????i ??? ? ???. I??i Ecy?? ?a??y, ?i ??ey? ??oyo ??? ??? ??i ??? ??, e
???e. Aai ??c ??? ????a a ???. I???? ????? ????i ?ycy A???a e ??????e
???? ?y?i. Ecy?? e A???ae ??? ? E??. Ecy?? ??e a I??o, ??? ??? ???ny n
??? ??ey A?a??a, ???e ????ny ?o ?ith??? ???. E??y? ????e ?o ????o. Ii
???? ??u ?y? A??? ??e ??th a ??? I??e. I???? ?c ?????ey, ???ay ???a ?
??? ???ue ??????y. Ecy?? ???e a E?a e ?????y n ?????. A?i ???i 70 i???a
??? ?????.
A 1073 ?? Ecy?? ?e ???? ??uey? Nay???ii e A????i. Ii ??ue ??e e ????o
??eth. A E?? ?? ?y?? Nay???. I?? ?i ??? a 1076 ?? ? ???? ???e ???
A???ae. I??i ??oy ????i ?ny?a A???ae ???e E?a Ecy??o, ???e ???ny ? ??ue
n ??? ????i ??ey. A 1078 ?? ? ??ue ????ue ??a? a ?th? n ?y?y? I??i
Nay????? e A??? Ay?????. I??? e ? ?th??e ?? ???u ???? Ecy??a e A????.
Ecy?? ?a? a ??a. A???ae ??a ?? ???? ?y?i.
A ????? ?????o ???a ???? ?y? ??e n O??????i ?y???i e n A???? ?? ????.
I????ua ??iy??e ????e, ???a ?y??? ? ??e ???ue y????i? ??????y ?????. A
1097 ?? ? ??? ?y?e a Eth?? ?? ????? ????? i ?i, ?i ??? ??? ?y? y?y?ny
???? ??a??i ??a, ???????i ? ??. Eiy?y ?y??, ?i ?? ?i-??? ? ?o ???o ?
??th «????, ? ?e ????i ???yo ??? ??. Ii ??e ??o ? ??a ??? Ae????i-????e
?y? Ae?? E???/ ???i ?????y n ??????i ?y?i A???i: ???e ?o ??a e ???? ?i
?y???. Y? ???a ????i ?y?e ????y ? ????a a A???, a a 1100 ?? ? n?? a
A???a. I?? ???? Ae?? E???/ ?e ??i ??e «????, ???a ??? ?a «? ????» ????th
???ue.
A 1103 ?? ? ????? ?ycy A???? I???a, ?? A???? ss????a, ??? ??? ??ae ?y?e
o Ae????i ??a. A???? I??? ????e ? ??i ??? ??? ????. I???y ? ????ey ????i
?ycy Nay???a Ecy???a, ?????a A???? I???a ?? ??y?. I?????y ???a ???o ?y?e
?????ue a ??ae e o ?? N??u ???a ????a ????. A 1111 ?? ???a ???u ???e
????a ???? o ?? Ae??. A ????? y?o ???a ???u ?? ????u ? ??? I?????uey e
A?? e ? ???? XII ?? ? ??????e ???a ? ??ue.
A 1113 ?? ?? ???? ?y? Nay??? Ecy???, i?????y ????th e ?????th. I???? ?
???, ??a a E?? ???ny ????? ??, ?y? ?????e ?th ?? e ?? ????ue ? ? ?????
??i. A ?i ????a a E?? ??e ???? ?????a. N?? ? ??a ?i ??? a ??? ????i
????a. A?e ?????u ??u ?y? e ???-?????a. I???? ???? ???th ??a Nay???a e
?? ??e. E????y ??ue ????a ??? e A???? I??a? n ???? ??? ?y?? a E?a. A?a
?y ?i ???ey ?? ???i ? ? ???e, ? ????, a a N???? ???, ?a ????ue ??? ??ue.
A???? I??? ???e ????a, ??y ? ?????? ???e. Ii ??? ???? ?e ??? o ?????a.
Ii ??? ???? ???? ??????a ???o ?y?e ??e ???. A 1116 e 1119 ?aeu ? ??????
?????a ??? ??? ???? ?ycy A??, ???? ???y ????ue ?? ???ey ? ?? ???? ?y??a.
A?a ?e o??i a E?a e ???i a ???.
A? ?e ??e ???e ?y? A???? I??? ???? ??i ???yi ??u: I???? — I???ae, ss???o
— I?ay??eue, Ay???o — N???e, TH?th, ?????o ?????? Ae????i, — N???. I??
??? A???? I???a a 1125 ?? ???? ???e ?iye ?i ???e ?i I???a. A ??? ????y
I???? E?a ?a ???? ???? ???u ????i ?????a. Ii ??a ??? I???? ??ue ??????
????ue ? ???iy???a ?y???. A ??? ???ue?e ???????e ?????i ????? ????
A???-A???ia e ????-N????? ?y???.
A???-A???? ?y??? ?????? a ??e??a ?????y a 1199 ?? ?y?i ???? ???o ?y??a —
A???? e A????i. A???y ??y ????? ????eth ?????e I??a? e N???e A???u.
Ia th? ?a ???? ? *??? ??y e Ae?ay, ? ??? ????a n A???e, ? ???-??? — n
I???, ? ???a — n E???i ?y???i. A??ue ???? ???ue A??? I?iy? e ? ??? ????.
I? ?????a n E??e e O??i-I??? ?y???i.
A 1201 ?? ???i-????e ?y? ??? ???e E??i. A? ????y??? ??e ?e ???i I????i e
A????. I?a ???? E????e III ???? e ???o ????? n ?????? ?????? o??a. A??i
??? ?e ?y?i ??? a ??i ?y??? ??????. Ii???o ??? ???y ??u ??, ?y? ???
?????a I?u.
A ?i ? ?? ??? ??a ? ??y ??u n ?ey??. I?? ?i ??? ???? ?a ????? ?? — Ae??e
e A???i. A?i?????? ???i ????, ????? e ???? ??? ??uy?ee ????e ? A?? e
A??ue. A?? ???a ? ??? ??? ?? ???a? ???.
O??i a 1238 ?? Ae??e ????? ????ny a A?e?. Ii ????e A??eth e A??ue a ??
?y???, ???n ???o a ??ae O?i e ??? ???ye ?????y ??????e ??e. Ae??e ???i?/
?e ??u n y?y??, o ???o ?iye ?????? ?????, e n I???, o ???e ???? Eth??.
Ii ???? ??e ??? O??i-I??? ?y???.
Ai ??y ????y ??? ? ??a n A??i a 1241 ?? Ae??e ????? ?e ???? ???? ?ay
???? C??? I?u. I?aea ? ???y ?????? ????e ??ae ??? ???. Aeey y?? ?
?eeth?e ?thc n I?? ???? E????? IV, I??? e A???e. I??i, ??a ??? ???
????ue ???i-????? ?ycth ?????, ???? e ????? ??ee ??i ? ???e Ae???
?????o.
????-N?????o ?y??? ?? ???i ?????? ??ue ???e ????i ????????i ?????a. A
???o ???nyo ?i ???? C???? ??i, ?e ?e ?i ?? ???? ? E?? ????e ????e ???.
???a e N??? ?? ?????e ????e y?? ???a. Ii ? ???eth ??e ???? e ?? ??. I?
?? Ae???a I???a TH?e ?y??? ??i ?-?ae ??? E??. Ai ??y ????y ?ycy TH?y
???i ?????ue ??a ???. Eiy?i ?e ???i ??ae TH??-I???e («????» a ???? — ??e
??e). 4 ??ey 1147 ?? n??y?? ???a ?ycy TH?y a I??a n ??? e ?th??? —
????-n???? ?y?i Nay???? I????i. Y? y??? ??? ?????i a ???? i I??a.
A 1152 ?? ?y? TH?e ???? ????e ? ??? ??i ??ae I?ay???-C????. N??y ?a ?? ?
?e ???i ??ae Aei??a, ????e a ??ue ???? ?? TH?y — Ae??ey. A a 1156 ??
???? ????? ??ay??i E??y a I??a.
Eiy? TH?e ?e ???th ??o ? E???th ??th, ?e??? ???e ?-???? ??????i ??o ????
?ycy ??e. Ae??a ?????? TH?th ???? Ae????e ?uy?y?? ??? ?i ?????i ????
???i ? C????i ?ay E??i. Eiy? TH?e ??? ????e E??i e ??? ?e ???? ????
??ae. A 1155 ?? ? ?????? ???e E??i e ??? ?a ? ?????y a ????-N????? ??.
Ii ??c ?a ??, 10 ?y 1157 ??, ???e ?y? TH?e ?? a E?? ??a ??a o «????»
(?y??i ??e ? ??? ??i) I???.
Ia ??? ?ycy TH?y ?? ?????a ???? ? ??. A? ????e ? ?y??? ???? ????e y?
y???, ???y ?????? ??a ??? I??u e ????? ? ???o ???o.
I?? ??? TH?y Ae????? ???i-?????i ?y?i ?? ?i ?i A??e, ?????? ????? ????
A??th???. I???a ?uy?y?? eth??th ?ycy e ???? ?y???o ?? A??th?? Y? ?? A??e
??? ??? ??? ??iy??i ????ey, ???? ??ue ???.
A ??? ????y A??y A??th??? ???i ???i ?y??? ?? A????-?-Eey??. I?? ?y?
????ye ???o ????ue I???ae ??e ??? ???i ??i. E?? ? ?i ???a ????a ????a, ?
????? ???? ??, ? ???i a I???ae ???ey?? ????a ??? e ???????. E?? a ???
???y ??ae, ?????? ?? ???? A??th e ???? ??i ?y?i ?i ??e???. N ?o ??
?????i ?y?e a I???? y?y?? ??????e ????-N?????i ?y???.
A 1164 ?? ???a A??y A??th??? ????? e??? ??? e ?y? n ?o ???th ??. N??y
iy? ?o A??th??e ?e?? E??i. I??i, a ???a ? ??, ?y? A??e ? ??e ?? ?????
???, ???e ?a ???e ???? ???u ??e. A? ???a ????? E?a e n ???e ???e ????ue
a C???. A 1172 ?? ?y? A??e Ai?eth??e ???y a ????oth ??th, ????a ???e
???i ?? ???i ???i. Ae??? A??y ????a ???o ????? ??? — ??ae Y??? (A???).
A??a A??e A??th??e ???? ??? ?ey?th ?y?e: ?????i, ????i, ????? e ????. Ii
?i ????eth y? ?y?y ??????? e ?i ????? ??? ? E?a a 1173 ??. O?e?? ??? ???
A??y A??th??? ???i ???th ????th ??e ?y? ????-N?????i ?y???. I? ??????
???? ??? ?ycy. C??? ????? ?y? E????, ???e ?y?? E??, o ???? ?y? TH?e
Ae????e, ?? A??y, ?iye ???a ??? I??o. A 1174 a?o ?????e ???? ?ycy A??y a
?i ??? a ?? A??th??.
?????a e ?????a ?y? ???? ? ?y?i? ??o ?? ?y?e, ??y??? A??y — I???? e
ss???a ???????. O?? ???i ?y? ?????? ??????ue ?????? eiy???i ?????y. I??i
??? ??????? ???? ??? Ae???a, ???a ??? ????ue ? ??i ???i ????a ???u
?y???. A????u ????? ? ?y??a ???a A??y A??th??ai — I??? e A????. I??e ???
??. A??ue a ?y??? ???? A???ae, ????? ?????? A??? A??i.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
