Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey e iaoee ?anioaeeee Eacaonoai
Oieaa?neoao ei I.I. Aoyciaa a. Naiae
Eaoaae?a Anaiauae enoi?ee e ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai
?AOA?AO
Oaia: Iiiaieey a XVI – XIX aa.
Auiieieea: A?aaeeaaa AEaiia
nooaeaioea a?oiiu E-332
I?iaa?eea: Aoiaoiaa A.E.
Naiae 2008
Ieai:
Aaaaeaiea
1. Iiiaieey a XVI – ia?aie iieiaeia XVII a.
2. Ia?aciaaiea Aeaeoiaa?neiai oainoaa.
3. Eoeueoo?a Iiiaieee a Iiaia a?aiy.
Caeeth/aiea
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
A Iiaia a?aiy Iiiaieey iioa?yea aueia iiaouanoai e e ia/aeo XVI a.
i?aaenoaaeyea niaie ?acae?iaeaiiua, iinoiyiii a?aaeaeiaaaoea ae?oa n
ae?oaii oa??eoi?ee, i?ioyioaoeany io thaa Neae?e aei Aaeeeie eeoaeneie
noaiu, a oaeaea io Oeiaaineiai o?aaoa aei i?aaeai?ee Oyiue-Oaiy.
Iiiaieey eioa?ania a eco/aiee enoi?eeia. Ec yoiai neaaeoao oeaeue iiaai
?aoa?aoa – iciaeiieoue n Iiiaieeae Iiaiai a?aiaie, anee auoue oi/iui,
oi, eae iiaeii iiae?iaii iienaoue nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee e
iieeoe/aneee no?ie. Iieiinoueth i?ineaaeeoue anth enoi?eth aa ?acaeoey
aei e iinea iaiue/aeo?neeo caaiaaaiee. Iciaeiieoue n niauoeyie
naycaiiuie n aicieeiiaaieai iiauo ainoaea?noa ia oa??eoi?ee Iiiaieee.
Aaaeiui aii?inii yaeyaony oaeaea aioo?aiiaa e aiaoiaa iieiaeaiea
no?aiu. Ia caiaoeoue iaeuecy e ia?aoiae io ?acae?iaeaiiinoe, eioi?ue
oaeaea iiaeeye ia ?acaeoea no?aiu.
I?aanoaaiiay noi?iia oiaea ia inoaaony ia caaeiai ieaia. Eoeueoo?a
Iiiaieee naiaia?acia e i/aiue eioa?ania e yaeyaony aaaeiie no?aieoeae a
enoi?ee no?ai Acee e Ao?eee Iiaiai a?aiaie.
1. Iiiaieey a XVI – ia?aie iieiaeia XVII a.
A 1368 a. ia?iaeiua iannu Eeoay naa?aee THaiueneoth aeeianoeth
iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia e ecaiaee eo ec naiae caiee. Yoaia?iay
aiaiii-oaiaeaeueiay eiia?ey *eiaen-oaia e aai i?aaiieeia ia/aea
?aniaaeaoueny. Iieooi?aaaeiaay caaiaaaoaeueiay iieeoeea iiiaieueneeo
oaiaeaeia eiaea ?acei io?eoeaoaeueiua iineaaenoaey ia oieueei aeey
ia?iaeia caai?aaiiuo no?ai, ii e aeey naiiai iiiaieueneiai ia?iaea.
Caaiaaaoaeueiua aieiu ioaeaeaee iniiaioth ianno ianaeaiey Iiiaieee io
ie?iiai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiiai o?oaea, ?aca?anuaaee iiiaieia ii iaiauyoiui
i?ino?ainoaai Acee e Aa?iiu, i?e/?i cia/eoaeueiay eo /anoue ieacaeanue
iaanaaaea ioi?aaiiie io naiae ?iaeeiu.
E ia/aeo XVI noieaoey iiiaieu auee ?annaeaiu ia ia?iiiie oa??eoi?ee io
Aaeeaea e i?aaeai?ueaa Oeiaaia ia ainoiea aei Oyiue-Oaiy ia caiaaea, io
aa?oiaueaa E?ouoa e Aienay ia naaa?a aei Aaeeeie Eeoaeneie noaiu ia
thaa. Iniiaiui, ii/oe aaeeinoaaiiui aeaeii i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe iiiaieueneiai ia?iaea auei ii-i?aaeiaio yenoaineaiia
ei/aaia aeeaioiiaiaenoai. Iiiaieueneea e?anoueyia — a?aou ei/aaaee
iaaieueoeie a?oiiaie, ia?aoiaey n iaeiiai ianoa ia ae?oaia a iieneao
ianoaeu aeey neioa. Eaaeaeay a?oiia a?aoia ia?aaeaeaaeanue a
ii?aaeae?iiii ii?yaeea — n ceiieo ia aanaiiea, iioii ia eaoiea, inaiiea
e aiiaue ia ceiiea ianoaeua — a a?aieoeao aeaaeaiey oiai oaiaeaea, e
caiea eioi?iai a?aou auee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii *eiaen-oaia e aai
i?aaiieeia i?ee?aieaiu ia oieueei oaeoe/anee, ii e th?eaee/anee.
Aieiu iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia n Eeoaai e iaaeaeioniaeoeu, ia
i?ae?auaaoeany a oa/aiea ii/oe anaai XV a., i?eaaee e oiio, /oi caoe?aee
oa iaiiiaea i/aae caieaaeaeey e oa oeaio?u ?aianeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
eioi?ua auee nicaeaiu iiiaieueneeie i?aaeoaeyie aeaaiui ia?acii ca n/?o
o?oaea ieaiiuo. E ia/aeo XVI a., ianeieueei iiaeii noaeeoue ii aeaiiui
enoi/ieeia, ie caieaaeaeeai, ie naiieioaieai a eiyaeanoaao THaeiie e
Naaa?iie Iiiaieee ii/oe ieeoi ec iiiaieia ia caieiaeny. ?ieue ioiou
oaeaea oiaea, ianniaua iaeaaiua ioiou ana aieueoa onooiaee ianoi
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiio ioioie/ueaio i?iiuneo.
Oicyenoai no?aiu inoaaaeinue iaoo?aeueiui, ?aianei auei ?acaeoi neaai.
Eaaeaeay a?aoneay naiuey naia, naiei o?oaeii i?iecaiaeeea iaiaoiaeeiua
ae i?aaeiaou aeiiaoiaai iaeoiaea e oicyenoaaiiith eiaaioa?y. Oa?noue
iaaoe oea ia ecaioiaeaiea aieeiea — iniiaiiai iaoa?eaea aeey th?o, ec
oeo? e oa?noe aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo au?aaaouaaee aieiaiua oai?u, iaoaue,
na?oth, ninoaeu aeey aiaeu e iieiea. Ec aea?aaa aeaeaee iinoaeo, iiaicee
e inoiau aeey th?o. Eoee e aiaaua aeiniaoe auee i?aaeiaoii
niaoeeaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, aeey eioi?iai i?e noaaeao aeaaeaoaeueiuo
eiycae niaea?aeaeenue iniaua ianoa?a, ii iaeiia/ieee aeey no?ae
ecaioiaeyeenue a a?aoneeo ei/aaueyo.
Iaoo?aeueiia oicyenoai e ieceee o?iaaiue iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey
o?oaea iaoneiaeee ii/oe iieiia ionoonoaea aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee a no?aia.
Oai aieueoae auea caaeneiinoue Iiiaieee io aiaoiae oi?aiaee n ninaaeieie
no?aiaie, io eioi?uo iia iieo/aea aeeciaiii aaaeiua aeey iaa i?iaeoeou
caieaaeaeey e ?aianeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a iaiai ia neio, i?iaeoeou
aeeaioiiaiaenoaa e ioiou. Aeaaioth ?ieue a yoie oi?aiaea ea?aee
iiiaieueneea oaiaeaeu, niae?aaoea aieueoia eiee/anoai neioa e nu?uey a
ii?yaeea iaoo?aeueiuo iiai?ia io o?oaeyueony iiiaieia. Ec yoeo iiai?ia
ninoaaeyeanue iaeaieueoay /anoue oiaa?iiai oiiaea aeey iaiiauo
iia?aoeee. Oaeay oi?aiaey ia cao?aaeaaea iniia iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa
Iiiaieee.
Ianeieueei eiui auei iieiaeaiea ia e?aeiai naaa?a Iiiaieee, aaea iaeoaee
ao?yo-iiiaieu, noiyaoea ia aieaa ieceie nooiaie
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Iie iaoiaeeeenue au? ia iooe io
ia?aiauoiiiaueiiiai no?iy e oaiaeaeecio. O ao?yo-iiiaieia i?eieoeaiia
caieaaeaeea ni/aoaeinue n ioioie, ?uaieianoaii, neioiaiaenoaii e
niae?aoaeuenoaii. I?e yoii oicyenoaaiiii oeeaaea ao?yo-iiiaieu
cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa, /ai ianaeaiea ae?oaeo /anoae Iiiaieee,
ioaeaeaeenue ai aiaoiae oi?aiaea.
Eiyaeanoaa Caiaaeiie Iiiaieee, ianae?iiua ie?aoaie, iaoiaeynue a
iaiin?aaenoaaiiii ninaaenoaa n eoeueoo?iuie iaeanoyie N?aaeiae Acee,
iiaee ioo?i oi?aiaee n ieie a ecaanoiie ia?a oaeiaeaoai?youe naie
iio?aaiinoe a i?iaeoeoao caieaaeaeey e ?aianea. Iaeiaei oi?aiaey n yoeie
iaeanoyie ia iiaea caiaieoue ei ?uiie Eeoay, ioeoaea aaiceeenue a
Iiiaieeth /ae, oaaae e iiiaea ae?oaea oiaa?u, iaiaoiaeeiua iiiaieueneiio
ianaeaieth.
Caaeneiinoue io aiaoiaoi?aiauo naycae n Eeoaai neacuaaeanue n
iaeaieueoae neeie a eiyaeanoaao Naaa?iie e THaeiie Iiiaieee, oicyenoai
eioi?uo aace?iaaeinue ii/oe eneeth/eoaeueii ia ei/aaii aeeaioiiaiaenoaa,
e aeey eioi?uo Eeoae aue aaeeinoaaiiui ?uieii nauoa e enoi/ieeii
niaaaeaiey.
Iinea ecaiaiey iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia e eo a?iee ec Eeoay Iiiaieey
aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy auea io?acaia io eeoaeneiai ?uiea. ?ac?ua naycae n
Eeoaai oyaeaei io?aaeaeny ia yeiiiieea Iiiaieee. O?oaeiinoe oneeeaaeenue
e iaino?yeenue aneaaenoaea oiai, /oi iiiaieueneea oaiaeaeu aaee
ianeii/aaiua aieiu n Eeoaai, iuoaynue oi ainnoaiiaeoue nai? ainiiaenoai
iaae no?aiie, oi aeiaeoueny io i?aaeoaeae Eeoay oi?aiauo i?eaeeaaee, a n
ae?oaie noi?iiu, eiia?aoi?u Ieineie aeeianoee Eeoay naie ia ?ac
aoi?aaeenue a Iiiaieeth, no?aiynue nie?ooeoue iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia e
iiae/eieoue eo naiae aeanoe.
Iauanoaaiiue no?ie
Naioth aa?oithth nooiaiue oaiaeaeueiie ea?a?oee a Iiiaieee ninoaaeyee
iioiiee *eiaen-oaia e oaeaeaee (/eaiu oaineiai aeiia, oea?aae/e),
eiaiiaaaoea naay «aaeie einoueth» («oeaaai ynoi»). Ei a naith i/a?aaeue
iiae/eiyeenue i?aaenoaaeoaee neoaeeeie ciaoe, iioiiee i?aaeieo oaiieeia
e ouny/ieeia, aeiiouaiiua ca caneoae ia?aae *eiaen-oaiii e aai
i?aaiieeaie a n?aaeo ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna. Eaaeaeue e?oiiue oaiaeae
eiae naie ianeaaenoaaiiue oaeae, yaeyaoeeny naiinoiyoaeueiui aeaaeaieai
(oeonii). N?aaeiea e iaeeea oaiaeaeu auee ianeaaenoaaiiuie i?aaeoaeyie
oao eee eiuo /anoae oeona e iaoiaeeeenue a aannaeueiie caaeneiinoe io
aai aeaaeaeueoea.
Eiathueany enoi/ieee ia aeatho aiciiaeiinoe i?ineaaeeoue i?ioeann
i?aa?auaiey a Iiiaieee oneiaiuo iiaeeciaiiuo iiaeaeiaaiee — noa?eiiuo
«ooae», niioaaonoaiaaaoeo aa?iiaeneei aaiaoeoeeyi, — a ianeaaenoaaiiua
oaiaeu. Ianiiiaiii, iaeiaei, /oi a iienuaaaiia a?aiy oeie/iuie aeey
Iiiaieee auee ia aaiaoeoeee, a oaiaeu.
A ioee/ea io a?ai?i eiia?ee, eiaaea aa?oiaiui nianoaaiieeii caiee
yaeyeny aaeeeee oai, ii naiaio oniio?aieth aeaeiaaaoee caiee aannaeai e
ioieiaaoee yoe caiee o ieo, oaeoe/aneeie nianoaaiieeaie caiee a XVI a.
auee aeaaeaoaeueiua eiycuey, i?aaeoaee oeonia e aieaa iaeeeo eiyaeanoa.
Iaeaaeay caie?e, ia?iiiuie noaaeaie neioa, eo/oeie ianoaeuaie, a oaeaea
iieeoe/aneie aeanoueth, oaiaeaeu oaiaoaee e yenieoaoe?iaaee ianno
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae.
O?oaeyueany iannu, eiaiiaaaoeany «/??iay einoue», «/a?iue» («oa?a ynoi»,
«oa?a/o»), iaoiaeeeenue a oaiaeaeueiie caaeneiinoe io naieo ainiiae. A
iniiaa yoie caaeneiinoe eaaeaea iiiiiieueiay nianoaaiiinoue eeanna
oaiaeaeia ia caieth. Oaiaeaeu auaeaeyee niioaaonoaothuea ianoaeuiua
oaiaeuey a?aoai, eioi?ua aaee iaeeia ei/aaia aeeaioiiaiae/aneia
oicyenoai, iniiaaiiia ia eo ee/iii o?oaea.
Oaiaeaeueiia aeaaeaiea yaeyeinue naiiaeiaeathuei e caieiooui oicyenoaii,
yeiiiie/anee iaei naycaiiui n ae?oaeie oaiaeaeueiuie aeaaeaieyie.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiue i?iecaiaeeoaeue — a?ao aue iaaeae?i iniiaiui
n?aaenoaii i?iecaiaenoaa — ianoaeuiui oaiaeueai. Ii aue aianoa n oai
i?ee?aie?i e caiea naiaai ainiiaeeia. Iaee/ea iaeeiai a?aoneiai
aeeaioiiaiae/aneiai oicyenoaa ninoaaeyei iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo oneiaee
nouanoaiaaiey e?oiiiai oicyenoaa oaiaeaeia, eai iii iaania/eaaei
iineaaeiaa ?aai/ae neeie. A?aou eee i?eaeaeaeenue oaiaeaeii
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a aai oicyenoai aeey ianoueau ainiiaeneeo noaae,
no?eaeee iaaoe, ia?a?aaioee iiei/iuo i?iaeoeoia e o. i., eee
iaycuaaeenue auianaoue ainiiaeneea noaaea aianoa ni naiei neioii,
ioaa/ay ia?aae oicyeiii ca eaaeaeoth aieiao neioa. A?aou iaoiaeeeenue a
ee/iie caaeneiinoe io oaiaeaeia. A?ao ia oieueei ia iia ioei/aaaoue io
naiaai ainiiaeeia, iieeiooue aai, ii ia iia ii naiaio oniio?aieth
auae?aoue ei/aauea, ianoi aeey onoaiiaee th?ou. An? yoi oeacuaaeinue aio
ainiiaeeiii, a ia?ooaiea yoeo oeacaiee ea?aeinue. A?ao ia iia aac
?ac?aoaiey ainiiaeeia auaeaeyoue eiouanoai aeaoyi, iieo/aoue nnoaeo,
aeaaaoue acaeiu e o. i.
A iienuaaaiia a?aiy a Iiiaieee iieo/eea oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea
i?iaeoeoiaay ?aioa. Iaeiaei io?aaioi/iay ?aioa nio?aiyeanue eae iniiaiay
oi?ia yenieoaoaoeee e ?aoathuaa oneiaea nouanoaiaaiey e?oiiiai
aeeaioiiaiae/aneiai oicyenoaa oaiaeaeia. Iiieii iniiaiuo aeaeia ?aiou
iiiaieueneea a?aou ianee ia naaa a?aiy iiiaeo ae?oaeo iiai?ia e
iiaeiiinoae. Iie iaycaiu auee iiea/eaaoue oo?aou, iaeaaaaiua ia eo
ainiiae auoanoiyueie oaiaeaeaie, aioiaeoue aea?u e iiaeiioaiey oaiaeaeai
?aciuo ?aiaia, auiieiyoue ii o?aaiaaieth naieo ainiiae anyeoth ?aaioo
i?e eo noaaeao, neoaeeoue a aieneao, niaea?aeaoue a eni?aaiinoe i?oaeea,
aunooiaoue a iioiae e n?aaeaoueny ca eioa?anu naieo oaiaeaeia. Iaeiie ec
iaeaieaa oyae?euo iiaeiiinoae auea o?oiiiay, ninoiyaoay a oii, /oi a?aou
naiei o?oaeii e naieie n?aaenoaaie iaycuaaeenue iaania/eaaoue
aania?aaieioth ?aaioo eiiii-ii/oiaie neoaeau a no?aia e aacaiciacaeiia
niaaaeaiea i?iacaeathueo oaiaeaeia e /eiiaieeia i?iaeiaieuenoaeai.
Ii a?aonoai ia auei aaeeiui, a aai n?aaea iaaeeaiii, ii iaoeeiiii
?aca??ouaaeenue i?ioeannu eiouanoaaiiie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee. Ia ia?aii
ianoa noiyee aiaaoua naiuee, oae iacuaaaiua «eo/oea ethaee» («naei
ooioi»), ca ieie oea n?aaeiyy a?oiia («aeoiae ooioi»), ia iineaaeiai
ianoa iaoiaeeeenue aaaeiyee, «/??iue ethae» («oa?a ooioi»).
I?eaeeaae?iaaiiia iieiaeaiea caieiaea i?ineieea aea?oaiia, iieo/eaoay
oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea au? i?e *eiaen-oaia e aai i?aaiieeao. A aea?oaiu
ca/eneyeenue ethaee, ioee/eaoeany ii neoaeaa o oiai eee eiiai oaiaeaea e
inaiaiaeae?iiua io anao eee io /anoe iiaeiiinoae, io iaeacaiee ca ia?aua
aeaayoue ethauo i?inooieia, iieueciaaaoeany oaeaea iaeioi?uie ae?oaeie
i?eaeeaaeyie.
Ia naiie ieaeiae nooiaie iiiaieueneiai iauanoaa noiyee ?aau («aiaie»).
?aaiaeaaeaiea nio?aiyeinue a oi?ia aeiiaoiaai ?aanoaa. ?aau iiaee
iaeaaeaoue eiouanoaii, ii ia i?eciaaaeenue aai nianoaaiieeaie. ?aanoai
auei iiaeeciaiiui e ianeaaenoaaiiui.
Oaiaeaeueiay ?acae?iaeaiiinoue
Oaiaeaeueiay ?acae?iaeaiiinoue Iiiaieee, caoyioaoayny ia ?yae noieaoee,
yaeeanue iaeiie ec aeaaiuo i?e/ei a? aeaeueiaeoaai
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai e eoeueoo?iiai ionoaaaiey. Ioaeae?iiua ae?oa
io ae?oaa iaoe?iuie i?ino?ainoaaie, iaeeiaeiai ioaeaeaaoeany a
yeiiiie/aneeo naycyo n Eeoaai, ii yeiiiie/anee iacaaeneiua ae?oa io
ae?oaa, oaiaeaeueiua eiyaeanoaa Iiiaieee noaee i?aa?auaoueny a iaeeea
aeaniioee, ia aeaeaaoea ieeiio iiae/eiyoueny. Aaoi?eoao e ?aaeueiay
aeanoue anaiiiaieueneiai oaia auno?i iaaeaee.
A ?acoeueoaoa aiei e oniaeoe XV a. Iiiaieey e ia/aeo XVI a. io/?oeeai
aeaeeeanue ia aeaa iainiaeaoeany ae?oa io ae?oaa /anoe: caiaaeioth e
ainoi/ioth. Caiaaeiay Iiiaieey, iniiaiia ianaeaiea eioi?ie ninoaaeyee
ie?ao-iiiaieu, iauaaeeiyea oaiaeaeueiua aeaaeaiey e caiaaeo io
Oaiaaeneeo ai? aei aa?oiaueaa Aienay e E?ouoa. Ainoi/ioth Iiiaieeth
ninoaaeyea oa??eoi?ey e ainoieo io Oaiaaeneeo ai?, ianae?iiay i?aaeeaie
nia?aiaiiuo oaeoa-iiiaieia, ao?yo-iiiaieia e iiiaieia Aioo?aiiae
Iiiaieee. Eaaeaeay ec yoeo /anoae a naith i/a?aaeue aeaeeeanue ia aieaa
eee iaiaa cia/eoaeueiia /enei naiinoiyoaeueiuo eiyaeanoa. A Caiaaeiie
Iiiaieee auei /aou?a e?oiiuo eiyaeanoaa e iiiai iaeeeo; iaeanoue
oaeoa-iiiaieia a na?aaeeia XVI a. ?aniaeanue ia 7 naiinoiyoaeueiuo
aeaaeaiee; /enei eiyaeanoa a THaeiie Iiiaieee XVI a. oi/ii iaecaanoii,
ii a na?aaeeia XVII a. eo ian/eouaaeinue 49.
Oaiaeaeueii-?acae?iaeaiiay Iiiaieey iaoiaeeeanue a ninoiyiee ia
i?ae?auaaoeony iaaeaeioniaiuo aiei, ia?aiaaeaaoeony n aii?oae?iiuie
iaaaaaie iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia ia Eeoae. A iniiaa aioo?aiiae ai?ueau
eaaeaea ai?ueaa oaiaeaeia ca ainiiaenoai iaae oi?aiauie iooyie a Eeoae,
ca ianoaeua e neio. Aieiu e oniaeoeu ineaaeyee e iaanneeeaaee no?aio,
i?aiyonoaiaaee ia?aoiaeo e aieaa niaa?oaiiui oi?iai oicyenoaiaaiey.
Ieineay eiia?ey aeoeaii aiaoeaaeanue a iaaeaeioniaioth ai?ueao
iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia, /oi iauyniyeinue no?aieaieai ineaaeoue
iianiinoue aii?oae?iiuo aoi?aeaiee ni noi?iiu Iiiaieee e iaaciianeoue
naaa?ioth a?aieoeo Eeoay. Iieeoeea Ieineie aeeianoee ii ioiioaieth e
Iiiaieee a iniiaiii naiaeeeanue e oiio, /oiau ia aeiionoeoue
iauaaeeiaiey no?aiu, nio?aieoue ninoiyiea a? ?acae?iaeaiiinoe e
iaaeaeioniaiie ai?ueau.
A ea/anoaa aaaeiiai n?aaenoaa aicaeaenoaey ia iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia
Ieineay eiia?ey eniieueciaaea caeioa?aniaaiiinoue anao iiiaieueneeo
eiyaeanoa a ioe?uoee iaiiauo ?uieia. Ai?ueaa ca ioe?uoea ?uieia auea
aeaaiie i?e/eiie oao aaneiia/iuo iaeeeo e e?oiiuo aii?oae?iiuo iaaaaia
iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia ia iia?aie/iua ?aeiiu Eeoay, eioi?uie eciaeeoao
o?iieea XVI—XVII aa. Ieineay eiia?ey no?iai ?aaoee?iaaea oi?aiaeth n
Iiiaieeae, a?aiaiaie niaa?oaiii cai?auay a?, /oiau ieacaoue aeaaeaiea ia
naieo aaniieieiuo naaa?iuo ninaaeae.
Iiiuoee iauaaeeiaiey Iiiaieee
Na?ue?ciay iiiuoea i?aiaeieaoue oaiaeaeueioth ?acae?iaeaiiinoue e
ia?aciaaoue iauaaeei?iiia ainoaea?noai auea i?aaei?eiyoa ia ?oaaaea
XV—XVI aa. Aaoo-Ioiey, ecaanoiui a enoi?ee iiae eiaiai Aeayi-oaia
(1479—1543). Neiiea nii?ioeaeaiea aannaeueiuo eiycae, Aeayi-oai e 1488
a. aeiaeeny iiae/eiaiey aieueoae /anoe no?aiu naiae aeanoe. A 1488 a. ii
ioi?aaee a Iaeei iinieuenoai n niiauaieai i nai?i anooieaiee ia i?anoie
«aaeeeiai thaiueneiai oaia» e n i?aaeeiaeaieai ie?a. Ie? aue caeeth/?i.
Ieineia i?aaeoaeuenoai, niaeanii oneiaeyi ie?iiai aeiaiai?a, a oii aea
aiaeo ecaeaei caeii ia ioe?uoee iaiiauo ?uieia aeey oi?aiaee n
Iiiaieeae. Caeii no?iai ?aaoee?iaae i?aaeea yoie oi?aiaee. Auei
onoaiiaeaii, /oi iaiiaua ?uiee aoaeoo ioe?uaaoueny a iia?aie/iie iieina
o?e ?aca a aiae a ii?aaeae?iiuo ioieoao.
Oaeie ii?yaeie a oa/aiea ecaanoiiai a?aiaie no?iai niaethaeaeny iaaeie
noi?iiaie. Iiiaieueneea oaiaeaeu i?eaiiyee ia ?uiee neio, i?eaiceee
iooieio e ae?oaea i?iaeoeou aeeaioiiaiaenoaa ec naieo oicyenoa e ec
oicyenoa a?aoia, iinoaaeyaoeo ei yoe i?iaeoeou e neio a aeaea ?aiou
iaoo?ie. *oi eanaaony eeoaeneeo eoioeia, oi iie aeinoaaeyee ia ?uiee
o?eeiaua e oeii/aoiaoiaaeiua oeaie, eioeu aeey aa?ee ieue, /ae, oaaae,
i?aaeiaou ?ineioe e ae?oaea oiaa?u aeiiaoiaai e oicyenoaaiiiai iaeoiaea
iiiaieia.
A 1500 a. ie?iua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo Eeoaai e Iiiaieeae aiacaiii
i?i?aaeenue. Ia/aeanue iiaay iieina aii?oae?iiuo aoi?aeaiee iiiaieueneeo
oaiaeaeia a iia?aie/iua i?iaeioeee Eeoay. Iaeiia?aiaiii n yoei aioo?e
Iiiaieee aniuoioe ?yae oaiaeaeueiuo iyoaaeae, iai?aaeaiiuo i?ioea
Aeayi-oaia. Iyoaaeieee-oaiaeaeu no?aieeenue ainnoaiiaeoue nai? aueia
naiiaeanouea. Iaeaieaa neeueiue iyoaae i?iecio?e a 1510 a. Iaeiaei
Aeayi-oai iiaeaaee ana yoe iyoaaee, no?iai ?ani?aaeaoenue n eo
o/anoieeaie e nio?aiea ca niaie o?ii anaiiiaieueneiai oaia.
A oa/aiea 64 eao Aeayi-oai i?aaee Iiiaieeae. Iaeiaei iauaaeeiaiea no?aiu
auei iai?i/iui. Iinea nia?oe Aeayi-oaia a 1543 a. no?aia aiiaue
?aniaeanue ia /anoe, ia yoio ?ac ieii/aoaeueii. Aeayi-oai ieacaeny
iineaaeiei anaiiiaieueneei oaiii. Anee aei Aeayi-oaia e a ia?aua aiaeu
aai i?aaeaiey Iiiaieey aeaeeeanue ia Ainoi/ioth e Caiaaeioth, oi iinea
aai nia?oe ia/aeinue ?acaeaeaiea Ainoi/iie Iiiaieee ia Naaa?ioth e
THaeioth, a?aieoeae iaaeaeo eioi?uie auea ionouiy Aiae. Noa?oea nuiiauey
Aeayi-oaia iainiiaaeenue a THaeiie Iiiaieee, a aai ieaaeoee nui
Ay?ynyiaecy noae ?iaeiia/aeueieeii aeaaeaoaeueiuo eiycae ia naaa?a
no?aiu — a Oaeoa.
Iieiaeaiea ia?iaeiuo iann Iiiaieee auei oyaeaeui, iie aaee ai?ueao
i?ioea aiaoa naieo oaiaeaeueiuo i?aaeoaeae. Ecaanoai neo/ae, ioiinyueeny
e 40-i aiaeai XV a., eiaaea iaeei ec iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia ia?aoeeny e
eiia?aoi?o Eeoay n i?inueaie i iiiiue i?ioea 1500 naiiaieueii
ioei/aaaaoeo io iaai a?aoneeo naiaenoa, eioi?uo yoio eiycue ia a
ninoiyiee aue nianoaaiiuie neeaie canoaaeoue aa?iooueny. Eiia?aoi? Eeoay
ia ioeacae aio a iiiiue, aaaeaoeu auee aica?auaiu eo «caeiiiiio»
aeaaeaeueoeo. Niauoey iicaeiaeoae enoi?ee iiiaieueneiai ia?iaea
iicaieytho i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiie oi?iie
ia?iaeiie ai?ueau i?ioea aani?aaey e oaiaeaeueiie yenieoaoaoeee auee
naiiaieueiua ioei/aaee a?aoia, iiiuoee a aaanoaa iaeoe nianaiea io
i?iecaiea e aiaoa naieo ainiiae.
Anei?a iinea nia?oe Aeayi-oaia ec n?aaeu iiiaieueneeo oaiaeaeia
auaeaeeeny aai aioe, ecaanoiue iiae eiaiai Aeoai-oaia Ooiyoneiai (oia? a
1582 a.), i?e aeecie Aeayia oi?aaeyaoee iaeiei ec eiyaeanoa THaeiie
Iiiaieee. Aeoai-oai caaioeeny ia oe?aieaiee yeiiiieee eiyaeanoaa,
iiiu?yy ia?aoiae iiaeaeaiiuo e inaaeeinoe, e caiyoeth caieaaeaeeai e
i?iiuneaie, i?eaeaeay a nai? aeaaeaiea eeoaeneeo caieaaeaeueoeaa e
?aianeaiieeia. A 50-o aiaeao XVI a. Aeoai-oai ia ianoa naiae eiyaeaneie
noaaee ia/ae no?ieoue ai?iae Eoeo-oioi. A naiae aiaoiae iieeoeea
Aeoai-oai no?aieeny e onoaiiaeaieth ie?a e i?i/iuo oi?aiauo naycae n
Eeoaai. A 1570 a. aue caeeth/?i ie? e ioe?uou iaiiaua ?uiee. A 1571 a.
ia 4 ?uieao iiiaieu i?iaeaee eeoaeneei eoioeai e eeoaeneei aeanoyi ca
12—14 aeiae aieaa 28 oun. eioaaeae, ia n/eoay ae?oaeo aeaeia neioa e
i?iaeoeoia aeeaioiiaiaenoaa. Aeoai-oai no?iai niaethaeae oneiaey ie?a e
?aoeoaeueii i?anaeae iiiuoee eiycae ia?ooeoue aai. Oaeie aioo?aiiae e
aiaoiae iieeoeeie Aeoai-oai no?aieeny neieioeoue iiae naiae aeanoueth
e?aieia oaiaeaeueiia eiyaeanoai, ia i?aoaiaeoy, iaeiaei, ia
?ani?ino?aiaiea naiae aeanoe ia anth Iiiaieeth.
2. Ia?aciaaiea Aeaeoiaa?neiai oainoaa.
Ia ?oaaaea XVI-XVII aa. a Caiaaeiie Iiiaieee ia?aciaaeinue ioaeaeueiia
oainoai, iieo/eaoaa iacaaiea Aeaeoiaa?neia (Ie?aoneia). Ieacaaoenue ia
ia?a/eneaiee eioa?ania ?innee e Oeeineiai Eeoay, yoa no?aia nua?aea
aaaeioth ?ieue a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaieyo a Oeaio?aeueiie Acee oiai
ia?eiaea.
Iaoiaeynue a iaaeaaii?eyoiii aeey naay ie?oaeaiee, Aeaeoiaa?ey
eniuouaaea a oi a?aiy aieueoea yeiiiie/aneea cao?oaeiaiey, io?aaeaaoeany
e ia i?ienoiaeeaoeo oai aioo?eiieeoe/aneeo i?ioeannao. Iinoaiaiii
aaaaiiieth caoaaoee ?iae *i?in, auaeaeioaoee ec naieo ?yaeia oaia
Oa?aooea. Ioaaoii iaaeiaieueiuo oaeei iieiaeaieai aeae eiycae noaea eo
ioei/aaea ec Aeaeoiaa?ee aianoa ni naieie caaeneiuie a?aoaie a ia?aie
iieiaeia o?aoe XVII a. iaeaieaa ecaanoiuie ec yoie a?oiiu noaee eaeiuee,
iinaeeaoeany ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee e i?eiyaoeo ?inneeneia iiaeaeainoai.
Inoaaoeany a Aeaeoiaa?ee iiiaieu, eioi?uo iinea nia?oe a 1635 a.
Oa?a-Ooeu aicaeaaee aai nui Aaoo?-ooioaeaeaee, auee iano?iaiu
aioeiaiue/aeo?nee e iiiuoaeenue iauaaeeieoue anao iiiaieia ia ai?ueao n
ieie. Yoo aeaoo n/eoatho a?aiaiai ia?aciaaiey Aeaeoiaa?neiai oainoaa.
*anoue ie?aoia, iaaeiaieueiuo nicaeaieai Aeaeoiaa?ee, ioei/aaaea ia
Aieao e a Eoeoii?, aaea aicieeee naiinoiyoaeueiua ie?aoneea oainoaa. Oai
ia iaiaa, ianiio?y ia aioeeeoaeneea e aioeiaiue/aeo?neea iano?iaiey,
aeaaiui iai?aaeaieai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe ie?aoi noae Ainoi/iue
Oo?eanoai.
A 40-a aa. XVII a. Aeaeoiaa?ey ia/eiaao caaiaaaiea ainoi/iuo ?aeiiia
Iiaoeenoaia, ia/eiay n oa??eoi?ee *aeuoa e Oo?oaia. Caoai iie aoi?aeenue
a Ee?eth, Aeno e Eaoaa?. A 1652 aiaeo Aaoo?-ooioaeaeaee aae aieiu n
oyiueoaineeie ee?aecaie e n eacaoaie, noiaa eo iooanieoue a ae?oaea
?aeiiu. Ii iinea aai nia?oe iie aiiaue ia/eiytho aiaaaoue n ie?aoaie e
oieueei e 1655 a. io ieo inaiaiaeeee ainoi/ioth /anoue Naie?a/uey.
Iiaeii aiai?eoue i oii, /oi e yoiio a?aiaie aicieeea oaea aaeeiay
oth?ei-iiiaieueneay iauiinoue, niiniaiay i?ioeainoiyoue i?iieeiiaaieth
nthaea Oeeineiai Eeoay e aeaeaaoay a caoaaoa yoiai ?aaeiia ia?niaeoeao
aeey eiio?iey ca i?ioiaeeaoai ooo aaaeiui oyiueoaineei o/anoeii
Aaeeeiai oaeeiaiai iooe.
*anoue ianoiiai ie?aoneiai ianaeaiey ia/eiaao aanoe inaaeeue ia?ac
aeecie, no?ieoue ai?iaea. Aue iaienai naiae caeiiia «Oeaaaeaeei ae/ee»,
i?aaei?eiyou iiiuoee nicaeaiey iniaie ie?aoneie ienueiaiiinoe, /oi
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aieueoai ioaeaeaiee ie?aoia io ae?oaeo iiiaieueneeo
ia?iaeiinoae, iiiaaoeo e yoiio a?aiaie iiae eiio?ieue Oeeiia e eo
naeeaeaiea n ia?iaeaie Ainoi/iiai Oo?eanoaia.
3. Eoeueoo?a Iiiaieee a Iiaia a?aiy.
Ii?aaeaeythuaa aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea iiiaieueneie eoeueoo?u XVI-XIX aa.
ieacae aoaeaeeci.
A XVI a. ia iiiaieueneee ycue auee ia?aaaaeaiu n oeaaoeneiai
i?iecaaaeaiey eeanne/aneie aoaeaeeeneie eeoa?aoo?u – «Aaiaeaea?» e
«Aeaiaeo?». A oio aea ia?eiae aue nicaeai iiaue ie?aoneee aeoaaeo oio
ae/ea (yniia ienueii).
A XVII aa. iiyaeyaony ?yae i?iecaaaeaiee, eioi?ua iiaeii oaea ioianoe e
nianoaaiii iiiaieueneie eeoa?aoo?a. Yoi, i?aaeaea anaai, eaoiienue
«Aeoai oia/» («Cieioua canoaaeee»), enoi?e/aneia iiaanoaiaaiea «Oa?
oooaeae» («AEaeoay enoi?ey») e «Y?aeaeei y?oy» («Ae?aaioeaiiua /aoee»),
ec eioi?uo iiaeii ociaoue i iiiaeo nthaeaoao iiiaieueneie enoi?ee.
Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/ee yiin. I?aaeaea anaai, neaaeoao iacaaoue
«Ayna?eaaeo», a eioi?ie iiaanoaoaony i aeecie aa?iy Ayna?a, iinayoeaoai
naay ai?ueaa n a?aaaie, iaoaaoeie n/anoueth ethaeae. A oaeii aea noeea
auee iaienaiu i?iecaaaeaiey i oaia Oa?aiaoe e aiaaou?a Aeaeaiaa?a.
Iinea iiae/eiaieyiaiue/aeo?aie iiiaieueneeo caiaeue iiyeeny iiaue aeai?
eeoa?aoo?u – aeeaai?e/aneea neacee n yeaiaioaie naoe?u ia aeanoue
eioueo, eioi?ua onoii ?ani?ino?aiyee ia?iaeiua neaceoaee.
A XVI – XVII aa. auee aeinoeaioou ii?aaeaeaiiua oniaoe a iaeanoe
a?oeoaeoo?u – no?ieoaeuenoai oaineeo aeai?oeia e ?aeeaeiciuo
nii?oaeaiee. Ia?acoeii ai?iaeneie iiiaieueneie a?oeoaeoo?u yaeyaony a.
Ooo-oioi (Neiee ai?iae), iniiaaiiue Aeoai – oaiii a XVI a. Ia aai
oa??eoi?ee auei iino?iaii ianeieueei noaooe Aoaeaeu.
Iaeiaei iniiaiuie aeaeaie aeeeuo iiiauaiee yaeyeenue th?ou, oao?u e
iaeaoee, o.e. eiaiii iie a aieueoae noaiaie ioaa/aee oneiaeyi ei/aaie
aeecie iniiaiie iannu ianaeaiey. A th?oao, a oeaio?a, iaoiaeeeny i/aa,
eioi?ue a XIX a. iinoaiaiii aue caiaiai ia aeaeacioth ia/ue n o?oaie,
auaaaeaiiie ia?oaeo. A naaa?iie /anoe iiiauaiey ono?aeaaeny aeiiaoiee
aeoa?ue, oai aea ioaiaeeeinue ianoi e aeey ii/aoiuo ainoae. Ainoi/iay
/anoue th?ou i?aaeiacia/aeanue aeey aeaau naiuee, inoaeueiua /eaiu
eioi?ie ?aniieaaaeenue a caiaaeiie /anoe aeeeeua.
Iiyaeyeenue e niaoeeaeueiua o?aeoaou, a eioi?uo /aoei ?anienuaaeny aanue
i?ioeann nii?oaeaiey eoeueoiauo iino?iae. Iaeaieaa ecaanoiuie ec ieo
i?eiaaeeaaeao Noiaa-Eoaiai Oeaaeaeaee?o (XVIIIa.) e Aaaaay Oey?iio
(ia?aay iieiaeia XIX a.).
Iiae aeeyieai oeaaoneie o?aaeeoeee ?acaeaaeanue e aeeaiienue.
Iiiaieueneea ooaeiaeieee, nicaeaaay naie i?iecaaaeaiey, aeieaeiu auee
no?iai niaethaeaoue i?aaeea ecia?aaeaiey oiai eee eiiai aiaeanoaa. Yoi
aea ioiineeinue e e neoeueioo?ai. Ethaia ia?ooaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo i?aaee
no?iai ea?aeinue. Aeey eaaeaeiai aiaeanoaa ii?aaeaeyeanue iica,
iieiaeaiea aai ?oe e iia, ei?iona e o.ae.
N eiioea XIX a. a Iiiaieee iieo/aao iaeioi?ia ?ani?ino?aiaiea e
eieaiia/aoaiea, aeaaiui oeaio?ii eioi?iai yaeyeanue O?aa a oeiia?aoee,
eioi?ie ia/aoaeanue a iniiaiii ?aeeaeiciay eeoa?aoo?a.
Iiieii o?aiia e iiianou?ae, e /eneo ?aeeaeiciuo nii?oaeaiee, eiathueo
iaiaeoth eoeueoo?ioth oeaiiinoue, ioiinyony noao?aaiu – niaoeeaeueiua
iino?ieee, neoaeeaoea aeey o?aiaiey inoaieia nayouo e noaaoea
naiaia?aciuie iaiyoiuie ciaeaie a /anoue auaeathueony niauoee a enoi?ee
aoaeaeecia. Iie nii?oaeaeenue ec eaiiy, aeeiu, aea?aaa e ninoiyee ec
iueaaeanoaea, aea?io?aieeeua e oieey. Iaeaieaa ecaanoiui yaeyaony
noao?aai a Eoy-Oaie? a aeaoeaia Y?aeaie-Aeco.
*oi eanaaony ycueia, oi iiieii iiiaieueneiai, oe?iei eniieueciaaeny e
oeaaoneee ycue, noaaoee iaiouaieaiie /anoueth aoaeaeeeneiai ia?aciaaiey,
iniaaiii a iiianou?neie nenoaia iao/aiey.
Caeeth/aiea
Oaeei ia?acii, iaeaieaa aaaeiua aii?inu, eanathueany enoi?ee no?aiu a
ia?eiae n XVI – ii XIX aa. cao?iioou e iieiinoueth ?ane?uou. Oeaeueth
iiaai ?aoa?aoa auei iciaeiieoue n enoi?eae Iiiaieee a Iiaia a?aiy, a
oaeaea i?ineaaeeoue anth aa yaiethoeeth.
?anniao?eaaaiue iiith ia?eiae iiiaieueneie enoi?ee ieacaeny i/aiue
ianuuaiiui. Ia i?ioyaeaiee /aou?ao noieaoee aceaoneay no?aia ia?aaeeea
iiiai niauoee, eioi?ua ?aoeee aeaeueiaeoee oiae enoi?ee.
Iiiaieey eae no?aia iiyaeeanue aua a ia/aea XIII aaea a ?acoeueoaoa
iauaaeeiaiey iiiaieueneeo ieai?i *eiaenoaiii. A ?acoeueoaoa caoaaoa
caiaeue ainoaea?noai ieacaeinue iaiaeii?iaeiui, e anei?a ia/aeny
i?ioeann ?aniaaea. A aeaeueiaeoai enoi?ey naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia
ieeoiaoeee iaiue/aeo?aie e oieueei a ia/aea XIX aaea Iiiaieey ia?aea
iacaaeneiinoue.
Iiiaieey – ainoaea?noai a Oeaio?aeueiie Acee. Enoi?ey iiiaieueneeo
aeeianoee ?anoyioeanue ia iiiaea aaea, e o?aaoao aeineiiaeueiiai
eco/aiey.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. Iiaay enoi?ey no?ai Acee e Ao?eee. O/aaiee aeey nooae. auno. O/aa.
Caaaaeaiee/ Iiae ?aae. A.I. ?iae?eaana: A 3 /. – I.: Aoiaieo. Ecae.
Oeaio? Aeaaein, 2004.
2. Aoaa? A.A., Eei A.O., Oaeoaoe A,I. Iiaay enoi?ey no?ai Acee e Ao?eee.
I.: Ecae-ai «Iaoea» 1975.
3. THaeei A.I. Oeaio?aeueiay Acey a XIV – XVIII aaeao aeacaie
ainoieiaaaea. – Aeiaou: «Aeaee – I?ann», 2001.
4. O.I. Aoeaiaa, A.E. Iaaeia, O.I. Iae Enoi?ey no?ai Acee e Ao?eee a
iiaia a?aiy. I.: Ecae-ai IAO, 1989.
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