?aoa?ao.
OAIA: «IA*AEI EOAEUessINEEO AIEI E EO NIOeEAEUeII-YEIIIIE*ANEEA
IINEAAeNOAEss».
2008.
IA*AEI EOAEUessINEEO AIEI
Enoi?ey Eoaeee XVI — ia?aie iieiaeiu XVII a.— ii-i?aaeiaio enoi?ey
ioaeaeueiuo ainoaea?noa, ?acae?iaeaiiinoe e iiiaiia?acey iieeoe/aneeo
oi?i.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XV a. ?aoathuoth ?ieue ea?aee iyoue ioiineoaeueii
e?oiiuo a ianooaaao Eoaeee ainoaea?noa: Iaaiieeoaineia ei?ieaanoai,
Ieeaineia aa?oeianoai, Iaineia ainoaea?noai, Oei?aioeeneay e
Aaiaoeeaineay ?anioaeeee. Aieaa iaeeea ainoaea?noaa — ?anioaeeee Aaioy,
Neaia e Eoeea, aa?oeianoaa Naaieneia, Iaiooaineia, Oa??a?neia e ae?.
Nouanoaiaaee aua e iaeeea eiia?neea eaiu. A i?aaeaeao Iaineiai
ainoaea?noaa iaoiaeeeny oeaeue ?yae e?ioioiuo naiuei?ee. Iano?ioo
ea?oeiu aeiiieiyea iinoiyiiay eee a?aiaiiay caaeneiinoue oie eee eiie
iaeanoe Eoaeee io eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa.
Iieeoe/aneay ?acae?iaeaiiinoue aeaeaea Eoaeeth eaaeie e niaeacieoaeueiie
aeiau/ae ninaaeieo no?ai — O?aioeee e Eniaiee, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo
caeii/eea naia iauaaeeiaiea a eiioea XV a. e i?aa?aoeeanue a neeueioth
oeaio?aeeciaaiioth iiia?oeth. Iinoiyiii a?aaeaeiaaaoea iaaeaeo niaie
eoaeueyineea ainoaea?noaa naie aeaaaee iiaiae e eiino?aiiui aoi?aeaieyi
— oae iacuaaaiui Eoaeueyineei aieiai, eioi?ua iionoioaee oa??eoi?eth
no?aiu a oa/aiea 65 eao — n 1494 ii 1559 a. Ieeaineee aa?oeia Eiaeiaeei
Ii?i ia?aoeeny e Ea?eo VIII O?aioeocneiio n i?inueaie i iiiiue a ai?ueaa
i?ioea iaaiieeoaineiai ei?iey Oa?aeeiaiaea I. *anoue iaeeeo ainoaea?noa
Eoaeee ieacaea iiaeaea?aeeo O?aioeocneiio ei?ieth.
A naioya?a 1494 a. Ea?e aeaeioeny a Eoaeeth n aieneii, ninoiyaoei ec
o?aioeocia e oaaeoea?neeo iaaiieeia, eioi?ua ia anai iooe a?aaeee
ianaeaiea e /eieee ianeeey. Ii/oe ia ano?a/ay nii?ioeaeaiey, Ea?e i?ioae
/a?ac anth Eoaeeth e ooaa?aeeeny a Iaaiieeoaineii ei?ieaanoaa.
Iineaaeothuea o?aioeocneea ei?iee i?iaeieaeaee caoaaoie/aneea iioiaeu a
Eoaeeth. Iiiuoea Ethaeiaeea XII caoaaoeoue Iaaiieeoaineia ei?ieaanoai
auea aaconiaoiie. O?aioeocneay yeniainey iaoiee-ioaeanue a Eoaeee ia
eniaineoth. ?acai?aeanue ai?ueaa iaaeaeo Ethaeiaeeii XII e eniaineei
ei?ieai Oa?aeeiaiaeii A?aaiineei, eioi?iio e 1504 a. oaeaeinue
auoanieoue o?aioeocia ec THaeiie Eoaeee. Ethaeiaee XII noiae ia a?aiy
iaeaaeaoue Ieeaineei aa?oeianoaii (a 1499 a.). Ai?ueaa iaaeaeo O?aioeeae
e Eniaieae, a eioi?oth aiaoaeenue oaeaea Aiaeey e Oaaeoea?ey,
ii?aaeaeyea noaeueao aaccaueoiie Eoaeee. Iaia, no?aiynue oneeeoue naia
nianoaaiiia aeeyiea a Eoaeee e caoaaoeoue iiaua oa??eoi?ee, eaae?iaae
iaaeaeo aiththueie noi?iiaie, naeeaeaynue oi n O?aioeeae, oi n Eniaieae.
A 1512 a. eniaioeu iieiinoueth ecaiaee o?aioeocia ec Eoaeee, ii i?e
O?aioeenea I ai?ueaa aiciaiiaeeanue. Oaia?ue o?aioeocu i?aoaiaeiaaee ia
caoaao Naaa?iie Eoaeee. Anooieaoee a 1516 a. ia eniaineee i?anoie ia?aue
i?aaenoaaeoaeue aeeianoee Aaanao?aia Ea?e I (a 1519 a.— noaaoee e
aa?iaineei eiia?aoi?ii iiae eiaiai Ea?ea V) oianeaaeiaae i?aaa ia
THaeioth Eoaeeth e aiaoaeny a ai?ueao ca Eoaeeth. Aieiu oee n ia?aiaiiui
oniaoii, iiea O?aioeene ia iioa?iae iieiiai ii?aaeaiey a aeoaa n
aieneaie Ea?ea V i?e Iaaee (1525 a.).
A 1526 a. iaia Eeeiaio VII, Oei?aioeey, Ieeai e Aaiaoeey naeeceeenue n
O?aioeeneii I, oae eae iaeaieueooth iianiinoue a oio iiiaio aeey ieo
i?aaenoaaeye oneeeaoeeny Ea?e V. Ia?aciaaiea aioeeniaineie eeae n
o/anoeai iaiu iineoaeeei i?e/eiie caoaaoa aieneaie Ea?ea a iaa 1527 a.
?eia. A oa/aiea iiiaeo aeiae ai?iae iaoiaeeeny a iieiie aeanoe iaiaoeeeo
eaiaeneiaooia e eniaineeo nieaeao Ea?ea. Iauanoaaiiua caeaiey e aeiia
/anoiuo eeoe iiaeaa?aaeenue ?aca?iio e ia?aaeaieth. ?acuneeaay aeaiueae
e ae?aaioeaiiinoe, nieaeaou iuoaee aeeoaeae. Ianeieueei ouny/ /aeiaae
auei oaeoi, /anoue ai?iaea iieiinoueth ?ac?ooaia.
Ii oneiaeyi ie?a a Eaia?a a 1529 a. o?aioeocai i?eoeinue ioeacaoueny io
naieo i?eoycaiee ia Eoaeeth, ii iicaeiaa iie i?aaei?eiyee iiaua, noieue
aea iaoaea/iua iiiuoee ecaiaoue Aaanao?aia.
Eoaeueyineea aieiu caeii/eeenue a 1559 a. ie?ii a Eaoi-Eaia?ace. Eniaiey
nio?aiyea ca niaie Ieeaineia aa?oeianoai, Iaaiieeoaineia ei?ieaanoai,
Neoeeeeth e Na?aeeieth, ?yae iii?iuo ioieoia ia iiaa?aaeuea Oe??aineiai
ii?y. O?aioeey, auioaeaeaiiay ioeacaoueny io ieeoie?iaaiiie ath /anoe
Naaieneiai aa?oeianoaa, nio?aieea ia?ea?aonoai Naeooeoei e ?yae ai?iaeia
a Iueaiiioa. Aiineaaenoaee Naaieneia aa?oeianoai aa?ioei naaa caiyoua
O?aioeeae caiee. A 1598 a. iaia Eeeiaio VIII caoaaoee Oa??a?o, a a 1631
a. iaia O?aai VIII i?eniaaeeiee e naiei aeaaeaieyi aa?oeianoai O?aeii.
Iano?ioa iieeoe/aneie ea?ou Eoaeee ianeieueei oiaiueoeeanue. Aiaiiua
eiioeeeou ia?aie iieiaeiu XVII a. ia i?eaaee e eaeei-eeai cia/eoaeueiui
eciaiaieyi (aieioue aei iauaaeeiaiey Eoaeee).
N?aaee eoaeueyineeo ainoaea?noa XVI — XVII aa. auee naiinoiyoaeueiua e
caaeneiua iiia?oee e ?anioaeeee, naaoneea e aeooiaiua aeaaeaiey.
Iaineia ainoaea?noai auei iaeiia?aiaiii naaoneei e aeooiaiui. Aeaaa
eaoiee/aneie oea?eae — iaia a oi aea a?aiy oi?aaeye ii?aaeaeaiiie
oa??eoi?eaeueiie no?oeoo?ie. Iaiu ecae?aeenue, e eaaeaeue iiaue iaia aue
i?aaenoaaeoaeai ae?oaie naiuee e aeaaea ae?oaiai ainoaea?noaa.
Ioaeaeueiua e?oiiua ai?iaea iaeaaeaee oaeoe/aneie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth
(Aieiiuey, Ia?oaeaea). A i?aaeaeao Iaineiai ainoaea?noaa nouanoaiaaei
iaiaei iaeeeo naiinoiyoaeueiuo naiuei?ee. A ia/aea XVI a. iaia THeee II
(1503—1513 aa.) ia/ae ia?aie/eaaoue aaoiiiieth ai?iaeia, i?a?iaaoeau
oaiaeaeia e aanoe aieiu ?aaee ?anoe?aiey naiaai ainoaea?noaa. A?inea
eee/ « Aeieie aa?ai?ia», a ia?eiae Eoaeueyineeo aiei ii aunooiee a
ea/anoaa eaeaeiiai caueoieea iauaeoaeueyineeo eioa?ania. Iaiai oaeaeinue
ianeieueei oe?aieoue aaeeinoai naiaai ainoaea?noaa.
Enoi?ey iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey Iaineiai ainoaea?noaa aeaeeony ia aeaa
ia?eiaea. Ia?aue — io iiioeoeeaoa Aeaenaiae?a VI (1492—1503 aa.) e aei
i?aaeaiey Iaaea III (1534—1549 aa.), ia?eiae oae iacuaaaiuo
«?aiannainiuo iai», /uey aeayoaeueiinoue ii?aaeaeyeanue noaoai naaoneeie
eioa?anaie. Iie no?aieeenue a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaiaaoeoue naay e naith
naiueth. I?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue e?aoeia?aiaiiia aicauoaiea nuia iaiu
Aeaenaiae?a VI — *aca?a Ai?aeaeea, iieeoeea Eueaa X e Eeeiaioa VII a
eioa?anao naiuee Iaaee/e, nicaeaiea Iaaeii III ainoaea?noaa aeey naiaai
nuia. Aaneiia/iua aieiu, eio?eae, oaeenoaa, anaaiciiaeiua i?anooieaiey,
niaa?oaiiua ?aaee yoie oeaee, ia niinianoaiaaee aeaeueiaeoaio
oe?aieaieth ainoaea?noaa.
Ai aoi?ie ia?eiae (aoi?ay iieiaeia XVI — ia?aay iieiaeia XVII a.)
oea?eiaiua aeaea noaee auaeaeaaoueny ia ia?aia ianoi, oneeeeinue
aieiaiea iai e aioo?aiiae iieeoeea, i?iaeieaeaeanue oeaio?aeecaoeey.
Ai?iaea iioa?yee cia/eoaeueioth /anoue naiae aaoiiiiee, ii ai?ueaa n
oaiaeaeueiui naia?aoeciii ia auea aeiaaaeaia aei eiioea — ia yoii
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho iiaoi?ythueany aniuoee oaiaeaeueiuo iyoaaeae e
iaaeaeioniaeoe.
Aaaeiaeoee oaa a ?ai?aaiecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey aue naeaeai
Neenoii V (1585— 1590 aa.), eioi?ue nicaeae 15 ea?aeeiaeueneeo eiiennee,
iiaeaeeaoeo ana io?anee oi?aaeaiey — e naaoneea, e aeooiaiua. Ia?yaeo n
yoeie eiienneyie nouanoaiaae ainoaea?noaaiiue nae?aoa?eao,
nin?aaeioi/eaoee a naieo ?oeao ana ieoe oi?aaeaiey; ai aeaaa aai
iaoiaeeeny ainoaea?noaaiiue nae?aoa?ue — iau/ii aeeceee ?iaenoaaiiee
iaiu. Oeaio?aeueiue ainoaea?noaaiiue aiia?ao ii naiae no?oeoo?a aue
oeie/ai aeey ainoaea?noaa aaniethoenoneiai oeia, ii eiae naith
niaoeeoeeo. Aunoea aeieaeiinoe e cia/eoaeueioth /anoue aoi?inoaiaiiuo
caieiaei aeooiaainoai. *anoi niaiyeny aiia?ao, eaaeaeue iiaue iaia
iacia/ae ia aeaaiua aeieaeiinoe naieo ethaeae, /anoi ?iaenoaaiieeia
(iieeoeea iaiioecia).
No?ieoaeuenoai aeai?oeia e oea?eaae a ?eia, ono?ienoai iiauo oeeoe,
i/aiue aeoeaiay aiaoiyy iieeoeea o?aaiaaee ia?iiiuo n?aaenoa. Ii i?eoie
aeaiaa ec-ca i?aaeaeia Eoaeee aue iaaeinoaoi/iui, ia iaiaa 3Ae ioaeiuo
n?aaenoa aceiaeinue n ianoiiai ianaeaiey. Noa?ua iaeiae iinoiyiii ?inee,
aaiaeeeenue iiaua, i?aeoeeiaaeanue ioaea/a iaeiaia ia ioeoi, ca aeaiueae
i?aaeinoaaeyeenue i?eaeeaaee e iiiiiieee. A yoii ioiioaiee iaineay
oeiainiaay iieeoeea ie/ai ia ioee/aeanue io iieeoeee ae?oaeo
eoaeueyineeo ainoaea?noa. Aeey iiiieiaiey eaciu iaiu oe?iei
iieueciaaeenue i?iaeaaeae aeieaeiinoae, i?eaaaaee e aioo?aiiei caeiai,
iaeeaaoeee eioi?uo ?aciauaeenue e ca i?aaeaeaie Iaineiai ainoaea?noaa.
Oioy aeioiaeu iaineie eaciu ca aoi?oth iieiaeio XVI a. oaeaieeenue,
aeaiaa ana ?aaii ia oaaoaei. Iie inaaeaee a ea?iaiao ioeoiueeia,
ea?aeeiaeia eee ae?oaeo aunoeo naiiaieeia, ?iaenoaaiieeia iai.
Nouanoaaiiuo ia? aeey ?acaeoey oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaiu ia
i?aaei?eieiaee, a oaiaeaeueiua i?a?iaaoeau ia ianoao ia auee
neieueei-ieaoaeue ia?aie/aiu. A eiia/iii n/aoa, oeiainiaay e
yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea niinianoaiaaea iaiooeaieth e oiaaeeo Iaineiai
ainoaea?noaa.
Iniaia ianoi n?aaee eoaeueyineeo ?aaeiiaeueiuo ainoaea?noa i?eiaaeeaaeeo
Aaiaoeeaineie ?anioaeeea. Aaiaoeey — iaeii ec neeueiaeoeo iieeoe/aneeo
ia?aciaaiee Eoaeee — i?iaiaeeea niaa?oaiii naiinoiyoaeueioth iieeoeeo. A
1508—1509 aa. iia noiaea ni?aaeoueny ni nia?oaeueiie iianiinoueth,
eiaaea i?ioea iaa aunooieee eiia?aoi? e O?aioeey, Eniaiey e Aiaeey, iaia
e aieueoeinoai eoaeueyineeo ainoaea?noa, ainnoaee iiae/eiaiiua ai?iaea,
e Aaiaoeey a?aiaiii iioa?yea naie aeaaeaiey ia iieoino?iaa. ?anioaeeea
aaea iiiai/eneaiiua aieiu n Iniaineie eiia?eae. Iia ia ae?iaioea, eiaaea
ai a?aiy eiioeeeoa n iaiie Iaaeii V ia iaa aue iaeiaeai eioa?aeeeo (1606
a.).
Neiaeeaoaany iiiai aaeia iacaae ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai nouanoaiaaei
aieioue aei oo?aou ?anioaeeeie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe a XVIII a. Aaiaoeey
auea noaoai a?enoie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeeie. A aunoea ainoaea?noaaiiua
o/?aaeaeaiey — Aieueoie niaao, Naiao, Niaao aeanyoe, Niaao ni?iea e ?yae
ae?oaeo — aoiaeeee eneeth/eoaeueii i?aaenoaaeoaee ciaoiuo naiaenoa.
Iaei/iue eiio?ieue e iinoiyiiay neaaeea ca anaie aieioue aei aeaau
ainoaea?noaa — aeiaea, aeanoue eioi?iai auea /enoi neiaiee/aneie,
iaania/eaaee noaaeeueiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa.
A ioee/ea io ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa Aaiaoeey ia i?aaei?eieiaea iiiuoie e
oieoeeaoeee iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa. Iieeoeea i?ioaeoeeiiecia ioaa/aea
eioa?anai naiie Aaiaoeee e i?eaiaeeea e yeiiiie/aneiio ineaaeaieth
iiae/eiaiiuo ai?iaeia, /aio niinianoaiaae e oyaeaeue iaeiaiaue aiao. A
eaaeaeii ai?iaea ?anioaeeee nio?aieeinue o?aaeeoeeiiiia iieeoe/aneia
ono?ienoai, ii aeayoaeueiinoue ianoiuo aeanoae i?ioiaeeea iiae
aaeeoaeueiui ieii aaiaoeeaineeo /eiiaieeia. AEeciaiii aaaeiua aii?inu
?aoaeenue a naiie Aaiaoeee. A ioee/ea io ae?oaeo ?aaeiiaeueiuo
ainoaea?noa a Aaiaoeeaineie ?anioaeeea oaeoe/anee ionoonoaiaae
ath?ie?aoe/aneee aiia?ao, ana ooieoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
inouanoaeyeenue iaiin?aaenoaaiii naiie aaiaoeeaineie a?enoie?aoeae.
Oaeei ia?acii, a XVI a. ia?eiae ai?iaeia — ainoaea?noa e nineiaiuo
naiuei?ee niaiyaony ia?eiaeii ?aaeiiaeueiuo ainoaea?noa, ca/aoee eioi?uo
aicieeee a aeaeaeii i?ioeii.
Yoe i?ioeannu i?ioee aeaa yoaia. Ia?aue — ia?eiae Eoaeueyineeo aiei,
eiaaea iieeoe/aneay ea?oa Eoaeee e aioo?aiiaa ono?ienoai aieueoeinoaa
ainoaea?noa ia?aaeeaaee cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey. Ia aoi?ii yoaia
aaaeouaa ianoi i?eiaaeeaaeaei ianeieueeei aieaa eee iaiaa e?oiiui
?aaeiiaeueiui ainoaea?noaai.
Eoaeueyineea ainoaea?noaa yoie ii?u iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia ainoaea?noaa n
iiia?oe/aneei (eo auei aieueoeinoai) e ?anioaeeeaineei ono?ienoaii.
Iiia?oee, a naith i/a?aaeue, aeaeyony ia o?e a?oiiu: a ia?aoth aoiaeeo
Naaieneia aa?oeianoai, ai aoi?oth — Iaaiieeoaineia ei?ieaanoai e
Iaineia ainoaea?noai, a o?aoueth — Oineaineia aaeeeia aa?oeianoai,
Ieeaineia aa?oeianoai e iiiaeanoai iaeeeo aa?oeianoa.
NIOeEAEUeII-YEIIIIE*ANEIA ?ACAEOEA EOAEEE E IINEAAeNOAEss EOAEUessINEEO
AIEI
A Eoaeee yeaiaiou ?aiiaeaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee iiyaeeenue oaea a XIV
— XV aa., o, a. cia/eoaeueii ?aiueoa, /ai a ae?oaeo no?aiao Caiaaeiie
Aa?iiu.
Io n?aaeiaaaeiauey Eoaeey oianeaaeiaaea ?acae?iaeaiiinoue e
ia?aaiiia?iinoue ?acaeoey: ?acei auaeaeyeenue ?acaeoua naaa? e naaa?iay
/anoue Oeaio?aeueiie Eoaeee n iiiai/eneaiiuie ai?iaeaie, ?acaaoaeaiiie
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoueth. THa Eoaeee e ino?iaa,
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue Oeaio?aeueiie Eoaeee, ai?iua ?aeiiu ioee/aeenue
n?aaieoaeueii ionoaeie yeiiiieeie.
Aoi?ay iieiaeia XVI a. oa?aeoa?ecoaony caiaoiui ?inoii ianaeaiey: a
ia/aea aaea a Eoaeee auei 10 iei. aeeoaeae, e 1550 a.— 11,6 iei., e 1600
a.— 13,3 iei. Iniaaiii auno?i ?inee ai?iaea: ca 100 eao a ?eia — n 50
oun. aei 110 oun., a Aaiaoeee — n 115 oun. aei 150 oun. Oaeaeueiue aan
ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey ca 100 eao au?in a Eoaeee n 11 aei 16 %, a
Ieeaineii ainoaea?noaa aeinoea 25 % anaai ianaeaiey, a Aaiaoeeaineii —
23,6 %.
A ia?aie iieiaeia XVI a. eoaeueyioeu i?iaeieaeaee ea?aoue aaaeouoth
?ieue a oi?aiauo naycyo Aa?iiu n Eaaaioii. Oei?aioeey ioe?uea oe?ieee
?uiie naieo noeii a Oo?oeee. Ai anao oi?aiauo oeaio?ao Oeaiae?ee auei
iiiaeanoai eoaeueyineeo eoioeia, iie ii-i?aaeiaio ainiiaenoaiaaee a
Aioaa?iaia. Aieaa ‘/c yenii?oa aiaeeeneie oa?noe iaoiaeeeinue a eo
?oeao. Iie caieiaee eeth/aaua iiceoeee a yeiiiieea Eniaiee e oeiainiaii
ie?a O?aioeee.
Eoaeueyineea aieiu ia?ooeee nayce iaaeaeo eoaeueyineeie ainoaea?noaaie.
Iaaiiua aienea a?aaeee ai?iaea e naea, oaaee/eaaeny iaeiaiaue aiao,
iiiaea i?aaei?eieiaoaee aicaea?aeeaaeenue io eiaanoeoeee a
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, nie?aoeeinue i?iecaiaenoai noeii. A 10-o aiaeao XVI a.
a ieeaineee noeiiaeaeue/aneee oeao anooieei 158 /aeiaae, a 20-o — 50, a
30-o — 59. A 1540 a. A?aoa i?iecaaea 1000 eoneia i?ioea 8000 a ia/aea
aaea. Ec-ca eiieo?aioeee THaeiie Aa?iaiee ?acei oiaiueoeeinue
i?iecaiaenoai aoiacae a eiiaa?aeneeo ai?iaeao. Oei?aioeeneia
noeiiaeaeea, eniieuecoy eanoeeueneoth oa?noue, a ia?aua aeanyoeeaoey XVI
a. aua i?ioeaaoaei, ii iinea aeeeoaeueiie inaaeu Oei?aioeee e iaaeaiey
?anioaeeee a 1530 a. aai iieiaeaiea noaei iea/aaiui: n 1527 a. ca 10 eao
/enei ianoa?neeo oiaei n 150 aei53.
A oeaeii a eoaeueyineie yeiiiieea ia?aie iieiaeiu XVI a., ianiio?y ia
ioaeaeueiua oniaoe ia aiaoiai ?uiea, a ?yaea oeaio?ia e io?aneae
i?aiaeaaeaea oaiaeaioeey e oiaaeeo.
Caiaoiay aeoeaecaoeey aeaeiaie aeecie ia/aeanue a Eoaeee a 40-a aiaeu
XVI a. Inaaeaaeenue iiaua ?uiee nu?uey, nauoa e oeiaine?iaaiey. Oae,
aaioycneay ciaoue caiyeanue i?aeiouanoaaiii oeiainiaie
aeayoaeueiinoueth, ecaeaeay ec iaa aieaa iieiaeiu naieo aeioiaeia. Ca
1556—1624 aa. ninoiyiey aaioycoeaa au?inee a /aou?a ?aca. Iie auee
aaaeouae neeie oeiainiaiai ie?a Eniaiee, i?aaeinoaaeyee nnoaeu iiia?oai,
yaeyeenue oicyaaaie iauaaa?iiaeneie oeiainiaie ae?aee — Aacainiineeo
y?ia?ie, i?iaiaeeaoeony a ?aciuo ai?iaeao Aa?iiu.
Aaiaoeeaineea ei?aaee, a?oaeaiiua noeiaie ianoiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
i?yiinoyie e ae?oaeie oiaa?aie, ?aaoey?ii ioi?aaeyeenue a ?acee/iua
ii?oa. Aaiaoeey auea aeaaiui iinoaaueeii ia?oea a iaiaoeeeo caieyo.
Aieioue aei 80-o aiaeia XVI a. aaiaoeeaineea ei?aaee oicyeie/aee a
ainoi/iie /anoe N?aaeecaiiiai ii?y.
Aianoa n iaeeaeaieai aiaoiae oi?aiaee oe?aieeenue e aioo?aiiea oi?aiaua
nayce. Oaeoaeyeinue ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea: naaa? niaaaeae thaeiua iaeanoe
i?iiuoeaiiuie oiaa?aie, tha iinoaaeye nu?uea e naeueneioicyenoaaiiua
i?iaeoeou Aaiaoeee, Oei?aioeee, Aaioa, Ieeaio. N XV a. auaic ca?ia n
Neoeeeee aic?in a 5—10 ?ac.
Aua aieaa caiaoiui aue iiaeuai a i?iiuoeaiiinoe A 1517 a. Aaiaoeey
i?iecaiaeeea 3500 eoneia noeia’, a 1569 a.— 2650* , a 1602 a.—29000. Ai
Oei?aioeee eiee/anoai noeiiaeaeue/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee au?inei n 63 a 1537
a. aei 152 a 1561 a., a ecaioiaeaiiuo noeii —n 14 700 eoneia a 1553 a.
aei 33 212 a 1572 a.
Iinea a?aiaiiiai nie?auaiey i?iecaiaenoaa noeiiaeaeea aiiaue iaae?aei
neeo a Ieeaia, Eiii, E?aiiia, ?anoe?yeinue a Ia?ia, Iaaeoa, Iaiooa. A
Aaioa — iaeiii ec e?oiiaeoeo oeaio?ia oaeeiaeaeey a 1531 a. ?aaioaee
2152 oea/a, a a 1565 a.— 7500.
Iiaeuai i?ienoiaeee oaeaea a noaeieueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ei?aaeano?iaiee
e oeiia?aoneii aeaea Aaiaoeee. Aieaa 25 % anao eiea, iaia/aoaiiuo a
Eoaeee, nioei ni noaieia aaiaoeeaineeo ia/aoieeia. Iniaiai ?acaeoey
aeinoeaei no?ieoaeueiia aeaei. A ?eia, iai?eia?, auei aicaaaeaii 54
oea?eae e 60 aeai?oeia.
Iaeeaeeanue ai?iay i?iiuoeaiiinoue. A 1539 a. a Oineaia aiciaiiaeeanue
aeiau/a na?aa?a a Iueao?a-naioa e aeaeaca a Iueiiaeii.
Aaaeioth ?ieue a i?ioeanna iiaeuaia i?iiuoeaiiinoe nua?aei i?ae?auaiea
Eoaeueyineeo aiei. Ao?aeoaciay ?aaiethoeey a Ieaea?eaiaeao,
a?aaeaeaineea aieiu ai O?aioeee, aieiu Aiaeee n Eniaieae a?aiaiii
ineaaeee iniiaiuo eiieo?aioia Eoaeee. A iaeioi?ie ia?a iauaio iiaeuaio
niinianoaiaaea i?ioaeoeeiienoneay iieeoeea oaeeo eoaeueyineeo
ainoaea?noa, eae Oineaineia aaeeeia aa?oeianoai, Naaiey.
A 80—90-a aiaeu XVI a. ia/aee i?iyaeyoueny yeiiiie/aneea o?oaeiinoe,
aic?inoea a ia?aua aeanyoeeaoey XVII a. A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iino?aaeaei
noeiiaeaeea. Ai Oei?aioeee /enei noeiiaeaeue/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee n 1586
ii 1646 a. oiaei n 114 aei 41 e i?iaeieaeaei oiaiueoaoueny. A Iaaeoa n
na?aaeeiu XVI a. aei 1611 a. io 40 i?aaei?eyoee inoaeinue oieueei 6. E
ia/aeo XVII a. eoaeueyineee ?uiie oaea aue iaaiaeiai oa?noyiuie oeaiyie
caaeueieeneiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ianeieueei iicaea ia/aeny oiaaeie oaeeiaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. E eiioeo XVII
a. i?iecaiaenoai oaeeiauo oeaiae a Aaioa, Ieeaia e Aaiaoeee ?acei
nie?aoeeinue, a a Eiii, E?aiiia, Iaaee oaeoe/anee en/acei.
A ia?aie iieiaeia XVII a. nie?auaeinue iaoaeeo?ae/aneia i?iecaiaenoai a
Eiiaa?aeee, ei?aaeano?iaiea a Aaiaoeee, ?ac?aaioea ia na?aa?yiuo
?oaeieeao Iueao?anaiou, oiaiueoeeanue au?aaioea aeaeaca, ia/aoaiea eiea,
i?iecaiaenoai aoiaae.
Ia enoiaea XVI — a ia/aea XVII a. eoaeueyioeu iieiinoueth oo?aoeee naith
?ieue ia ie?iaii ?uiea. Iie ia/aee oa?youe aeeyiea e a
n?aaeecaiiiii?neie oi?aiaea. Ia enoiaea XVI a. ?acei nie?aoeeny oi?aiaue
oeio Aaiaoeee, Aaioe e Aieiiu. Eniaineay oa?noue e neoeeeeeneia ca?ii
ia?aaiceeenue a naaa?ieoaeueyineea ii?ou ia aieeaiaeneeo e aiaeeeneeo
ei?aaeyo. E aiaee/aiai ia?aoea aaiaoeeaineay oi?aiaey ia?oeai. Iinea
iioa?e E?eoa Aaiaoeey auea ii/oe iieiinoueth auoaniaia n ?uieia Ainoiea.
Naiie nouanoaaiiie i?e/eiie oiaaeea auei oi, /oi yeiiiie/aneea oniaoe
Eoaeee aeinoeaaeenue ioaeaeueiuie ai?iaeaie a oneiaeyo iieeoe/aneie
?acae?iaeaiiinoe, i?aiaeaaeaiey oi?aiai-oeiainiaiai eaieoaea e
i?eaioaoeee ia aiaoiee ?uiie. Eiieo?aioaie Eoaeee noaee e?oiiua
oeaio?aeeciaaiiua ainoaea?noaa, aaea oniaoii oei ia?aiia/aeueiia
iaeiieaiea eaieoaea, /oi aeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue iieueciaaoueny aeaoaaie
?aai/ae neeie. Iieiaeay eaieoaeenoe/aneay yeiiiieea eniieueciaaea e
i?ioaeoeeiienoneoth iieeoeeo.
XVI aae oianeaaeiaae io i?ioeiai anth neiaeiinoue iauanoaaiiie no?oeoo?u
— aieueooth iano?ioo e ia?aaiiia?iinoue ?acaeoey, nioeeaeueioth
iiaeeueiinoue e ionoonoaea – «/enouo eeannia». Oaiaeaeu nio?aieee
i?eau/iua aeioiaeu e ainiiaenoaothuoth ?ieue a nioeeaeueiie e
iieeoe/aneie aeecie Iaineiai ainoaea?noaa, o Iueaiiioa e a
i?eaeueieeneeo ciiao, a oaeaea ai?iuo ?aeiiia ia?aaeiauo iaeanoae. Oai
aea, aaea eiaaea-oi oaiaeaeueiay ciaoue auea ineaaeaia, oaia?ue a
aaniethoenoneeo eiyaeanoaao neiaeeeenue oneiaey, aeaaii?eyonoaiaaaoea
?inoo oaeaeueiiai aana oaiaeaeia a iauanoaa: iie ea?aee ecaanoioth ?ieue
i?e eiyaeaneeo aeai?ao, iieo/aee ?aciiai ?iaea i?eaeeaaee.
Aeaaii?eyoioth ii/ao aeey ?inoa cia/aiey oaiaeaeueiie n?aaeu nicaeaaaei
eniaineia aeeyiea. ?anoe?aieth ?yaeia aeai?yinoaa niinianoaiaae e
i?ioeann iaeai?yieaaiey aa?oooee iiiieaiia. Aianoa n oai aeai?yinoai
Eoaeee i?iaeieaeaei naie oi?aiai-oeiainiaua aeaea e ca/anooth iieo/aei
io ieo ia iaiueoa aeioiaeia, /ai io caiee.
Aa?oooeo ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey ninoaaeyee eoioeu e aaiee?u
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ianooaaa, e?oiiua i?aaei?eieiaoaee e caieaaeaaeaeueoeu
— oae iacuaaaiua iao?eoeee. I?e ?anioaeeeaineeo ?aaeeiao iie aea?aeaee
aeanoue a naieo ?oeao. A eiyaeanoaao aea, oioy e iono?aiaiiua io
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa iieeoe/aneie aeeciueth, iie caieiaee
?yae aunieeo e aeioiaeiuo aeieaeiinoae a ainoaea?noaaiiii aiia?aoa.
Eiaiii yoa /anoue ianaeaiey, i?aaeaea anaai iaeai?yieaaeanue. Iaeiaei
yoio i?ioeann a oa/aiea XVI a. ?acaeaaeny i/aiue iaaeeaiii.
Aic?inoee eioa?an e caiaeueiui aeaaeaieyi iauyniyeny i?anoeaeiuie
niia?aaeaieyie, aiciiaeiinoueth aueoe a aeai?yinoai. Ii ia iaiaa aaaeiui
auei i?eia?aoaiea iiauo enoi/ieeia aeioiaea. ?ino eiaanoeoeee a
caiaeueioth nianoaaiiinoue niaiaaeae ni cia/eoaeueiui oaaee/aieai oeai
ia naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iaeoeou e aic?anoaieai noieiinoe caiee, /oi
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei ia i aaanoaa ec aeaeiaie noa?u, a nei?aa ia aeoeaiii
no?aieaiee ecaea/ue ana auaiaeu ec nicaeaaoaeny neooaoeee. Iao?eoeee,
/uea eiouanoai n aeaaieo ii? ninoiyei ec caiaeueiuo aeaaeaiee, /anoi
eiaiii ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XVI a. ia/eiaee ea?uea?o a noa?a oeiainiaie e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe (iai?eia?, ?eea?aee ai Oei?aioeee).
Iaeai?yieaaiea iineei aeaaiui ia?acii aiaoiee oa?aeoa?, ia?aie/eaaynue
i?eiyoeai aeai?yineie neiaieeee, i?aaia, noeey aeecie. Aei?iaea
ie?oanoaa e ?ineioiay iaeaaeaea, no?ieoaeuenoai aeai?oeia e aeee,
e?oiiua ?acia?u i?eaeaiiai — ana yoi ninoaaeyei iianaaeiaaiue auo
naeeaeaaoaainy n aeai?yinoaii e ana aieaa ioaeaeyaoaainy io inoaeueiiai
iauanoaa iao?eoeeaoa. A 1593 a. ieeaineay eieeaaey th?enoia iinoaiiaeea,
/oi noaoon iao?eoeey ianiaianoei n caiyoeyie oi?aiaeae e ?aianeii.
Iiaeiaiia aea – «cae?uoea» ciaoe i?ienoiaeeei e a Aaioa. Iaeiaei caeanue
ciaoiui eeoeai ?ac?aoaeinue caieiaoueny oaeeiaeaeeai e noeiiaeaeeai,
iioiaie oi?aiaeae, oeiainiauie iia?aoeeyie. Ai Oei?aioeee iiaeiaiuo
ia?aie/aiee aiana ia auei. Ianoiay yeeoa ieeiaaea ia i?aa?auaeanue a
oeie/ioth caiaeueioth a?enoie?aoeth n niciaieai nineiaiie
eneeth/eoaeueiinoe.
Iiiai/eneaiioth a?oiio ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey ninoaaeyee iaiaa aiaaoua
oi?aiaoeu e aaiee?u, ?inoiaueee e i?aaei?eieiaoaee, caaeeoi/iua
naiinoiyoaeueiua ?aianeaiieee, eeoea naiaiaeiuo i?ioannee. Iie
ioee/aeenue io iao?eoeeaa aieaa ne?iiiui ia?acii aeecie, ionoonoaeai
oeooeia e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo i?eaeeaaee, oioy ia?aaeei auee
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie e iiaee iiaeiyoueny aaa?o ii nioeeaeueiie eanoieoea.
A XVI a. yoa n?aaea iinoiyiii iiiieiyeanue ca n/ao auoiaeoeaa ec
aea?aaie e ec iecoeo neiaa ianaeaiey.
Iecooth nooiaiue a iauanoaa caieiaee ieaaae: eeoea, o?oaeeaoeany a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, neoae e iiaeaiueee, o/aieee e iiaeianoa?uey — ana, eoi
i?iecaiaeee iaoa?eeueiua oeaiiinoe e iiaeaa?aaeny yenieoaoaoeee. E iei
i?eiueaee iaeeea naiinoiyoaeueiua ?aianeaiieee e eaai/ieee. Oa?aeoa?iia
aeey yoiai a?aiaie yaeaiea — ianna ieueo e a?iaeya. Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia
XVI a. oaeaeueiue aan ?aaioieeia, caiyouo a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aue
aeiaieueii cia/eoaeueiui. A 50-o aiaeao a oaeeiaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe Aaioe
auei caiyoi ieiei 38 oun. /aeiaae, a eiioea aaea a oaeeiaeaeee Aieiiuee
— ii/oe 29 oun. A 1604 a. ?aaioaaoea a noeiiaeaeue/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
aianoa n naiueyie ninoaaeyee ieiei 28 % ianaeaiey Oei?aioeee. Iaiaeay
/anoue ec ieo — iaaiiua ?aai/ea. Iie aea/eee iieoaieiaeiia
nouanoaiaaiea. A oneiaeyo – «?aaiethoeee oeai» ?aaeueiay ca?aaioiay
ieaoa oiaioaeanue, aa ia oaaoaei ia niaea?aeaiea naiuee
eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai ?aai/aai, a ca?aaioea ?yaeiauo iaaiiuo ?aai/eo —
aeaaea aeey i?iieoaiey naiiai ?aaioieea. ?aai/ei ieaoeee ieioi e
ia?aaoey?ii. A iao?iaeaeiua aiaeu (ii/oe eaaeaeue o?aoee aiae) oeaiu
?acei aic?anoaee e oneiaey aeecie aua aieaa oooaeoaeenue. E yoiio
aeiaaaeyeanue e aac?aaioeoea. A aieiaeiue 1555 aiae a iaaieueoii
ianoa/ea Nai-Ieieaoi aeec Oei?aioeee ec 1300 aeeoaeae 400 /aeiaae
aaeaaeiaaii iieo/aee oeaa a aeaea ieeinouie.
Aeey eoaeueyineie aea?aaie oa?aeoa?ia iaonoie/eainoue nioeeaeueiuo
a?aiae a oneiaeyo ?inoa eiouanoaaiiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee e
iaaccaiaeeaaiey iaeeeo nianoaaiieeia e aea?aeaoaeae. A?aiaeaoi?u
ia?oeaee iau/ii niaiauaee naeueneioicyenoaaiiua caiyoey n ?aianeaiiuie,
n naciiiui iaaiiui o?oaeii. Iiyaeaiea a Eiiaa?aeee e?oiiuo a?aiaeaoi?ia
— i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e oaaee/aiea cia/aiey iaaiiie ?aai/ae neeu iineei
aua ia?aie/aiiue oa?aeoa?. Nouanoaaiiuo eciaiaiee a nioeeaeueiie
no?oeoo?a naeueneiai ianaeaiey a Eoaeee ia i?iecioei.
Eoae, yeiiiieea Eoaeee XVI — na?aaeeiu XVII a. ioee/aeanue cia/eoaeueiie
ia?aaiiia?iinoueth ?acaeoey a ?acee/iuo aa ?aaeiiao. Eoaeueyineea aieiu
io?aceeenue ia anao noa?ao i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. O?oaeiinoe
ia?aie iieiaeiu XVI a. niaieeenue iiaeuaiii ai aoi?ie iieiaeia. A XVII
a. ioia/aaony /anoe/iia iaeai?yieaaiea ao?aeoaciuo yeaiaioia, a oaeaea
oneeaiea oaiaeaeueiiai aeai?yinoaa. Iiaia aeai?yinoai eae iniaay
nioeeaeueiay a?oiie?iaea ia neiaeeeinue. A XVII a. i?ioeann noaaiaoeee
?ani?ino?aieeny e ia yeiiiieeo, e ia nioeeaeueiue no?ie.
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