Ieienoa?nai ia?aciaaiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
Iaaa?aaeii/aeieineee oeeeae
Eacaineiai Ainoaea?noaaiiiai Iaaeaaiae/aneiai Oieaa?neoaoa
?aoa?ao
ia oaio
“Iaeneieeeai ?iaaniuea?”
Auiieiee:
nooaeaio 3 eo?na a?oiiu 906
enoi?e/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa
Ianoa?ia I.A.
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
Ioeeei A.A.
Iaaa?aaeiua *aeiu
2001 a.
Ieai.
Anooieaiea.
Aei?aaiethoeeiiiay aeia?aoey.
Aeayoaeueiinoue ia ia/aeueiii yoaia ?aaiethoeee.
Ace?o ?iaaniuea?a.
Iaaeaeo ia?eaeneei ainnoaieai e aeeeoaoo?ie.
Oa??i? ai O?aioeee.
I?iaae.
Aicc?aiey e ee/iinoue ?iaaniuea?a.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
1. Anooieaiea
AEeciue ?iaaniuea?a iaioaeaeeia io ?aaiethoeee. ?iaaniuea? ia ae?aeny ia
aa??eeaaeao, aai ia auei n?aaee ia?eaeai, ooo?iothueo Aanoeeeth. Anth
naith iaaeieaoth aeeciue ii i?iaae eee ca ienueiaiiui noieii a oaiaie
eaii?ea eaa?oe?u noiey?a Aethiea, eee ia o?eaoiao Iaoeeiiaeueiiai
nia?aiey, Eiiaaioa, sseiaeineiai eeoaa. Ii naieie ?a/aie, i?iaeoaie
caeiiiiieiaeaiee, naiae aieae e oaiaoe/iie i?aaeaiiinoueth
?aaiethoeeiiiui eaeayi ?iaaniuea? aeeye ia ana niauoey ?aaiethoeeiiiie
ai?ueau. Ii aue aa eaeaieiaii, aa ciaiaiai, aa aiaeaeai. Iaiaei ?ieiauo
ioeaie, eieaaaiee ioiaoeei aai aeeciaiiue iooue, ii ii ieeiaaea ia
ionooiae, ieeiaaea ia oae ia eiii?iiennu.
2. Aei?aaiethoeeiiiay aeia?aoey
?iaaniuea? (Iaeneieeeai Ia?e Eneaei? Robespierre) — ecaanoiue o?aioe.
?aaiethoeeiia?, ?iae. a A??ana 6 iay 1758 a., iaacaeaaeai a Ia?eaea 28
ethey 1794 a. (10 oa?ieaei?a II-ai aiaea). Oaieeey ?iaaniuea?, eaaeaony,
e?eaiaeneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey; aai ioaoe e aeaae /anoi iiaeienuaaeenue
Derobespierre. Ioaoe ?iaaniuea?a — aaeaieao, iaoue — aei/ue ieaiaa?a.
Iaoue oia?ea, eiaaea Iaeneieeeaio auei oanoue eao, iinea /aai ioaoe
oaoae ca a?aieoeo, inoaaea aeaoae ia iiia/aiuea ?iaenoaaiieeia.
Inoaaoenue ne?ioie, ?iaaniuea? iinooiee a eieeaaeth ai?. A??ana, aaea
ioee/aeny o?oaeiethaeai e i?eia?iui iiaaaeaieai. N?aaee aai oiaa?euae
aue Eaieee Aeaioeai. E?iia oiai, ?iaaniuea? aue iieeiiieeii
aieueiiethaeauo eaeae oeeinioa AE.-AE. ?onni. A aic?anoa 20 eao ii
iiauaae a Y?iaiiiaeea, aaea aeiaeeaae naie iineaaeiea aiaeu a oaaeeiaiee
aaoi? «Iauanoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a» e «I?iaoeie iaeeiieiai ia/oaoaey». I oie
ano?a/a ia nio?aieeinue ieeaeeo oi/iuo naaaeaiee. Niaeanii iaeiie ec
eaaaiae, oeeinioa aieueoa anaai ii?aceee a iieiaeii nooaeaioa ia aai
ciaiey, a oa??aeue, ae?noeee, i?iiecuaathuee acaeyae.
Ninoiy aaeaieaoii a A??ana, ?iaaniuea? iiiai ?aaioae a iaeanoe
th?eni?oaeaioeee e eeoa?aoo?u. Ii ienae iiiai noeoioai?aiee, a
naioeiaioaeueiii aeooa, /anoi iinayuay eo aeaiai A??ana, e a 1789 a. aue
eca?ai aee?aeoi?ii a??anneie aeaaeaiee.
3. Aeayoaeueiinoue ia ia/aeueiii yoaia ?aaiethoeee
A ai?aea 1789 eca?ai a Aaia?aeueiua ooaou O?aioeee aeaiooaoii io
o?aoueaai nineiaey. ?iaaniuea? nia/aea ia?auae ia naay iaei aieiaiey. Ii
aiai?ee i?ioea aiaiiiai caeiia, i?ioea ?acaeaeaiey a?aaeaeai ia aeoeaiuo
e ianneaiuo, ca aeiiouaiea aa?aaa e caiyoeth iauanoaaiiuo aeieaeiinoae.
Aacaou, aeaaay io/?o i canaaeaiee, iinoiyiii iooaee aai eiy, iacuaay aai
oi ?iaa?ii, oi ?iaa?oiuea?ii. Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia naith iacaiaoiinoue,
?iaaniuea? aue iaeiei ec naiuo aeaoaeueiuo aeaiooaoia. A 1789a. ii
aunooiee 69 ?ac, a 1790a. – 125 ?ac, a 1791a. (ca 9 ianyoeaa) – 328 ?ac!
Aai ?a/e eacaeenue aeeeiiiaaouie e ia anaaaea iiiyoiuie. Neooaee aai
iaaieiaoaeueii, ii ii aue ianoie/ea e ia onoaaae iiaoi?youe nai?.
*oi aea ii aiai?ee? Ii, eae e ana inoaeueiua aeaiooaou, ieeiaaea ia
aunooiae, iai?eia?, ca ?anioaeeeo, i?ioea ei?ieaaneie aeanoe. Ii eae,
iai?eia?, ei?ieue aeieaeai i?aaenoaaeyoue caeiiu ia ooaa?aeaeaiea
O/?aaeeoaeueiiio nia?aieth? Ii iiaieth ?iaaniuea?a, ii aeieaeai aue
aiai?eoue i?e yoii: “Ia?iae, aio caeii, eioi?ue y neiaeee aeey oaay.
I?eieiaaoue ee ou aai?”
Eiaaea ?iaaniuea? eceiaeee yoio i?iaeo nia?aieth, iii ?ac?aceeinue
a?iieei oioioii. Ana aeaiooaou niayeenue iaae yoei th?enoii ec A??ana,
eioi?ue no?iee ia?aae ieie naie iaeaiua aicaeooiua caiee. Iaoaeaee
ei?ieue aoaeao caeneeaaoue e oieaeaoueny ia?aae ia?iaeii!
Ie?aai ?aii ia?aoee aieiaiea ia Iaeneieeueaia. Ii caiaoee i i?i: “Yoio
/aeiaae naeaeaao /oioi. Ii aa?eo eaaeaeiio neiao, eioi?ia i?ieciineo”.
AEee ii i/aiue ne?iiii, ii anaaaea ouaoaeueii iaeaaaeny. A Aaia?aeueiuo
ooaoao, a caoai a Iaoeeiiaeueiii nia?aiee (1789-91) caieiae e?aeia eaaua
iiceoeee.
4. Ace?o ?iaaniuea?a.
Aoaeo/e noi?iiieeii ?onni, ii e?eoeeiaae eeaa?aeueiia aieueoeinoai
Nia?aiey ca iaaeinoaoi/iue ?aaeeeaeeci i?iaiaeeiuo ?aoi?i. Yoe aea eaeae
ii ?acaeaae n o?eaoiu sseiaeineiai eeoaa, eeaea?ii eioi?iai noae.
Aaanoai ei?iey aucaaei ?a/ue ?iaaniuea?a, n?aco i?ineaaeaooth aai.
“Ethaeiaee aeieaeai oia?aoue, /oiau cae?aanoaiaaei ioa/anoai. Anee au
ia?iae iao aue naiaiaeiui, anee au ii iieueciaaeny oaaaeaieai eae o naay
a no?aia, oae ca a? i?aaeaeaie, oiaaea au iiaeii auei i?eneooaoueny e
oai, eoi niaaooao aai i?iyaeoue aaeeeiaeooea. Ii ia?iae, o eioi?iai
iinea noieueeeo aea?oa e noieueeeo n?aaeaiee aei neo ii? inia?eaatho aai
naiaiaeo – yoio ia?iae aeieaeai no?aieoueny e ioiuaieth. E aaeeeiaeooea,
eioi?ui ian iaieueuatho, neeoeii iioiaeeei au ia aaeeeiaeooea oaeee
aaiaeeoia, caiyouo aeaeaaeii aeiau/e … ss o?aaoth, /oiau Eiiaaio
ioiuia iauyaee Ethaeiaeea i?aaeaoaeai o?aioeocneie iaoeee, i?anooiieeii
i?ioea /aeiaa/anoaa…”
A aaanoaa ei?iey ?iaaniuea? aeaeae i?ioeai?aaiethoeeiiiue caaiai?,
ninoaaeaiiue iiiaeie ec /eaiia iaoeeiiaeueiiai nia?aiey, a?aaia
naiaiaeu, /oiau, i?e iiiiue ei?iey e oe?aiia, iiaeaaeoue iao?eioia.
Enoeia, naiaiaea e iauanoai, aiai?ee ii, aeey iaai aei?iaea aeecie,
i?ioea eioi?ie, eae aio ia?aueeinue, auee oaea iai?aaeaiu “ouny/e
eeiaeaeia”. “Iu ana oi?ai n oiaith”, ainoi?aeaiii aineeeeioe Eaieee
Aeaioeai. Ii ?iaaniuea? ia auneacaeny ca ?anioaeeeo: ii ia?aie/eeny
i?aaeeiaeaieai i?aaeaoue ei?iey noaeo e ni?ineoue no?aio i oi?ia
i?aaeaiey. Ianuuaiiua aeaiie?aoe/aneie (a ii?ie e aeaiaaiae/aneie)
?eoi?eeie aunooieaiey i?eianee ?iaaniuea?o oe?ieoth iiioey?iinoue a
ia?iaea e i?icaeua “Iaiiaeeoiiue”.
Anei?a ?iaaniuea? iieo/ee aeieaeiinoue iauanoaaiiiai iaaeieoaey a
oaieiaiii noaea Ia?eaea (ieoya?ue 1791) e i?iaeieaeee aeoeaioth
iieeoe/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue a noieeoea. A ai?aea 1792 a. ii neiaeee n
naay iaycaiiinoe iaaeieoaey e iniiaae yeiaeineee aeo?iae: “Defenseur de
la constitution”. A yoi a?aiy ia/aeenue ino?ua noieeiiaaiey iaaeaeo
aee?iiaeenoaie e iiioaiuey?aie ii aii?ino i aieia. ?iaaniuea? aue i?ioea
aieiu e iaiaaeae a yeiaeineii eeoaa e a ia/aoe ia A?enni e
aee?iiaeenoia. A aeaeaa?a 1791 – ai?aea 1792 ii aae a sseiaeineii eeoaa
ino?oth aeeneonneth ni noi?iiieeaie “yenii?oa” ?aaiethoeee, i?ecuaay
i?aaeaea anaai ai?ioueny n “a?aaaie naiaiaeu” aioo?e no?aiu.
5. Iaaeaeo ia?eaeneei ainnoaieai e aeeeoaoo?ie
Ai a?aiy ia?eaeneiai ainnoaiey ?iaaniuea? nio?aiye auaeeaeathuaa
iieiaeaiea. Eiaaea iii oaeaeinue e aiaeaeaie aai auea ia?aciaaia
eiiioia, e iae, iinea ae?oaeo, i?eieioe e ?iaaniuea?. Aeaaie aa,
iaeiaei, aue ia ii, a Aeaioii. Aeaioii i?aaeeiaeee ?iaaniuea?o aunieoth
aeieaeiinoue, ii oio ioeacaeny.
21 aaaonoa ?iaaniuea? aue aua?ai iaeiei ec 24 aeaiooaoia Ia?eaea a
iaoeeiiaeueiue eiiaaio, ii ia iieo/ee i?aiaeaaeathuaai /enea aieinia;
ia?aaan aue ia noi?iia oia?aiiuo (Aeaioii). A ia?aua aea aeie
nouanoaiaaiey eiiaaioa a iai aniuoioea a?aaeaea iaaeaeo aee?iiaeenoaie e
yeiaeioeaie, iaaeiyaoeie ae?oa ae?oaa a no?aieaiee e aeeeoaoo?a. Eiaaea
aue iinoaaeai aii?in i i?aaeaiee ei?iey noaeo, ia?oee aua neeueiaa
?acaeaeeeenue. ?iaaniuea? i?iecian ?a/ue, aaea ioaa?aae th?eaee/aneoth
oi/eo c?aiey, noaiiaynue ia iieeoe/aneoth. “Ethaeiaee — ia iiaenoaeeiue,
a au — ia noaeuee”, aiai?ee ii; “au ainoaea?noaaiiua ethaee,
i?aaenoaaeoaee iaoeee… Aaoa aeaei — ia i?ieciineoue noaeaaiue
i?eaiai?, a i?eiyoue ia?u a aeaeao iauanoaaiiiai aeaaa, auiieieoue ?ieue
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeaeaiey”. Ii o?aaiaae “nia?oe Ethaeiaeea, /oiau
aeeea ?anioaeeea”. 27 aeaeaa?y ?iaaniuea? niiaa aiai?ee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe
“iaeacaieai oe?aia ne?aieoue iauanoaaiioth naiaiaeo e niieienoaea”.
Aeiea ia?aae ioa/anoaii e iaiaaenoue e oe?aiai ei?aiyony, ii aai neiaai,
a na?aeoea eaaeaeiai /anoiiai /aeiaaea e aeieaeiu acyoue aa?o iaae
/aeiaaeiethaeai. Aeaaiui ia?acii ?a/ue ?iaaniuea?a auea iai?aaeaia
i?ioea aee?iiaeenoia, eioi?ua “aeiiaiaa anao, e?iia ei?iey”.
AEe?iiaeenou oi?aeaee yeiaeioeaa e ?iaaniuea?a a eanoe, caeneeaaiee
ia?aae ia?iaeii, a ?acaeeaaiee nioou, o?aaiaaee ii?yaeea e niieienoaey.
?iaaniuea? ioaa/ae ei oae: ”Iaoaeaee aai ioaeia ?aaiethoeey aac
?aaiethoeee! Eoi iiaeao oi/ii neacaoue, aaea aeieaeai inoaiiaeoueny
iioie ia?iaeiiai ainnoaiey iinea oiai, eae niauoey ?acaa?ioeenue!”
9 ia?oa 1793 a. ?iaaniuea?o oaeaeinue ianoiyoue ia ioi?aaeaiee a
aeaia?oaiaiou, a ea/anoaa eiienna?ia, 82 aeaiooaoia, aua?aiiuo ec
yeiaeioeaa e anthaeo ?ani?ino?aiyaoeo eo o/aiea. A ?acoeueoaoa iaeia ec
naeoeeae Ia?eaea auneacaea iaaeiaieuenoai aee?iiaeenoaie, /oi auei ia
?oeo ?iaaniuea?o, ?aca?iieaoaio a naiae ?a/e eiieo?aioia. 2 ethiy
aee?iiaeenou iaee; ianoaea yiioa oa??i?a. Aeaaioth ?ieue a eiieoaoa
iauanoaaiiiai nianaiey n 27 ethey ea?ae ?iaaniuea?. Oa??i?ii caaaaeiaaee
o?eoiae?u, eae eo iacuaaee — ?iaaniuea?, Eooii e Nai-AEthno. Io ieo
enoiaeeee aeae?aou i i?ine?eioeee e eaciyo. Ana auaeathueany
i?aaeeiaeaiey eceaaaeenue, aieueoae /anoueth, ?iaaniuea?ii. Ii aiai?ee,
/oi ioaeii eno?aaeyoue n?aaeiaa nineiaea, “niaaaeaoue naietheioia
i?oaeeai, no?anoueth, i?inaauaieai”. A?aae, n eioi?uie neaaeoao
ai?ioueny — ethaee ii?i/iua e aiaaoua, iieuecothueany iaaaaeanoaii
ia?iaea. Oae eae i?inaauaieth ia?iaea iaoaao “i?iaeaaeiinoue ienaoaeae”,
“eioi?ua eaaeaeue aeaiue iaiaiuaatho aai aannouaeiie eiaeueth”, oi
“iaaei iauyaeoue a iiaea ienaoaeae, eae iianiaeoeo a?aaia ioa/anoaa”, e
ecaeaoue oi?ioea ni/eiaiey. 3 ieo. /eai eiieoaoa iauanoaaiiie
aaciianiinoe Aia? i?aaeeiaeee eiiaaioo i?aaeaoue noaeo 73 aeaiooaoia,
i?ioanoiaaaoeo i?ioea ecaiaiey aee?iiaeenoia. ?iaaniuea? anooieeny ca
ieo, eiay a aeaeo, iie?aynue ia ?aaieio, ?acaeoue ia?oeth ai?u, o. a.
Aeaioiia.
E eiioeo 1793 a. ?iyeenou auee iiaeaaeaiu, aaiaeaeneay a?iey
oie/oiaeaia, oaaea?aeenou ?annayiu; ii ?iaaniuea? aeoiae ia i nianaiee
ainoaea?noaa, a ia oaea?aeaiee ca niaith aeanoe, aeey /aai iaiaoiaeeii
auei oie/oiaeeoue o?aeoeeth aaaa?oenoia (oeueo?aeaaua), eioi?ay
iaia?aaaeanue iiae/eieoue naaa eiieoao iauanoaaiiiai nianaiey. Ca
aaaa?oenoaie aeieaeai aue iiaeaiooue Aeaioii, oae eae ii iia iieiaeeoue
eiiaoe oa??i?o e i?aaieciaaoue ?anioaeeeo. ?iaaniuea? aiyeny e Eaieeea
Aeaioeaia, eioi?ue a naiai aeo?iaea “Le vieux Cordelier” ino?ioiii
iniaeaae o/?aaeaeaiiue ?iaaniuea?ii eiieoao ni?aaaaeeeainoe,
i?ioeaiiieaaay aio eiieoao ieeina?aeey.
Eiaaea iaaeaeo e?aeieie, o. a. aaaa?oenoaie, aeaaecii eioi?uo aue
oa??i?, e oia?aiiuie aeaioiienoaie, o?aaiaaaoeie ieeina?aeey, i?iecioae
yaiue ?ac?ua, ?iaaniuea? caiye na?aaeeio iaaeaeo ieie e aunoaaee
aeaaecii ni?aaaaeeeainoue, iiaeaea?aeeaaaioth, iaeiaei, iooai oa??i?a.
25 aeaeaa?y ?iaaniuea? i?iecian ?a/ue i?ioea aaaa?oenoia e aeaioiienoia,
aaea aiai?eeinue i iaiaoiaeeiinoe iai?aaeyoue ei?aaeue iaaeaeo aeaoiy
iiaeaiaeiuie eaiiyie — eaeayie eaauo e iuneyie aeaioiienoia. Ii i?i/eoae
a eiiaaioa aeieeaae, aeieacuaay iianiinoue nouanoaiaaiey aeaoo ia?oee.
“Iaeia ec ieo oieeaao ian e neaainoe, ae?oaay — e e?aeiinoyi”;
iaiaoiaeei oa??i?, eioi?ue, ii ii?aaeaeaieth ?iaaniuea?a, anoue
“auno?ia, no?iaia e iai?aeeiiiia i?aainoaeea”. 14 ia?oa auee a?anoiaaiu,
a 24-ai eaciaiu aaaa?oenou (21 /ae.). 31 ia?oa auee a?anoiaaiu Aeaioii,
Aeaioeai, Eae?oa, Oeeeiii. Ia?aae ia/aeii noaea iaae ieie eiiaaio, ii
i?aaeeiaeaieth ?iaaniuea?a, aeae?aoe?iaae, /oi eaaeaeue iaaeiyaiue,
i?ioeayueeny noaeueyi, aoaeao eeoai neiaa. 5 ai?aey Aeaioii e Aeaioeai,
a ca ieie e ae?oaea, auee eaciaiu.
A naieo caiaoeao i Aeaioiia ?iaaniuea? ienae: “Neiai “aeia?iaeaoaeue”
aucuaaei niao Aeaioiia. Eae iia /aeiaae, eioi?iio /oaeaea anyeay eaeay
ii?aee, auoue caueoieeii naiaiaeu!” Ianoaei a?aiy ee/iie aeeeoaoo?u
?iaaniuea?a.
Ia ae?oaie aeaiue iinea eacie auei iauyaeaii, /oi i?eaioiaeyaony
i?acaeianoai a /anoue Aa?oiaiiai Nouanoaa. ?iaaniuea? noa?aeny
?aniieiaeeoue a naith iieueco i?ieaoa?eaa, caiuoeyy ia?u e oiaiueoaieth
e?oiiuo ninoiyiee, iiiiue ioaeaeathueiny e aaeeiiia?aceth ainieoaiey.
Ai?iaeneia oi?aaeaiea auei oaia?ue anaoeaei a aai ?oeao. Aeaa iieooaiey
ia aeeciue ?iaaniuea?a eeoue niinianoaiaaee oneeaieth aai cia/aiey. 3
i?a?eaey aai oioae oaeoue Eaaeie?aeue. Ia ae?oaie aeaiue a aai eaa?oe?a
canoaee iieiaeoth aeaaooeo Naneeue ?aii n aeaoiy iiaeaie. ?aii auea
eaciaia, a nianaiea naia ?iaaniuea? i?eienuaae Aa?oiaiiio nouanoao.
18 oei?aaey (7 iay) ii i?iecian aeeeiioth ?a/ue i?ioea aoaecia e
oaiaoecia. “O?aioeocneee ia?iae — i?iaicaeanee, ii i?aaeeiaeaieth
?iaaniuea?a, iaoeeiiaeueiue eiiaaio, — i?eciaao Aa?oiaiia Nouanoai e
aannia?oea aeooe. Ii i?eciaao, /oi aeinoieiia iieeiiaiea Aa?oiaiiio
Nouanoao anoue eniieiaiea /aeiaa/aneeo iaycaiiinoae. Ai aeaaa yoeo
iaycaiiinoae ii noaaeo iaiaaenoue e iaaa?eth e oe?aiee, iaeacaiea
eciaiieeia e oe?aiia, iiiiuue ian/anoiui, oaaaeaiea e neaaui, caueoo
oaiaoaiiuo e ieacaiea aeeaeiaio anaaiciiaeiiai aeia?a e ecaaaeaiea
anyeiai cea”. ?ac?aoaii auei i?acaeiiaaoue aine?anaiea, aianoi aeaeaaeu.
A Aa?iia noaee aeaeaoue a ?iaaniuea?a onie?eoaey ?aaiethoeee; I?onney
ecuyaeea aioiaiinoue anooieoue a ia?aaiai?u n iei. Ii aeaeaieth
?iaaniuea?a, eiiaaio aeae?aoe?iaae oi?aeanoaaiiia i?acaeianoai a /anoue
Aa?oiaiiai Nouanoaa (8 ethiy). A aieoaii o?aea, n aieueoei aoeaoii ec
oeaaoia, ieiaeia e eieinueaa, ?iaaniuea? oae, eae i?aceaeaio, aia?aaee
ae?oaeo /eaiia eiiaaioa.
6. Oa??i? ai O?aioeee.
Ia ae?oaie aeaiue ?iaaniuea? i?aaenoaaee oaeaniue caeii (22 i?a?eaey),
ia iniiaaiee eioi?iai anyeee a?aaeaeaiei iaycai aue aeiianoe ia
caaiai?ueea e a?anoiaaoue aai. Noaeii?iecaiaenoai auei e?aeia oi?iuaii,
iaeacaiea — nia?oue. Ianoaee naiue no?aoiuo iaaeaeue: eacie oaeaieeenue
(n 20 ethiy aei 27 ethey a Ia?eaea eaciaii 1366 /ae.).
?iaaniuea? ia?anoae iiyaeyoueny a eiieoaoa iauanoaaiiiai nianaiey;
eiieoaou oneeeee oa??i?, /oiau aicaoaeeoue iaiaaenoue i?ioea
?iaaniuea?a, ii ana aua ia ?aoaeenue anooieoue n iei a ai?ueao.
?iaaniuea? e iiiaea ae?oaea o?aioeocneea ?aaiethoeeiia?u enoiaeeee ec
eaeae i oii, /oi ii naiae i?e?iaea /aeiaae aeia? e aeia?iaeaoaeai.
Oe?aiey e aeaniioeci eneaaeatho aai anoanoaaiiue iaeee. Iaaei oieueei
ono?aieoue, niyoue neeie yoe ianeiaiey, e nouiinoue /aeiaaea i?inooieo
ai anae naiae e?ana.
Yoeie eaeayie e ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeenue aai noi?iiieee a ia?eiae naiaai
i?aaeaiey. Ii auei au iai?aaeeueiui n/eoaoue, /oi ieaiu oa??i?a
?iaaniuea? aioiaee ecia/aeueii. Eiaaea a 1792a. yeiaeiaoe Ia?ao noae
eceaaaoue ?iaaniuea?o naie i?iaeou ianniauo eaciae, ia?iaeiuo ?ani?aa,
?iaaniuea? i?eo?e a oaean, iiaeaaeiae e aeieai iie/ae. Oa??i? noae aeey
?iaaniuea?a eeoue n?aaenoaii aeey aeinoeaeaiey aai eaeaaea – anaiauae
aeia?iaeaoaee. ?iaaniuea? ii?aaaeuaae eacie, n/eoay, /oi ioaeaeueiua
ii?i/iua ethaee ia aeatho ia?iaeo aeeoue ii caeiiai aeia?iaeaoaee, eae
ia?iae yoiai aeaeaao. Cia/eo, aeia?iaeaoaeueiua ethaee aeieaeiu
i?eiaieoue i?ioea ieo oa??i?, eioi?ue aoaeao oai naiui i?iyaeaieai
aeia?iaeaoaee.
?ani?ino?aiyeinue oaaaeaeaiea, /oi ?iaaniuea? i?eaioiaee nienee iiauo
i?ine?eioeee. Anaaaea aiyceeaue ?iaaniuea? noae auoiaeeoue ec aeiia a
nii?iaiaeaeaiee yeiaeioeaa, aii?oaeaiiuo iaeeaie. 1 ethey ?iaaniuea?
i?iecian ?a/ue, eanaaoothny ?aca?auaiiuo, nienoiaeeoaeueiuo, iaenoiauo e
iaiiei?iuo. Oeaeueth ?a/e auei aiooeoue iuneue i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i/euaiey
eiieoaoia. 11 ethey ii niiaa aiai?ee i i?ine?eioeeyo. 60 aeaiooaoia
aiyeenue ii/aaaoue o naay ia eaa?oe?ao. N 19 ethiy aei 18 ethey
?iaaniuea? ia iieacuaaeny a eiiaaioa, iinoiyiii canaaeay a yeiaeineii
eeoaa. Ouaoaeueii ioaeaeaa iiaoth a?iiiaoth ?a/ue, ii i?iecian aa a
eiiaaioa 8 oa?ieaei?a (26 ethey). Aianoa n iiauie auoiaeeaie i?ioea
“ia?oee aeo?iuo a?aaeaeai”, ?iaaniuea? oeacae ia nouanoaiaaiea caaiai?a
i?ioea iauanoaaiiie naiaiaeu a iaae?ao naiiai eiiaaioa. Iaiaoiaeeii,
aiai?ee ii, aiciaiiaeoue ninoaa eiieoaoa iauanoaaiiiai nianaiey,
i/enoeoue eiieoao iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe, nicaeaoue
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiia aaeeinoai, iiae aa?oiaiie aeanoueth eiiaaioa.
Iaaeiaiey auee ianoieueei iaii?aaeaeaiiu, /oi a eiiaaioa ieeoi ia aue
oaa?ai a naiae aeecie. A niouaiee eiiaaio iinoaiiaee iaia/aoaoue ?a/ue
?iaaniuea?a, ii Aeeeuei Aa?aii ianoiye ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii ?anniio?aiee
aa eiieoaoaie. O ?iaaniuea?a iio?aaiaaee, /oiau ii iacaae eiaia
iaaeiyaiuo. Ii ioeacaeny. Aa/a?ii ii i?i/ae oo aea ?a/ue a eeoaa
yeiaeioeaa, n ainoi?aii i?eiyaoei aa. “Ethaee iacuaatho iaiy oe?aiii.
Anee au y ei aue, oi iie iiecaee au o iieo iia, a y inuiae au eo
cieioii, y au iaania/ee ei i?aai niaa?oaoue any/aneea i?anooieaiey, e
iie auee au aeaaiaea?iu iia. E oe?aiee i?eoiaeyo n iiiiuueth iioaiieeia.
E /aio i?eoiaeyo oa, eoi nieie ai?aony? E iiaeea e aannia?oeth!”
7. I?iaae.
Ia ae?oaie aeaiue, 27 ethey (9-ai oa?ieaei?a), iineaaeiaaei iaaeaiea
?iaaniuea?a. “Ai?a” inaenoaea aai, ?a/ue aai i?a?uaaeanue e?eeaie:
“aeieie oe?aia”. ?iaaniuea?a a?anoiaaee e ioaaee a oth?ueio. Ca iaai
anooieeny iaueiiue niaao. Ianeieueei yeiaeioeaa inaiaiaeeee ?iaaniuea?a
e i?eaaee a ?aoooo; ca iei ooaea aani?aiyonoaaiii i?iieeee aeaiaea?iu.
Iaeei ec ieo auno?aeii ec ienoieaoa ?acae?iaee /aethnoue ?iaaniuea?a. Ii
iooe e eacie, niaa?oeaoaeny 10-ai oa?ieaei?a, /a?iue e?iie/anee
i?eaaonoaiaaea ?iaaniuea?a e?eeaie: “ei?ieue” e “aaoa aaee/anoai”.
Oa??i?, eioi?ue ia?iae ioiaeanoaeye n ee/iinoueth ?iaaniuea?a,
i?ae?aoeeny. Aianoa n ?iaaniuea?ii auee eaciaiu aeeaeaeoea aai
niiaeaeaeieee — a?ao aai Iathnoai, N. AEthno, Eooii, Eaaa.
8. Aicc?aiey e ee/iinoue ?iaaniuea?a.
?iaaniuea? aue iieiie i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoueth Aeaioiio, e oece/anee
(/enoaiueeay, ouaaeooiay oeao?a, oiieee aiein, iiiioiiiue e
aanno?anoiue), e i?aanoaaiii. “*oanoaeoaeueiue” ia neiaao, ii aue
oieiaeai e no?ia aei aeanoieinoe. Ii aa?ee a naith ienneth, ii ia aue
ainoaea?noaaiiui /aeiaaeii. Any ?aaiethoeey neeaaeanue a aai oia n
yeiaeieciii, o. a. n iei naiei. Aai iuneue auea ocea e i?yiieeiaeia, eae
o naeoaioa. Aoiaiiua niia?aaeaiey auee aeey ?iaaniuea?a naiaai ?iaea
aa?iionooiie/anoaii.
A aaaonoa 1794 a., iiae aeeyieai i?eoaaeoeo ec Ia?eaea iiainoae, Aeiio
iaa?inaao a oth?ueia ii?o?ao “oe?aia”: “AEae/iue oaiia?aiaio, oceee
e?oaici?, caaenoeeaay aeooa, oi?yiue oa?aeoa? i?aaeiacia/aee ?iaaniuea?a
aeey aaeeeeo i?anooieaiee. Aai /aou?aoeaoiee oniao, ia ia?aue acaeyae,
aac niiiaiey, oaeeaeoaeueiue, anee enoiaeeoue eeoue ec aai
iin?aaenoaaiiuo niiniaiinoae, aue anoanoaaiiui neaaenoaeai ieoaaoae aai
nia?oaeueiie iaiaaenoe, aeoaeiiie e iaenoiaie caaenoe. Ii a aunoae
noaiaie iaeaaeae oaeaioii iaiaaeaeaoue e aeaeaieai iiae/eiyoue naaa… A
naieo ia/oao i ianoe ii aue iieii ?aoeiinoe iiea?aoue nia?oueth anyeoth
?aio, iaianaiioth aai /oanoaeoaeueiiio naiiethaeth; e /oiau oaeiia
iuouaiea iaiieiioeaiiinoe ia?anoaei ?ac?ooaoue eeethcee, nicaeaiiua aai
naiiethaeai, ii oioae au inoaoueny eeoue n oaie, eiai n/eoae
ianiiniaiuie naay oieceoue. N aeaaieo ii? ii eciaiee cia/aiea neiaa
ia?iae, i?eienaa iaeiaiaa ia?aciaaiiie /anoe iauanoaa naienoaa e i?aaa
iauanoaa a oeaeii”.
Ae?oaea aeayoaee ?aaiethoeee iiaee oei?youe ca /oioi ia?iae, oi?aeaoue
eee inoaeaeaoue. Ii aeey ?iaaniuea?a neiai “ia?iae” auei neiiieiii
i?aaiou. Eiaaea eaoii 1789a. oieia aeanoiei ?ani?aaeeanue n auaoei
naiiaieeii Ooeiiii, iiaanea aai ia oiia?a, ii ei?ioei niiauee ia yoii
ae?oao a ienueia: “A/a?a Ooeii eaci?i ii i?eaiai?o ia?iaea”.
Aaniie 1792 aiaea, ai a?aiy iniaaiii ao?iuo e ae?aiaoe/aneeo canaaeaiee
sseiaeineiai eeoaa ?iaaniuea? aunooiae i?ioea aiaiiie iieeoeee
aee?iiaeenoia, aani?anoaiii nnueaynue ia ia?iae, eioi?ue “aaeeinoaaiii
aaeee, aaeeinoaaiii aeinoiei oaaaeaiey”. Ia?auaynue e A?enni e Aaaea,
eioi?ua oi?aeaee aai a aeaiaaiae/aneie eanoe ia?iaeo e iaiaia aai
ioiineoaeueii oeaeae aieiu, ?iaaniuea? i?iecian neaaeothuoth
aani?eia?ioth ?aieeeo: “Au iniaeeaaaoanue iaaeiyoue iaiy a iaia?aiee
oaiaeaeaoue ia?iaeo e aaiaeeoue aai a caaeoaeaeaiea? Aea eae au y iia
yoi naeaeaoue? ss ia euenoaoe, ia iiaaeeoaeue, ia o?eaoi, ia caueoiee
ia?iaea: y – nai ia?iae”.
Oaaaeeuai io iieeoeee aeey ?iaaniuea?a auea naiuey noiey?a Aethiea,
aei/ue eioi?iai aiaioai?eea ?iaaniuea?a, iacuaay aai nianeoaeai. Aiiaua
o ?iaaniuea?a auei iiiai iieeiiieoe (tricoteuses de Robiespierre).
?iaaniuea? iaeaaeae nae?aoii iaiiaoi?eiie ?eoi?eee, a eioi?ie ee?e/aneea
ii?uau, eiaaea ?a/ue oea oieueei i iai naiii, niaaeeiyeenue ni naiaai
?iaea ioaea/?iiie ?a/ueth, eiaaea aeaei eanaeinue i?eioeeiia,
aeia?iaeaoaee e ia?iaea. Ionthaea oaeeaeoaeueiay neea oaaaeaeaiey,
eioi?ie iaeaaeaee aai neiaa, ii ionthaea aea e eiaooee, ?annoaaeyaiua
aai aunooieaieyie.
Aianoa n ?iaaniuea?ii ooeoea iaeiiaa?iay aieia eaciae o?aioeocia. Ia
iiaeea yoiai /aeiaaea iiiauaia yieoaoey:
“Passaunt! Ne chagrine pas de ma sort. Tu serais mort, si g’etais
vivant”, /oi icia/aao:” I?ioiaeee! Ia ia/aeueny iaae iiae noaeueaie. Ou
aue au i??oa, eiaaea a y aue aeeaie.”
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
A. Aa/ei “?iaaniuea? e oa??i?” // “Enoi?e/aneea yothaeu i o?aioeocneie
?aaiethoeee” I., EAE ?AI, 1998.
Iaeneieeeai Ia?e Eneaei? ?iaaniuea? // Yioeeeeiiaaeey “Anaie?iay
enoi?ey” (http://www.rubricon.ru)
Iaeneieeeai ?iaaniuea?. Eca?aiiua i?iecaaaeaiey. I.: Iaoea, 1965. o. 3.
n.7-36
A.A.*oaeeiia “?iaaniuea?” // http://www.km.ru
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