IAAEAeOIA?IAeIAss OEIEA IAUAAI IA?ACIAAIEss
OeAIO?AEUeIIAI ?AEIIA
IEEIIEAAeIAss ?AAIOA
ii enoi?ee
Iai?aaeaiea: Ec enoi?ee Niaaoneiai Nithca
Oaia: I. N. O?ouaa ia aa?oeia aeanoe
?aaioa o/aieoeu 11a eeanna
Ia?eiu Naiaiiaie
O/eoaeue: TH. A. Oaieia
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a
1996
NIAeA?AEAIEA ?AOA?AOA
Anooieaiea 3
Aeia?aoey 5
?yaeii ni Noaeeiui 6
Ai?ueaa ca aeanoue 8
Io XX nuacaea e Ethiueneiio ieaioio 12
?anoeaao iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe 15
E?ecen ?aaeeia I. N. O?ouaaa 16
A ionoaaea 20
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u 22
ANOOIEAIEA
“Neacaoue, /oi /aeiaae ninoieo ec neeu e neaainoe, ec ?acoiaiey e
ineaieaiey, ec ie/oiaeanoaa e aaee/ey, – yoi cia/eo ia inoaeeoue aai, a
ii?aaeaeeoue aai nouiinoue.”
Ae. Aeeae?i
O?ouaa e aai a?aiy. Iaeei ec aannii?ii aaaeiuo e, auoue iiaeao, naiuo
iai?inouo ia?eiaeia iaoae enoi?ee. Aaaeiuo, iioiio /oi iaiin?aaenoaaiii
ia?aeeeeaaony n iuiaoiei i?ioeannii aeaiie?aoecaoeee. Iai?inouo – iioiio
/oi eanaaony aeanyoeeaoey, eioi?ia iiia/aeo iacuaaeinue “neaaiui”, a
iioii auei inoaeaeaii eae ia?eiae aiethioa?ecia e noauaeoeaecia. A oi
a?aiy ninoiyeenue 20-e e 21-e nuacaeu ia?oee, noaaoea io?aaeaieai ino?uo
iieeoe/aneeo ai?aiee ii?aaeaeeaoeo iiaue eo?n no?aiu. I?e I. N. O?ouaaa
naeaeaiu ia?aua oaae e aic?iaeaeaieth oae iacuaaaiuo eaieineeo
i?eioeeiia e i/euaieth eaeaaeia nioeeaeecia. Oiaaea aea ia/aeny ia?eiae
io “oieiaeiie aieiu” e ie?iiio ninouanoaiaaieth, e caiiai i?iaeoi ieii a
nia?aiaiiue ie?. Ia oii e?ooii eceiia enoi?ee iauanoai aaeioioei iieiie
a?oaeueth aicaeoo iaiiaeaiey e caoeaaioeinue… oi ee io ecauoea, oi ee
io iaoaaoee eenei?iaea.
Aeiaieueii aeieai ia yoeo ao?iuo aiaeao ia i?eiyoi auei aiai?eoue n
aunieeo o?eaoi. Eae aoaeoi /uey-oi ?oea ia/enoi au?aaea oeaeoth aeaao ec
iaoae eaoiiene. Ii/oe aeaaaeoeaoue eao eaaeaei oaao ia eiaie O?ouaaa. Ii
aeeciue acyea naia. I?aeoe/anee n naiiai ia/aea ia?ano?ieee a
eeoa?aoo?a, a iicaeiaa e a aunooieaieyo ia?oeeiuo aeayoaeae noaee
iiyaeyoueny aiaeeoe/aneea iaoa?eaeu i oii a?aiaie.
Oae a /ai aea neiaeiinoue e i?ioeai?a/eainoue ee/iinoe, n eioi?ie iu
naycuaaai iaeei ec ia?aeiiiuo yoaiia nia?aiaiiie enoi?ee?
Eoi eiai iaoiaeeo – enoi?ey ee/iinoue eee ee/iinoue enoi?eth. ss ia
aoiaeo caeanue a ianoaeaeaiea i?iaeaiu “ia?iae e ee/iinoue”. A eiia/iii
n/aoa eiaiii eaeouea io ia?iaea nioeeaeueiua e i?aanoaaiiua eiioeuenu
ii?aaeaeytho eeoei yiioe. Ii a eiie?aoiue ia?eiae ia?iiiue ioia/aoie ia
iaa iaeeaaeuaaao e e?oiiay enoi?e/aneay ee/iinoue. Eae au oai ie auei,
i/aaeaeii iaeii: iieeoe/aneee aeayoaeue, iniaaiii ?oeiaiaeeoaeue no?aiu,
ia oieueei aunooiaao eae i?oaeea enoi?ee, ii e naiui iaiin?aaenoaaiiui
ia?acii aeeyao ia niauoey e noaeueau.
Eae iiaei neo/eoueny, /oi iinea Noaeeia e ?oeiaiaenoao no?aiie i?eoae
eiaiii O?ouaa? A?iaea au Noaeei naeaeae ana, /oiau “i/enoeoue” ia?oeth
io ethauo naieo i?ioeaieeia “iiae/eiaiiuo e iieiuo, i?aauo e eaauo”. A
50-o aiaeao ia?aaeaaaeanue ec ono a onoa yeiau iaeia ec aai aoi?enoe/iuo
o?ac: “Anoue /aeiaae – anoue i?iaeaia, iao /aeiaaea – iao i?iaeaiu”. A
?acoeueoaoa a aeeauo inoaeenue, eacaeinue au, naiua aa?iua, naiua
iaaeaaeiua. Neaiay Oaieaea eciu?aiii iioooeea, i?aaeinoaaea O?ouaao
?ani?aaeoueny ni Noaeeiui. Noaeueae iaea/a noae /aeiaae, eioi?iai ana
ie?oaeaiea aiaeaey n/eoaei oooii.
Ieeeoa Na?aaaae/ O?ouaa aue i/aiue i?ioeai?a/eaui /aeiaaeii. Nae/an,
iniaaiii a iaoa i/aiue iai?inoia a?aiy, iu ana /aua ia?auaainy e oaea
aeaaii ieioaoaio – e enoi?ee. Eae ecaanoii, enoi?ey anaai /aeiaa/anoaa
?acaeaaaony “ii nie?aee”, e eaaeaeue ?ac iu aica?auaainy e
ii?aaeaeaiiiio e?oao aii?inia, ?anniao?eaay eo eaaeaeue ?ac n iiauo
aeeciaiiuo iiceoeee. Iiyoiio enoi?e/aneia ianeaaeea iaoaai ainoaea?noaa
ioaeii eco/aoue, /oiau niaa?oaoue eae iiaeii iaiueoa ioeaie eae a
iieeoe/aneii ?oeiaiaenoaa, oae e a yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeea.
AEIA?AOEss
O?ouaa Ieeeoa Na?aaaae/ (1894-1971), niaaoneee ainoaea?noaaiiue e
ia?oeeiue aeayoaeue, aaia?ae-eaeoaiaio (1943). *eai EINN n 1918 a.
O/eeny a I?iiuoeaiiie aeaaeaiee (1929). O/anoiee A?aaeaeaineie aieiu, n
1931 aiaea ia ia?oeeiie ?aaioa a Iineaa.
N 1935 aiaea 1-e nae?aoa?ue IE e IAE AEI(a), n yiaa?y 1938 aiaea ii ia?o
1947 aiaea 1-e nae?aoa?ue OeE EI(a) Oe?aeiu.
A Aaeeeoth Ioa/anoaaiioth aieio a 1941-44 aiaeao /eai aiaiiuo niaaoia
THai-Caiaaeiiai iai?aaeaiey, THai-Caiaaeiiai Noaeeia?aaeneiai,
THai-Ainoi/iiai, THaeiiai, Ai?iiaaeneiai e Ia?aiai oe?aeineeo o?iioia. A
1944-47 aa. i?aaenaaeaoaeue NIE Oe?aeiu.
N aeaeaa?y 1947 a. 1-e nae?aoa?ue OeE EI(a) Oe?aeiu. N 1949 aiaea
nae?aoa?ue OeE e 1-e nae?aoa?ue IE AEI(a). N ia?oa 1953-ai nae?aoa?ue, n
naioya?y 1-e nae?aoa?ue OeE EINN, iaeiia?aiaiii a 1958-64 aa.
I?aaenaaeaoaeue Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?. *eai OeE EINN n 1934 a., /eai
Iieeoath?i OeE a 1939-52 aa. *eai I?aceaeeoia OeE EINN n 1952 a.
Inaiaiaeaeai Ieaioiii OeE EINN a ieoya?a 1964 a. io iaycaiiinoae 1-ai
nae?aoa?y OeE EINN e /eaia I?aceaeeoia OeE EINN.
?ssAeII NI NOAEEIUI
A 1949 aiaeo ii anae no?aia oea iiaeaioiaea e i?acaeiiaaieth 70-eaoey ni
aeiy ?iaeaeaiey Noaeeia. Ca ianeieueei aeiae aei thaeeay ia?aue
nae?aoa?ue Iineianeiai iaeiia ia?oee A. Iiiia aue iacia/ai ieieno?ii
ai?iaeneiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. A yoie nayce ii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee OeE AEI(a)
ia?aui nae?aoa?ai Iineianeiai iaeiia e ai?eiia ia?oee eca?aee O?ouaaa.
?oeiaiaeeoaeai oe?aeineie ia?oeeiie i?aaiecaoeee noae E. Iaeueieeia. A
aeecie e aeayoaeueiinoe O?ouaaa ia/aeny i/aiue aaaeiue yoai. Ii i?eaoae
a Iineao e noae nae?aoa?ai OeE AEI(a). ?aiaa oaeea aeieaeiinoe niaiauaee
eeoue Ee?ia e Eaaaiiae/. Noaeei auaeaeye a yoe ianyoeu O?ouaaa. Ia
oi?aeanoaaiiii canaaeaiee a Aieueoii oaao?a, iinayuaiiii 70-eaoeth
“aiaeaey”, ii i?aaoth ?oeo io thaeey?a neaeae Iai Oecyaeoi, a ii eaaoth
?oeo O?ouaa.
N ia?auo aeiae a Iineaa Ieeeoa Na?aaaae/ aeieaeai aue ?aoaoue ia oieueei
iieeoe/aneea, ii e oicyenoaaiiua aeaea. O?ouaa i?aaeeiaeee iauaaeeieoue
iaeeea eieoicu. Yoa ?aaioa ia/aeanue ceiie 1950-ai. Ii aian a OeE
i?aaeeiaeaiea i?aa?aoeoue i?eeaaathuea e Iineaa iaeanoe a iyni-iiei/ioth
e ea?oioaea-iaiuaaiae/aneoth aacu Iineau e ae?oaeo ai?iaeia. Yoa
eieoeeaoeaa auea iiaeaea?aeaia. Inaiueth 50-ai aiaea a Iineianeie
iaeanoe ia?aciaaeinue 1541 oicyenoai aianoi 6069 eieoicia, eiaaoeony a
1949 aiaeo. Yoi auei iaiiiai ii ianooaaai Oe?aeiu, ii nieeaeii aeey
Ia/a?iicaiuey.
A Iieeoath?i naeueneei oicyenoaii caieiaeny oiaaea A. Iaeaieia, iaei
?acae?aaoeeny a i?iaeaiao aea?aaie. Ii O?ouaa aue oaeaea /eaiii
Iieeoath?i e nae?aoa?ai OeE, a yoi aeaaaei aio ii?aaeaeaiioth
iacaaeneiinoue a ?aoaiee i?iaeai iaeanoe. E oiio aea O?ouaa eiae
ae?oaeaneea ioiioaiey n Iaeaieiaui.
Ianiio?y ia ieioea iiaiaeiua oneiaey, Iineianeay iaeanoue iieo/eea a
1950 aiaeo iaieioie o?iaeae ca?iiauo, ea?oioaey e aein?i/ii auiieieea
ieai caaioiaie. Aa iiuo iiaeoiaeee e ae?oaei iaeanoyi Ia/a?iicaiuey, aai
ia/aee ?ani?ino?aiyoue iinea niaoeeaeueiiai iinoaiiaeaiey OeE AEI(a) e
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? ia oe?aieaiee iaeeeo e iaeue/aeoeo oicyenoa.
O?ouaa i?iaeieaeae yia?ae/ii caieiaoueny aeaeaie noieeoeu e iaeanoe.
Eiaiii a 1950-1951 aiaeao a noieeoea ia/aeinue n?aaieoaeueii oe?ieia
no?ieoaeuenoai. AEeeeuiue e?ecen a Iineaa aue iaiau/aeii ino?ui. Oaia?ue
iieiaeaiea ia/aei iaiyoueny. Oaea a 1951 aiaeo aue i?eiyo i?eioeei
ianniaie cano?ieee.
Iaeiaei e?ecen a naeueneii oicyenoaa onoaoaeyeny. Ieceea caeoii/iua
oeaiu, ia?iiiua iaeiae ia iauanoaaiiia e ee/iia oicyenoai eeoaee
aea?aaith anyeeo noeioeia e ?acaeoeth i?iecaiaenoaa. A 1952 aiaeo
Iineianeay iaeanoue ia niiaea auiieieoue ieaiia ii ainoaea?noaaiiui
caaioiaeai.
Aeaaiia aieiaiea ia?oee auei i?eeiaaii e iiaeaioiaea OIX nuacaea a
eiioea 1952 aiaea. Ec-ca aieacie Noaeei aue oaea ia a ninoiyiee
naeaeaoue aeieeaae, aai ii?o/eee i?i/eoaoue Iaeaieiao. O?ouaao ii?o/eee
aeieeaae ia eciaiaieyo a Onoaaa. Iaeii ec yoeo eciaiaiee ninoiyei a oii,
/oi a iacaaiee ia?oee en/acei iiiyoea “aieueoaaeeia”. Oaia?ue
aaiaeeeinue iacaaiea “EINN” – Eiiioienoe/aneay ia?oey Niaaoneiai Nithca.
XIX nuacae ioe?ueny 5 ieoya?y 1952 aiaea. Ia iai eca?aee iiaue ninoaa
OeE EINN. Ia ia?aii aea Ieaioia OeE Noaeei i?aaeeiaeee eca?aoue
I?aceaeeoi OeE ec 25 /eaiia e 11 eaiaeeaeaoia (ii iiaiio Onoaao
I?aceaeeoi OeE ea?ae ?ieue Iieeoath?i). Anei?a iinea eca?aiey
I?aceaeeoia Noaeei i?aaeeiaeee auaeaeeoue a iai aieaa oceia Ath?i
I?aceaeeoia, a eioi?ia ia aioee ie Iieioia, ie Ieeiyi. Ii e a yoii Ath?i
Noaeei auaeaeee “iyoa?eo” aeaaiuo /eaiia I?aceaeeoia, eioi?ua e i?ecaaiu
auee ?aoaoue aeaaiua aeaea a no?aia. A yoo “iyoa?eo” aioee: Noaeei,
Iaeaieia, Aa?ey, Aoeaaiei, O?ouaa.
Iiiaia aiai?eei i oii, /oi Noaeei aioiaeo “iiaoth /enoeo” a aa?oao
ia?oee, aea?oaie eioi?ie iiaee noaoue Iieioia, Ieeiyi, Ai?ioeeia. Oa?ica
iaaenea aeaaea iaae Aa?eae. Ianoaiiaea a no?aia iaino?eeanue iinea
a?anoa a ia/aea 1953 aiaea a?oiiu e?aieaaneeo a?a/ae, iaaeiyaiuo a
oaeenoaa iaeioi?uo aeaeiuo aeayoaeae. Aue a?anoiaai ieieno? EAA A.
Aaaeoiia e iiiaea ?aaioieee aai aaaeiinoaa. Iaaeaeo oai Noaeei i?aauaae
a oi?ioai iano?iaiee e ieeiio ia ?ane?uaae naieo ieaiia. Ii ii/oe
aaeaaeiaaii ono?aeaae ia naiae aea/a eieeaeoeaiua oaeeiu eee iaaaeu.
Iiaoaee e Noaeeio, iioaeeiaee. Iu eii/eee yoio iaaae, iaaa?iia, a iyoue
eee oanoue /ania oo?a. Yoi iau/iia a?aiy, eiaaea eii/aeenue oaeea
iaaaeu. Noaeei aue iinea iaaaea a i/aiue oi?ioai ?aniieiaeaiee aeooa, ii
iiiai oooee, e oece/anee ie/aai ia naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei i aai aeeceie
eii/eia.
O?ouaa iaeeaeae, /oi ia neaaeothuee aeaiue Noaeei niiaa iiciaao eo
aa/a?ii oaeeiaoue. Ii yoiai ia i?iecioei, e 5 ia?oa 1953 a. Noaeei oia?.
AI?UeAA CA AEANOUe
A E?aiea nia?aeenue ana i?aaeiea /eaiu Iieeoath?i, aa?oooea Niaaoa
Ieieno?ia e ianeieueei /eaiia I?aceaeeoia aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa, anaai ieiei
20-oe /aeiaae. Iaioeenue aac nii?ia, o.e. ana ni/ee iaoianoiui aeaeeoue
noa?u aeeyiey, iiea Noaeei ia iioi?iiai. I?eiyoua ?aoaiey,
iioaeeeiaaiiua ia neaaeothuee aeaiue, iineee oa?aeoa? eiii?iienna.
Aeiaiai?eeenue nie?aoeoue /eneaiiinoue aunoeo i?aaiia aeanoe, o/anoieee
niaauaiey oi?acaeieee nicaeaiiue iinea nuacaea ia?oee ?anoe?aiiue
I?aceaeeoi OeE. A iiaue ninoaa I?aceaeeoia aioee: Iaeaieia, Aa?ey,
Iieioia, Ai?ioeeia, O?ouaa, Aoeaaiei, Eaaaiiae/, Ieeiyi, Naao?ia e
Ia?aooei. ?iaenoaaiiua ieienoa?noaa auee iauaaeeiaiu. I?aaenaaeaoaee
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? ii i?aaeeiaeaieth Aa?ee noae A. Iaeaieia. IAAe e
IAA iauaaeeiyee a iaeii ieienoa?noai, aeaaie eioi?iai Iaeaieia
i?aaeeiaeee eca?aoue E. Aa?eth. O?ouaa n/ae ca eo/oaa i?iiie/aoue. Ii
i?aaeeiaeee, iaeiaei, iacia/eoue E. Aoeaaieia ieieno?ii aii?oaeaiiuo nee
NNN?. I?aaenaaeaoaeai I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? noae E.
Ai?ioeeia, a Oaa?iee ia?aianoeeny ia aeieaeiinoue i?aaenaaeaoaey AOeNIN.
*oi eanaaony O?ouaaa, oi auei i?eciaii iaiaoiaeeiui, /oiau ii
nin?aaeioi/eeny ia naiae ?aaioa nae?aoa?y OeE EINN. Oaeoe/anee O?ouaa
aeieaeai aue aicaeaaeoue Nae?aoa?eao OeE e aanue ?aai/ee aiia?ao OeE
EINN, oioy aeieaeiinoue I-ai nae?aoa?y oi?iaeueii ia aaiaeeeanue.
Iaeaieaa aeeyoaeueiui iinoii a no?aia a 1953 aiaeo aue iino
I?aaenaaeaoaey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?, eioi?ue a 1940-1953 aa. caieiae
Noaeei. Eiia/ii, Noaeei inoaaaeny ia oieueei aeaaie i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ii e
ia?oee, ii aai iino nae?aoa?y OeE EINN oiiieiaeny ?aaeei. Yoi auei
iaaeyaeiui naeaeaoaeuenoaii ineaaeaiey aeeyiey ia?oeeiiai aiia?aoa a
nenoaia i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe a NNN?. A yoeo oneiaeyo O?ouaa
ynii aeaeae naith caaea/o – aa?iooue ia?oee e OeE aaaeouoth ?ieue a
nenoaia i?aaiia aeanoe. Ia?aui oaaii a ?aoaiee yoie caaea/e iiaei noaoue
oieueei ono?aiaiea ethaui niiniaii Aa?ee.
Aa?ey no?aieeny e aeanoe, ii ia iia caoaaoeoue aa iaiaaeeaiii. A ia?aua
iaaeaee iinea nia?oe Noaeeia auea i?iaaaeaia aieueoay aiienoey
caeeth/aiiuo ii ?acee/iui oneiaiui noaoueyi. N “eaaeie ?oee” Aa?ee auee
inaiaiaeaeaiu iiiaea iianiua oaieiaieee, /oi aucaaei ?ino i?anooiiinoe,
iai?yaeaiiinoe a no?aia e ?anoe?aiea iieiiii/ee IAAe.
O?ouaa ia niiiaaaeny a oii, /oi E. Aa?ey aioiaeo caaiai? n oeaeueth
caoaaoa aeanoe a no?aia e iiyoiio ii aeaenoaiaae inoi?iaeii, niaethaeae
eiinie?aoeeth. Aoeaaieia ii neeiiee ia naith noi?iio aua a ia?oa.
Iao?oaeii auei ca?o/eoueny e A. AEoeiaa. Ii iaaiciiaeiiai auei
inouanoaeoue niauaiea e a?ano Aa?ee aac iiaeaea?aeee Iaeaieiaa. O?ouaa,
iaeiaei, ?eneioe ia?aaiai?eoue n iei aac naeaeaoaeae e neeiieoue aai ia
naith noi?iio. Iaeaieia, eioi?ue noiye oiaaea ai aeaaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa
NNN?, oaea eiae aiciiaeiinoue oaaaeeoueny, /oi Aa?ey iaei n/eoaaony n
aai iiaieai, no?aiynue ainnoaiiaeoue i?aaeiaa iieiaeaiea i?aaiia IAAe,
noiyaoeo aua iaaeaaii iaae ia?oeeiui e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui aiia?aoii.
Eeoue ia?aae naiui canaaeaieai Iaeaieia ianoaeee aii?in ia a?anoa Aa?ee
n Ai?ioeeiaui e ca?o/eeny iiaeaea?aeeie O?ouaaa.
Ia canaaeaiea OeE auee i?eaeaoaiu ana /eaiu I?aceaeeoia OeE EINN. Iinea
ia/aea canaaeaiey Iaeaieia i?aaeeiaeee ianoaeeoue ia?oeeiua aii?inu e
i?aaeinoaaee neiai O?ouaao. Oio i?iecian aeeeiioth ?a/ue i?ioea Aa?ee,
nineaaoenue ia aunooieaiey iiiaeo ethaeae, iiaeaoeo anei?a iinea naieo
i?ioeaiaa?eaaneeo aunooieaiee. O?ouaa iaaeiee Aa?eth a oii, /oi oaea
iinea nia?oe Noaeeia oio i?iecaae aac aaaeiia OeE EINN e?oiiua
ia?aiauaiey a IAAe, auaeaeaay ia ioaaonoaaiiua iinou naieo noaaeaiieeia.
O?ouaa cayaee, /oi Aa?ey ia eiiioieno, a ea?uea?eno, eioi?iio ia ianoi a
ia?oee. O?ouaaa iiaeaea?aeaee a naieo aunooieaieyo Iieioia, Aoeaaiei e
ae?oaea. Eiaaea aeaei aeioei aei eiie?aoiuo ?aoaiee, O?ouaa i?aaeeiaeee
iaiaaeeaiii inaiaiaeeoue Aa?eth io anao caieiaaiuo ei iinoia. *eaiu
I?aceaeeoia aua ia oniaee i?iaieiniaaoue, eae a cae canaaeaiee aioee
aeanyoue aiaiiuo ai aeaaa n AEoeiaui, eioi?ua ?aiaa iaoiaeeeenue a
niaaeiie eiiiaoa.
Aa?eth iiianoeee a eiiiaoo aeec eaaeiaoa Iaeaieiaa. Iianaeenue, /oi
io?aia E?aiey eee ?aaioieee IAAe i?aaei?eioo iiiuoeo inaiaiaeeoue naiaai
“oaoa”. Ii i?eeaco A. AEoeiaa a Iineao aioee oaieiaay Eiooaie?ianeay e
iioino?aeeiaay Oaiaineay aeeaecee.
A iaoeia iaeiiai ec ia?oaeia Aa?ey aue auaacai ec E?aiey. Oth?ueiie aeey
iaai noaei iaeii ec aiiaioaaaeeu i?e ooaaa eiiaiaeothuaai aieneaie
Iineianeiai ie?oaa IAI aaia?aea E. Iineaeaiei. Eiiiaoa, eoaea aue
iiiauai Aa?ey, io?aiyeanue aeiai e ii/ueth ia oieueei nia?oaee, ii e
ecioo?e.
Iiaui ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo aeae noae N. E?oaeia, eioi?ue caieiae yoio
iino ai a?aiaia, eiaaea IAAe e IAA nouanoaiaaee ?acaeaeueii. Aai
aeayoaeueiinoue auea n?aco aea iinoaaeaia iiae aeanoieee eiio?ieue
ia?oeeiuo i?aaiia, i?aaeoaeuenoaa e i?ieo?aoo?u NNN?.
Iinea ?aca?iia Aa?ee aeanoueth a no?aia iaeaaeaee: Iaeaieia, O?ouaa,
Aoeaaiei.
Iinea ?aca?iia Aa?ee aieiaiea iiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?aoeeinue e
yeiiiie/aneei i?iaeaiai. A no?aia iuouaeenue ca?iiaay i?iaeaia, a
iea/aaiii ninoiyiee iaoiaeeeinue aeeaioiiaiaenoai. Ia?aua ?aoi?iu a
yeiiiieea auee iaeia?aiu I?aceaeeoiii OeE EINN e iauyaeaii i iiauoaiee
caeoii/iuo oeai ia iyni, iieiei, oa?noue, ea?oioaeue, e iaiue, a oaeaea
ia naeaaaaiia naa?o ieaia ca?ii. I?aaeoaeuenoai ?aoeei “nienaoue” ana
iaaeieiee n ee/iuo oicyenoa, iaeiieaoeony o e?anoueyi ca ianeieueei eao,
nieaeaeenue ii?iu iaycaoaeueiuo iaoo?aeueiuo iinoaaie. Auei
iieiaeeoaeueii i?eiyoi aeey anao o/?aaeaeaiee nithciiai e
?anioaeeeaineiai cia/aiey onoaiiaeaiea ?aai/aai aeiy n 9 /ania oo?a aei
18 /ania n /aniaui ia?a?uaii ia iaaae.
A ia?aie iieiaeia naioya?y 1953 aiaea ninoiyeny Ieaioi OeE EINN. Eoiae
naioya?ueneiai Ieaioia, aeiiieiaiiua anei?a ae?oaeie ?aoaieyie, eiaee
aeey ?acaeoey naeueneiai oicyenoaa no?aiu aieueoia cia/aiea.
Ii?aaeaeeeenue e aaaeiua iieiaeaiey a iieeoe/aneie noa?a. N eaoa 1953
aiaea ?acaa?ioeanue e?eoeea “eaeaaeenoe/aneie oai?ee eoeueoa ee/iinoe”,
eioi?ay niaea?aeaeanue e a Oacenao OeE EINN e 50-eaoeth ia?aciaaiey
aieueoaaenoneie ia?oee.
I?iaeieaeaeanue auai?i/iay ?aaaeeeoaoeey aea?oa noaeeineiai oa??i?a. Aei
eiioea 1953 aiaea auoee ec caeeth/aiey aieaa ouny/e /aeiaae.
17 aeaeaa?y 1953 aiaea I?ieo?aoo?a NNN? iauyaeea ia ieii/aiee neaaenoaey
ii aeaeo E. Aa?ee e a?oiiu aai nio/anoieeia. Niiauaeinue oaeaea, /oi
aeaei Aa?ee ?anniio?eo Niaoeeaeueiia Noaeaaiia i?enoonoaea Aa?oiaiiai
noaea NNN? ia iniiaa caeiia io 1 aeaeaa?y 1934 aiaea. Yoio caeii aue
i?eiyo a aeaiue oaeenoaa N. I. Ee?iaa e i?aaeoniao?eaae oi?iuaiiia e
onei?aiiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai, i?iaiaeeiia aac o/anoey noi?ii. I?eaiai?
i?eaiaeeeny a eniieiaiea iaiaaeeaiii. Ii n th?eaee/aneie oi/ee c?aiey
yoio caeii aue aeoaiei ii?i/ai e aiineaaenoaee ioiaiai. A 1953 aiaeo
iaei eoi ec ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ia?oee aue caeioa?aniaai a ioe?uoii e
ouaoaeueiii ?anniio?aiee anao i?anooieaiee Aa?ee.
Ia noaeaaiuo canaaeaieyo Aa?ey aae naay aucuaathua. Ii aai iaaeinoue
en/acea iinea auianaiey nia?oiiai i?eaiai?a.
I?ieo?aoo?a NNN? auea caaaeaia cayaeaieyie i ?aaaeeeoaoeee, e iaeioi?ua
ec ieo iia ia iiaea eaii?e?iaaoue. Oae, iai?eia?, ii ?aoaieth
I?aceaeeoia OeE auee ia?aniio?aiu aeaea a?anoiaaiiuo a 1949-1950 aiaeao
aeayoaeae aa?aeneie eoeueoo?u. Ia?aniio?aee e oae iacuaaaiia
“Eaieia?aae-neia aeaei”.
17 ai?aey 1954 aiaea I. N. O?ouaao eniieieeinue 60 eao. Yoo aeaoo
ioiaoeee a oeaeii ne?iiii, oioy thaeey?o auei i?enaiaii caaiea Aa?iy
Nioeeaeenoe/aneiai O?oaea. Iiiaea ieienoa?noaa iinea nannee Aa?oiaiiai
Niaaoa NNN? aiiaue ?acoe?aieee. Ec IAAe auaeaeeee Eiieoao
Ainoaea?noaaiiie aaciianiinoe i?e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? ai aeaaa n E.
Na?iaui. Ca iei, eae e ca ethaui ae?oaei e?oiiui aeayoaeai i?aaiia
aaciianiinoe, oyioeny aeeeiiue oeaeo ceioiio?aaeaiee e i?anooieaiee. Ii
Na?ia aue ee/ii i?aaeai O?ouaao e aioia e aue aioia auiieiyoue ethaia
aai ?anii?yaeaiea.
?ai?aaiecaoeey IAAe e EAA auea aanueia cia/eoaeueiie. Iaa yoe
i?aaiecaoeee eiaee ioiuia i?aai aanoe oieueei neaaenoaea: IAAe – ii
oaieiaiui aeaeai, EAA – ii aeaeai ainoaea?noaaiiie aaciianiinoe. Aue
eeeaeaee?iaai einoeooo aioo?aiiae i?ieo?aoo?u IAAe IAA. Oaia?ue a ?aieao
i?ieo?aoo?u NNN? iiyaeeny ioaeae, eiio?iee?othuee aeayoaeueiinoue IAAe e
EAA.
E inaie 1954 aiaea iioaoioeinue iieeoe/aneia iieiaeaiea Iaeaieiaa. Aio
iia?aaeeei aeaei Aa?ee e ia?aniio? “Eaieia?aaeneiai aeaea”. A oaa?aea
1955 aiaea ia?aae i/a?aaeiie nanneae Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? aii?in i
Iaeaieiaa ianoaeaeaeny ia Ieaioia OeE EINN. Ia nannee Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa
auei ca/eoaii cayaeaiea Iaeaieiaa n i?inueaie inaiaiaeeoue aai io
iaycaiiinoae aeaau i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Iiaui i?aiuea?ii niaaoneiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa aue ooaa?aeaeai ii i?aaeeiaeaieth O?ouaaa
I. A. Aoeaaiei. Ieieno?ii iai?iiu iacia/eee ia?oaea AEoeiaa. Iaeaieiaa
aea iacia/eee ieieno?ii yeaeo?inoaioeee NNN?. Oaia?ue aeaaiuie eeoeaie
ia iieeoe/aneie noeaia noaiiaeeenue O?ouaa, Aoeaaiei e AEoeia.
A ethia 1954 aiaea n o?eaoiu Ieaioia OeE EINN O?ouaa ia?aoeeny e
?aaioieeai naeueneiai oicyenoaa anao cii no?aiu i ?anoe?aiee iinaaia
eoeo?ocu ia ca?ii e caeaiue ei?i.
Ia yiaa?neii Ieaioia OeE a 1955 aiaeo O?ouaa n o?aaiaie aiai?ee, /oi
?aoaiey 1953 aiaea i iiaeuaia naeueneiai oicyenoaa auiieiythony
iaaeeaiii. Auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i iiaii iiauoaiee caeoii/iuo oeai e
oaaee/aiee anneaiiaaiee ia ?acaeoea aeeaioiiaiaenoaa. Aaaeiui oaeoi?ii a
oi?aaeaiee naeueneei oicyenoaii auei eciaiaiea i?aeoeee ieaie?iaaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa. Eieoicai e niaoicai i?aaeinoaaeyeanue aieueoay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue.
A oeaeii 1955 aiae aeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa neeaaeuaaeny iaieioi.
Aaaeiua eciaiaiey iinea nia?oe Noaeeia iaiaoeeenue e ai aiaoiae iieeoeea
NNN?. Oaea a ethea 1953 aiaea auei iiaeienaii niaeaoaiea i ia?aie?ee
iaaeaeo aiththueie noi?iiaie a Ei?aa. Iinea ?yaea onooiie n iaaeo noi?ii
a 1954 aiaeo auei aeinoeaiooi niaeaoaiea i i?ae?auaiee iaiy e
onoaiiaeaiee ?aca?aie/eoaeueiie eeiee ii 17-ie ia?aeeaee.
Aieueoea eciaiaiey i?aoa?iaee e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo NNN? e THaineaaeae.
Aioethaineaaneay eaiiaiey i?ae?aoeeanue, 28 iiya?y 1954 aiaea
thaineaaneia iinieuenoai a Iineaa ono?ieei i?eai ii neo/ath Aeiy
iacaaeneiinoe.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay ianoaiiaea oeo/oeeanue e a 1955 aiaeo. Oniaoii
caaa?oeeenue ia?aaiai?u iaaeaeo aaeeeeie aea?aeaaaie i noaeueaa Aano?ee.
Ianiio?y ia aic?aaeaiey Iieioiaa, NNN? niaeaneeny ia eiii?iienn: Aano?ey
iauyaeyaony iacaaeneiui iaeo?aeueiui ainoaea?noaii, aa ieeoiaoeey
aaeeeeie aea?aeaaaie i?ae?auaaony.
A iaa 1955 aiaea ?oeiaiaeeoaee nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai Aa?iiu (e?iia
THaineaaee) iiaeienaee aeiaiai? i ae?oaeaa, nio?oaeie/anoaa e aiaiiie
iiiiue, e a aeeieiiaoe/aneee neiaa?ue aioei iiaia iiiyoea “I?aaiecaoeey
Aa?oaaneiai Aeiaiai?a”. I?e IAAe nicaeaaaeinue Iauaaeeiaiiia aiaiiia
eiiaiaeiaaiea, a oaeaea Iieeoe/aneee Eiinoeueoaoeaiue Eiieoao, a ?aaioa
eioi?iai aeieaeiu auee ia?eiaee/anee i?eieiaoue o/anoea aeaau
eiiioienoe/aneeo ia?oee e i?aaeoaeuenoa no?ai Aeiaiai?a.
O?ouaa i?eieiaao aunieiai ainoy a Iineaa – i?aiuea?-ieieno?a Eiaeee Ae.
Ia?o e aai aei/ue Eiaee?o Aaiaee. Iinea ia?aaiai?ia a E?aiea Ae. Ia?o e
E. Aoeaaiei iiaeienaee Cayaeaiea i ?acaeoee yeiiiie/aneeo e eoeueoo?iuo
naycae iaaeaeo NNN? e Eiaeeae. Oai aea eaoii Iineaa oae aea
oi?aeanoaaiii ano?a/aea Oi Oe Ieia – ?oeiaiaeeoaey ia?oee e
i?aaeoaeuenoaa Aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeee Aueaoiai.
Ia/aee eciaiyoueny ioiioaiey NNN? ni no?aiaie Caiaaea. Ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia ethey a AEaiaaa ninoiyeanue ano?a/a aeaa ainoaea?noa NNN?, NOA,
Aiaeee e O?aioeee. NNN? aue i?aaenoaaeai O?ouaaui, Aoeaaieiui e
AEoeiaui, NOA – Ae. Yecaioaoy?ii e Ae. Aeaeeanii, Aaeeeia?eoaiey – A.
Eaeaiii e A. Iaeieeeaiii, O?aioeey – Y. Oi?ii e A. Ieiy. Yoa auea ia?aay
ano?a/a iinea Iionaeaineie eiioa?aioeee 1945 aiaea, oioy ieeaeeo
eiie?aoiuo niaeaoaiee ia auei iiaeienaii.
Ia/aee ainnoaiaaeeaaoueny yeiiiie/aneea e eoeueoo?iua nayce iaaeaeo NNN?
e NOA. Ii eieoeeaoeaa O?ouaaa i?aaenoaaeoaeueiay niaaoneay aeaeaaaoeey
auaoaea a NOA e Eaiaaeo aeey iciaeiieaiey n aia?eeaineeie iaoiaeaie
aaaeaiey naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
A iiya?a 1955 aiaea O?ouaa e Aoeaaiei aueaoaee n ioaaoiui aeceoii a
Eiaeeth.
IO OO NUACAeA E ETHIUeNEIIO IEAIOIO
Ecaauaiea i nicuaa i/a?aaeiiai OO nuacaea EINN iiyaeeinue a ia/aoe aua a
ethea 1955 aiaea. Nuacae aeieaeai aue ooaa?aeeoue aee?aeoeau e oanoiio
iyoeeaoiaio ieaio, a oaeaea caneooaoue io/ao OeE EINN.
?aaaeeeoaoeee, ia/aaoeany aua a 1953-1954 aiaeao, i?iaeieaeaeenue e a
1955 aiaeo, ii oee i/aiue iaaeeaiii. I?e ianoaeaeaiee i?iaeoa Io/aoiiai
aeieeaaea OeE O?ouaa i?aaeeiaeee aeeth/eoue a iaai niaoeeaeueiue ?acaeae
i eoeueoa ee/iinoe e aai iineaaenoaeyo. Yoi i?aaeeiaeaiea I?aceaeeoi OeE
ioaa?a ii ianoiyieth Iieioiaa, Iaeaieiaa e Ai?ioeeiaa.
OO nuacae EINN ioe?ueny 14 oaa?aey 1956 aiaea. Ii i?aaeeiaeaieth
ioe?uaoaai nuacae I. O?ouaaa aeaeaaaou ii/oeee anoaaaieai iaiyoue n?aco
o?ao aeayoaeae eiiioienoe/aneiai aeaeaeaiey: E. A. Noaeeia, Eeaiaioa
Aioaaeueaea, Ethioe Oiioaea. Ie a aeieeaaea, ie a ia?auo aunooieaieyo
aeaeaaaoia ia niaea?aeaeinue ieeaeeo ainoaaeaiee a aae?an Noaeeia.
Iaeiaei iuneue na?ueacii e oe?iei iinoaaeoue ia nuacaea aii?in i Noaeeia
ia inoaaeyea O?ouaaa, e O?ouaa iioae iniciaiii ia ?ene, e iu iiaeai
auoue oieueei aeaaiaea?iu aio ca yoi.
Iio?ynaiiua aeaeaaaou e iaiiiaea ainoe iie/a neooaee yoio aeieeaae,
eeoue ec?aaeea i?a?uaay O?ouaaa aicaeanaie ecoieaiey e aiciouaiey.
O?ouaa aiai?ee i ianniauo iacaeiiiuo ?ai?anneyo, naieoeeiie?iaaiiuo
Noaeeiui, ii aiai?ee i eiioeeeoa iaaeaeo Eaieiui e Noaeeiui a iineaaeiea
ianyoeu aeecie Eaieia e i i?aaeeiaeaiee iineaaeiaai nianoeoue Noaeeia n
iinoa Aainaea. O?ouaa aiai?ee i iiiaeo niiieoaeueiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao
oaeenoaa Ee?iaa e iaaeaoniuneaiii iaiaeae ia aiciiaeioth i?e/anoiinoue
Noaeeia e yoiio oaeenoao. O?ouaa aiai?ee i a?oauo i?in/aoao Noaeeia a
i?aaeaiaiiue ia?eiae, i aai ?anoa?yiiinoe a ia?aua aeie aieiu e
oaeoe/anee aeaca?oe?noaa ni naieo iinoia eiaiii a yoe ia?aua aeie. Ia
Noaeeia aeieeaae/ee aiceaaae ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ii?aaeaiey E?aniie
A?iee a 1941-42 aa. e ieeoiaoeeth a?iiaaeiuo oa??eoi?ee Niaaoneiai
Nithca, a oaeaea ca aeoaieee e?ecen niaaoneiai naeueneiai oicyenoaa, ca
a?oaua ioeaee a niaaoneie aiaoiae iieeoeea
I?aiee ii aeieeaaeo ia auei. A iinoaiiaeaiee, iioaeeeiaaiiii eeoue
ianeieueei ianyoeaa nionoy, nuacae iaeia?ye aeieeaae I. N. O?ouaaa e
ii?o/ae OeE EINN “iineaaeiaaoaeueii inouanoaeoue ia?ii?eyoey,
iaania/eaathuea iieiia i?aiaeieaiea /oaeaeiai ia?enecio-eaieiecio
eoeueoa ee/iinoe, eeeaeaeaoeeth aai iineaaenoaee ai anao iaeanoyo
ia?oeeiie, ainoaea?noaaiiie e eaeaieiae/aneie ?aaiou”.
Aa/a?ii 25 oaa?aey a E?aieue auee i?eaeaoaiu aeaeaaaoeee
eiiioienoe/aneeo ia?oee. Aeaeaaaoeeyi aeaee aiciiaeiinoue iciaeiieoueny
n aeieeaaeii O?ouaaa, i?aaeoi?aaeea i aai “cae?uoii” oa?aeoa?a. Ana
yecaiiey?u aeieeaaea aica?auaeenue a OeE EINN, ii oaea /a?ac ianeieueei
iaaeaeue Ainaeaia?oaiaio NOA ?ani?ino?aiee iieiue oaeno aeieeaaea
O?ouaaa a ia?aaiaea ia aiaeeeneee ycue.
*aua auneacuaaaony iiaiea, /oi aunooieaiea O?ouaaa ia nuacaea auei
?aoathuei yieciaeii a ai?ueaa ca aeanoue a ia?oee. Naiei aeieeaaeii
O?ouaa auaee ii/ao ec-iiae iia a/a?aoieo “aiaeaeae”. Ieacaaoenue ai
aeaaa ia?oee, O?ouaa aue icaai/ai ia oieueei oicyenoaaiiuie aeaeaie, ii
e ainnoaiiaeaieai aeia?iai eiaie naieo aeaaieo ni?aoieeia. O?ouaa aioae
e inoaiaony a enoi?ee a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeaaiaea?y OO nuacaeo, e
iiyoiio aio ia iiiaoaei oi caiae/eaaiea aai aeayoaeueiinoe e caneoa,
eioi?ia i?iaeieaeaeinue a NNN? aieaa 20 eao. Neooe i oii, /oi ia nuacaea
ia?oee O?ouaa naeaeae aeieeaae i i?anooieaieyo e ioeaeao Noaeeia, auno?i
?ani?ino?aieeenue a no?aia.
I?aaeiee ii?yaeie ?aaaeeeoaoeee ioiaieee. Ii i?aaeeiaeaieth O?ouaaa auei
nicaeaii aieaa 90 niaoeeaeueiuo eiiennee, eioi?ua eiaee i?aai
?anniao?eaaoue aeaea caeeth/aiiuo iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia ianoao. Eiiennee
a?aiaiii iaaeaeyeenue i?aaaie I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa e iiaee
i?iecaiaeeoue ?aaaeeeoaoeeth, iiieeiaaiea, nieaeaiea n?ieia caeeth/aiey.
Iieo/eee naiaiaeo aeaaea inoaaoeany a aeeauo /eaiu ia?oee iaiueoaaeeia,
aia?oenoia, nioeeaeenoia-?aaiethoeeiia?ia, eioi?ua iaoiaeeeenue a
oth?ueiao, eaaa?yo e nnueea /anoi ii 25-30 eao.
Aeayoaeueiinoue eiiennee i?e OeE EINN i?iaeieaeaeanue e iinea
?aaaeeeoaoeee. I?iaiaeeeinue ?anneaaeiaaiea iaaeiaiee, i?aaeuyaeaiiuo a
aiaeu aieiu oeaeui ia?iaeiinoyi NNN?. Ii yoa ?aaioa oea iaaeeaiii.
Aiae OO nuacaea aue /?acau/aeii neiaeiui n oi/ee c?aiey aiaoiae iieeoeee
no?aiu. A yoi a?aiy iaiaoeeenue ia?aua o?aueiu a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo NNN?
e EI?.
A ai?aea 1956 aiaea O?ouaa e Aoeaaiei i?aaei?eiyee ia?aue
ainoaea?noaaiiue aeceo a iaeio ec e?oiiuo no?ai Caiaaea. Yoi auea
iaaeaaiyy “aeaaeu/eoea ii?ae” Aaeeeia?eoaiey. Aeceo ia i?aaeiieaaae
ieeaeiai niaeaoaiey, ii aue iauyaeai i?inoi aeceoii aeia?ie aiee. E?iia
Eiiaeiia O?ouaa e Aoeaaiei iiauaaee e a ae?oaeo e?oiiuo ai?iaeao. Ia
iaeiii ec iaaaeia, ono?iaiiuo a /anoue niaaoneeo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae, ianoi
?yaeii n O?ouaaui caiye O. *a?/eeeue, nianai iaaeaaii inoaaeaoee iino
i?aiuea?-ieieno?a. O?ouaa e *a?/eeeue iaeeaeaiii aanaaeiaaee ieiei
iieooi?a /ania.
A iaa 1956 aiaea a Iineaa iaoiaeeeanue o?aioeocneay i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay
aeaeaaaoeey ai aeaaa n i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii Ae Iieea. Ana yoe ano?a/e ia
niiaee, iaeiaei, oeo/oeoue ioiioaiey O?aioeee e Aiaeee e n NNN?. Eae ?ac
eaoii 1956 aiaea Aaeiao, aicaeaaeyaiue Aaiaeai Aaaeaeai Iana?ii,
iaoeeiiaeece?iaae Noyoeeee eaiae. Yoa aeoeey, iiaeaea?aeaiiay Niaaoneei
Nithcii, aucaaea iai?yaeaiiinoue a ioiioaieyo NNN? n caiaaeiuie
no?aiaie.
Aaniie e eaoii 1956 aiaea Iineaa ano?a/aea ?oeiaiaeeoaeae Ei?ae ai aeaaa
n Eei E? Naiii, ?oeiaiaeeoaeae Eaiaiaeaee ai aeaaa n Ei?iaeiiii
Neaioeii, oaoa E?aia ?aca Iaoeaae, i?aiuea?a AAe? Iooi A?ioaaiey,
aaia?aeueiiai nae?aoa?y III Aeaaa Oaiia?oaeueaea. Iniaaiii oi?aeanoaaiii
i?eaaonoaiaaee a Iineaa i?aceaeaioa Eiaeiiacee Noea?ii. Ianiio?y ia
aeaiie?aoe/aneea niauoey a nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao eiaiii iinea 1956
aiaea i?iecioei nouanoaaiiia eciaiaiea iiiaeo aaaeiaeoeo i?eioeeiia,
?aaoee?iaaaoeo ?aiaa ioiioaiey iaaeaeo NNN?. Noaiaiue naiaiaeu
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai a ?aoaiee aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo i?iaeai
cia/eoaeueii aic?inea.
A 1957 aiaeo i?iaeieaeaeanue ?aaaeeeoaoeey ethaeae e a?oii, iaaeiaiey
i?ioea eioi?uo ia auee ioiaiaiu a 1956 aiaeo; auee ainnoaiiaeaiu aeia?ua
eiaia Oooa/aaneiai, ssee?a, Oai?aae/a. A 1957 aiaeo O?ouaa aian ia
?anniio?aiea a OeE EINN i?aaeeiaeaiea i ei?aiiii eciaiaiee a no?oeoo?a e
oa?aeoa?a oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii NNN?. I?aaeeaaaeinue
eeeaeaee?iaaoue iiiaea io?aneaaua ieienoa?noaa e ii?o/eoue oi?aaeaiea
caaiaeaie e oaa?eeaie niaia?oicai. Eaeay niaia?oicia, ia iiioey?iay
n?aaee ieienoa?noa, iieacaeanue aanueia i?eaeaeaoaeueiie aeey nae?aoa?ae
iaeiiia e OeE eiiia?oee. N aaniu 1957 aiaea ia/aeinue eioaineaiia
aiaae?aiea a aeeciue iiaie nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey.
5 ethiy 1957 aiaea O?ouaa e Aoeaaiei ioauee a Oeieyiaeeth n
ioeoeeaeueiui aeceoii. Yoi ionoonoaea O?ouaaa a noieeoea eniieueciaaee
Iieioia, Iaeaieia e Eaaaiiae/ aeey iiaeaioiaee canaaeaiey I?aceaeeoia
OeE EINN n aii?inii i niauaiee O?ouaaa n iinoa Ia?aiai nae?aoa?y.
Aeaaiia iaaeiaiea, eioi?ia auneacuaaeinue iieiinoueth e yaeyeinue
iaeaieaa aaaeiui aeey i?ioeaieeia O?ouaaa, ninoiyei a oii, /oi ii
iiaei?aae aaoi?eoao EINN a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiioienoe/aneii aeaeaeaiee.
?a/ue, ii nooe aeaea, oea i ia?aniio?a ?aoaiee OO nuacaea EINN.
A eiia/iii eoiaa I?aceaeeoi OeE EINN auian ?aoaiea i niauaiee O?ouaaa n
iinoa ia?aiai nae?aoa?y OeE EINN. Ii oio, iiaeaea?aeaiiue naieie
noi?iiieeaie. ioeacaeny iiae/eieoueny ?aoaieth I?aceaeeoia. Ii
iio?aaiaae nicuaa Ieaioia, ii I?aceaeeoi ioaa?a yoi o?aaiaaiea.
Aai i?ioeaieee ia o/ee iaeiiai: O?ouaaa iiaeaea?aeeaaea e a?iey, e EAA.
Ii i?iaeieaeae inoaaaoueny aeaaie Nae?aoa?eaoa OeE, oi anoue anaai
?aai/aai aiia?aoa OeE ia?oee, e eiaiii a ?oeao O?ouaaa nio?aiyeanue a
yoe ?aoathuea aeie ?aaeueiay aeanoue a no?aia e ia?oee. Noaei
i/aaeaeiui, /oi naiai? i?ioea O?ouaaa iioa?iae i?iaae, e I?aceaeeoi aue
auioaeaeai niaeaneoueny ia nicua Ieaioia.
Iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai o/anoieeia ioe?uaoaainy Ieaioia aaciaiai?i/ii
iiaeaea?aeaee O?ouaaa. A neiaeeaoeony oneiaeyo iiiiceoeey ?aoeea
aunooieoue n iieayiiuie ?a/aie, iinea eioi?uo aieueoay /anoue iiiiceoeee
auea niyoa ni naieo aunieeo iinoia, oaieaia ia iaineth eee ia?aaaaeaia n
iiieaeaieai.
Eaoii 1957 aiaea A. AEoeia iieo/ee i?eaeaoaiea io E. A?ic Oeoi iinaoeoue
THaineaaeth e i?eiye yoi i?eaeaoaiea. Ii auaoae a THaineaaeth a eiioea
naioya?y. Iaiaeeaeaiii AEoeia aue ioicaai ec iiacaeee, i?eeaoae a Iineao
e iiniaoii iiiae ia Ieaioi OeE EINN. Oaeouaa ninoiyiea
ia?oeeii-iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu ?aaiou a a?iee e ia oeioa Ieaioi i?eciae
iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiui, a ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca yoi aiceiaeeee ia AEoeiaa.
Aai iaaeieee, a /anoiinoe, a i?aiaa?aaeeoaeueiii ioiioaiee e
ia?oeeii-iieeoe/aneei ?aaioieeai e ianaaeaeaiee a aiaiiuo ie?oaao
eoeueoa naiae ee/iinoe. Ieaioi i?eiye ?aoaiea auaanoe AEoeiaa ec ninoaaa
I?aceaeeoia OeE, e ec OeE EINN e “iiaeuneaoue aio ae?oaoth ?aaioo”. Ii
AEoeia ia noae auiieiyoue ieeaeie iiaie ?aaiou e anei?a auoae a ionoaaeo
a aic?anoa oanoeaeanyoe iaeiiai aiaea.
Niauaiea AEoeiaa auei ia ia?aue acaeyae iaiaeeaeaiiui ?aoaieai. O
AEoeiaa e O?ouaaa aei neo ii? ia auei eiioeeeoia. N iaeioi?uo ii? O?ouaa
noae aieiaoaeueii e aeaaea aeaaiaeaeaoaeueii auneooeaaoue ?acee/iua
aeaeiau ia aeayoaeueiinoue AEoeiaa, a o ia?oaea eo auei i/aiue iiiai, e
iaeiiaoe i?eiye ?aoaiea i niauaiee AEoeiaa, iin/eoaa aic?inoei iinea
ethiueneiai ieaioia aai aeeyiea iioaioeeaeueii iianiui aeey naiae
aeanoe. Iiiai iicaeiaa O?ouaa auneacuaae niaeaeaiea ii iiaiaeo yoiai
?aoaiey.
?ANOeAAO IIEEOE*ANEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE
Ia/eiay n 1958 aiaea eiioeaio?aoeey aeanoe a ?oeao O?ouaaa
nii?iaiaeaeaeanue aeoeaecaoeeae aiaoiae iieeoeee NNN?. Iaeii ca ae?oaei
neaaeotho i?aaeeiaeaiey – i cai?aoa ia eniuoaiey yaea?iiai i?oaeey,
caeeth/aiee n caiaaeiuie no?aiaie aeiaiai?ia i iaiaiaaeaiee, iauyaeaiee
Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iiu ciiie, naiaiaeiie io anao aeaeia yaea?iiai i?oaeey,
nie?auaiee aii?oaeaiiuo nee a Ainoi/iie Caiaaeiie Aa?iaiee e i?.
Oe?aieyeenue ioiioaiey n nioeeaeenoe/aneeie no?aiaie. O?ouaa niaa?oee
iiacaeee a Aaia?eth, Aieaa?eth, AAe?, ii ioiioaiey n THaineaaeae
i?iaeieaeaee oooaeoaoueny.
A eiioea 1958 aiaea ia ieaioia OeE EINN ii aeieeaaeo O?ouaaa auei
i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i ?ai?aaiecaoeee iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iuo noaioeee (ION) e
i?iaeaaea naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieee eieoicai. Nenoaia, i?e eioi?ie
ia eieoiciie caiea eiaeinue aeaa oicyeia ION (iaeei ec ieo ioaa/ae ca
i?iaaaeaiea ?o/iuo ?aaio), i?aa?auaeinue a oi?iic ?acaeoey
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ia?aaea/a oaoieee eieoicai auea i/aiue “i?aaeeueiie” ii
caiuneo ?aoi?iie, ii e caeanue ia iaioeinue aac i?iaeai e iaiaaeoiaiiuo
?aoaiee.
Iauei ?acoeueoaoii ?ai?aaiecaoeee ION ieacaeanue a?iiaaeiay “ia?a-ea/ea”
n?aaenoa ec eieoiciuo eann a ainoaea?noaaiioth eacio.
A eiioea iay 1959 aiaea Ieeeoa Na?aaaae/ ai aeaaa niaaoneie aeaeaaaoeee
iinaoee Aeaaieth. Aeceo a Aeaaieth i?ioiaeee a o?oaeiia a?aiy. ?aaeei
ee/iie aeeeoaoo?u a Aeaaiee aue a caieoa, e e?ao noaeeineay eiioeaioeey
oi?aaeaiey no?aiie iioa?iaea eeoue iaaeaaii. ia i?ioei e aeaoo eao iinea
yoiai aeceoa, eae Aeaaiey ii?aaea ana ioiioaiey n NNN?, e aa aeeeoaoi?
Y. Oiaeaee noae iaeiei ec iaeaieaa y?inoiuo i?ioeaieeia O?ouaaa.
Ia/eiay n 1959 aiaea O?ouaa no?aieony oeo/oeoue ioiioaiey n NOA. A
ia/aea 1959 aiaea a NOA aueaoae A. Ieeiyi, eioi?ue ianoaeaeae n
Ae. Yecaioaoy?ii e Ae. Aeaeeanii i?iaeaiu iieeoeee, oi?aiaee e aii?in i
aiciiaeiie iiacaeee O?ouaaa a NOA.
15 naioya?y O?ouaa i?eaue a Niaaeeiaiiua Ooaou. Ia ay?iae?iia O?ouaaa
ano?a/aee i?aceaeaio Ae. Yecaioaoy? e ainnae?aoa?ue E. Aa?oa?.
16 naioya?y ninoiyeanue ano?a/a O?ouaaa e Yecaioaoy?a. Ianoaeaeaeenue,
aeaaiui ia?acii, aii?inu ?aci?oaeaiey, aa?iaineee aii?in e aii?in i
Aa?eeia, a oaeaea i?iaeaiu niaaonei-aia?eeaineie oi?aiaee. O?ouaa
ano?a/aeny n aoaeouei i?aceaeaioia NOA Eaiiaaee, aunooiee ia Annaiaeaa
III.
A ia/aea 1960 aiaea ninoiyeny i/a?aaeiie ieaioi OeE EINN, eioi?ue
i?iecaae aaaeiua eciaiaiey a ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?oeae. Iieiii?aaiuie /eaiaie
I?aceaeeoia OeE EINN noaee Einuaei, Iiaeai?iue, Iieyineee. Ec ninoaaa
I?aceaeeoia e Nae?aoa?eaoa aue auaaaeai Ee?e/aiei. Ec I?aceaeeoia OeE
EINN aue auaaaeai e I. Aaeyaa, aicaeaaeyaoee a 1957-1960 aiaeao
ia?oeeioth i?aaiecaoeeth Eacaonoaia. Ia?aui nae?aoa?ai OeE EI Eacaonoaia
aue anei?a eca?ai Ae. Eoiaaa. I?aaenaaeaoaeai I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai
Niaaoa NNN? noae E. A?aaeiaa.
E?ECEN ?AAEEIA I. N. O?OUAAA
Eaoii 1961 aiaea aacaou iioaeeeiaaee i?iaeo iiaie I?ia?aiiu EINN.
Ecaanoii, /oi ia i?ioyaeaiee 20-o- 50-o aiaeia o ia?oee ia eiaeinue
no?iaie i?ia?aiiu, aa caiaiyee ?aoaiey ieaioiia e nuacaeia.
A iith caaea/o ia aoiaeeo aiaeec iniiaiuo iieiaeaiee I?ia?aiiu. Iaeuecy
ia ioiaoeoue, iaeiaei, i?iaeaeoa?neee oa?aeoa? iiiaeo aa iieiaeaiee, a
eioi?uo /oanoaiaaeny ii/a?e Ieeeou Na?aaaae/a. Iaiiiith, e i?eia?o,
aeaiaaiae/aneee eicoia: “Iuiaoiaa iieieaiea niaaoneeo ethaeae aoaeao
aeeoue i?e eiiioiecia”.
Ioaeeeaoeey iiaiai i?iaeoa I?ia?aiiu EINN ia aucaaea, iaeiaei, iniaiai
aiiaeooaaeaiey a no?aia. Aieueoeinoai ethaeae aeoiaee a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue i ?aaeueiuo o?oaeiinoyo ianoiyuaai a?aiaie, a ia i a?iiaaeiuo
oeeo?ao e oniaoao ioaeaeaiiiai aoaeouaai.
Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo NNN? e NOA i?iaeieaeaee oooaeoaoueny, aeaaiui ia?acii,
ec-ca neooaoeee a ea?eaneii aannaeia e a Aa?iaiee.
1 yiaa?y 1961 aiaea i?eiye i?enyao iiaue i?aceaeaio NOA Aeaeii Eaiiaaee.
Eaiiaaee ia ioiaiee aioiayuothny i?ioea Eoau aiaiioth eioa?aaioeeth.
Aoi?aeaiea ia Eoao ia/aeinue a aeaiue ?iaeaeaiey O?ouaaa 17 ai?aey 1961
aiaea. Ii oaea e 20 ai?aey neeu aoi?aeaiey iioa?iaee iieiia ii?aaeaiea,
e io?yaeu Eano?i (aeaau eoaeineiai ?aaiethoeeiiiiai eiiaiaeiaaiey) acyee
iiae naie eiio?ieue iineaaeiea iii?iua ioieou i?ioeaieea. ?an/ao Oe?O ia
ianoaaeeueiinoue iiaiai eoaeineiai ?aaeeia ieacaeny ianinoiyoaeueiui.
I?aaeaa?eoaeueii O?ouaa iai?aaee ee/iia iineaiea Aeaeiio Eaiiaaee. Aeaa
e?oiiuo iieeoeea iaoee iauee ycue, e o?aoueae ie?iaie aieiu ia
ninoiyeinue.
Iinea ?acaycee ea?eaneiai e?ecena O?ouaa e Eaiiaaee aeiaiai?eeenue i
ano?a/a ae?oa n ae?oaii a Aaia 3-4 ethey 1961 aiaea.
2 ethiy O?ouaa i?eaue a Aaio, a 3 ethiy i?iecioea ia?aay ano?a/a O?ouaaa
n i?aceaeaioii NOA Eaiiaaee. A oa/aiea yoiai aeiy e ia neaaeothuee
aeaiue O?ouaa e Eaiiaaee ano?a/aeenue ianeieueei ?ac. Eiioaeou ia iineee
oa?aeoa?a oi?iaeueiuo ia?aaiai?ia, e ii ieii/aiee ia auei iioaeeeiaaii
ieeaeeo niaeaoaiee eee eiiithieea. Iaeiaei e O?ouaa, e Eaiiaaee aiai?eee
iicaea, /oi aaineea naeaeaiey i?ioaeaee a aoiinoa?a
aeia?iaeaeaoaeueiinoe, i?e eioi?ie iaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?oeiaiaeeoaey
ioe?iaaiii, ii aaaeeeai eceiaeeee naie oi/ee c?aiey.
Aa?iaineee aii?in yaeyeny iaeiie ec aeaaiuo oai ia aaineie ano?a/a.
Iiaue e?ecen ia aue neo/aeiui. Ecaanoii, /oi ie?iiai aeiaiai?a n
Aa?iaieae ia nouanoaiaaei, e iiaua caiaaeiua a?aieoeu NNN?, Iieueoe e
*aoineiaaeee ia eiaee iiyoiio aeinoaoi/ii i?i/iie ia?eiaee/aneie iniiau.
Iniaia iieiaeaiea neiaeeeinue a Aa?eeia, aunoay aeanoue eioi?iai
i?eiaaeeaaeaea iinea aieiu aiaiiui eiiaiaeaioai NNN?, NOA, Aiaeee e
O?aioeee. I?eoycaiey ia yoio ai?iae eiaee eae AAe?, oae e O?A.
I. N. O?ouaa i?aaeeiaeee ?ac?oaeoue yoio ai?aeeaa ocae, iiaeienaa ie?iue
aeiaiai? n aeaoiy Aa?iaieyie ia iniiaa oaeoe/anee neiaeeaoeony a?aieoe.
Caiaaeiue Aa?eei O?ouaa i?aaeeaaae iauyaeoue naiioi?aaeythueiny
“aieueiui” ai?iaeii, nouanoaiaaiea e aiaoiea nayce eioi?iai aoaeoo
aa?aioe?iaaiu aaeeeeie aea?aeaaaie.
Caiaaeiua aea?aeaau aanueia iai?eyciaiii ano?aoeee cayaeaiea O?ouaaa. 3
aaaonoa 1961 aiaea niaaoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai iai?aaeei caiaaeiui
aea?aeaaai aeeceia e oeueoeiaoeaiiio o?aaiaaiea “aacioeaaaoaeueiiai
caeeth/aiey aa?iaineiai ie?iiai aeiaiai?a e o?aaoee?iaaiea ia aai iniiaa
iieiaeaiey a Caiaaeiii Aa?eeia”.
7 aaaonoa O?ouaa cayaee, /oi aaeaeo iianiinoe neiaeeaoaainy iieiaeaiey
Niaaoneiio Nithco, aiciiaeii, i?eaeaony oaaee/eoue /eneaiiue ninoaa
aii?oaeaiiuo nee. Aunooieaiea O?ouaaa iaino?eei iauaa iieiaeaiea a
Aa?iia, a Iineaa nia?aeinue niaauaiea no?ai IAAe.
12 aaaonoa Niaao ieieno?ia AAe? “ca iaeio ii/ue” aicaae “aa?eeineoth
noaio” e aaae no?iaee eiio?ieue ia?aaeaeaeaiey iaaeaeo AAe?-O?A.
I?eiyoua a AAe? ia?u aucaaee ao?iua i?ioanou ia Caiaaea. A Aa?eeia n
iaeiie noi?iiu aicaeaeaiooie noaiu noiyee aia?eeaineea, a n ae?oaie –
niaaoneea oaiee.
A eiioea eiioeia oaeaeinue niya/eoue iieeoe/aneee e?ecen. Caiaaeiui
no?aiai i?eoeinue nie?eoueny n nouanoaiaaieai ia oieueei no?iaiai
iia?aie/iiai eiio?iey ia a?aieoeao AAe?, ii e aa?eeineie noaiu, o.e. yoe
ia?u i?iaiaeeeenue a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee AAe? e ia ia?ooaee naycae
Caiaaeiiai Aa?eeia n Caiaaeii.
N 5 ii 9 ia?oa 1962 aiaea a Iineaa i?ioiaeee aua iaeei ieaioi OeE EINN,
iinayuaiiue aii?inai naeueneiai oicyenoaa. ?acoeueoaoii yaeeinue
iiauoaiea ?icie/iuo oeai ia iiiaea naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iaeoeou.
Ia oniaea aua caeii/eoueny ?aoi?ia aaeieieno?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey a naeueneeo ?aeiiao, eae O?ouaa nicaae a Iineaa ieaioi OeE
aeey ooaa?aeaeaiey ei?aiiie ?aoi?iu ia?oeeiiai oi?aaeaiey. Ii ?aoaieth
OeE EINN iaeanoiua eiieoaou ia?oee ?acaeaeyeenue oaia?ue ia iaeiiu ii
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ia iaeiiu ii naeueneiio oicyenoao. *eiiaieeia noaei
aieueoa, a ?aoaoue i?iaeaiu noaei o?oaeiaa
Ia iiya?ueneii ieaioia OeE EINN a 1962 aiaeo auei ?aoaii i?iaanoe
oe?aieaiea niaia?oicia. A oeaeii no?oeoo?a ia?oeeiiai e
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey a no?aia noaea ianeieueei neiaeiie, /oi a
iae iaaiciiaeii auei ?acia?aoueny.
A ethea 1962 aiaea a Iineao i?eauea aiaiiay aeaeaaaoeey Eoau ai aeaaa n
?aoeai Eano?i, i?ineaoei aiaiioth iiiiuue ni noi?iiu NNN?.
Niiauaiea i niaaoneie aiaiiie iiiiue iaaniieieei Aaoeiaoii, oai aieaa
/oi NNN? ia?aa?anuaae ia Eoao iiaaeoaa i?oaeea a oii /enea e aoiiiia, ii
aeaaea a ee/iii iineaiee O?ouaaa Ae. Eaiiaaee yoi ii?iaa?aaeinue. O?ouaa
e Eano?i ?ann/eouaaee, /oi ana iiaeaioiaeoaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey caeii/aony
?aiueoa, /ai NOA iaia?oaeao, eaeei eiaiii iai?iieoaeueiui i?oaeeai
?aniieaaaao oaia?ue Aaaaia.
Eeoue 17 ieoya?y NOA iiaee ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi Aaaaia eiaao yaea?iia
i?oaeea. A Ea?eaneii ?aeiia auea ?acaa?iooa a?iaaea ec 180 aiaiiuo
ei?aaeae. Aia?eeaineea aienea i?eaiaeeeenue a ninoiyiea iiauoaiiie
aioiaiinoe.
24 ieoya?y niaaoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai cayaeei ?aoeoaeueiue i?ioano i?ioea
aeieaaeu Eoau e ae?oaeo aiaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee NOA. Aii?oaeaiiua neeu NNN?
oiaea auee i?eaaaeaiu a ninoiyiea aiaaie aioiaiinoe.
Iai?yaeaiea aic?anoaei. 26 ieoya?y Eaiiaaee ioaeae i?eeac i iiaeaioiaea
e aoi?aeaieth ia ino?ia. Oaia?ue O?ouaa ia io?eoeae, /oi ia Eoaa
eiathony niaaoneea ?aeaou. Aeaei i?eieiaei iaoooi/iue iai?io. O?ouaa
i?aaeeaaae Eaiiaaee niyoue aeieaaeo e aeaoue iaycaoaeuenoai ia
aoi?aaoueny ia Eoao. A yoii neo/aa NNN? caaa?ao eee oie/oiaeeo
aeinoaaeaiiia ia Eoao ?aeaoiia i?oaeea. Oaia?ue iaiai iineaieyie iaaeaeo
Eaiiaaee e O?ouaaui i?ienoiaeee iiieii ?. Eano?i, eioi?ue iieo/ae
eioi?iaoeeth io Ieeiyia, iineaiiiai ia Eoao aeey eii?aeeiaoeee
niaaoneiai e eoaeineiai i?aaeoaeuenoa.
A iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae ie? aua ieeiaaea- ie aei, ie iinea eoaeineiai
e?ecena – ia iiaeoiaeee e i?iianoe iiaie ie?iaie aieiu. Caeanue aua ?ac
i?iyaeeenue oaeea ea/anoaa, eae i?aae?aniieiaeaiiinoue e aeeaeiao,
ionoonoaea ee/iuo aiaeoeee.
Ia?eiae n 1961 ii 1963 aiae, ianiio?y ia e?aoeinoue, eacaeny aaaeiui, a
a iaeioi?uo ioiioaieyo ia?aeiiiui a enoi?ee anae no?aiu.
Oioy iiioey?iinoue O?ouaaa o ianaeaiey no?aiu oiaiueoeeanue, eiaiii a
yoe aiaea noaei iai?a?uaii ?anoe eaeaieiae/aneia e aaeoaoeeiiiia
i?iiaaaiaeenoneay eaiiaiey ii iaoia?aiiiio ?anoaaeaieth O?ouaaa.
“I?eoiaeee” aeanoiue eoeueo O?ouaaa ia niaio eoeueoa Noaeeia.
A oceeo e?oaao OeE EINN e I?aceaeeoia OeE a ia/aea 1964 aiaea, anoue
iaiaei naeaeaoaeuenoa oiai, /oi caaiaeeeenue ?acaiai?u i aeaeaoaeueiinoe
niauaiey O?ouaaa. Ii O?ouaa, ciay ii neooai i oaeeo iano?iaieyo a
aa?oao, ia ia?auae aeieaeiiai aieiaiey ia yoe neooe. O?ouaa ioaue io
aic?aaeaiee. Ii i?eaue aaciaiai?i/ii iieaaaoueny ia iiaeaea?aeeo /eaiia
I?aceaeeoia OeE EINN, eioi?ua iaania/eaaee aio iiaaaeo ia ethiueneii
ieaioia a 1957 aiaeo. Iaeiaei O?ouaa ia noiae iiiyoue eee
ii/oanoaiaaoue, /oi a aa?oao ia?oee neeaaeuaaeanue nianai eiay
ianoaiiaea, iaaeaee i?aaeaea.
A oaa?aea 1964 aiaea O?ouaa nia?ae i/a?aaeiie ieaioi OeE, ia eioi?ii
ieieno? naeueneiai oicyenoaa NNN? naeaeae aeieeaae ia eioaineoeeaoeee
naeueneiai oicyenoaa ia iniiaa oe?ieiai i?eiaiaiey oaeia?aiee e
i?ioaiey. Ia ieaioia oaeaea auei ?aoaii aaanoe aeey eieoicieeia i?aai ia
iaaieueooth iaineth ii noa?inoe.
N 21 ii 23 ethey O?ouaa niaa?oee e?aoeee aeceo a Iieueoo aeey o/anoey a
i?acaeiiaaiee 20-eaoey Iieueneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeee. A iiacaea aai
nii?iaiaeaeae ia?aue nae?aoa?ue OeE EII A. Aeoa/ae.
Iinea aica?auaiey oo?ii 13 ieoya?y O?ouaa ia naiae aea/a i?eieiae
ieieno?a O?aioeee A. Iieaaneiai. O?ouaa oaea niae?aeny i?eaeaneoue
Iieaaneiai e iaaaeo, ii ooo ?acaeaeny oaeaoiiiue caiiie. Caiiee A?aaeiaa
e ia?aaeaaae, /oi a Iineaa nia?aeenue /eaiu OeE e oioyo i?iaanoe ieaioi
n ianoaeaeaieai i?aaeeiaeaiey O?ouaaa ii naeueneiio oicyenoao. O?ouaa
au?acee e?aeiaa iaaeiaieuenoai, nineaaoenue ia ianiaoiinoue aii?ina, ii
A?aaeiaa ianoaeaae, e oaeaoiio iiaeoiaeee oaeaea e ?. Iaeeiianeee.
Nii?ioeaeaiea O?ouaaa auei neiieaii oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea A?aaeiaa
neacae, /oi ethaee nia?aeenue e aoaeoo ianoaeaeaoue iaia/aiiua aii?inu
aac o/anoey O?ouaaa, anee ii ia i?eaaeao.
Ia ay?iae?iia a Iineaa O?ouaaa ano?a/ae oieueei i?aaenoaaeoaeue EAA.
Aeey O?ouaaa e Ieeiyia noaei i/aaeaeii, /oi ia ieaioia OeE ?a/ue aoaeao
eaeoe ioithaeue ia i no?oeoo?a oi?aaeaiey naeueneei oicyenoaii.
Ia canaaeaiee I?aceaeeoia OeE EINN nia?aeinue 22 /aeiaaea,
i?enoonoaiaaee ieieno?u NNN?, ianeieueei nae?aoa?ae iaeiiia.
Ianoaeaeaiea auei ao?iui, ?aceei, ioe?iaaiiui. O?ouaa ?aoeoaeueii
ioaa?aae ii/oe ana iaaeiaiey a naie aae?an e nai auaeaeaae ianeieueei
iaaeiaiee a aae?an i?enoonoaothueo /eaiia I?aceaeeoia. A caueoo O?ouaaa
aunooiae iaeei Ieeiyi, eioi?ue cayaee, /oi aeayoaeueiinoue O?ouaaa-
aieueoie iieeoe/aneee eaieoae ia?oee, eioi?ue iia ia a i?aaa oae eaaei
?ano?a/eaaoue. Ii Ieeiyia ia iiaeaea?aeae ieeoi ec i?enoonoaothueo. Auei
i/aaeaeii, /oi ieaioi OeE EINN ia yoio ?ac ieaaeaony ia ia noi?iia
ia?aiai nae?aoa?y. Iaeiaei oaaaeeoue O?ouaaa “aeia?iaieueii” oeoe a
ionoaaeo ia oaeaeinue, e canaaeaiea, ia/aaoaany 13 ieoya?y, i?eoeinue
i?a?aaoue iicaeii ii/ueth aeey ioaeuoa. Ana ?acioeenue ii aeiiai,
oneiaeaoenue nia?aoueny oo?ii 14 ieoya?y. Iaeiaei ii/ueth O?ouaa ?aoee:
“Anee iie ia oioyo iaiy, oi ionoue oae e aoaeao”.
Ia neaaeothuee aeaiue canaaeaiea I?aceaeeoia OeE i?iaeieaeaeinue ia
aieaa iieooi?a /ania. Ia?aui nae?aoa?ai OeE EINN aue eca?ai E. A?aaeiaa,
a i?aaenaaeaoaeai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? A. Einuaei.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 14 ieoya?y a E?aiea ioe?ueny i/a?aaeiie ieaioi OeE
EINN, /eaiu eioi?iai oaea ca?aiaa i?eauee a Iineao ni anao eiioeia
no?aiu. Canaaeaiea ioe?ue E. A?aaeiaa., i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaiaae A.
Ieeiyi. I?enoonoaiaae ia canaaeaiee e O?ouaa, eioi?ue ia i?i?iiee ie
neiaa. I. Noneia ca/eoae ia ieaioia aeieeaae, ii i?iaeieaeaeny anaai
/an. A iai ia auei aiaeeca aeayoaeueiinoe O?ouaaa ca 11 eao, ia
iiaeaiaeeeenue eoiae e ia aeaeaeenue auaiaeu. A iniiaiii caia/aiey auee
ni?aaaaeeeau. Iaeiaei ioaeii auei neacaoue, /oi O?ouaa nin?aaeioi/ee a
naieo ?oeao anth iieiioo aeanoe ia 2-3 aiaea, a 5-6 eao iacaae e /oi
/eaiu I?aceaeeoia neeoeii ?aaeei ia?auaeenue e iaio n e?eoe/aneeie
caia/aieyie, a aieueoay /anoue “iai?iaeoiai-iuo e iiniaoiuo ?aoaiee”
i?iaiaeeeenue /a?ac I?aceaeeoi e ieaioiu OeE EINN. Aeieeaae/ee i/aiue
e?eoe/anee auneacuaae i ?acaeaeaiee ia?oeeiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ii
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio i?eioeeio.
Noneia cayaee, /oi O?ouaa oae caiooae oi?aaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiinoueth,
nicaeaa Aineiieoaou, Niaia?oicu, Ana?inneeneee Niaao Ia?iaeiiai
Oicyenoaa, /oi i/aiue o?oaeii ana yoi ?aniooaoue. O?ouaaa oi?aeaee a
iai?aaeeueiie iieeoeea oeaiiia?aciaaiey. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao Noneiaa,
O?ouaa aue iainoi?iaeiui ai aiaoiae iieeoeea, iai?eia?, a aanaaea n
yiiineeie ia?eaiaioa?eyie, ?anniao?eaay iaoeeiiaeueii-oa??eoi?eaeueiua
aii?inu. Oaeaea Noneia i?eaiaeee aeiaiaeu ii iiaiaeo iaoyioouo ioiioaiee
NNN? n EI? e Aeaaieae.
Aeieeaae/ee iiaeaa?a e?eoeea e iiiaea naeueneioicyenoaaiiua aniaeou
iieeoeee O?ouaaa. O?ouaa niye n iinoa ieieno?a naeueneiai oicyenoaa
Euneia, ia aeaa ieeaeeo ?acuyniaiee ia yoio n/ao /eaiai I?aceaeeoia OeE.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu O?ouaa ie/ai ia ii?aaaeaiiia ianooieaiea i?ioea
i?eonaaeaaiiai oicyenoaa eieoicieeia. O?ouaa caueuae Eunaiei e aai
iaiao/iua iaoiaeu naeaeoeee.
Ai a?aiy aeieeaaea Noneiaa /eaiu OeE ia?aaeei aue?eeeaaee ?aieeee i?ioea
O?ouaaa e naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaee i iaeiieaiee ?acae?aaeaiey.
A ?acoeueoaoa I. N. O?ouaaa inaiaiaeeee io anao iinoia a nayce n
i?aeeiiiui aic?anoii e ninoiyieai caei?iauey. Auei i?eiyoi aua iaeii
?aoaiea- ia aeiioneaoue ai?aaeue niaiauaiey a iaeiii eeoea aeieaeiinoe
ia?aiai nae?aoa?y OeE EINN e i?aaenaaeaoaey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?.
A IONOAAEA
Ia neaaeothuee aeaiue iinea ieaioia OeE O?ouaa oaoae ec Iineau ia aea/o,
aaea nia?aeenue ii/oe ana aai ?iaenoaaiieee.
A ia?aua iaaeaee ionoaaee ii iaoiaeeeny a ninoiyiee oiea. O?ouaa ia
ne?uaae naiae ?anoa?yiiinoe. Eiiaaea ia aai aeacao iiaeii auei oaeaeaoue
neacu. Ii ii aue neeoeii neeueiie ee/iinoueth, /oiau aeieai i?aauaaoue a
aacaeaenoaee. Ii noae /eoaoue aacaou, aeo?iaeu, neaaeee ca i?aieyie a
i?anna, eciaiaieyie, iineaaeiaaaoeie ca aai ionoaaeie.
A ia/aea 1965 aiaea O?ouaaa i?aaeeiaeeee inaiaiaeeoue ainoaea?noaaiioth
aea/o. Iaaeaeaei io iinaeea Iao?iai-Aeaeueiaa O?ouaaa ioaaee aieaa
ne?iiiue aeii, eioi?ue iino?iee eiaaea-oi aeey naiae naiuee E. Aeoeia,
aeieaia a?aiy caieiaaoee iino aaia?aeueiiai i?ieo?i?a NNN? e
?anno?aeyiiiai ai a?aiy noaeeineeo /enoie a i?ieo?aoo?a.
Ieeeoa Na?aaaae/ auno?i ia?anoae aeoiaoue i aica?auaiee e ?oeiaiaenoao e
ni a?aiaiai ana iaiueoa niaeaeae ia oo?a/aiiie aeanoe. Ii ii niaeaeae e
i iaeioi?uo naieo aeaenoaeyo eee, nei?aa, i aacaeaenoaee ai iiiaeo
neooaoeeyo. Iicaeiaa ii i?eaue e naiaio iieiaeaieth iaineiia?a e
noaiiaeeny ana aieaa iaueoaeueiui, noae /aua acaeeoue a Iineao. O?ouaa
noae iinauaoue eiioea?ou e oaao?aeueiua niaeoaeee.
Ia aeinoaa O?ouaa iiiai /eoae, eiiaaea niio?ae oaeaaeci?. iaiaeeaeaiii
aeey ?iaeiuo ii noae neooaoue eiino?aiiua ia?aaea/e ia ?onneii ycuea.
*anoi ii aa/a?ai eiaee “Aiein Aia?eee”, “Ae-Ae-Ne”, “Iaiaoeeoth aieio”,
aeooaiea eioi?uo i?ae?aoeee ii aai aea eieoeeaoeaa. Ene?aiiea
iaaiaeiaaiea aucuaaee o iaai iiiuoee ?aaaeeeoe?iaaoue Noaeeia, eioi?ua
oae ianoie/eai i?aaei?eieiaeenue ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 60-o aiaeia. Ia
aeaaeaieea Naoa?iaa O?ouaa aiai?ee n neiiaoeae, aniiieiay naie ano?a/e n
iei e niaeaeae i ?aceii eiioeeeoa 1964 aiaea, naycaiiii n aii?inii i
Eunaiei. ?aciaea/aieth e iaaeaieth Eunaiei O?ouaa ioianny niieieii. Ii
Ianoa?iaea ii ia i?eiye e ia iiiye aei eiioea naieo aeiae, oioy e aeaeae
ia iaeanoi/aiiie eaiiaiee i?ioea iiyoa.
Iaiaeia?eoaeueii iocuaaeny O?ouaa i aaiaea niaaoneeo aiene a
*aoineiaaeeth. N aieueoei aaniieienoaii neaaeee O?ouaa ca ia?eiaoeyie
“eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee” a Eeoaa e aiaiiuie noieeiiaaieyie ia
niaaonei-eeoaeneie a?aieoea. Ii ia aeiaa?ye eeoaeneei eeaea?ai e n
iai?eyciueth aiai?ee i ieo. Ii ii iaeia?ye ia?aua oaae e ?ac?yaeea n
Caiaaeii, ia/aoua a 1969-1970 aiaeu.
A ia?aua iaineiiiua aiaeu O?ouaaa a Iao?iai-Aeaeueiai iaaauaee oieueei
aeeceea ?iaenoaaiieee. Ii iinoaiaiii e?oa ethaeae, n eioi?uie ii
ano?a/aeny, noae ?anoe?youeny. Aeaaaeaeu iaaanoee Ieeeoo Na?aaaae/a iiyo
Aaoooaiei, ianeieueei /ania i?iaae a Iao?iai-Aeaeueiai ae?aiaoo?a
Oao?ia.
A 1967 aiaeo o Ieeeou Na?aaaae/a i?iecioae ia?aue iinea ionoaaee
eiioeeeo n aeanoyie. Ai O?aioeee aue iieacai iaaieueoie oaeaaeceiiiue
oeeuei i oii, eae ii i?iaiaeeo naia a?aiy ia iainee. Yoi aucaaei
iaaeiaieuenoai a e?oaao OeE. O?ouaaa i?eaeanee e naaa /eai Iieeoath?i e
nae?aoa?ue OeE EINN Ee?eeaiei, eioi?ue a a?oaie oi?ia auneacae
iaaeiaieuenoai yoei. “Io /oi ae, – ioaaoee O?ouaa, – au iiaeaoa
ioia?aoue o iaiy aea/o e iaineth. ss iiao iieoe ii no?aia n i?ioyiooie
?oeie. E aaaeue iia-oi iiaeaaeoo. A aio oaaa ia iiaeaaeoo, anee
iieaeaoue eiaaea-eeai oiaea n i?ioyiooie ?oeie.”
Oanoeaeanyoua aiaeu auee aeanyoeeaoeai iaioa?ia. Yoi eeoiee ?ac
oe?aieyei I. N. O?ouaaa a iunee i iaienaiee nianoaaiiuo iaioa?ia. O?ouaa
ia ethaee ienaoue ee/ii, ii i?eaue aeeeoiaaoue, ii OeE ioeeiieei aai
i?inueao i i?aaeinoaaeaiee aio noaiia?aoenoee, iaeiaei ii aue ia ec oao
ethaeae, eioi?ua ionooiatho a iiaeiaiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao. Ieeeoa
Na?aaaae/ ia/ae aeeeoiaaoue ia iaaieoioth ieaieo.
E aae?oa “nainaoeey” – a NOA auoae a naao ia?aue oii iaioa?ia O?ouaaa.
Eaeei ia?acii ieaiea iiiaea ca a?aieoeo, anee ia?aiia/aeueiay caienue
o?aieeanue a naiuea O?ouaaa? Ioaeeeaoeey ia?aiai oiia iaioa?ia O?ouaaa
yaeeanue nainaoeeae aeey naiiai aaoi?a. Ieeeoa Na?aaaae/ ?aoeoaeueii
io?eoeae, /oi ii ia?aaeaaae eaeiio-eeai ecaeaoaeuenoao naie iaioa?u e
inoaeaeae eo ioaeeeaoeeth.
Iinea aeaiiuo niauoee o O?ouaaa noaei ineaaaaaoue caei?iauea, ii
iiiaaeae ianeieueei ?ac a aieueieoeo e aeiai 11 naioya?y 1971 aiaea a
aic?anoa naieaeanyoe ainueie eao neii/aeny.
Niaaoneea ethaee ociaee i nia?oe O?ouaaa eeoue oo?ii 13 naioya?y – a
aeaiue iioi?ii. Ieeaeiai iae?ieiaa iaienaii ia auei, ia niiauaeinue
oaeaea i ianoa e a?aiaie iioi?ii, eiia/ii, io ?iaeiuo e aeeceeo O?ouaaa
a Iineaa ociaee i aai nia?oe aua aei iieo/aiey aacao. Noaei ecaanoii,
/oi iioi?iiu aoaeoo i?ienoiaeeoue ia Iiaiaeaae/ueai eeaaeaeua a 12
/ania. Oaea n ?aiiaai oo?a noaee i?eoiaeeoue ethaee.
Iaeiaei aua ?aiueoa ia anao iiaenooiao e eeaaeaeuo iiyaeeenue oneeaiiua
ia?yaeu ieeeoeee e “ethaeae a ooaoneii”, iiianou?ue e eeaaeaeua auee
ioeaieaiu aioo?aiieie aieneaie IAAe. Ia?o?oo o?ao?iiai ei?oaaea aue
ii?aaeaeai oae, /oiau ia i?eaeaeaoue aieiaiey.
Ii/aio Iiaiaeaae/uea eeaaeaeua, a ia E?aieaaneay noaia? Eaeay e?iiey
noaeueau! Ieeeoa Na?aaaae/ aoaeao iieieoueny n?aaee a?oenoia, iiyoia,
aeaaeaieeia, n?aaee eioaeeeaaioeee – eioaeeeaaioia, e eioi?ui ii /anoi
auaae iani?aaaaeeea, ii eeoue iaeie iie iiieiatho aai naaiaeiy aeia?ui
neiaii.
A aeaiue naiaai 70-eaoey iinea a?o/aiey aio ciaeia ioee/ey Aa?iy
Niaaoneiai Nithca, I. N. O?ouaa aunooiee n e?aoeie ?a/ueth, a eioi?ie
neacae: “Nia?oue iaeioi?uo iieeoe/aneeo aeayoaeae eiiaaea ianooiaao
?aiueoa eo oece/aneie nia?oe”. Ii ia iiaeic?aaae, /oi nei?i yoi
i?iecieaeao n iei naiei.
Naaiaeiy iu ciaai, /oi “o?ouaaneia aeanyoeeaoea auei naiaia?aciui
i?ieiaii ai?aa/aaneie ia?ano?ieee: ainnoaiiaeaiea i?aaaeu e enoi?e/aneie
ni?aaaaeeeainoe; ii?aaeaeaiiua oniaoe a yeiiiie/aneie noa?a;
iiiaiiaauathuea, aaaeiaeoea ia?ii?eyoey ai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe Niaaoneiai Nithca – ana yoi nae/an caeiiii iiaeii
naycuaaoue n eiaiai I. N. O?ouaaa. Eiia/ii auee a ?aaioa Ieeeou
Na?aaaae/a e ioeaee e i?iiaoe. *oi ae, ia aac yoiai. Ii eae ecaanoii, ia
ioeaaaony oio, eoi ie/aai ia aeaeaao”.
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U
Aaeaeoaae A. e ae?. Eeoeii e eeoeo n Aia?eeie. Ecae-ai: Iieeoe/aneay
eeoa?aoo?a, 1960.
Aaeaeoaae A. Oa aeanyoue eao. Ecae-ai: Niaaoneay ?inney, 1989.
Ao?eaoeeee O. O?ouaa. A ei.: Enoi?ey aac aaeuo iyoai (aeaeaeaeano i?annu
1987-88 aa.).
Ee?oia? A., I?ioaaoeeiaa N. A. Naao e oaie “aaeeeiai aeanyoeeaoey”
I. N. O?ouaa e aai a?aiy. “Eaiecaeao”, 1989.
Eeieiaa A. A. e ae?. No?aieoeu enoi?ee niaaoneiai iauanoaa.
“Iieeoecaeao”, 1989.
Eiiae?aoia N. Aua ?ac i ea?eaneii e?ecena a e?eoe/aneii naaoa aeaniinoe.
A ei.: No?aieoeu enoi?ee (aeaeaeaeano i?annu 1989).
Iaaeaaaeaa ?. I. N. O?ouaa – iieeoe/aneay aeia?aoey. A aeo?i.:”Ae?oaeaa
ia?iaeia” NN 7, 8, 9. 1989.
Ia?aiaee/aneay ia/aoue:
A?aoiaiou e oaeou 1988 NN 25, 27, 1989. NN 7, 11, 13, 14, 20.
Niaanaaeiee 1988, N 45.
Ee?oia? A., I?ioaaoeeiaa N. A. 1989.
Iaaeaaaeaa ?. 1989.
Ao?eaoeeee O. 1987-88; Iaaeaaaeaa ?. 1989.
Iaaeaaaeaa ?. 1989; Ao?eaoeeee O. 1987-88.
A?aoiaiou e oaeou. N 13, 14, 1989.
A?aoiaiou e oaeou. N 25. 1988; Iaaeaaaeaa ?. 1989.
Aaeaeoaae A. e ae?. 1960.
Eiiae?aoia N. 1989.
Aaeaeoaae A. 1989.
A?aoiaiou e oaeou. N 27. 1988; N 20. 1989.
Ee?oia? A., I?ioaaoeeiaa N. A. 1989.
Iaaeaaaeaa ?. 1989.
Niaanaaeiee. N 45. 1988.
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