?AOA?AO
IA OAIO: «IE? IA II?IAA OO AAEA»
Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea iniiaiuo no?ai Aa?iiu e NOA iaeaioia
ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu
E eiioeo XIX a. i?aeiouanoaa eiaeono?eaeueiie oeeaeeecaoeee,
ooaa?aeeaoaeny a ?yaea no?ai Aa?iiu e a NOA, noaiiaeeenue ana aieaa
i/aaeaeiuie. Yoio oei oeeaeeecaoeee aa?aioe?iaae iauanoao ia oieueei
ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiue o?iaaiue aeecie, ii e oe?ieee eiiieaen i?aa, a
oii /enea i?aai aeaaeaoue e ?anii?yaeaoueny /anoiie nianoaaiiinoueth.
Yoi i?aai oe?aieyei aa?o /aeiaaea a naay, a naie aiciiaeiinoe, a
ii?aaeaeaiiii niunea noaiiaynue iauaeoeaiui ia?eeii iineaaeieo.
Iieeoeea nioeeaeueiuo ?aoi?i, ana aeoeaiaa i?iaiaeeaoayny a aaaeoueo
no?aiao (Aiaeee, Aa?iaiee, NOA e ae?.), niinianoaiaaea niya/aieth
iai?yaeaiiinoe a iauanoaa. Ainoaea?noai e iauanoai ana e?ai/a naycuaaee
acaeiiua eioa?anu, /oi iaania/eaaei yaiethoeeiiiue iooue ?acaeoey
aaaeoueo eiaeono?eaeueiuo no?ai e naiaeeei e ieieioio iianiinoue
aicieeiiaaiey aioo?aiieo eiioeeeoia. Iauanoai iinoaiaiii noaiiaeeinue
a?aaeaeaineei, o. a. nicaeaaaei iacaaeneioth io ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa nenoaio i?aaiecaoeee e ianniauo aeaeaeaiee, ionoaeaaaoeo i?aaa
e eioa?anu a?aaeaeai.
Ii a?aaeaeaineia iauanoai ia auei aeueoa?iaoeaie ainoaea?noaaiiui
einoeoooai, a eae au aeiiieiyei eo, ii?ie aeaaea i?aaeii?aaeaeyy eo
?acaeoea. Oae, ai?ueaa i?ionithcia ca ?anoe?aiea i?aa ?aai/eo ia?aaeei
auioaeaeaea aeanoe aiineoue eciaiaiey a ioeoeeaeueiia ?aai/aa
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, a aeaeaeaiea ca yiaineiaoeeth aeaiuei (o. a. eo
?aaiii?aaea a iieeoe/aneie e iauanoaaiiie aeecie) — o/eouaaoue
o?aaiaaiey yoiai aeaeaeaiey.
Aueaey ia aunieee o?iaaiue yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey, ainoaea?noaa
eiaeono?eaeueiiai «oeaio?a» ii-i?aaeiaio no?aieeenue eniieueciaaoue aeey
oe?aieaiey naiae yeiiiieee ana iiaaeoea aeinoeaeaiey iaoee e oaoieee. Ii
no?aiu «iieoia?eoa?ee», niaoeaoea iiianoue a ninoaa «oeaio?a», ii?ie
ieacuaaeenue a aieaa auaiaeiii iieiaeaiee: aaaeue ia/eiay ?acaeaaoue
iiaua aeey naay io?anee yeiiiieee, iie n?aco aea iniauaee eo niaeanii
ia?aaeiaui oaoiieiaeyi. A noa?ui no?aiai «oeaio?a» i?eoiaeeeinue iiiaia
ia?ano?aeaaoue a aeanyoeeaoeyie neeaaeuaaaoeony no?oeoo?ao. Iiyoiio ia
?oaaaea XIX—XX aa. ssiiiey, ?inney, Aano?i-Aaia?ey e ae?oaea no?aiu,
no?aieaoeany aeiaiaoue «oeaio?», aeiaeeenue e?oiiuo oniaoia a ?acaeoee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A Aa?iaiey, ia/aaoay yoio ?uaie aia?aae aua ?aiueoa,
noiaea aueoe ia aoi?ia ianoi a ie?a ii aaeiaiio iauaio i?iiuoeaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee.
Ia?aia aea ianoi e eiioeo XIX a. i?i/ii cae?aieeinue ca NOA, oaiiu
?acaeoey eioi?uo iinea A?aaeaeaineie aieiu 1861—1865 aa. iinoiyiii
onei?yeenue. Aiaee/aia, /uea ia?aainoai aeieaia a?aiy auei iainii?eiui,
ioeaoeeenue ia o?aouea ianoi. Iie yaii ia auaea?aeeaaee oaeeo aunieeo
oaiiia, ia oniaaaee naiaa?aiaiii aiaae?youe a i?iecaiaenoai iiaua
oaoiieiaee. Anee, iai?eia?, e ia/aeo XX a. i?iiuoeaiiinoue NOA, Aa?iaiee
e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo no?ai a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ia?aoea ia eniieueciaaiea
yeaeo?iyia?aee, oi iniiaiie yia?aaoe/aneie neeie a?eoaineie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaaeny ia?.
Aiaeey i?iea?uaaea Aa?iaiee e NOA e a ai?ueaa ca ?uiee nauoa. Aiaee/aia
oi?aiaaee ii noa?eiea, a iaiaoeeea e aia?eeaineea eiiia?naiou
aieiaoaeueii eco/aee ianoiue ni?in, iio?aaiinoe ?uiea, i?aaeinoaaeyee
iioiaui iieoiaoaeyi eueaioiua e aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou. Oiaa?u Aa?iaiee
e NOA ii anaio ie?o oanieee aiaeeeneea, a oii /enea a naiie Aiaeee e aa
eieiieyo.
Iniaaiii ii?aaeaee yeiiiie/aneea oniaoe NOA. Ii auieaaea /oaoia e noaee,
aeiau/a eaiaiiiai oaey NOA e ia/aeo aaea inoaaeee aeaeaei iicaaee
aaaeouea aea?aeaau Aa?iiu e i?iaeieaeaee oaaee/eaaoue ?ac?ua. A no?aia
no?aieoaeueii ?inea i?ioyaeaiiinoue aeaeaciuo aei?ia,
NOA noaee ?iaeeiie ianniaiai aaoiiiaeeano?iaiey. Ciaiaieoue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue A. Oi?ae, oniaa?oainoaiaaa ecia?aoaiea iaiaoeeeo
eiaeaia?ia A. Aeaeiea?a e E. Aaioea, neiino?oe?iaae aaoiiiaeeue e a
ia/aea aaea iaeaaeee na?eeiia i?iecaiaenoai. Oaea e 1915 a. n eiiaaea?ia
caaiaeia Oi?aea noiaeeei aei 250 oun. aaoiiiaeeae a aiae. Eo noieiinoue
iinoiyiii nieaeaeanue, e iieoiea aaoiiiaeey noaiiaeeanue aeinooiiie ana
aieaa oe?ieei neiyi ianaeaiey. ?acaeoea naoe oinnaeiuo aei?ia oe?aieyei
aaeeiue aioo?aiiee ?uiie NOA, /oi niinianoaiaaei yeiiiie/aneie e
nioeeaeueiie noaaeeueiinoe a no?aia. E eiioeo XIX a. n?aaeiee ca?aaioie
aia?eeaineeo ?aai/eo ninoaaeye i?eia?ii 700 aeieea?ia a aiae i?e
i?iaeeoi/iii ieieioia 150 aeieea?ia. Eioa?anu aia?eeaineeo ?aai/eo n
ia/aea 1880-o aa. caueuaee neeueiua i?ionithciua iauaaeeiaiey ai aeaaa n
naiui e?oiiui ec ieo —Aia?eeaineie oaaea?aoeeae o?oaea (AOO).
Ai aiaoiae iieeoeea NOA a oeaeii i?iaeieaeaee ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny
ecieyoeeiienoneeie i?eioeeiaie aeieo?eiu Iii?i 1823 a. Iaiiiiei, /oi,
niaeanii yoie aeieo?eia, NOA ia?aie/eaaee ciio naieo eioa?ania Caiaaeiui
iieooa?eai, aeia?iaieueii ono?aiyynue io o/anoey a aa?iiaeneeo aeaeao.
Yoi aiieia ono?aeaaei aia?eeaineea oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiua e?oae: aaaeue
aua ia auee en/a?iaiu aiciiaeiinoe aioo?aiiaai ?uiea naieo NOA e
iieiaeuo ainoaea?noa Eaoeineie Aia?eee. A aiaoiaiieeoe/aneay yeniainey a
ioee/ea io /enoi oi?aiaie a?iceea iai?aaeneacoaiuie ineiaeiaieyie.
E oai ia iaiaa a NOA, eae e a ae?oaeo aaaeoueo no?aiao «oeaio?a»
(i?aaeaea anaai a Aa?iaiee, Aiaeee e O?aioeee), iinoiyiiue ?ino
i?iecaiaenoaa i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee aeeeoiaae iaiaoiaeeiinoue
yeiiiie/aneie yeniainee, eioi?ay a oneiaeyo oiai a?aiaie oae eee eia/a
oea aie i aie n iieeoe/aneie. A i?ioeann yeniainee, a naith i/a?aaeue,
aae e noieeiiaaieth eioa?ania ?aciuo aea?aeaa: aaaeue iiaeaeeoue iiaua
oa??eoi?ee e ?uiee nauoa «ii?iaio» auei oece/anee iaaiciiaeii.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?e ethaii oaeii aeaeaaea iiyaeyeenue, oneiaii aiai?y,
aeiaieueiua e iaeaeaiiua. Ia?aua no?aieeenue cae?aieoue aeinoeaiooia, a
aoi?ua aeaaeaeaee ?aaaioa, iiaiai ia?aaeaea. A yoio aaeaine?othuee ia
a?aie eiioeeeoa nii? niaoeee aeeth/eoueny e iaeioi?ua no?aiu
«iieoia?eoa?ee» (?inney, ssiiiey e ae?.), iiieiaaoea, /oi aeaaiay
aeiau/a ei ia ii coaai, ii ia aeaeaaoea oionoeoue aiciiaeiinoue
iieo/eoue naie «eonie».
Aicieeiiaaiea a?aaeaeaaiuo aeieia
A oneiaeyo iinoiyiiiai i?ioeaiai?noaa eioa?ania iniaia cia/aiea
i?eia?aoaei oi?ie?iaaiea neeueiuo nithcia e aeieia. O/anoea a ieo
iicaieyei aaaeouei no?aiai aua aieueoa oe?aieoue naie iiceoeee, a o
ainoaea?noa iineaaaa iiauoaeenue oainu ia oniao.
E ia/aeo XX a. a Aa?iia neiaeeeenue aeaa iniiaiuo aeiea. No?aieoaeueii
oneeeaaaoayny Aa?iaiey aua a 1879 a. caeeth/eea nithc n Aano?i-Aaia?eae,
a a iaa 1882 a. e iei i?eniaaeeieeanue e Eoaeey. Oae aiciee O?ienoaaiiue
nithc — iaeia ec iniiaiuo nee a aoaeouae ie?iaie aieia.
A oi a?aiy ?inney auea naycaia n Aa?iaieae e Aano?i-Aaia?eae oae
iacuaaaiui nithcii o?ao eiia?aoi?ia. Ii yoi aue anaai eeoue aeiaiai? i
acaeiiii iaeo?aeeoaoa ia neo/ae aieiu n ae?oaeie aea?aeaaaie. A
O?ienoaaiiue nithc iiae?acoiaaae aiaiioth acaeiiiiiiuue aai o/anoieeia.
Iiyoiio ?inney ia aac iniiaaiee oaeaeaea a iai oa?ico aeey naay.
Ano?aaiaeaia auea e O?aioeey, aaea aua oi?ioi iiiieee iaeaeiia
ii?aaeaiea ai o?aiei-i?onneie aieia 1870 a. A aaaonoa 1891 a. ?inney e
O?aioeey caeeth/eee nithc, eioi?ue a aeaeaa?a 1893 a. aue aeiiieiai
aiaiiie eiiaaioeeae. O?aiei-?onneee nithc noae i?ioeaiaanii
O?ienoaaiiiio.
Iinea aeieaeo eieaaaiee o?aaeeoeeiiii inoi?iaeiay a auai?a ia?oia?ia
Aiaeey a ai?aea 1904 a. anooieea a nithc n O?aioeeae, a a aaaonoa 1907
a. — e n ?inneae. Aicieeoee a eoiaa aeie noaee iacuaaoue O?ienoaaiiui
niaeaneai (Aioaioie). Iaee/ea a oeaio?a Aa?iiu aeaoo iiuiuo aiaiiuo
a?oiie?iaie n ai iiiaii i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie eioa?anaie aeaeaei aieio ii/oe
iaecaaaeiie, oioy ie iaeia noi?iia ia oi?iieeanue aa ia/eiaoue.
Ia?aua iiiuoee ia?aaeaea ie?a
Ai?i/ai, a i?aaeaeaa?ee ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu eieaeueiua aiaiiua
eiioeeeou aniuoeaaee ia ?ac, e iaeioi?ua ec ieo a?iceee iaa?iooueny
«aieueoie» aieiie.
A nei?ioa/iie aia?eeaii-eniaineie aieia (1898) NOA auno?i ?aca?iieee
iaeiaaea naioth neeueioth aea?aeaao a Caiaaeiii iieooa?ee. Iinea iiaaaeu
iaae Eniaieae NOA aia?aua ia?ooeee aeieo?eio Iii?i: iie ioia?aee o
iiaaaeaeaiiuo ia oieueei ino?ia Ioy?oi-?eei a Ea?eaneii ii?a, ii oaeaea
Oeeeiieineea e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea ino?iaa a Oeoii ieaaia. I?aaaea,
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea i?aoaicee a Oeoiieaaineii ?aaeiia (a ssiiiee e
Eeoaa) NOA i?aaeuyaeyee e ?aiueoa.
Ii n ia?aoiaeii e aia?eeaioeai ia?yaeo n Aaaaeneeie e Oeeeiieineeo
ino?iaia iie iieo/eee no?aoaae/aneee ieaoeaea?i a Oeoii ieaaia.
E ia/aeo XX a. caaa?oeeny ?acaeae Ao?eee. Iaeaieaa auaiaeiua iiceoeee
eiaea Aiaeey, eioi?ay aua a ia/aea 1880-o aa. ieeoie?iaaea Aaeiao.
Aiaee/aia oaeaea iieo/eee e?oiiua eieiiee ia caiaaea e ainoiea Ao?eee, a
iinea iiaaaeu a aiaei-ao?neie aieia (1899—1902) noaee iieiuie
«oicyaaaie» e thaa eiioeiaioa. O?aioeee iiieii aa aeaaiaai aeaaeaiey
Aeaee?a aeinoaeenue Ooien, ia?iiiua oa??eoi?ee ia caiaaea e a oeaio?a
Ao?eee e ino?ia Iaaeaaanea?. Aa?iaiey caoaaoeea caiee ia caiaaea
(Eaia?oi, Oiai), ainoiea e thai-caiaaea eiioeiaioa. Ai aeaaeaiee
Ii?ooaaeee oaea ianeieueei aaeia iaoiaeeeenue Aiaiea e Iicaiaee. A ?oeao
eoaeueyioeaa ieacaeenue Eeaey e Ainoi/iia Niiaee. E aeaaea iaeaiueeay
Aaeueaey iieo/eea a naiii oeaio?a Ao?eee aeaaioneoth e aiaaoaeooth
eieiieth — Eiiai.
Ii yoio «aeaeaae» i?ioiaeee ioithaeue ia aaciyoaaeii. Eaoii 1898 a. o
ianoa/ea Oaoiaea, ia thaa Noaeaia, aaeaa ia i?iecioei noieeiiaaiea
iaaeaeo caaa?oaaoeie caoaao no?aiu aiaee/aiaie e «inaaeaaaoeie»
ninaaeiea (caiaaeiua) oa??eoi?ee o?aioeocaie (Oaoiaeneee e?ecen). A
Ia?eaea ?acoiii ioeaieee niioiioaiea nee e ia ?aoeeenue ia e?oiiue
eiioeeeo n Aiaeeae. O?aioeocneee io?yae aue ioicaai ec Oaoiaeu.
Ae?oaie aiaiiue eiioeeeo aiieia iia aniuoiooue ec-ca Ia?ieei. Ia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiioa?aioeee a 1906 a. aue i?eciai i?ei?eoao eioa?ania
O?aioeee e Eniaiee, iaeiaei anei?a o?aioeocu ieeoie?iaaee ii/oe ana
Ia?ieei. A a 1911 a. a nii? ?aoeea aiaoaoueny e Aa?iaiey, iineaa e
aa?aaai Ia?ieei eaiiia?eo e e?aena?. Yoio eioeeaeaio, ecaanoiue eae
i?uaeie «Iaioa?u» (ii iacaaieth eaiiia?ee), aaeaa ia i?eaae e
iauaaa?iiaeneie aieia: aaaeue O?aioeey e Aa?iaiey oaea i?eiaaeeaaeaee e
?aciui aiaiiui aeieai. Oieueei aiaoaoaeuenoai Aiaeee i?aaeioa?aoeei
aieueoie «iiaea?». Aa?iaiey niaeaneeanue i?eciaoue i?ioaeoi?ao O?aioeee
iaae Ia?ieei.
No?aiu Acee a ia/aea XX a.
E eiioeo iiaiai a?aiaie ia aceaoneii Ainoiea neiaeeeanue naiaia?aciay
neooaoeey. Eeoae e ssiiiey ai eiy nio?aiaiey naiiauoiinoe ianoiuo
eoeueoo?iuo o?aaeeoeee aieioue aei na?aaeeiu XIX a. niciaoaeueii
cae?uaaee naie a?aieoeu io aa?iiaeneiai aeeyiey, iieaaay, /oi iii ia
iiaeao i?eianoe ie/aai, e?iia a?aaea. Yoi aaeaa ia i?eaaei e eaoano?ioa.
Eiaaea a na?aaeeia XIX a. ia/aeenue oae iacuaaaiua iieoiiua aieiu
aa?iiaeneeo aea?aeaa n Eeoaai, eeoaeoeu auee iio?ynaiu, noieeioaoenue n
nia?aiaiiui i?oaeeai aa?iiaeoeaa, eo iiuiui oeioii. Ia iaiueoaa
iio?ynaiea eniuoaea e ssiiiey, eioi?ie a 1863 a. aa?iiaeoeu eeoue
«i?ea?iceee», ?anno?aeya ec ei?aaaeueiuo i?oaeee ai?iae Neiiiinaee.
Eiaiii ssiiiey ?aiueoa ae?oaeo no?ai Ainoiea anoaea ia iooue
iiaea?iecaoeee. A ?acoeueoaoa ia/aouo a 1867 a. ?aoi?i Iyeaece no?aia
auno?i i?aiaeieaea oaiaeaeueioth ionoaeinoue, i?enooieea e
eiaeono?eaeecaoeee yeiiiieee ia aaca nia?aiaiiuo oaoiieiaee,
caeinoaiaaiiuo o aa?iiaeoeaa e aia?eeaioeaa. I?e yoii i?aaeii/oaiea
ioaeaaaeinue io?aneyi, naycaiiui n aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth. Oaeie eo?n
iicaieee ssiiiee oaa?aiii iiaaaeeoue a aieia ia oieueei n Eeoaai
(1894—1895), iicaeiaa aa anooieaoei ia iooue iiaea?iecaoeee, ii e n
?inneae (1904—1905), ia?aaeeaaaoae a oa aiaeu ao?iue i?iiuoeaiiue
iiaeuai. I?eiyoea a 1889 a. oia?aiiie ao?aeoaciie eiinoeoooeee e
iineaaeothuee nicua ia?eaiaioa niinianoaiaaee oe?aieaieth aioo?aiiae
noaaeeueiinoe a no?aia, a a aeaeueiaeoai — oi?ie?iaaieth a ssiiiee
iiaiai aceaoneiai «oeaio?a».
Neiaeiaa i?ioaeae ia?aoiae e iiaea?iecaoeee a Eeoaa, aaea n na?aaeeiu
XIX a. ?acei oneeeeinue aeeyiea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea. A ecaanoiie ia?a
yoi niinianoaiaaei ?acaeoeth a no?aia ao?aeoaciiai oeeaaea, ii
oi?ie?iaaaoayny iaoeeiiaeueiay ao?aeoacey ieacaeanue a iiae/eiaiiii
iieiaeaiee. Iiae aeeyieai eeaea?a ao?aeoaciie iiiiceoeee oeeinioa Eai
THayy iieiaeie aiaaeuoai (eiia?aoi?) Aoainthe a ia/aea 1890-o aa.
i?enooiee e oia?aiiui ?aoi?iai. Iaeiaei eo oaii e aeoaeia auee
iaaeinoaoi/iu, /oi iaaeyaeii i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaei ii?aaeaiea a aieia n
ssiiieae. Aoainthe ia/ae na?eth aieaa ?aaeeeaeueiuo ?aoi?i, ii eo
i?ioeaieee inouanoaeee ainoaea?noaaiiue ia?aai?io e iono?aieee aai io
aeanoe (1898).
Iauyaeaoay naay ?aaaiooae iaoue aiaaeuoaia Oeu Ne ioiaieea ii/oe ana
?aoi?iu, ii a no?aia ia/aeenue aieiaiey. Ia aeaey aiciiaeiinoe
iiaeaaeoue eo, Oeu Ne e aa i?eaeeaeaiiua i?ae?aoeee nii?ioeaeaiea,
aionoeee io?yaeu ainnoaaoeo a Iaeei e iauyaeee, /oi ai anao aaaeao Eeoay
aeiiaaou «caii?neea aeueyaieu». Ainnoaiea i?eiyei iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneee
oa?aeoa?, aai aeaaiui eicoiaii noaei «Nia?oue eiino?aioeai!». Aa?iiaeoeu
iacaaee yoi ainnoaiea aiena?neei, oae eae ai aeaaa aai noiyei oaeiia
a?aonoai «Eoeae ai eiy ni?aaaaeeeainoe e ie?a» (ii-eeoaenee —
«Eoyooaiue»), eoeueoeae?iaaaoaa eneonnoai eoea/iuo aaeeiiai?noa.
A ioaao ia oaeenoaa aa?iiaeoeaa e ?aca?aaeaiea eo eiouanoaa ainaiue
e?oiiuo aea?aeaa (Aa?iaiey, Aiaeey, NOA, ?inney, ssiiiey,
Aano?i-Aaia?ey, O?aioeey e Eoaeey) a aaaonoa 1900 a. iai?aaeee a Eeoae
60-ouny/ioth a?ieth. Ainnoaiea auei auno?i iiaeaaeaii, ia Eeoae a
i/a?aaeiie ?ac iaeiaeeee eiio?eaooeeth, auieaoa eioi?ie oyaeaei
neacaeanue ia yeiiiie/aneii iieiaeaiee no?aiu.
Iiaia oieaeaiea aucaaei iiaeuai iaoeeiiaeueiie ai?ueau a Eeoaa. Oaia?ue
aai aicaeaaee a?a/ Noiue ssonai, i?iiiaaaeiaaaoee ?aaiethoeeiiiua
iaoiaeu ai?ueau. I/a?aaeiay aniuoea aieiaiee i?eiyea e eiioeo 1911 a.
oa?aeoa? ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeee. No?aia auea i?iaicaeaoaia ?anioaeeeie,
ii e iinea yoiai aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey inouanoaeyeenue
aeiaieueii iaaeeaiii.
E?aeia neeueiu auee o?aaeeoeeiiiua oeeaaeu e a ae?oaeo no?aiao Ainoiea,
aeaaea a Eiaeee, eioi?oth aua n XVI a. aeoeaii «inaaeaaee» aa?iiaeoeu.
Ii i?eciaee iiaea?iecaoeee i?iyaeyeenue e oai.
A 1885 a. iaoeeiiaeueiay ao?aeoacey e eioaeeeaaioeey Eiaeee nicaeaee
ia?oeth Eiaeeeneee iaoeeiiaeueiue eiia?ann (EIE), iniiaiui eicoiaii
eioi?ie noaea ie?iay iiiiceoeey eieiieaeueiiio ?aaeeio. Aeoeaiay
i?iiaaaiaea EIE e i?aaiecoaiua ei niaeua iaianeeuenoaaiiua aeoeee
caaiaauaaee ia?oee ana aieueoa noi?iiieeia. *?acau/aeiie iiioey?iinoueth
o iann iieueciaaeny eeaea? eaaiai e?uea EIE th?eno A. Oeeae. Iiae
aeeyieai EIE a no?aia aieeioe?iaaeenue aiaeeeneea oiaa?u, i?iaiaeeeenue
ianniaua ieoeiae e oanoaey, ia/aeenue caaanoiaee. Ii?ie aeaei aeioiaeeei
aei e?iaaauo noieeiiaaiee n iieeoeeae e aiaeeeneeie aieneaie. Iiyaeeenue
(aia ?aiie EIE) oa??i?enoe/aneea a?oiiu, niaa?oaaoea iieooaiey ia
iaeaieaa iaiaaenoiuo aiaeeeneeo e ianoiuo /eiiaieeia.
A 1908 a. aeanoe a?anoiaaee Oeeaea, e nionoy oanoue eao ii iaienae
iieayiiia ienueii, i?iny i iiieeiaaiee. A ?acoeueoaoa aai aaoi?eoao
?acei oiae, e n?aaee eeaea?ia EIE auaeaeioeny I. Aaiaee, a aeaeueiaeoai
noaaoee i?eciaiiui aiaeaeai inaiaiaeeoaeueiie ai?ueau a Eiaeee.
Ia?aeeaeueii n aioeeieiieaeueiie ai?ueaie oei oe?aieaiea iaoeeiiaeueiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe (a iniiaiii oaenoeeueiie), ii iia ii/oe aac?acaeaeueii
eiio?iee?iaaeanue iao?iiieeae. Ia?iiiua aiaaonoaa Eiaeee ii-i?aaeiaio
ia?aea/eaaeenue a Aiaeeth, eeoue io/anoe inaaeay a no?aia e
eniieuecoynue ia aa ioaeaeu.
Oniaoiaa ?acaeaaeenue ?aoi?iu a Oo?oeee. I?iaicaeaoaiiay a 1876 a.
eiinoeoooeey a oa/aiea 30 eao inoaaaeanue, ii nooe aeaea, eei/eii
aoiaae. Ii oaea a 1890-a aa. a no?aia neiaeeeinue oaeiia ?aaiethoeeiiiia
aeaeaeaiea, eioi?ia a Aa?iia iacaaee ieaaeioo?aoeeei. *eaiaie
ieaaei-oo?aoeeeo e?oaeeia auee ioeoea?u, nooaeaiou, i?aaenoaaeoaee
iaoeeiiaeueiie ao?aeoacee e eioaeeeaaioeee. A ?acoeueoaoa
ieaaeioo?aoeeie ?aaiethoeee noeoai aue auioaeaeai ainnoaiiaeoue
eiinoeoooeeth (etheue 1908 a.). Anei?a nia?aeny ia?eaiaio, a eioi?ii
aieueoeinoai i?eiaaeeaaeaei ieaaeioo?eai. E oioy a i?aaeoaeuenoai iie ia
aioee, eo aeeyiea a no?aia ?inei.
Aaniie 1909 a. aienea ai aeaaa n ioeoea?aie-ieaaeioo?eaie iiaeaaeee
iiiuoeo ?aaeoeeiiiiai ia?aai?ioa. Aeanoue oaeoe/anee ia?aoea a ?oee
ieaaeioo?ie, auaeaeioaoeo oe?ieoth i?ia?aiio iiaea?iecaoeee yeiiiieee,
oi?aaeaiey, anaai no?iy aeecie. Ii aa inouanoaeaiea anei?a auei i?a?aaii
aeaoiy Aaeeaineeie aieiaie e ia?aie ie?iaie aieiie.
Eaoeineay Aia?eea a ia/aea XX a.
A ioee/ea io iiiaeo ainoaea?noa Ainoiea no?aiu eaoeiiaia?eeaineie
«ia?eoa?ee» ianeieueei aaeia iaoiaeeeenue a eieiieaeueiie caaeneiinoe. E
ana yoi a?aiy iie eniuouaaee ii?aaeaeaiiia aicaeaenoaea aa?iiaeneeo
o?aaeeoeee, eoeueoo?u a oeaeii. Aaaeioth ?ieue a yoii naiaia?aciii
aa?iiaece?iaaiee nua?aea eaoiee/aneay oea?eiaue, niinianoaiaaaoay
aiaae?aieth a niciaiea ianoiiai ianaeaiey eiaiii aa?iiaeneeo iiaeaeae
eoeueoo?u e i?inaauaiey.
A oa/aiea XIX a. iieiaeua iacaaeneiua no?aiu ?aaeiia iaoiaeeeenue iiae
aieueoei aeeyieai NOA. Aa?iua aeieo?eia Iii?i, aia?eeaioeu no?aieeenue
ia aeiionoeoue oe?aieaiey iiceoeee aa?iiaeoeaa a Eaoeineie Aia?eea, ia
aa ?uieao. Ii anee a ia/aea XIX a. iiaeaea?aeea NOA einaaiii iiiiaea
eaoeiiaia?eeaioeai na?ineoue eniaineee (a a?aceeueoeai — ii?ooaaeueneee)
aiao, oi a aeaeueiaeoai yoa iiiiuue iaa?ioeanue oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneei
caneeueai. Oaeay neooaoeey ana iaiueoa ono?aeaaea no?aiu ?aaeiia, e
i?aaeaea anaai iaeaieaa ?acaeoua ec ieo — A?aaioeio, Iaeneeo e
A?aceeeth. A eiioea XIX a. iaoeeiiaeueiay eaoeiiaia?eeaineay ao?aeoacey
no?aieeanue e aieueoae naiinoiyoaeueiinoe, e onoaiiaeaieth eiioaeoia n
aaaeoueie no?aiaie Aa?iiu. Eneaee oaeeo eiioaeoia e aa?iiaeoeu, a
iniaaiiinoe Aa?iaiey e Aiaeey, ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIX a. aeiaeeaoay
iaiaeua eaieoaeu a no?ieoaeuenoai aeaeaciuo aei?ia a ?aaeiia.
Ia ?oaaaea XIX—XX aa. a ?yaea eaoeiiaia?eeaineeo no?ai (*eee, O?oaaae,
A?aaioeia, A?aceeey e ae?.) auee i?iaaaeaiu aeaiie?aoe/aneea ?aoi?iu,
iinoaiaiii oei oi?ie?iaaiea a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa. I?ioeann yoio
?acaeaaeny iaeaaei.
Oae, a Iaeneea a ia?eiae aiaiiie aeeeoaoo?u aaia?aea I. Aeeana
(1877—1911) yeiiiieea iieiinoueth eiio?iee?iaaeanue NOA e — a iaiueoae
noaiaie — Aiaeeae. E?aeia ieceee o?iaaiue aeecie ianaeaiey aucuaae
iinoiyiiua e?anoueyineea aieiaiey, eioi?ua aeanoiei iiaeaaeyeenue. Iinea
i/a?aaeiie oaeueneoeeaoeee Aeeanii ?acoeueoaoia auai?ia a iiya?a 1910 a.
ia/aeinue anaia?iaeiia ainnoaiea, ia?a?inoaa a ao?aeoacioth
?aaiethoeeth. Nionoy ianeieueei ianyoeaa Aeean aaaeae ec Iaeneee, e a
ieoya?a 1911 a. i?aceaeaioii no?aiu aue eca?ai eeaea? ao?aeoaciie
iiiiceoeee O. Iaaea?i. ?aoathuoth ?ieue a iiaaaea ?aaiethoeee nua?aee
iiuiua e?anoueyineea a?iee ai aeaaa n iiioey?iuie a ia?iaea aiaeaeyie —
Yieeeaii Naiaoie e O?ainenei (Iai/i) Aeeuey.
Ii Iaaea?i, i?eaey e aeanoe, ia noae i?iaiaeeoue iaauaiiua caiaeueioth e
ae?oaea ?aoi?iu, e e?anoueyia aiciaiiaeee ai?ueao. Iaeiia?aiaiii i?ioea
Iaaea?i aunooieee e ?aaeoeeiiiua neeu ai aeaaa n aaia?aeii Oy?oie. A
?acoeueoaoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa (oaa?aeue 1913 a.) Iaaea?i e
ianeieueei aai ieieno?ia auee oaeou, a e aeanoe i?eoae Oy?oa. Ii ia
Iaoeei, noieeoeo no?aiu, n ?aciuo noi?ii aeaeioeenue e?anoueyineea
a?iee, e a ethea 1914 a. aeeeoaoo?a Oy?ou iaea.
NOA aeaaaeaeu iuoaeenue aiaoaoueny a oiae niauoee, aaiaey a Iaeneeo naie
aienea, ii yoi oieueei i?eaiaeeei e niei/aieth aeaiie?aoe/aneeo nee.
Iaeneeaioeu neeoeii oi?ioi iiiieee, /oi a ?acoeueoaoa aieiu n NOA a
1846— 1848 aa. aia?eeaioeai ioioei aieaa iieiaeiu oa??eoi?ee no?aiu. A
?acoeueoaoa NOA iaa ?aca auee auioaeaeaiu ioicaaoue naie aienea.
A 1917 a. iaeneeaineay ?aaiethoeey iiaaaeeea ieii/aoaeueii: auea i?eiyoa
aeaiie?aoe/aneay eiinoeoooeey, i?aaeii?aaeaeeaoay anooieaiea Iaeneee a
yiioo eiaeono?eaeueiie oeeaeeecaoeee.
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