Iiaeaee oicyenoaaiiiai ?acaeoey
Niaea?aeaiea
1. Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea no?ai Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea
2. Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea aioe/iuo ainoaea?noa.
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea i?oaeee o?oaea, iiauoaiea eo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe,
ia?aciaaiea ia yoie iniiaa i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa eiaee aeoaieea
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea iineaaenoaey. Yeiiiie/aneay no?oeoo?a
ia?aiauoiiai iauanoaa noaea oaniie aeey iiaie oaoie/aneie aacu,
oi?iiceea aa ?acaeoea. Aicieeiiaaiea /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe,
?ani?ino?aiaiea iaiaia e ca?iaeaeaiea ia yoie iniiaa eiouanoaaiiiai e
nioeeaeueiiai ia?aaainoa niinianoaiaaee ia?aciaaieth iiaiai oeia
iauanoaa, iiyaeaieth ainoaea?noaa.
Ia?aui iauanoaii ia?aaainoaa, aaea nouanoaiaaea yenieoaoaoeey, aue
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneee no?ie. Niaia ia?aiauoii-iaueiiiai
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneei no?iai ia/aeanue ia Ainoiea a IV ouny/aeaoee aei
i.y.
Ainoaea?noaa Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea nouanoaaiii ioee/aeenue io aioe/iuo
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneeo ainoaea?noa. Ai-ia?auo, ia Ainoiea ?aau ieeiaaea ia
auee aeaaiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie neeie iauanoaa. I?iecaiaenoaii
iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa, naeueneei oicyenoaii e ?aianeii caieiaeenue
e?anoueyia-iaueiieee, eioi?ua n/eoaeenue naiaiaeiuie. Ai-aoi?uo, caiey
ia Ainoiea iaoiaeeeanue a ainoaea?noaaiiie eee ainoaea?noaaiii-iaueiiie
nianoaaiiinoe. A-o?aoueeo, yeiiiieea ainoi/iuo ainoaea?noa a ioee/ea io
aioe/iuo i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aeanoei oeaio?aeeciaaiioth oicyenoaaiioth
nenoaio. Yoi auei neaaenoaeai ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth.
A-/aoaa?ouo, ainoaea?noai ia Ainoiea eiaei oi?io «ainoi/iie aeaniioee» –
ia?aae eeoeii ainoaea?noaa ana a?aaeaeaia auee iieiinoueth aani?aaiu.
1. Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea no?ai Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea
Iiyaeaoeany a IV—III ouny/aeaoeyo aei i.y. ia?aua ainoaea?noaa
oi?ie?iaaeenue ia caieyo n aea?eei eeeiaoii, a aeieeiao ?ae n
ieiaei?iaeiuie iaiiniuie ii/aaie: Ieea, Oea?a e Aao?aoa, Eiaea e Aaiaa,
a eanniauo aeieeiao Ooaioy e ssioecu. Iau/ii eo iacuaatho ainoaea?noaaie
Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea: Ooia?, Aeeaae, Aaaeeii, Anne?ey, Ae?aaiaeeoaeneia
oea?noai. Iniaia ianoi n?aaee ieo caieiaao Ae?aaiee Aaeiao, enoi?ey
eioi?iai ian/eouaaao aieaa III ouny/aeaoee – n IV aei VI ouny/aeaoey aei
i.y. Oaieue eeeiao a ni/aoaiee n ieiaei?iaeiuie, eaaei ia?aaaouaaaiuie
ii/aaie, aiciiaeiinoue eo i?ioaiey iicaieyee iieo/aoue cia/eoaeueiua
o?iaeae aeaaea i?e ieceii aa?ieoeueoo?iii e oaoie/aneii o?iaiyo
caieaaeaeey. Neeaaeuaaiea iiaiai iauanoaa ia/aeinue caeanue aei ia/aea
«aeaeaciie ?aaiethoeee» ia iniiaa iaeaieeoe/aneie oaoieee e i?oaeee
o?oaea. Naiuey aaeiaoneiai e?anoueyieia, iai?eia?, iieo/aea ao?ia
aieueoa i?iaeiaieuenoaey, /ai auei iaiaoiaeeii aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey aa
iio?aaiinoae. I?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo — yoi aeaaiia oneiaea ?iaeaeaiey
iiaie oeeaeeecaoeee.
Yeiiiieea Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa, Iaeaieaa oeie/iui iauanoaii aceaoneiai oeia
yaeyeny Ae?aaiee Aaeiao. Ae?aaiaeoea iinaeaiey neioiaiaeia e
caieaaeaeueoeaa a aeieeia Ieea aicieeee a VI — O ouny/aeaoeyo aei i.y.
Iieeaiia caieaaeaeea caeanue aeinoeaei aieueoeo oniaoia. A yoi a?aiy
auea ecia?aoaia aea?aayiiay nioa. Ioioie/ee i?iiunae auoaniyeny
neioiaiaenoaii. Aaeioyia iao/eeenue ioeeaaoue ec iaaee oiii?u, iiaee,
eeiaeaeu, ninoaeu, iaeiia/ieee aeey no?ae. Ii aeaaiia — ia/aea
?acaeaaoueny aannaeiiaay nenoaia i?ioaiey, nicaeaoue eioi?oth auei ii
neeai eeoue e?oiiui caiaeueiui iaueiai. Ec n?aaeu iaueiieeia auaeaeyaony
ieaiaiiay ciaoue. Auiieiyy ?ieue i?aaiecaoi?a e ?anii?yaeeoaey
caieaaeaeey, iia ni a?aiaiai caoaaoeea aeanoue.
Auaeaeaiea iaueiiie aa?oooee, oneeeaaaoayny aeeooa?aioeeaoeey naeueneiai
ianaeaiey niinianoaiaaee iiyaeaieth ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua a Aaeioa
iacuaaeenue ii-a?a/anee iiiaie. Ia ?oaaaea IV—III ouny/aeaoee aei i.y.
ec ?aiaa a?aaeaeiaaaoeo Aa?oia-e Ieaeiaaaeiaoneiai oea?noa auei nicaeaii
aaeeiia ainoaea?noai — Ae?aaiee Aaeiao.
Aaeiao caieiae auaiaeiia aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea. N?aaeecaiiia ii?a
niaaeeiyei aai n Ia?aaeiae Aceae, Eei?ii, ino?iaaie Yaaeneiai ii?y e
iaoa?eeiaie A?aoeeae. Iee yaeyeny aaaeiie noaeioiaeiie a?oa?eae. Aaeiao
?aniieaaae iieaciuie eneiiaaiuie.
Oicyenoaaiioth iniiao Aaeioa ninoaaeyei iieeaiia (e??eaaoeeiiiia)
caieaaeaeea, i?aaenoaaeyaoaa niaie niaaeeiaiea e??eaaoeeiiiuo
nii?oaeaiee e iieeaiuo ?aaio n i?eieoeaiie oaoieeie ia?aaioee caiee.
Caieth ia?aaaouaaee iiouaie e i?eieoeaiui ieoaii. Nayee y/iaiue,
ioaieoeo, eai. Naeueneia oicyenoai iineei niaoeeaeece?iaaiiue oa?aeoa?.
Aa?oiee Aaeiao noae oeaio?ii caieaaeaeey, a Ieaeiee – neioiaiaenoaa,
naaeiaiaenoaa e aeiia?aaea?noaa. Aua a aeoaieie ae?aaiinoe a Aaeioa
neiaeeeanue e??eaaoeeiiiay nenoaia, aeaeeaoay iiey ia aa?oiea e ieaeiea.
Ieaeieie iacuaaeenue iiey, caoiieyaiua ai a?aiy ?aceeaa Ieea, a nooia
a?aiy aiaea aiaea naiioaeii ioooaea iinooiaea ia iiey. Ia aa?oiea iiey,
eoaea ai a?aiy ?aceeaa aiaea ia aeioiaeeea, aa i?eoiaeeeinue iiaeieiaoue
i?e iiiiue aeo?aaeae-oaaeooia e aiaeyiuo eiean. ?aiiioaeaia, i/enoea
eaiaeia, ?aaoee?iaaiea iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe iiiaie?aoiiai iieeaa iieae,
iieaaua ?aaiou, naycaiiua n ?aaeeiii i?ioaiey, — ana yoi iiaei
nouanoaiaaoue eeoue i?e aeanoeii niaethaeaiee a?aoeea, iinoiyiiii
eiio?iea e oi?aaeaiee ec aaeeiiai oeaio?a, inouanoaeyaiuo ainoaea?noaii.
Ae?aaiaainoi/iia ainoaea?noai, oaeei ia?acii, aicieeei aneaaenoaea
iaiaoiaeeiinoe iauaaeeiaiey nee caieaaeaeueoeaa-iaueiieeia aeey
no?ieoaeuenoaa i?ineoaeueiuo nenoai.
Ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie ainoi/iiai oeia oicyenoaa yaeyeanue
ainoaea?noaaiiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth e e??eaaoeeiiiua nii?oaeaiey.
Oa?aiiu, iaueiiay ciaoue (iiia?oe) caieiaee ainiiaenoaothuaa
yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea. A oea?neeo, o?aiiauo e /anoiuo oicyenoaao
o?oaeeeenue ?aau e caaeneiua iaueiieee. A ia?eiae aieiaea o?aiu
ioe?uaaee aeey caieaaeaeueoeaa naie ca?iio?aieeeua, a iaueiieee ca yoi
aeieaeiu auee ?aaioaoue ia «iieyo aiaa».
Oea?neia oicyenoai, iinoaaeyaoaa ana iaiaoiaeeiia aeey «aeiia oa?aiia»,
auei aeinoaoi/ii ?acaeoui. Oa?aiiu eiio?iee?iaaee o?aiiaua oicyenoaa,
eiioeneiauaaee iaueiiua ionoioe. ?anoe?aiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaa
nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ?acaea/ae caiaeue naiiaieeai. Iiyaeeenue oicyenoaa
aaeueiiae. Eo caiee ia?aaaouaaee «?aai/ea io?yaeu», eioi?ui auaeaeyeenue
oyaeiaue neio, naiaia aeey iinaaa.
Ainoaea?noai, iauaaeeiea ethaeae, nio?aieei i?aaeithth iaueiioth
iaycaiiinoue — aanoe iauaa oicyenoai, i?aa?aoea aa a ainoaea?noaaiioth
o?oaeiaoth iiaeiiinoue. Iin?aaenoaii iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio ainoi/iua
i?aaeoaee iiae/eieee naaa naiaiaeiuo iaueiieeia. A yoeo oneiaeyo o?oae
?aaia ea?ae aoi?inoaiaiioth ?ieue, eiae «aeiiaoiee oa?aeoa?». ?aau
eniieiyee a iniiaiii iaycaiiinoe neoa. Eeoue a iineaaeiee ia?eiae
enoi?ee Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa — a XVI — XII aa. aei i.y. ?aaia ia/aee
eniieueciaaoue a ea/anoaa oea/ae, aii/a?ia e o.ae. A «aceaoneeo» iaueiao
ia auei iaiaoiaeeiinoe a aeiiieieoaeueiie ?aai/ae neea. Oai nouanoaiaae
ecauoie o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia. A ia?eiae i?ae?auaiey naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
?aaio, naycaiiuo n ?aceeaii ?ae, ianaeaiea ioaeii auei /ai-oi caiyoue.
Iiyoiio ia neo/aeii ii/oe ana ae?aaiaainoi/iua ainoaea?noaa aaee
no?ieoaeuenoai a?aiaeeiciuo eoeueoiauo e naaoneeo nii?oaeaiee — ie?aieae
a Aaeioa, aaoai-ceeeo?aoia e aeny/eo naaeia a Ianiiioaiee e o.ae. A
oneiaeyo ecauoi/iinoe o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia i?eiaiaiea o?oaea ?aaia a
naeueneioicyenoaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa auei aanniuneaiiui.
Caieaaeaeueoeu-iaueiieee — yoi aea?iaay ?aai/ay neea, eioi?oth ia ioaeii
iieoiaoue, ei?ieoue, iaeaaaoue. O?oae yoeo ethaeae iiaeii auei
?anoiaeiaaoue i/aiue ?anoi/eoaeueii. A ioee/ea io ?aaia aioe/iuo
ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua iaoiaeeeenue a nianoaaiiinoe ioaeaeueiuo
?aaiaeaaeaeueoeaa e eniieueciaaeenue a /anoiuo eioa?anao, yoa ia?iiiay
o?oaeiaay a?iey i?eiaiyeanue oeaio?aeeciaaiii aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo
(iauanoaaiiuo) ?aaio: i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa i?ineoaeueiuo nenoai, aei?ia,
eoeueoiauo nii?oaeaiee. Aeey i?aaiecaoeee yoeo ?aaio ae?aaiaaaeiaoneia
ainoaea?noai eiaei iniaoth io?aneue — oi?aaeaiea iauanoaaiiuie ?aaioaie.
Aaaeaiea, oi?aaeaiea yoeie ?aaioaie o?aaiaaee iiuiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa. A Ae?aaiai Aaeioa ?aaoey?ii i?iaiaeeeenue ia?aiene ianaeaiey e
oicyenoaa, a iniiaiii aeey ?aneeaaeee o?oaeiaie iiaeiiinoe. Eaaeaeue
e?anoueyiei aeieaeai aue ii?aaeaeaiioth /anoue aiaea io?aaioaoue ia
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?aaioao — ia iieyo oa?aiia e o?aiia, no?ieoaeuenoaa
i?ineoaeueiuo nenoai, ie?aieae e o?aiia. O?oaeiaua iiaeiiinoe a iieueco
oa?aiia eiaee ia?iiiia cia/aiea aeey yeiiiieee Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa.
Nouanoaiaaei aeaaea «aaaeiinoai iinoaaueea ethaeae» n oth?ueiie aeey
oeeiiyaoeony io iiaeiiinoae. Ainoaea?noaaiiua iiaeiiinoe
?ani?ino?aiyeenue ia ana ianaeaiea. Nio?aieeenue caiene ia i?aaiecaoeee
ethaeae a «iyoa?ee» e «aeanyoee» ai aeaaa n «?oeiaiaeeoaeai ?aaio».
Auiieiaiea ?aaio eiio?iee?iaaeinue /eiiaieeaie — «n/ao/eeaie ethaeae».
E?iia oiai, nouanoaiaaei ?acaaoaeaiiia aaaeiinoai ii nai?o iaeiaia.
Iniaay ?ieue ainoaea?noaa n a?iiaaeiui aiia?aoii oi?aaeaiey iaoneiaeea
iniaue oei ath?ie?aoee. Iaen Aaaa? ia aac ino?ioiey ioia/ae:
«Ianiiiaiii, /oi a Aaeioa ath?ie?aoe/aneay oeaio?aeecaoeey ieeiaaea ia
iiaea au… aeinoe/ue oie noaiaie niaa?oainoaa, eioi?ie iia aeinoeaea,
aac anoanoaaiiiai ?aceeaa Ieea».
Aeey Aaeioa, eae e aeey ae?oaeo «ainoi/iuo iauanoa», oa?aeoa?ia aunieay
noaiaiue oeaio?aeecaoeee yeiiiieee. Oeaio?aeeciaaiii ?ani?aaeaeyeanue
iniiaiay ianna i?iecaaaeaiiiai i?iaeoeoa. *eiiaieee o/eouaaee o?iaeae e
eiee/anoai neioa. Iaueiieee, ?aaioaaoea ia e??eaaoeeiiiuo e
no?ieoaeueiuo iauaeoao, iieo/aee eino?oiaio e i?iaeaio ec,
ainoaea?noaaiiuo o?aieeeu.
Oi?aaeaiea e??eaaoeeiiiie nenoaiie a ainoi/iuo no?aiao iineei
naa?ooeaio?aeeciaaiiue e aeaniioe/aneee oa?aeoa?. Aieaa oiai, aa?oiaiua
i?aaeoaee n/eoaeenue aeeauie aiaaie ia caiea. Yoei iauyniyaony
/?acau/aeiay yeiiiie/aneay ?ieue, eioi?oth auiieiyee o?aiu, ae?aoeu,
o?aieaoea e eioa?i?aoe?iaaaoea eioi?iaoeeth ii oi?aaeaieth
e??eaaoeeiiiuie nenoaiaie.
Ana yoe iniaaiiinoe «aceaoneiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa» nio?aiyeenue ia
Ainoiea i/aiue aeieai.
Ainoi/iua iauanoaa — yoi aeanoeea ea?a?oe/aneea iauanoaa.
Nianoaaiiinoue e aeanoue a Ae?aaiai Aaeioa auee neeou aiaaeeii. Ia
aa?oeia ie?aieaeu iaoiaeeeny oa?aii. Aai aaniethoiay, aeaniioe/aneay
aeanoue inayuaeanue ?aeeaeae.
Ana /eiiaieee oeaeeeii iaoiaeeeenue a caaeneiinoe io oa?aiia, iieo/ay io
iaai aeaeiaaiuea aeaiueaaie eee iaoo?ie. Ia?aaeei aeaeiaaiuea auei
aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii eo aeioiaea. *anoue /eiiaieeia e
aiaia/aeueieeia aeaaeaea caiaeueiuie o/anoeaie, aeai?oeaie, neoaaie, ii
eeoue aei oao ii?, iiea ninoiyea ia neoaeaa. Oa?aii iia eeoeoue eo yoeo
aeaa, anee iie noaiiaeeenue aio iaoaiaeiuie. Nioeeaeueiia iieiaeaiea,
aiaaonoai caaenaee ia io i?e?iaeiuo ea/anoa, i?ioanneiiaeecia,
i?aaei?eei/eainoe, aeaeiaeoinoe /aeiaaea, a io aeecinoe e aa?oeia
ie?aieaeu — /ai aeeaea, oai aieueoeie aeaaaie, aiciiaeiinoyie, a oii
/enea yeiiiie/aneeie, ii iaeaaeae.
Ainoaea?noaaiiui oa?aeoa?ii oicyenoaa ii?aaeaeyeinue e iieiaeaiea
caieaaeaeueoea. Ii aeee a nianoaaiiii aeiia n naiueae e aae oicyenoai,
ii aeaaea ca?ii aeey iinaaa, ?aai/ee neio aeey ia?aaioee caiee ii
iieo/ae ia a?aiy io ainoaea?noaa. Au?auaiiue o?iaeae oaeoe/anee
iaoiaeeeny a ?anii?yaeaiee ainoaea?noaa: caieaaeaeueoeo inoaaeyee ?iaii
noieueei, neieueei auei iaiaoiaeeii aeey aeecie aai naiuee. Aieueoay
/anoue oea ia ainoaea?noaaiiua neeaaeu.
?aianei iineei oeaio?aeeciaaiiue oa?aeoa?. Ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a
?aianea a oa/aiea aeieaiai a?aiaie iaoaee ia auoaniee eaiiy. Aaeioyia
ciaee a?iico, ii iia auea iaoa?eaeii aeey oe?aoaiee e i?oaeey, ii ia
aeey ecaioiaeaiey i?oaeee o?oaea. A eiioea enoi?ee Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa
iiyaeeinue aeaeaci, n/eoaaoaany ae?aaioeaiiui iaoaeeii. E?iia
?aianeaiieea, ?aaioaaoaai aeiia eee a nianoaaiiie ianoa?neie,
nouanoaiaaee e?oiiua ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey n aeaoaeueiui
?acaeaeaieai o?oaea. Iiieii noaeieueiuo, oaenoeeueiuo, aii/a?iuo
ianoa?neeo eiaeenue aeai?u «iieieueueoe ioee», oeaaiiaea?ie,
«iauanoaaiiua eooie», auioneaaoea aioiaoth ieuo, eioi?ie, iai?eia?,
ei?ieee no?ieoaeae ie?aieae.
Oniaoe oicyenoaaiiiai ?acaeoey niinianoaiaaee ?inoo oi?aiaee. THa Aaeioa
iinoaaeye neio, a naaa? — ca?ii. Ia/aeanue yenieoaoaoeey caaiaaaiiuo
oa??eoi?ee — Eeaee, Ioaee, Neiay. Aaeiaoneea eoioeu iieoiaee oai iaaeue,
cieioi, yiaeue, neiiiaoth einoue, eiaee, oa?noue, ae?aaaneio. Aaeioyia
iieo/aee ieiai e naeiaoe ec Iaeie Acee, a iaaeue — n Eei?a.
?acaiaaoaaoaa eoia/anoai caieiaeinue ?inoiaue/anoaii. Iaiaei aiaaonoa
iinooiaei a aeaea aiaiiuo o?ioaaa eee aeaie, aceiaaiie n iiaaaeaeaiiuo
ia?iaeia.
Iainoaea?noaeaiea yeiiiieee, oioaeueiay ?aaeaiaioaoeey iauanoaaiiie
aeecie, aa ath?ie?aoecaoeey auee naycaiu n aaaeiaeoae /a?oie
aaeiaoneiai, ainoi/iiai iauanoaa a oeaeii: no?aieaieai e noaaeeueiinoe e
iaeciaiiinoe ai anai — yeiiiieea, nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iie e iieeoe/aneie
aeecie. Iiaeiaii oiio eae aac iaueiu ia iiaea auaeeoue ioaeaeueiay
naiuey, oae e naie iaueiu ia iiaee iaieoenue aac ainoaea?noaa, iiyoiio
iie auee e?iaii caeioa?aniaaiu a eiina?aaoeee ioiioaiee n aa?oiaiie
aeanoueth. Nio?aiaieth a iacuaeaiinoe, iaeciaiiii ninoiyiee anae nenoaiu
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iiae/eiyeanue iaoa?eaeueiay e aeooiaiay
aeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae. Iiaeaea?aeaieth noaaeeueiinoe ainoi/iiai
iauanoaa neoaeeee aeaniioeci i?aaeoaeae, ?aeeaey, iau/ae e caeiiu.
No?aieaiea e iaeciaiiinoe iaeiaeeei ioia/aoie ia ?acaeoea o?oaea e
/aeiaaea a Ae?aaiai Aaeioa. Yeiiiieea ii/oe ia ?acaeaaeanue, iinoiyiii
aini?iecaiaey i?aaeiea oi?iu e ioiioaiey. Oaeia iieiaeaiea a yeiiiieea
iacuaaaony noaaiaoeeae.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeey ainoi/iie (aceaoneie) iiaeaee oicyenoaaiiiai
?acaeoey oa?aeoa?iu neaaeothuea /a?ou:
1. ?aau ia ninoaaeyee aeaaioth i?iecaiaeeoaeueioth neeo iauanoaa, o.a.
i?iecaiaenoaii iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa a naeueneii oicyenoaa e ?aianea
caieiaeenue ethaee, n/eoaaoeany naiaiaeiuie.
2. Caiey iaoiaeeeanue ia a /anoiie, a a ainoaea?noaaiiie eee
ainoaea?noaaiii-iaueiiie nianoaaiiinoe.
3. Iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e iaueiieeaie-caieaaeaeueoeaie neiaeeeenue
ioiioaiey iiaeaeaiie/anoaa — ionoonoaea i?aa i?e aaconeiaiii ianaiee
iiaeiiinoae a iieueco ainoaea?noaa.
4. Ainoaea?noai ia Ainoiea i?eia?aei oi?io «ainoi/iie aeaniioee», o.a.
iieiiai aani?aaey iiaeaeaiiuo ia?aae eeoeii ainoaea?noaa. Eiaiii iiyoiio
oaeie oei iauanoaa iacuaaaony «iauanoaii ainoi/iiai ?aanoaa».,
5. Iaueiu ioee/aeenue onoie/eainoueth, /oi auei naycaii n
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth nicaeaiey e iiaeaea?aeaiey a aeieaeiii ninoiyiee
e??eaaoeeiiiie nenoaiu caieaaeaeey.
1. Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea aioe/iuo ainoaea?noa.
A ioee/ea io na?ai Ainoiea ainoaea?noaa ia thaa Aa?iiu noi?ie?iaaeenue
iicaea — a eiioea II ouny/aeaoey aei i.y., oioy oa??eoi?ee Ae?aaiae
A?aoeee e Ae?aaiaai ?eia auee canaeaiu oaea a yiioo iaeaieeoa. Ia thaa
Aaeeaineiai iieoino?iaa a VII ouny/aeaoee aei i.y. nouanoaiaaei
caieaaeaeea e neioiaiaenoai. A eiioea IV ouny/aeaoey aei i.y.
?ani?ino?aieeenue iaaeiua i?oaeey o?oaea, a n ia/aea III ouny/aeaoee aei
i.y. — a?iiciaua. A eiioea II ouny/aeaoey aei i.y. a a?a/aneoth
yeiiiieeo oe?iei aiaae?yeinue aeaeaci. Oiaaea aea noae oe?iei
eniieueciaaoueny aii/a?iue e?oa, iieo/eei ?acaeoea ii?aieaaaiea,
aicieeee ia?aua ai?iaea.
Ae?aaiaeoeie aeeoaeyie Aiaiieineiai iieoino?iaa auee eeao?u, eioi?ua
yaeyeenue nicaeaoaeyie iaieeoe/aneie eoeueoo?u, eoaeeee, eeee?eeoeu. A
IX-VIII aa. aei i.y. aeeaoeie caeanue ia?iaeaie oe?iei eniieueciaaeinue
aeaeaci. A VIII—VI aa. aei i.y. iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea i?eia?aea eoeueoo?a
yo?oneia.
Yeiiiieea Ae?aaiae A?aoeee e Ae?aaiaai ?eia iniiauaaeanue ia o?oaea
?aaia, yaeyaoeony aeaaiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa. Iniiaiui
enoi/ieeii iiiieiaiey ?aaia auee:
• aiaiiiieaiiua e io/anoe caoaa/aiiua a ieai ie?iua aeeoaee;
• i?iaeaaaaiua i?aayuae a?enoie?aoeae aa?aa?neeo ia?iaeia niieaiaiieee;
• aini?iecaiaenoai ?aaia;
• ie?aou e iioeoeoaee naiaiaeiuo ethaeae.
Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea Ae?aaiae A?aoeee. Ia?aue ia?eiae enoi?ee Ae?aaiae
A?aoeee – n XII ii VIII a. aei i.y. – iacuaatho aiia?ianeei, oae eae e
yoiio a?aiaie ioiineony nicaeaiea Aiia?ii «Eeeaaeu» e «Iaeennae». Ii a
yoio ia?eiae o a?aeia aua ia nouanoaiaaei ainoaea?noaa. Yoi —
ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae io ia?aiauoiiiaueiiiai e eeanniaiio iauanoao,
eioi?ue iacuaatho no?iai aiaiiie aeaiie?aoee. Aeaiie?aoeae, iineieueeo
aa?oiaiui i?aaiii yaeyeinue ia?iaeiia nia?aiea, a aiaiiie, iioiio /oi
ia?iaeiia nia?aiea auae?aei aiaiiiai ?oeiaiaeeoaey — aiaeaey
(aaneeaana). A oneiaeyo oneeeaaaoeony aiaiiuo noieeiiaaiee a aeecie
ieaiaie ana aieueooth ?ieue ia/aea ea?aoue aiaiiay aa?oooea ai aeaaa n
aiaeaeai.
VIII—III aa. aei i.y. auee ia?eiaeii nouanoaiaaiey iieenia, eee
naiinoiyoaeueiuo ai?iaeia-ainoaea?noa. Yoi eeanne/aneee
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneee ia?eiae enoi?ee Ae?aaiae A?aoeee, eioi?ay ia
i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aaeeiiai ainoaea?noaa, a ninoiyea ec iiiaeanoaa
iaaieueoeo ainoaea?noa. A iniiaa nouanoaiaaiey iieena eaaeaea aioe/iay
oi?ia nianoaaiiinoe, niaaeeiyaoay a naaa ainoaea?noaaiioth e /anoioth
nianoaaiiinoue. Iieen eae eieeaeoea a?aaeaeai iaeaaeae i?aaii aa?oiaiie
nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth. Nianoaaiieeaie caiee iiaee auoue oieueei
a?aaeaeaia iieena. Iniiaiui yeiiiie/aneei i?eioeeiii iieena yaeyeanue
eaeay aaoa?eee (naiiiaania/aiiinoe).
I?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo a oneiaeyo iieena iiaeii auei iaania/eoue, oieueei
canoaaea o?oaeeoueny aacaiciacaeii caoaa/aiiuo ia aieia ?aaia. Aioe/iay
nenoaia oicyenoaa iniiauaaeanue, i?aaeaea anaai, ia aiaiiie
i?aaiecaoeee, iaania/eaaaoae oicyenoai iiauie ?aaaie. Oiaaeaoiyy a?iey —
yoi iiie/aiea. Eaaeaeue a?aaeaeaiei aeaiiiai iieena iacaaeneii io
i?ienoiaeaeaiey iaycai aue ioauaaoue aiaiioth iiaeiiinoue. A caaeneiinoe
io ?acia?a eiouanoaa ii neoaeee eeai a nooiiooiuo aieneao, eeai ia
oeioa.
A Ae?aaiae A?aoeee nouanoaiaaei aeaa aa?eaioa iieeoe/aneiai e
yeiiiie/aneiai no?iy — aoeineee e nia?oaineee. Ia?aue — yoi
oi?aiai-?aianeaiiua ainoaea?noaa n ?acaeouie oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuie
ioiioaieyie, oe?ieei eniieueciaaieai ?aaneiai o?oaea a i?iecaiaenoaa,
aeaiie?aoe/aneei ono?ienoaii. I?eia?ii oaeeo iieenia auee Aoeiu, Ei?eio,
Iaaa?u, Ieeao, ?iaein e ?yae ae?oaeo ai?iaeia, eae i?aaeei,
?aniieiaeaiiuo ia ii?neii iiaa?aaeuea, eiaaoeo iaaieueooth
naeueneioicyenoaaiioth oa??eoi?eth, ii iaeaaeaaoeo aianoa n oai
iiiai/eneaiiui ianaeaieai. Iieenu yoiai oeia caaeaaaee oii a
yeiiiie/aneii ?acaeoee. Iie auee aaaeoueie oicyenoaaiiuie oeaio?aie
A?aoeee. Aoi?ie – aa?a?iue n aaniethoiui i?aiaeaaeaieai naeueneiai
oicyenoaa, neaaui ?acaeoeai oi?aiaee, ?aianea e oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo
ioiioaiee, aieueoei /eneii caaeneiuo ?aaioieeia, ieeaa?oe/aneei, eae
i?aaeei, ono?ienoaii. Yoi Nia?oa, A?eaaeey, Aaioey, Oannaeey.
Naeueneia oicyenoai. Iniiaiie oi?iie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
aeeoaeae A?aoeee auei caieaaeaeea. Au?aueaaee y/iaiue e ioaieoeo, ii
o?iaeae auee iaaunieeie — nai-3, nai-4. Oieienoue ?aeueao A?aoeee n
eaiaienoie ii/aie, o?oaeiie aeey aniaoee e ia?aaioee, iaei i?eaiaeiie
aeey ca?iiauo, ieacaeny oaeiaiui aeey au?aueaaiey aeiia?aaeiie eicu,
ianeei e ieiaeiauo aea?aaueaa, ?aciiia?aciuo iaiuae, /oi iaoneiaeei
iaaunieee o?iaaiue ?acaeoey oeaaiiaoanoaa a a?a/aneeo iieenao. A yoi
a?aiy iaaethaeaeny ia?aoiae io ca?iiaiai oicyenoaa e eioaineaiiio
aeiia?aaea?noao e naaeiaiaenoao. ?acaeoea yoeo io?aneae o?aaiaaei
ouaoaeueiiai ooiaea, aeiaeaiee n?aaenoa e aieueoeo ethaeneeo cao?ao,
iiiai caaio e ?aai/eo ?oe. Yoe eoeueoo?u iiaee oniaoii inaaeaaoueny
oieueei i?e iaee/ee aeiiieieoaeueiie ?aai/ae neeu, /oi iaoneiaeei
aiaae?aiea ?aaneiai o?oaea. Aeiaeaiea aeiiieieoaeueiuo n?aaenoa e
?aai/ae neeu nicaeaaaee aiciiaeiinoe aeey iieo/aiey eceeoeia. A?aee
eiaee aeiaieueii aunieea o?iaeae aeiia?aaea e ianeei, eioi?ua ia oieueei
iaania/eaaee ioaeaeu ianoiiai ianaeaiey, ii e i?iaeaaaeenue.
Iniiaiuie y/aeeaie naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa auee iaeeea
oicyenoaa e aieaa e?oiiua iiianouey ?iaeiaie ciaoe. Ca/anooth caiey
naeaaaeanue a?enoie?aoaie a a?aiaeo iaaaeiaaoei niieaiaiieeai,
ioaeaaaaoei caieaaeaaeaeueoeai a ea/anoaa a?aiaeiie ieaou aei iieiaeiu
o?iaeay. Aa?a?iua ioiioaiey a A?aoeee oa?aeoa?eciaaeenue oe?aieaieai
e?oiiiai caieaaeaaeaiey e ?aci?aieai iniiaiie iannu ianaeaiey, /oi
niinianoaiaaei ?inoo eiouanoaaiiiai ?anneiaiey e oneeaieth nioeeaeueiie
iai?yaeaiiinoe a a?a/aneeo iieenao.
A ?acoeueoaoa ?yaea ?aoi?i a a?a/aneeo iieenao aeaaiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
y/aeeie noae iaaieueoie caiaeueiue o/anoie (3—5 aa), aeaaeaeueoeai
eioi?iai yaeyeny a?aaeaeaiei aeaiiiai iieena. Caiey aicaeaeuaaeanue
/eaiaie naiuee yoiai /aeiaaea, ei iiiiaaee 1—2 ?aaa. A aieaa e?oiiuo
iiianoueyo eniieueciaaeny o?oae 15—25 ?aaia. Oicyenoaa eiaee, eae
i?aaeei, iiiaiio?aneaaie oa?aeoa?.
Neioiaiaenoai caieiaei iaaieueoia ianoi a naeueneioicyenoaaiiii
i?iecaiaenoaa. Iyni e iieiei ia auee iniiaiuie i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey
ae?aaieo a?aeia. Eioaaeae auei iaei. Iie i?aeoe/anee ia i?eiaiyeenue eae
oyaeiaay neea, a a?a/aneay eiiieoea auea aniiiiaaoaeueiui ?iaeii aiene.
Caoi ?acaiaeeee iaaoe, ?aai/ee e oyaeiaue neio.
A oeaeii naeueneia oicyenoai A?aoeee eiaei neaaeothuea iniaaiiinoe:
iiiaiio?aneaaie oa?aeoa?, oiaa?ioth iai?aaeaiiinoue, eniieueciaaiea
?aaneiai o?oaea.
?aianei e oi?aiaey caieiaee aieueoia ianoi a yeiiiie/aneie no?oeoo?a
iieenia. Eo ?acaeoea noeioee?iaaeinue, i?aaeaea anaai, ?inoii ai?iaeia
eaeoi?aiai-?aianeaiiuo oeaio?ia. ?ino ai?iaeia aue iaaiciiaeai aac
iiaeuaia ?aianae e oi?aiaee, /oi a naith i/a?aaeue o?aaiaaei i?eaea/aiey
aeiiieieoaeueiie ?aai/ae neeu — ?aaia.
Oe?ieia ?acaeoea iieo/eee ai?iiaeiauaathuaa e eocia/iia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aaaeiaeoeie io?aneyie ?aianea auee ea?aie/aneia, no?ieoaeueiia
i?iecaiaenoaa, noaeino?iaiea, oea/anoai. Iniia- iie y/aeeie ?aianeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa auee y?aanoa?ee — ianoa?neea, ?aciua ii aaee/eia, a
eioi?uo oe?iei i?eiaiyeny o?oae ?aaia. Oae, ciaiaieoue aoeineee i?aoi?
Aeaiinoai eiae aeaa ianoa?neea n 20 ?aaaie a iaeiie e 32 a ae?oaie.
Iaeiaei e?oiiuo ianoa?neeo auei iath, a iniiaiii nouanoaiaaee iaeeea e
n?aaeiea i?iecaiaenoaa.
Aeey a?a/aneiai ?aianea oa?aeoa?ia oaniay naycue n ?uieii, aaea
?aianeaiiee i?iaeaaae naith i?iaeoeoeeth, iieoiae nu?uea, i?oaeey
o?oaea, ?aaia, i?iaeiaieuenoaea aeey eo i?iieoaiey. Iiaeuai aeaeiaie
aeoeaiinoe a oi?aiai-?aianeaiiuo oeaio?ao, oniaoe a oaoiieiaee,
niaoeeaeecaoeey y?aanoa?eaa i?e onoie/eauo enoi/ieeao iiiieiaiey ?aaia
aeaeaee caiyoea ?aianeii auaiaeiui aeaeii. N?aaeiee aeioiae io
yenieoaoaoeee iaeiiai ?aaa, caiyoiai a ?aianea, aeinoeaae 6—120 ae?aoi a
aiae, a oi a?aiy eae niaea?aeaiea naiuee naiaiaeiiai a?aaeaeaieia a
aiae, iai?eia?, a Aoeiao V a. aei i.y. noieei 180 ae?aoi; eia/a aiai?y,
aeioiae io 2—3 ?aaia aue aeinoaoi/ai aeey niaea?aeaiey iaeiie aoeineie
naiuee, ninoiyaoae ec 3—4 /aeiaae.
?aianeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai iiaei nouanoaiaaoue i?e iaee/ee iinoiyiiie
nu?ueaaie aacu. A iaaieueoeo a?a/aneeo iieenao ianoiiai nu?uey auei
iaiiiai. Iieo/eoue iaaeinoathuaa nu?uea iiaeii auei iooai iaiaia — ca
i?eaiceiia ieaoeee caiieie iiiaoie, ?aianeaiiuie eeai
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuie oiaa?aie.
Iiiaiethaeiia ianaeaiea oi?aiai-?aianeaiiuo iieenia n aai ?aciiia?aciuie
iio?aaiinoyie, ana aieaa aic?anoaaoeie ii ia?a oneiaeiaiey ai?iaeneie
aeecie, iaaeinoaoie ca?ia e ?aciuo aeaeia nu?uey aeey ?aianae, eceeoee
aeia e ianea, caianu ?acee/iuo ?aianeaiiuo ecaeaeee nicaeaaaee
aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey a?a/aneie oi?aiaee a oeaeii.
Ia ?uieao ia?auaeenue i?iaeoeou ieoaiey, nu?uea aeey ?aianae, ecaeaeey
?aianeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa; oiaa?ii aunooiaea cia/eoaeueiay /anoue
i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, a ia oieueei i?aaeiaou ?ineioe, eae ia
Ainoiea. A oiaa?iua iia?aoeee auee aoyioou ii/oe ana neie ianaeaiey.
Aeey aieueoaai oaeianoaa a i?iaaaeaiee oi?aiauo iia?aoeee
oi?aiaoeu-iioiaeee, iniaaiii naycaiiua n aeaeueiae caii?neie oi?aiaeae,
nicaeaaaee eoia/aneea iauaaeeiaiey — oeanu, iniiaiie caaea/ae eioi?uo
auee acaeiiay no?aoiaea e au?o/ea nnoaeaie, iaiai eioi?iaoeeae,
eiio?ieue ca oeaiaie.
I?e?iaeiua oneiaey, ianiaa?oainoai e aei?iaiaecia nooiiooiiai o?ainii?oa
ia niinianoaiaaee ?acaeoeth nooiiooiuo ia?aaicie. I?e yoii ec?acaiiinoue
aa?aaiaie eeiee, iaeeea ino?iaia niinianoaiaaee ?acaeoeth noaeino?iaiey
e ii?neie oi?aiaee. A eaaeaeii i?eii?neii ai?iaea nii?oaeaaony ii?neay
aaaaiue, no?ieony ii?o n oaeiaiuie noiyieaie aeey noaeia, i?e/aeaie,
neeaaeneeie iiiauaieyie, aeieaie aeey ?aiiioa. Oae, a Aoeiao ii iniaiio
a?oeoaeoo?iiio ieaio aue iino?iai ii?o Ie?ae — ianoiyuee ai?iae, ii
o?iaith naiaai aeaaiono?ienoaa i?aainoiaeeaoee Aoeiu.
Inaiaiea ii?neeo iooae ioe?uaaei ia?aae a?a/aneeie eoioeaie naiua
oe?ieea aiciiaeiinoe aeey oi?aiauo iia?aoeee ai anai N?aaeecaiiiii?uea,
aeeth/ay aannaei *a?iiai ii?y. I?eaacaiiua ia ei?aaeyo oiaa?u iiiaaeaee
a ?oee ?icie/iuo oi?aiaoeaa e i?iaeaaaeenue iaeeeie ia?oeyie ia
ai?iaeneii ?uiea. Aeey iaeaa/aiey oi?aiaee ono?aeaaeenue ?uii/iua
iiiauaiey, eaaee, ii /aua anaai oi?aiaey aaeanue ia ioe?uoii aicaeooa.
Aiaae?aiea oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa, aieueoie iauai oi?aiaee o?aaiaaee
niaa?oainoaiaaiey ?an/aoiuo iia?aoeee. N?aaenoaii ?an/aoa noaea iiiaoa
ni no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiui aanii, aa?aioe?iaaiiui ainoaea?noaii, aa
auioneaaoei. Ia?aua iiiaou iiyaeeenue a A?aoeee aua a VIF a. aei i.y. A
eeanne/aneoth yiioo eaaeaeue ai?iae /aeaiee aieueoia eiee/anoai iiiao.
Iinoaiaiii auaeaeythony iiiaou aaaeoueo yeiiiie/aneeo oeaio?ia, oaeeo,
eae Aoeiu e Ei?eio.2
Aieueoie ?aciao oi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a a?a/aneii ie?a i?eaae e
iiyaeaieth ca/aoeia aaieianeeo iia?aoeee e yeaiaioia aacaaethoiuo
?an/aoia. Yoe iia?aoeee inouanoaeyeenue iniauie ethaeueie — iaiyeaie,
eioi?uo iacuaaee o?aiaceoaie, nouanoaiaaaoeie a eaaeaeii oi?aiaii
ai?iaea. Iaiyeu neaaeeee ca eo?nii iiiai/eneaiiuo iiiaoiuo na?ee,
i?iecaiaeeee iaiai iaeieo iiiao ia ae?oaea, ?aciai e?oiiuo iiiao,
i?eieiaee aeaiueae ia o?aiaiea, aeaaaee nnoaeu iiae i?ioeaiou,
i?iecaiaeeee ?an/aou iaaeaeo iioiauie oi?aiaoeaie.
Na?aa?yiua noaoa?u Ei?eioa aanii a 8,7 a auee iaeaieaa iiioey?iie
aaethoie a Caiaaeiie A?aoeee, THaeiie Eoaeee e Neoeeeee. Aoeineea
oao?aae?aoiu – 17,5 a e ae?aoiu – 4,4 a ioioii i?eieiaeenue a ai?iaeao
aannaeia Yaaeneiai ii?y. Ei?eioneea e aoeineea iiiaou noaee naiaai ?iaea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaethoie A?aoeee a V-IV aa. aei i.y. Aeoeaiay
oicyenoaaiiay aeeciue a?a/aneeo ai?iaeia i?eaiaeeo e iiyaeaieth a IV a.
aei i.y. iaaeiie ?aciaiiie iiiaou: iaieia, oaeeiaeeaio. Iaeia na?aa?yiay
ae?aoia aeaeeeanue ia oanoue iaaeiuo iaieia, iaeei iaie – ia ainaiue
oaeeia, iaeei oaee — ia aeaa eaiou. I?ioeann nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai,
iieeoe/aneiai e eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey a?a/aneiai iauanoaa VIII—VI aa.
aei i.y. ii?iaeee Aaeeeoth eieiiecaoeeth, o.a. aunaeaiea a?aeia ec
ai?iaeia Yaaeneiai aannaeia a iiiai/eneaiiua eieiiee, ?aniieiaeaiiua ii
iiaa?aaeueth N?aaeecaiiiai e *a?iiai ii?ae. Anaai auei nicaeaii
ianeieueei nioai eieiiee /eneaiiinoueth a 1,5—2 iei /aeiaae.
I?e/ei eieiiecaoeee auei ianeieueei. Eioaineoeeaoeey a?a/aneie
yeiiiieee, ?acaeoea ?aianae e oi?aiaee o?aaiaaee ?anoe?aiey iiey
aeayoaeueiinoe: iiaua caiee aeey oa?yaoeo naie iaaeaeu a?aaeaeai,
enoi/ieee nu?uey, ?uiee nauoa aeey i?iaeoeoeee ?aianeaiiuo ianoa?neeo.
Ae?oaay i?e/eia ninoiyea a iieeoe/aneie e nioeeaeueiie ai?ueaa,
?acaa?ioaoaeny a a?a/aneeo iieenao. A eieiiee ooiaeeee iaaeiaieueiua,
iianiua aeey ciaoe iieeoe/aneea i?ioeaieee. A oi aea a?aiy i?aayuei
e?oaai ai?iaeia-iao?iiieee auei auaiaeii eiaoue eieiiee, n eioi?uie
onoaiaaeeaaeenue acaeiiauaiaeiua nayce, ioeoaea iieo/aee oeaiiia nu?uea,
eoaea iiaeii auei nauaaoue naeueneioicyenoaaiioth e ?aianeaiioth
i?iaeoeoeeth. Aaaeiie i?e/eiie eieiiecaoeee noae aeaiia?aoe/aneee
e?ecen, aucaaiiue ao?iui ?acaeoeai a?a/aneie yeiiiieee, nicaeaaaaoae
eceeoee i?iaeoeoeee, o?aaiaaaoae nauoa, aeinoaoi/iiai eiee/anoaa nu?uey,
?aai/ae neeu. Aaeeeay a?a/aneay eieiiecaoeey noaea iiuiui oaeoi?ii
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai e eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey ia oieueei a?a/aneiai
ie?a, ii e anaai N?aaeecaiiiii?uey.
Oaeei ia?acii, a A?aoeee neiaeeeny iiaue oei yeiiiieee, ioee/iue io
yeiiiie/aneie no?oeoo?u aaaeoueo ae?aaiaainoi/iuo no?ai: eioaineaiue,
oiaa?iue i?e nio?aiaiee aa iaoo?aeueiie iniiau. Ii o?aaiaae
cia/eoaeueiuo aeaiaaeiuo aeiaeaiee, aunieiai o?iaiy i?aaiecaoeee
oicyenoaa, i?eiaiaiey ?aaneiai o?oaea, nicaeaaae aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey
aeey naiiai nouanoaiaaiey a?a/aneiai iauanoaa, ?acaeoey a?a/aneie
eoeueoo?u.
Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea Ae?aaiaai ?eia. Ia?aue ia?eiae enoi?ee Ae?aaiaai
?eia — n VIII ii VI a. aei i.y. — i?eiyoi iacuaaoue «oea?neei»
ia?eiaeii. Iaeiaei iiia?oe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa ia auei. ?eineea «oea?e»
— ?aenu, eae e a?a/aneea aaneeaanu, — yoi aiaiiua aiaeaee. Iauanoaaiiue
no?ie ?eia yoiai ia?eiaea — aiaiiay aeaiie?aoey.
A VI a. aei i. y. aicieeaao ainoaea?noai. Ianooiaao aoi?ie ia?eiae
?eineie enoi?ee — ia?eiae ?anioaeeee. ?ei yoiai ia?eiaea i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie ai?iae-ainoaea?noai, iiaeiaiue a?a/aneei iieenai. A oiaea
caaiaaaoaeueiuo aiei ?ei iiae/eiee ae?oaea eoaeueyineea ainoaea?noaa.
Iiaaaeaeaiiua ia?iaeu i?eciaaaee caaeneiinoue io ?eia, ii ia
aeeth/aeenue a ninoaa ?eineiai iieena.
A ioee/ea io Aoei ?eineay ?anioaeeea auea a?enoie?aoe/aneie — aeanoue
inoaaaeanue a ?oeao ?iaeiaie a?enoie?aoee. Ii ia?a yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey, eae e a Aoeiao, iiyaeeenue: ai?iaeneia oicyenoai, ?aianei e
oi?aiaey, a aianoa n ieie e «iiaua aiaa/e», eioi?ua no?aieeenue
?acaeaeeoue aeanoue ni noa?ie ?eineie ciaoueth, iiianoue a aa ?yaeu.
Ioaeaeueiua /anoe Eoaeee iinoaiaiii neeaathony a iaeii ainoaea?noai.
Iaeiaei iieeoe/aneea e eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa inoathony a ?oeao a?aaeaeai
oieueei ?eineiai iieena – eae?eoia. Iiaeiaiia iieiaeaiea ia iiaei ia
aanoe e nioeeaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoe e iieeoe/aneei eiioeeeoai.
A yoeo oneiaeyo ?aoathuae neeie noaiiaeony a?iey, eioi?ay iinoaiaiii
noaiiaeony i?oaeeai a ?oeao aiaia/aeueieeia, iaania/eaaaoeo aiaiioth
aeiau/o e niaea?aeaiea nieaeaoai. Eniieuecoy a?ieth, iie caoaaouaatho
aeanoue a no?aia e i?aa?auathony a eiia?aoi?ia. A I a. aei i.y. ?eineay
?anioaeeea niaiyaony Eiia?eae, i?inouanoaiaaaoae aei V a. i.y.
Ecae?aaea aaaeouae io?aneueth aieueoeinoaa ianaeaiey Aiaiieineiai
iieoino?iaa auei caieaaeaeea. Ieiaei?iaeiua ii/au e iyaeee eeeiao
iaania/eaaee aunieea o?iaeae. A iaeaieaa ?acaeouo iaeanoyo Eoaeee
eoeueoeae?iaaee ioaieoeo, y/iaiue, i?ini, aiau; a iaiaa ?acaeouo e
ai?enouo — iieao, y/iaiue, aiau. A?aee-eieiienou aianee
oniaa?oainoaiaaiea a ianoiia aeiia?aaea?noai, iiciaeiieee aeeoaeae
Eoaeee n eoeueoo?ie ieeaie.
Ai II-I aa. aei i.y. naeueneia oicyenoai Eoaeee ia?aaeeaaei iiaeuai.
Aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee aeiia?aaea?noai, ieeaeiaiaenoai e
ieiaeiaiaenoai, ?acaeaaaony oeaaiiaoanoai. Oicyaaa aieueoaa aieiaiea
noaee oaeaeyoue oaeia?aieth, ouaoaeueii aniaoeaaee iiey, aiaae?yee iiaua
ni?oa ioaieoeu, iaan, eiiiieth, eoiaeoo.
Oiei enoiai?enoay oa??eoi?ey aeaaii?eyonoaiaaea ?acaeoeth neioiaiaenoaa,
iniaaiii iaoeaaiaenoaa e naeiiaiaenoaa. Iaeiei ec aaaeiuo iieacaoaeae
i?ia?anna a naeueneii oicyenoaa yaeythony iiaua io?anee –
aeeaioiiaiaenoai e ioeoeaaiaenoai. Aie?oa e?oiiuo ai?iaeia nicaeaaaeenue
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua oicyenoaa, niaaaeaaoea ai?iaeai iieieii, nu?ii,
iynii, oeaaoaie, naaaeeie iaiuaie e o?oeoaie. A ia?eiae ia?aciaaiey
?eineiai ainoaea?noaa yeiiiie/aneay no?oeoo?a eoaeeeneiai naea aeeth/aea
aeaa oeia oicyenoa — ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneia (aeeea), ianeoaeeaaaiia
n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoei /eneii ?aaia, e iau/iue e?anoueyineee aeai?, ia
eioi?ii ?aaioaee naiaiaeiue caieaaeaeaoe e aai naiuey. Naiaiaeiua
caieaaeaeueoeu ninoaaeyee iniiao ?eineiai ia?iaeiiai iiie/aiey. Iie
naiae e?iaueth, ?aci?aieai naieo iaaieueoeo oicyenoa iiea/eaaee
aaaaiiieth ?eia a aioe/iii ie?a. Caieaaeaeueoeu ia iiaee eiieo?e?iaaoue
n e?oiiui ?aaiaeaaeaieai. ?aci?yynue, iie iieeaeaee naie caiaeueiua
iaaeaeu e ooiaeeee a ai?iaea. Eo caiee ?aaiaeaaeaeueoeu i?e?aueaaee e
naiei aeaaeaieyi. Ia ianoa iaaieueoeo aeee aicieeaee iaoe?iua
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneea iiianouey ieaioaoeeiiiiai oeia — eaoeooiaeee, ia
eioi?uo o?oaeeeenue ouny/e ?aaia. Iiyaeaiea iiauo oi?i caieaaeaaeaiey
niinianoaiaaei oaaee/aieth iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa naeueneioicyenoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee.
Ao?iue iiaeuai naeueneiai oicyenoaa ai II—I aa. aei i.y. iauyniyeny
o?aiy i?e/eiaie: oe?ieei aiaae?aieai ?aanoaa, ?acaeoeai i?inoiai
oiaa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa, ia?aoiaeii io iaeeiai e e?oiiiio oicyenoao.
Iiaeuai naeueneiai oicyenoaa niinianoaiaae onoaiiaeaieth ?uii/iuo naycae
iaaeaeo ai?iaeii e aea?aaiae. Ai?iae iainiaeeny io aea?aaie,
i?aa?aoeaoenue a oeaio? ?aianea e oi?aiaee, iieeoe/aneie e eoeueoo?iie
aeecie. A yoio ia?eiae ia/eiaaony ia?aoiae e e?oiiiio
caieaiieueciaaieth.
A VI—V aa. aei i.y. a eoaeueyineeo ai?iaeao ao?ii ?acaeaaeenue ?aianei e
oi?aiaey. Yoiio niinianoaiaaei iaee/ea iieaciuo eneiiaaiuo, a /anoiinoe
aeaeaciie ?oaeu, iaaee, aeeiu, no?ieoaeueiiai eaiiy, ei?aaaeueiiai eana.
A yoe aea aaea oe?iei noaei i?eiaiyoueny aeaeaci. I?ioeaaoaei
i?iecaiaenoai a?iiciauo ecaeaeee, eioi?ua ioee/aeenue oaoie/aneei e
ooaeiaeanoaaiiui niaa?oainoaii. Naiui ?acaeoui ec ?aianae a Eoaeee auei
i?iecaiaenoai ea?aieee: ?aciiia?aciie iinoaeu, oa?u, aiaeii?iaiaeiuo
o?oa, /aa-?aieoeu, no?ieoaeueiuo e a?oeoaeoo?iuo aeaoaeae, nu?oeiaiai
ee?ie/a e o.ae. A THaeiie Eoaeee auei iaeaaeaii i?iecaiaenoai ecyuiie
ea?aieee ii a?a/aneei ia?acoeai. Cia/eoaeueii iaiueoaa ?acaeoea iieo/eei
oaenoeeueiia ?aianei. A iaeeeo ?aianeaiiuo ianoa?neeo a VI—III aa. aei
i.y. ?aaioaee oicyei, /eaiu aai naiuee e ianeieueei ?aaia. Nio?aieaoeany
a?oaieiae/aneea iaoiaeee naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i i?iieeiiaaiee ?aaneiai
o?oaea a ?aianeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai. A ?oaeieeao, eaiaiieiiiyo, aeeiyiuo
ea?uea?ao o?oaeeeenue eneeth/eoaeueii ?aau.
A ioee/ea io naeueneiai oicyenoaa, aaea ?aoathuoth ?ieue i?eia?ae
?aaneee o?oae, a ?aianeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa aieueoaa cia/aiea eiaee
naiaiaeiua ?aianeaiieee, iaei eniieueciaaaoea ?aaneee o?oae. ?acaeoea
?aianae o?aaiaaei ?anoe?aiey nu?ueaaie aacu. A ?acoeueoaoa oaaee/eeanue
iio?aaiinoue a iaoaeeao, eaiia, ae?aaaneia, aeeia, oa?noe, eueia, eiaea,
noaeea, iiauo no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeao. Aaaaeaiea a iai?io iiaiai nu?uey
e iaoa?eaeia niinianoaiaaei ao?iiio ?acaeoeth iaoaeeo?ae/aneiai,
ea?aie/aneiai, oaenoeeueiiai, no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia, eiaeaaaiiiai e
ae?oaeo i?iecaiaenoa, i?e/ai eaaeaeia ec ieo aeaeeeinue ia ianeieueei
aiieia naiinoiyoaeueiuo io?aneae.
Neiaeeeenue e?oiiua ?aianeaiiua oeaio?u ni niaoeeaeecaoeeae
i?iecaiaenoaa: Iooaieu neaaeeenue aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiui i?iecaiaenoaii,
Eaioy — eeoueai ec a?iicu e naeioea, Eaeu e Ieioo?iu — ecaioiaeaieai
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?oaeee, A??aoeee – ea?aieeie, Oa?aio – oa?noyiuie
ecaeaeeyie, Naaa?iay Eoaeey – eueiyiuie ecaeaeeyie. E?oiiui ?aianeaiiui
oeaio?ii aue ?ei.
Oaea a VI—III aa. aei i.y. Eoaeey noaiiaeony a?aiie eioaineaiie oi?aiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe, i?e/ai onoaiaaeeaathony ia oieueei aiaoiea, ii e
aioo?eeoaeueyineea oi?aiaua nayce. I?aaeiaoii oi?aiaee yaeyeenue ia
oieueei i?aaeiaou ?ineioe, ii e iaoaeee/aneea ecaeaeey, ea?aieea, oeaa,
aeii, ieeaeiaia ianei. Oeaio?ii oi?aiaie aeecie noaiiaeony ?ei. Aeey
oi?aiaee caeanue auaeaeyeny eaaeaeue aeaayoue aeaiue, eioi?ue iacuaaeny
«ioiaeeiu» (aeaayoue). Iaeei ?ac a aiae i?aaieciauaaeenue y?ia?ee, eoaea
nuacaeaeenue aeeoaee ninaaeieo ai?iaeia. ss?ia?ee i?eo?i/eaaeenue e
e?oiiui ?aeeaeiciui i?acaeianoaai e i?iaiaeeeenue aeec nayoeeeua /oeiiai
aiaeanoaa.
Aioo?aiiyy oi?aiaey auea oi?ioi ?acaeoa. Oiaa?u naiaiaeii ia?auaeenue ii
anae Eoaeee. Aunieiio o?iaith ?acaeoey oi?aiaee a i?aaeaeao anae ?eineie
eiia?ee niinianoaiaaee, ai-ia?auo, aaaaeaiea aaeeiie aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu
ii anae Eiia?ee, ai-aoi?uo, no?ieoaeuenoai ?eineeo aei?ia, iiuaiiuo
eaiiai e ia?anaeaaoeo anth Aa?iio, eioi?ua nio?aieeenue aei iaoaai
a?aiaie. A ?eineie eiia?ee i?aeoeeiaaeinue aeaaea no?aoiaaiea a?ocia.
?anoe?ythueany ?acia?u aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae oi?aiaee aucaaee iiyaeaiea
aeaiaa, o. a. aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey. Ia?aua iiiaou iiyaeeenue a naiii
eiioea V a. aei i.y. Iie /aeaieeenue ec cieioa, yeaeo?a — nieaaa na?aa?a
e a?iicu. A IV—III aa. aei i.y. eiee/anoai iiiao aic?inei. Eo /aeaieee
ana ai?iaea3.
Nouanoaiaaiea ?acee/iuo aeaiaaeiuo nenoai, ?aciiia?acea cieiouo,
na?aa?yiuo e a?iiciauo iiiao niinianoaiaaee ca?iaeaeaieth iaiyeueiiai
aeaea. Iaiyeu, eioi?uo iacuaaee a?aaioa?eyie, neaaeeee ca aeaiaaeiui
eo?nii, i?iaa?yee aeinoieinoai iiiao, i?iaiaeeee iaiai aeaiaa e
caieiaeenue nnoaeaie. Iaiyeueiue i?iiunae oae ?oea ia ?oeo n
?inoiaue/anoaii. Nnoaeiue i?ioeaio a Eoaeee ii caeiio ia i?aauoae 6% a
aiae. A i?iaeioeeyo yoeo ia?aie/aiee ia auei, e ?eineea ?inoiaueee
acaei/eaaee i?ioeaiou. Iie?aynue ia iiiiuue i?iaeioeeaeueiie
aaeieieno?aoeee, ?eineea ?inoiaueee ?aci?yee oeaeua ai?iaea e iaeanoe.
Yaiethoeey iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a ?eia a IV—III aa. aei i.y.
niinianoaiaaea aicieeiiaaieth oi?i eeanne/aneiai ?aanoaa. Eiioeaio?aoeey
caiee, ?ani?ino?aiaiea /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe, ?acaeoea ?aianae,
oi?aiaee, aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, ca?iaeaeaiea oiaa?iiai oicyenoaa
o?aaiaaee aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeu. Canoaaeoue ?aaioaoue naiaiaeiiai
iaeeiai nianoaaiieea, aeiaeaaaoaainy ?aaiii?aaey e iaaeaeaiiiai o/anoeii
caiee, auei o?oaeii. Oaeie ?aai/ae neeie iia auoue eeoaiiue anao i?aa e
eiouanoaa ?aa, iieo/aiiue ecaia. Eiaiii yoei iauyniyaony aa?anneaiinoue
?eia, aai aaneiia/iua aieiu, ianniaia ia?aaeaiea e ii?aaiuaiea
caaiaaaiiiai ianaeaiey. Oniaoiua aieiu niinianoaiaaee iaeeueiiio i?eoieo
?aaia, ?inoo e aiaae?aieth ?aanoaa.
Eniieueciaaiea ?aaneiai o?oaea ?ac?ooaei iaoo?aeueiia oicyenoai. Ai II—I
aa. aei i.y. caieaaeaaeaeueoeu e ?aianeaiieee no?aieeenue ia oieueei e
iieo/aieth aieueoaai i?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa, ii e e aeaiaaeiie aai
?aaeecaoeee. Ana yoi aucuaaei oneeaiea yenieoaoaoeee ?aaia, eioi?ua
i?aa?aoeeenue a iniiaiiai oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaey.
A ?acoeueoaoa /eneaiiinoue ?aaia iinoiyiii aic?anoaea. Iie noaee naiui
iiiai/eneaiiui eeannii ?eineiai iauanoaa.
A ?eia ia?aua iiiaou ioeeaaeenue a oi?iao; yoi auee iaaeiua neeoee aanii
273 a aac ecia?aaeaiee (oae iacuaaaiue oyaeaeue ana). Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia
IV a. aei i.y. ia iiiaoao iiyaeythony ecia?aaeaiey aeeaioiuo — auea,
naeiuee, i?ea e o.ae. (ana n ecia?aaeaieai). Oyaeaeua e a?iiicaeeea
neeoee auee iaeii?eaiaeiu aeey oi?aiaee. *aeaiea aieaa eaaeeo e oaeiaiuo
na?aa?yiuo iiiao ia/aeanue a ?eia oieueei n eiioea III a. aei i.y.
Iniiaiuie iiiaoiuie iiieiaeaie a ?eia auee a?iiciaue ana, na?aa?yiue
nanoa?oeee (2,5 anna), na?aa?yiue aeeia?ee (10 annia = 4 nanoa?oeey).
?aaiaeaaeaiea ?ani?ino?aieeinue a naeueneii oicyenoaa,
ai?ii-aeiauaathuai aeaea, iaoaeeo?aee, no?ieoaeuenoaa. O?oae naiaiaeiuo
eee iieocaaeneiuo ?aaioieeia ii-i?aaeiaio i?eiaiyeny, ii ea?ae
iiae/eiaiioth ?ieue. Iieiaeaiea ?aaia auei iieiinoueth aani?aaiui. ?aa
i?e?aaieaaeny e aaue, aeeaioiiio, iinooiae a aaniethoiia ?anii?yaeaiea
ainiiaeeia. O/aiua ?anoiaeyony a ii?aaeaeaiee /eneaiiinoe ?aaia e
naiaiaeiiai ianaeaiey a eeanne/aneoth yiioo. O?aioeocneee enoi?ee A.
Aaeeii n/eoae, /oi niioiioaiea ?aaia e naiaiaeiuo a Eoaeee a II-I aa.
aei i.y. ninoaaeyei 1:1, o.a. auei 50% ?aaia e 50% naiaiaeiuo. Iaiaoeeee
enoi?ee TH. Aaeio ii?aaeaeye yoi niioiioaiea eae 3 : 5 (37,5% ?aaia e
62,5% naiaiaeiuo). Aia?eeaineee enoi?ee O. Oanoa?iai iieaaae, /oi
niioiioaiea iaaeaeo naiaiaeiuie e ?aaaie auei ?aaii 1 : 2 (33% ?aaia e
67% naiaiaeiuo). A ?oeao ioaeaeueiuo ?aaiaeaaeaeueoeaa
nin?aaeioi/eaaeenue ouny/e ?aaia.
Yenieoaoe?iaaoue /oaeie o?oae a aioe/iuo ainoaea?noaao iiaeii auei,
eeoue caoaaouaay ieaiiuo ia aieia e i?aa?auay eo a ?aaia. Caoaa/aiiue a
ieai /aeiaae, ieacaaoenue a /oaeie, a?aaeaeaaiie aio n?aaea, oa?ye
niiniaiinoue e nii?ioeaeaieth.
Oaeie niinia yenieoaoaoeee eiae aaaeiua neaaenoaey. Iaiaoiaeeiui
oneiaeai ?acaeoey ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai oicyenoaa auee iinoiyiiua
iiaaaeiiiniua aieiu. *oiau aanoe oaeea aieiu, o?aaiaaeinue aii?oaeaiea
anaai ianaeaiey. Eaaeaeue ioae/eia yaeyeny aieiii, eco/ae aiaiiia
eneonnoai. Yoio eeanne/aneee ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneee no?ie ia iia
nouanoaiaaoue n?aco o anao ia?iaeia iaeiia?aiaiii. Iiaaaeaeaiiua e
iiei?aiiua ?eiii eee iaoiaeeeenue ia noaaeee aeieeanniaiai iauanoaa, eee
ioiineeenue e aceaoneiio niiniao i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ai II—III aa. i.y. ianooiee e?ecen ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie nenoaiu.
Yoi au?aaeaeinue a aeaa?aaeaoeee naeueneiai oicyenoaa. I?ienoiaeeei
aica?auaiea io eioaineaiuo io?aneae e ca?iiaiio oicyenoao, iiiaea caiee
caa?anuaaeenue eee i?aa?auaeenue a ianoaeua. Caaiaaaoaeueiua aieiu
eii/aeenue — ?ei oaea caoaaoee noieueei, /oi ia iia i?i/ii oaea?aeeaaoue
i?iaeioeee iiae eiio?ieai. Nie?aoeeny i?eoie ?aaia, iie noaiiaeeenue ana
aieaa aei?iaeie.
Aicieeaee iiaua oi?iu yenieoaoaoeee. *oiau iaoa?eaeueii caeioa?aniaaoue
?aaa, aio noaee auaeaeyoue iaeoeee — naiinoiyoaeueiia oicyenoai. Yoi
iiaee auoue ?aianeaiiay ianoa?neay, o/anoie caiee. Ii?aaeaeaiioth /anoue
aeioiaeia ?aa aeieaeai aue ioaeaaaoue oicyeio, ieaoeoue aio ia?ie. ?aao
?ac?aoaee eiaoue nianoaaiiinoue, e yoa nianoaaiiinoue eiiaaea
noaiiaeeanue noieue aaeeea, /oi ?aa iieoiae nianoaaiiuo ?aaia e aeaaae
aeaiueae a aeiea naiaio oicyeio. Iiyaeeenue iiaua caeiiu, ii eioi?ui
iaeuecy auei ia oieueei oaeoue ?aaa eee ?ac?ooeoue aai naiueth, o.a.
i?iaeaaaoue /eaiia naiuee a ?aciua ?oee, ii iaeuecy auei aeaaea
ioia?aoue o ?aaa iaeoeee.
E?oiiua caieaaeaaeaeueoeu noaee naeaaaoue o/anoee naiae caiee
e?anoueyiai. E?anoueyiei a-a?aiae aai?a iacuaaee eieiiii.
Oae a iaae?ao ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie nenoaiu noaee ?iaeaeaoueny
oaiaeaeueiua ioiioaiey, iioiio /oi iaeoeee e eieiiao auee oaea oi?iaie,
niioaaonoaothueie oaiaeaeueiui ioiioaieyi.
Iaeiaei ana yoe iiaoanoaa ia iiaee nianoe ?eineoth eiia?eth. Ii aeey
iiaaaeu iiauo oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee o?aaiaaeenue e?anoueyia. ?eineea
aea caieaaeaeueoeu auee ?aci?aiu e ia?aiauaeenue a ai?iaea, iaeiaei ia
aeey oiai, /oiau iaeoe oai ?aaioo. ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneea ioiioaiey
oi?ie?iaaee oaaaeaeaiey, /oi naiaiaeiiio /aeiaaeo o?oaeeoueny nouaeii,
o?oae — caiyoea aeey ?aaia. A ai?iaeao ?inei /enei ethaeae, ia
?aaioaaoeo e aeeaoeo ia iiaea/ee ciaoe. A I a. aei i.y. a ?eia eo /enei
aeinoeaaei iieoieeeeiia /aeiaae. Iaeiia?aiaiii n e?anoueyinoaii en/acea
e iiaaaeiiiniay ?eineay a?iey. Nieaeaou noaee iaae?aoueny
i?aeiouanoaaiii ec oao aea aa?aa?ia-i?iaeioeeaeia, i?ioea eioi?uo iie e
aeieaeiu auee aiaaaoue. Ei ia/aai auei caueuaoue.
?ei i?eoiaeee a caionoaiea. E eiaaea n naaa?a noaee iaaeaeaaoueny
aa?aa?u, ?ei ia iia onoiyoue e iae iiae eo oaea?aie a V a. i.y.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1. Enoi?ey yeiiiieee: O/aaiee / Iiae ?aae. I. Ae. Eociaoeiaie, E. I.
Oaieeia. I., 2004.
2. Enoi?ey yeiiiieee. *. 1. Io ae?aaiinoe aei Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu:
O/aa. iiniaea / Iiae ?aae. I. E. Eeaei. Naia?a, 1998.
3. Eiiioiiia I. A., Niaoaiei N. E. Enoi?ey yeiiiieee: O/aaiee aeey
aocia. I., 2003.
4. Eiiioiiia I. A., Niaoaiei N. E. Enoi?ey yeiiiieee ?innee: O/aaiee
aeey aocia. I., 2004.
5. Oeiioeia O. I. Yeiiiie/aneay enoi?ey ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai. O/aa. iiniaea
/ Iiae ?aae. I. I. *aio?eia. I., 2004.
6. Oeiioeia O. I. Yeiiiie/aneay enoi?ey ?innee. O/aa. iiniaea / Iiae
?aae. I. I. *aio?eia. 6-a ecae. I., 2002.
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