?aoa?ao
ii oaia:
Ieeieae I
Acueioe A.N. 9”A”
Aeaaeeainoie 1998 aiae
Ieai oaiu:
14-a aeaeaa?y 1825 aiaea.
Aioo?aiiea aeaea a?aiaie eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay I.
Ioiioaiea iauanoaa e aeayoaeueiinoe eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay I
Aiaoiyy iieeoeea eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay I
Aii?in ? 1
I?eianaiea i?enyae iiaiio ainoaea?th auei iacia/aii ia iiiaaeaeueiee 14
aeaeaa?y, iaeaioia aea aa/a?ii i?aaeiieaaaeinue canaaeaiea
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa, a eioi?ii eiia?aoi? Ieeieae aeaeae ee/ii
ecuynieoue ianoiyoaeuenoaa naiaai aioea?aiey a i?enoonoaee ieaaeoaai
a?aoa Ieoaeea, “ee/iaai naeaeaoaey e aanoieea io oeana?aae/a
Eiinoaioeia”. Aeaei iaiiiai caoyaeaaee iioiio, /oi Ieoaee Iaaeiae/
iaoiaeeeny oiaaea ia iooe ec Aa?oaau a Iaoa?ao?a e iia aa?iooueny a
Iaoa?ao?a oieueei aa/a?ii 13 aeaeaa?y. Ii oae eae ii iiicaeae, oi
canaaeaiea Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa ninoiyeinue aac iaai, a iieii/ue n
13-ai ia 14-a aeaeaa?y, a oo?ii 14-ai, oaeaea aua aei i?eacaea Ieoaeea,
i?eianaia auea i?enyaa ia/aeueieeaie aaa?aeaeneeo aiene, e caoai yoe
ia/aeueieee ioi?aaeeenue a naie /anoe i?eaiaeeoue e i?enyaa nieaeao. A
oea?eaao a oi aea a?aiy /eoaeny ia?iaeo iaieoano i anooieaiee ia i?anoie
eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay.
Iiaue ainoaea?ue ia n iieiui niieienoaeai aeaeae eiioea i?enyae. Aua 12
aeaeaa?y ociae ii ii aeiianaieth, i?eneaiiiio ec Oaaai?iaa, i
nouanoaiaaiee caaiai?a, eee caaiai?ia, a 13-ai o iaai oaea iiaee auoue
naaaeaiey e i oii, /oi a naiii Iaoa?ao?aa aioiaeony aeaeaeaiea i?ioea
iaai. Iaoa?ao?aneee aiaiiue aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi? a?ao Ieei?aaeiae/ ia ana
aii?inu ii yoiio aeaeo ioaa/ae oniieieoaeueii: ii ii ia eiae i caaiai?a
i?aaeeueiiai iiiyoey e ia n/eoae ioaeiui i?eiyoue i?eioaeeoaeueiua ia?u,
ianiio?y ia oi /oi 13-ai iaia?oaeeeenue eia-eaeea i?eciaee aaeoaoeee a
iieeao. Ia?aue aanii?yaeie 14 aeaeaa?y i?iecioae a eiiiie a?oeeea?ee,
aaea ioeoea?u e nieaeaou aeaeaee aeaeaoue o i?enyae aaeeeiai eiycy
Ieoaeea Iaaeiae/a. A ai?iaea ciaee, /oi ii ia i?enyaae aei oiai aeiy
ieeiio, e oaeeaeyeinue aai ionoonoaeth a oaeoth aaaeioth ieiooo. A yoi
a?aiy Ieoaee oaea i?eaoae a Iaoa?ao?a; ia iaaeey ii yaeeny a
a?oeeea?eeneea eaca?iu e oniieiee niooeaoeony. Ii caoai i?eoea ai
aeai?aoe aanoue, /oi /anoe aaa?aeaeneeo Iineianeiai e A?aiaaea?neiai
iieeia ia i?enyaioee e, oaea/aiiua iaeioi?uie ioeoea?aie, iinea ianeeee
iaae ia/aeueieeaie, auoee ec eaca?i e na?oiie?iaaeenue a aeaa oieiu ia
Naiaoneie ieiuaaee aeec iaiyoieea Iao?o Aaeeeiio. E iei i?enoaee iao?inu
aaa?aeaeneiai yeeiaaea e oee/iay ioaeeea. N?aaee nia?aaoeony
?acaeaaaeinue “o?a Eiinoaioeio Iaaeiae/o!”. I?ioea aiciooeaoeony auee
iinoaaeai anao noi?ii aaa?aeaeneea aienea, e nai eiia?aoi? Ie) i?eaoae
ia Naiaoneoth ieiuaaeue. Iiiuoee oaauaiey ia i?eaaee ie e /aio:
oniieaeaaaoee iyoaaeieeia a?ao Ieei?aaeiae/ aue oaeo auno?aeii ec
ienoieaoa. Iaoene iyoaaeieeia eiiiie aaa?aeee ia oaeaeny: oieia onoiyea
oea neieueceaoeo ii aieieaaeeoea eioaaeae e no?aeuea ?oaeae ioaeea
aoaeo. Oiaaea i?eaaaee e iooeai; iane( ea?oa/iuo auno?aeia ec i?oaeee,
noiyaoeo o Aaeie?a noaa, ?annayee oieio, e iia iiaaaeaea ii Aaea?iie oe
aaeieue Iaau. Inoaaaeinue eneaoue aeiiaiuo.
A nouiinoe, i?ienoaaeoee oee/iue aanii?yae auee iaia?oaeaiu e caaea?aeaiu i/aiue nei?i
iinea 14 a?y. E eaoo 1826 a. caaiai? aue oaea eco/ai, e aeiia1 /enea aei
120 /aeiaae, auee i?aaeaiu iniaiio aa?oi” noaeo, a ninoaa eioi?iai auee
aaaaeaiu “ainoaea?noaa nineiaey”: Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao, Naiao e Neii,
i?eaiai?o noaea, niya/aiiiio ianeieueei eiia?aoi?a] eiiaai, iyoue
aeiiaiuo auee i?aaeaiu nia?oiie eaci oaeueiua auee nineaiu a eaoi?aeiua
?aaiou e ia iina a Neae?ue. Oae caeii/eeinue “aeaei aeaeaa?enoia”, iiae;
oaa i?ieiaii e oea?noaiaaieth eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay
Yoi aeaei auei naiie nouanoaaiiie /anoiinoueth ianoaiiaea, a eaeie
niaa?oeeinue aioea?aiea Ieeiea: anaai aieaa ii?aaeaeeei iano?iaiea iiaie
aeanoe e e aeaiea aa aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiaay aeanoue anooieea a aee:
nianai aeaaeei, iiae oa?iie ia?aai?ioa e “oeaiie e?ia eo
iiaeaeaiiuo”(“ae ?io uanoaa.
Caaiou ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia?aciaaiey au?aceeen ?iaeaeaiee aanueia iii”/o
o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee. O/?aae niaoeeaeueiua o/aaiua caaaaeaiey: aiaiiua
(eaaeaoa^ iona e aeaaeaiee aiaiiay e ii?neay), oaoie/aneea (‘ eiae/aneee
einoeooo e No?ieoaeueiia o/eeeua a Iao aa. Iaaeaaie einoeooo a Iineaa);
aiciaiiaeai auee iue iaaeaaiae/aneee einoeooo aeey i?eaioiaeaiey i?
aaoaeae. Ana yoe o/aaiua caaaaeaiey eiaee a aeaeo ^ oai?aiea
i?aeoe/aneeo ioaeae ainoaea?noaa. Aeey ia?ac1 iauaai naeaeaii oaeaea
iaiaei. O/?aaeaeaii auei ian aeaineeo einoeoooia. Iniiauaaeenue iaineiiu
n ae /aneei eo?nii aeey nuiiaae aeai?yi. Auei oeo/oaii aeaiea ioaeneeo
aeiiacee. Ii iunee ieieno?a ia? i?inaauaiey a?aoa N. N. Oaa?iaa,
n?aaeiaa ia?aca aeaaaaiia aeiiaceyie, aeieaeii auei ninoaaeyoue oaea.
aunoeo nineiaee e i?aaeiacia/aeinue aeey aeaoae aea /eiiaieeia. Iii auei
naeaeaii “eeanne/aneei”, “iniiaaoue iiaaeoaa ?onneia ia?aciaaiea oaa?aea
e ia ae?aaiae ia?aciaaiiinoe oie iaoeee, io eioi?ie iieo/eea e nayoia
o/aiea aa?u, e ia?aua ia/aoee i?inaauaiey” (o. a. Aecaioee). Aeey aeaoae
eoioeia e i?aaeiacia/aeenue oacaeiua o/eeeua, i?e/ai i?aaeo” i?eieiaei
iaeioi?ua ia?u e oiio, /oiau eeoea ec c neiaee ia iiiaaeaee a aeiiacee.
Iaeiaei no?aieaiu ieth ianoieueei oaea nic?aei a ianaeaiee, /oi yoe ^
i?eaiaeeee e oeaee. A aeiiacee aianoa n aeai?yiaie iaee a aieueoii /enea
oae iacuaaaiua “?acii/eioe eeoea, oaieaiiua ec iiaeaoiuo nineiaee, ii ia
i?ei; uea e aeai?yiai iioiinoaaiiui eee ee/iui. Iaie ii/eioeaa a
aeiiacee e oieaa?neoaou ninoaaeye e iia e aaaeiia yaeaiea oiai a?aiaie:
aeaaiaea?y ai) ?onneiai ia?aciaaiiiai iauanoaa, “eioaeeeaaioeee noae
auoue, eae i?aaeaea, eneeth/eoaeueii aeai?yineei
Iianaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaa ioiineoaeueii oiai, 41 iua caaaaeaiey noaioo
?ani?ino?aieoaeyie a?aaeiu oe/aneeo aeeyiee, au?aceeenue a ?yaea
noanieoaeuei Ca oieaa?neoaoaie aeieaeiu auee iaaethaeaoue iii^ o/aaiuo
ie?oaia. Onoaa oieaa?neoaoia, au?aai (1835) a?aoii Oaa?iaui, aeaaae
oieaa?neoaoai ia” i?aaa naiioi?aaeaiey e naiaiaeo i?aiiaeaaaiey. I
ia Caiaaea a 1848 a. i?iecioae ?yae ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aeaeaeaiee, ?onneea
oieaa?neoaou iiaeaa?aeenue /?acau/aeiui ia?aie/aieyi e eneeth/eoaeueiiio
iaaeci?o. I?aiiaeaaaiea oeeinioee auei oi?acaeiaii; iinueea ca a?aieoeo
iieiaeuo ethaeae aeey iiaeaioiaeaiey e i?ioanno?a i?ae?auaia; /enei
nooaeaioia ia?aie/aii aeey eaaeaeiai oieaa?neoaoa ii?aaeaeaiiui
eiiieaeoii (300 /aeiaae); nooaeaioia noaee iao/aoue aiaiiie ia?oe?iaea e
no?iaaui onoaaai. Yoa iineaaeiyy ia?a auea aaaaeaia e a noa?oeo eeannao
aeiiacee. Ieienoa?noai ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey, eioi?iio auea a oi a?aiy
iiae/eiaia oeaico?a, /?acau/aeii oneeeei no?iainoe, cai?auay anyeoth
iiiuoeo a aeo?iaeao, eieaao e eaeoeeyo eanaoueny iieeoe/aneeo oai.
Iineaaeiea aiaeu oea?noaiaaiey eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay 1 caneoaeeee iiyoiio
neaao iaiaueiiaaiii no?iaie yiioe, eiaaea auea iiaeaaeaia anyeay
iauanoaaiiay aeeciue e oaiaoaiu iaoea e eeoa?aoo?a. Iaeaeoaa iiaeic?aiea
a oii, /oi eaeia-eeai eeoei oo?aoeei “iaii?i/iinoue iiaiee” e noaei
iaaeaaiiaaeaaeiui, aeaeei ca niaie iiaeo e iaeacaiea aac noaea.
Ioiioaiea iauanoaa e aeayoaeueiinoe eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay 1. Ciaeiiynue n
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth eco/aaiie yiioe, iu i?eoiaeei e
caeeth/aieth, /oi ia?aia a?aiy oea?noaiaaiey Ieeieay 1 auei a?aiaiai
aiae?ie ?aaiou, iinooiaoaeueiue oa?aeoa? eioi?ie, ii n?aaiaieth n
eiioeii i?aaeoanoaothuaai oea?noaiaaiey, i/aaeaeai. Iaeiaei iicaeiaeoee
iaaethaeaoaeue n oaeeaeaieai oaaaeaeaaony, /oi yoa aiae?ay
aeayoaeueiinoue ia i?eaeaeaea e naaa ie o/anoey, ie ni/oanoaey eo/oeo
eioaeeeaaioiuo nee oiaaeaoiaai iauanoaa e ia nicaeaea eiia?aoi?o
Ieeieath 1 oie iiioey?iinoe, eioi?ie iieueciaaeny a naie eo/oea aiaeu
aai i?aaeoanoaaiiee Aeaenaiae?. Iaeio ec i?e/ei yoiai yaeaiey iiaeii
aeaeaoue a aii, /oi naii i?aaeoaeuenoai eiia?aoi?a Ieeieay 1 aeaeaei
1aenoaiaaoue iacaaeneii io iauanoaa e no?aieeinue ia?aie-
Oo?oeey i?ioanoiaaea. Aea?aeaau, o/anoai-aaoea a i?ioaeoi?aoa iaae
Oo?oeeae, nicaeaaaee a Aaia eiioa?aioeeth ii oo?aoeeei aeaeai (ec
oiieiiii/aiiuo O?aiee, Aiaeee, Aano?ee e I?onnee). ?inney iieacuaaea
eeiiiinoue iiae/eieoueny ?aoaieth yoie eiioa?aioeee. Ii iaaea noeoai
iaia?oaeee oii?noai, oi e eiia?aoi? Ieeieae oeacaeny io anyeeo onooiie.
Aeaei eii/eeinue oai, /oi Oo?-ey iauyaeea aieio (inaiueth 1853 a.), a
oeiou Aiaeee e O?aioeee iiyaeeenue a Ainoi?a, eae au oa?iaeay ?innee.
Aiaiiua aeaenoaey ia/aeenue ia Aeoiaa e a Caeaaeacuea. Ia a?iii ii?a (a
iiya?a 1853 a.) ?onneay yneaae?a iiae ia/aeue-aaii aaeie?aea Iaoeiiaa
eno?aaeea iinea aea?eiai aiy oo-aoeeee oeio, noiyaoee a aoooa ai?iaea
Neiiia (a Iaeie cee). Iinea yoie neaaiie aeoau aiaeeeneay e o?aioeoc-
iiaouanoaaiiie eiaeeoeee, ia eiay nithcieeia, ia “caoaeaeay e naaa
ni/oanoaey ie aa?iiaeneeo i?aaeoaeuenoa, 1 aa?iiaeneiai iauanoaa. ?inney
aeieaeia auea oaia?ue ia-
noe iineaaenoaey naiae iieeoeee “aiaoaoaeuenoaa”, ni a?aiai Aaineiai
eiia?anna canoaaeyea Aa?iio aoi?aeaiey ?onneeo aiene. A 1854 a. ?onneay
a?iey 1 ca Aeoiae e inaaeeea e?aiinoue Neeeno?eth, ii aaee aeaaiuo
aeaenoaee Aano?ey auea auioaeaeaia aa?i) eaaue aa?aa Aeoiay. Aano?ey
iio?aaiaaea io ?innee iey eiyaeanoa Iieaeaaee e Aaeaoee, eae aaoiiiiiu
o?aeueiuo caiaeue. ?onneei noaiiaeeinue iaaiciiae1 aieio ia Aeoiaa i?e
oii oneiaee, /oi aano?eeoeu ao ceoue ei a oue e naieo. Iiyoiio ?onneea
aienea 01 eiyaeanoaa, e aieia ia Aeoiaa i?ae?aoeeanue. ?inne: e?iia
Caeaaeacuey, ia?aoea e iai?iieoaeueiiio ia?. Ia iniaaiii
aieueoay ?onneay a?iey noiyea aaeece inoiiiey (iiae eiiaiaeie nia/aea
eiycy Iaioeeiaa, a ai eiycy Ai?/aeiaa). Iia iiiiaaea aa?ieciio e?aii-,
/ai iiaea; ii ana aa iiiuoee ia?aeoe a ianooieaiea e oiiaaoue
iai?eyoaeueneee eaaa?ue (n?aaeaiey i?e n. Ei-iaia e ia ?. *a?iie)
ieai/eaaeenue iaoaea/aie. Iaa noi-1u auee aanne.a–iu iaea?aeaoue
?aoeoaeueiue aa?o iaeia ae?oaie. Inaaea i?iaeieaeaeanue iiiaea ianyoeu
(anaai 350 e). Iiaeaee neaaiua i?aaeaiaeeoaee ?onneiai oeioa, aae-)aeu
Ei?ieeia, Iaoeiia e Enoiiei, oaeoua ia aanoe-o. Ai?iae aue iaiieiaeio
?ac?ooai aiiaa?aee?iaeaie. “aieaiey, ?acaeaaaiua iai?eyoaeai, aaeaa
aea?aeaeenue. aa?iecii ia iaaeae aeooii e aeaenoaiaae n iaiaueiiaai-“1
ioaeanoaii. Oiaaea a?aae, inoaaea iaaeaaeaeo iaeaaeaoue iui,
“/aoaa?oui”, aanoeiiii, ia?aianee naia aieia-ia ainoi/ioth /anoue
oe?aieaiee, ia Iaeaoia eo?aai. “aei Oioeaaai noiae e caeanue oe?aieoueny
e iaaeieai caaeaoue iai?eyoaey. Naaanoiiieueneay inaaea nin?aaeioi/e->a
naaa ana oneeey ai?iaoeony noi?ii e noaea i?aaeia-
oii iauaai oaeeaeaiey. Eiia?aoi? Ieeieae, a aicaea ioaeanoaa e
no?aaeaiee naaanoiiieueoeaa, i?eeacae n/eoa aiae eaaeaeue ianyoe neoaeau
a Naaanoiiiea. Oae enoae o eue 1854 aiae.
A ia/aea 1855 a. (18 oaa?aey) eiia?aoi? Ieeieae n /aeny, e 19 oaa?aey
ia/aeinue oea?noaiaaiea aai i?aaiue eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a II. A oiaea
E?uineie eaiiaiey /aai ia eciaieeinue. E?aiinoue aea?aeaeanue. Eaaeaeue
oaa ?aae nithcieee iieoiaee oeaiie aieueoeo oneeee e ii’ Oieueei a
aaaonoa 1855 a. ei oaeaeinue iiaeaanoe naie o?ai nianai aeecei e aiaaie
ia?aaea Iaeaoiaa eo?aaia, e 2′ aonoa iie ia/aee iauee ooo?i Naaanoiiiey.
Ia yoi1 o?aioeocai oaeaeinue ai?aaoueny ia Iaeaoia eo?aai e i aeaoue ei.
Ai anao aea ae?oaeo ianoao ooo?i aue ioaeo. I, ei iinea iioa?e Iaeaoiaa
eo?aaia iaeuecy auei aea?aea a ai?iaea, oae eae n aunieiai eo?aaia a?aa
aeaeae aanue ai eaaei iia aieoe a iaai e n ouea acyoue inoaeueiua aai
oe) eaiey. Iiyoiio auei ?aoaii inoaaeoue Naaanoiiieue (( noaaiii, aai
thaeioth noi?iio). ?onneea ia?aoee ec ai} ii iinoo /a?ac ?aeae (caeea)
ia naaa? e ana, /oi iiaee, oue oiaeeee a naiii Naaanoiiiea. Iai?eyoaeue
ia i?aneaaen e ia niaoa caiye ?acaaeeiu e?aiinoe. Oae ieii/eeanue ia ec
naiuo neaaiuo eaiiaiee a ?onneie enoi?ee.
Iinea iaaeaiey Naaanoiiiey inaiueth 1855 a. ?onn; aieneai oaeaeinue
aeinoeaiooue aeanoyuaai oniaoa ia ac” neii oaao?a aieiu. Aaia?aeii I. I.
Io?aaueaaui a acyoa aaaeiay oo?aoeeay e?aiinoue Ea?a. Ai anao inoaeu
ianoao aiaiiua aeaenoaey oee ayei e e ceia aacaea iano iieiia caoeouea.
Aeaenaiae? II inaiueth iinaoee E?ui e e ii aeaaiaea?ee
iiiaino?aaeaeueioth naaanoiiieueneoth a?^ ca aa iiaeaeae e o?oaeu.
Ee/iia ciaeiinoai n iieiaeai) aeae ia thaa oaaaeeei Aeaenaiae?a a oii,
/oi i?iaeieaeaoue a io i/aiue o?oaeii, a iiaaaea iiae Ea?nii aeaaaea aio
aici( iinoue ia/aoue ia?aaiai?u i ie?a aac oua?aa aeey /anoe
ainoaea?noaa. Ni naiae noi?iiu, eiia?aoi? Iaiieaii [ aeaeae ie?a e
aeaaea nai eneae neo/ae ia/aoue ia?aaiai?ue ia/aea 1856 a. (i?e
iin?aaenoaa Aano?ee e I?onnee) oaeae nia?aoue a Ia?eaea eiia?ann
aa?iiaeneeo aeeieiiaoia , caeeth/aiey ie?a. Ie?iue o?aeoao aue iiaeienai
a ia 1856 a. ia oneiaeyo, aeiaieueii oyaeeeo aeey ?innee. Ii 1 ?eaeneiio
o?aeoaoo ?inney iieo/aea ia?aoii iioa?yii ath Naaanoiiieue a iaiai ia
Ea?a, aica?auaaiue Oo?oeee iieueco Iieaeaaee ?inney ioeacaeanue io naieo
aeaaeaie) onoueyo Aeoiay (e oaeei ia?acii ia?anoaea auoue a iaiin?)
i?i/ei, nai ciaiaieoue I. I. Nia? naaeu i caeiiao”, iineoaeeaoea, ii-1
ninoaaeaieth aai “?oeiaiaenoaa e iic iaOiea eaaeiaoiua caiyoey Aeaena?
iiaeiyeenue ia?aciaaoaeueiuie iiacaee iaiyoii aieueoia iooaoanoaea ii ?i
ae?e a 1837 a. Aeaaaeoeaoe o?ao eao oeana^ Ia?eae Aeaenaiae?iaiie,
i?eioeanna neie, n eioi?ie ii iiciaeiieeny ai a ie/iiai iooaoanoaey. N
yoiai a?aia iay aeayoaeueiinoue Aeaenaiae?a Ieea Ieeieae nenoaiaoe/anee
ciaeiiee n) eyie ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey e oaa ?oeiaiaenoai aeaeaie
ia a?aiy nai oeu. A oa/aiea aeanyoe eao ianeaaeiee i oei iiiiuieeii
naiaai iooea e naaae aeoaeuenoaaiiie ?aaiou.
Ii anae aeaeeiinoe, Aeaenaiae? I) iiae neeueiaeoei aeeyieai iooea. Ioe”
oa?ii, ii onooiae aio aieae. No?iau? Ieeieay ii?aaiuae iyaeoth e
aeinooiu aai nuia, e Aeaenaiae?, ethay iooea e ai aai acaeyaeu e aioia
aue eaeoe aio aine Ieeieae i/aiue ethaee Aeaenaiae?a, A aio na?ueaciua
aeaea. A i?aeoe/aneie 1 auoeaaoaee oa caaaou ?iiaioe/aneie a aeeaaeuaae
a aeooo naiaai ainieoaii” neee. Ii a?iaeaeaiiia aeia?iaeooea e naith
i/a?aaeue, ia aeiionoeee Aeaenaiae? eaiaiioth e?aiinoue aeooa, eaeie
iaeaaea io ee/iinoue Aeaenaiae?a II ia ioee/aao /a?o e a ?aciua iiiaiou
aai aeecie e ,1 aiaeeo iaiaeeiaeiaia aia/aoeaiea.
Ia?aua aiaeu oea?noaiaaiey eiia?aoi ee iinayuaiu eeeaeaeaoeee Ainoi/ii;
ii?yaeeia ieeieaaaneiai a?aiaie. A i iieeoeee iiaue ainoaea?ue yaee naay
a /ae Nayuaiiiai Nithca”, ?oeiaiaeeao1 ?aoi?ia Aeaenaiae?a 1 e Ieeieay
1. A : neacaeny ia ia?aii i?eaia aeeieiiao iieacae aeeieiiaoai, /oi
aioia i?iaeie: aeinoeaiao ii/aoiiai ie?a. Oaeei ia? ai?aaa n/eoaoue
Aeaenaiae?a i?yiui i? oeee aai iooea e iiai?ieeii ioaeeaoeo
noaaiiii ninaaenoaa n Oo?oeeae). ?inney iioa?yea i?aai eiaoue aiaiiue
oeio ia *a?iii ii?a; *a?iia ii?a auei iauyaeaii iaeo?aeueiui, e i?ieeau
Ainoi? e Aea?aeaiaeeu auee cae?uou aeey aiaiiuo noaeia anao ainoaea?noa.
Iaeiiaoe, ?inney oa?yea i?aai iie?iaeoaeuenoaa iaae o?enoeaiaie,
iiaeaeaiiuie Oo?oeee, eioi?ua auee iinoaaeaiu iiae i?ioaeoi?ao anao
aaeeeeo aea?aeaa.
E?aoeee iaci? a?aiaie eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a II e aaeeeeo ?aoi?i
Ee/iinoue eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a Ieeieaaae/a. ?iaeeaoeeny a 1818 a. nui
aaeeeiai eiycy Ieeieay Iaaeiae/a Aeaenaiae? n naiuo ia?auo aeiae naiae
aeecie anaie ii/eoaeny eae aoaeouee iiia?o, eai ii aue noa?oei a naiai
iieieaiee aaeeeei eiycai. “Yoi iaeaiueeia nouanoai i?ecaaii noaoue
eiia?aoi?ii” – oae au?aceeanue i iai aai iaoue, niia?aaeay, /oi ie o
eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a 1, ie o oeana?aae/a Eiinoaioeia iao nuiiaae.
Iiyoiio e iiyo A. A. AEoeianeee i?eaaonoaiaae “ieeiai i?eoaeueoea a
Aiaeee naao” eae “i?ae?aniia ?innee oiiaaiea” e ia “aunieie /?aaea”
oea?noaa aeaeae aio aioo?aiieo aeia?iaeaoaeae e aiaoiae neaau. Aoaeouaai
iiia?oa, anoanoaaiii, noa?aeenue i?eaioiaeoue iaeeo/oei ia?acii e
aunieiio ae?aaeth, aai iaeeaeaaoaio. Ainieoaiea eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a
II auei iinoaaeaii i?ae?anii. N iaeuo eao ainieoaoaeai aai aue aoiaiiue
e oiiue /aeiaae eaieoai Ia?aea?. Eao aeaayoe Aeaenaiae? ia/ae o/eoueny
iiae aeaaiui ?oeiaiaenoaii naiaai “ianoaaieea” A. A. AEoeianeiai.
AEoeianeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ninoaaee aeoaiei iaaeoiaiiue ieai o/aiey
oeana?aae/a, ooaa?aeaeaiiue Ieeieaai. Ii yoiio ieaio oeaeueth anaai
o/aiey auei – naeaeaoue aoaeouaai ainoaea?y /aeiaaeii i?inaauaiiui e
ananoi?iiia ia?aciaaiiui, nio?aiea aai io i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiuo oaea/aiee
iaei/aie aiaiiiai aeaea. AEoeianeiio oaeaeinue inouanoaeoue naith
i?ia?aiio o/aiey; ii oaa?a/ue oeana?aae/a io aeeyiey oiaaeaoiae aiaiiie
“iooo?u” ii ia iia. Aa?iue o?aaeeoeeyi naiaai iooea e noa?oeo a?aoueaa,
eiia?aoi? Ieeieae aiooae Ia?aea?o, /oi Aeaenaiae? “aeieaeai auoue
aiaiiue a aeooa, aac /aai ii aoaeao iioa?yi a iaoai aaea”. Ia
Aeaenaiae?a iiyoiio eaaea ia/aoue oiai aaea n aai iaeeiiiinoueth e
ieaoe-ia?aaeo, aeenoeeieeia e aiaiiie oi?aeanoaaiiinoe. Ii aianoa n oai
oeana?aae/ iiiai o/eeny e eiae oi?ioeo o/eoaeae. Iaaeaeo
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