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Кризис коммунизма в странах Восточной Европы

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E?ECEN EIIIOIECIA

A NO?AIAO AINOI*IIE AA?IIU

1988.-1989.

NIAeA?AEAIEA TOC \o “1-3”

Aaaaeaiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc417111244 PAGEREF _Toc417111244 3

Noaiiaeaiea e yaiethoeess oioaeeoa?iiai GOTOBUTTON _Toc417111245
PAGEREF _Toc417111245 5

nioeeaeecia a 1945. – 1988. GOTOBUTTON _Toc417111246 PAGEREF
_Toc417111246 5

?aaiethoeeiiiua i?aia?aciaaiess

a no?aiao Ainoi*iie Aa?iiu GOTOBUTTON _Toc417111249 PAGEREF
_Toc417111249 13

Caeeth*aiea GOTOBUTTON _Toc417111250 PAGEREF _Toc417111250 31

Nienie eniieueciaaiie eeoa?aoo?u GOTOBUTTON _Toc417111251 PAGEREF
_Toc417111251 32

Aaaaeaiea

A oa/aiea 1989. – 1991. aiaeia ie? noae naeaeaoaeai oieeaeueiiai yaeaiey
i?ieaoeaoenue ii no?aiai Oeaio?aeueiie e THai-Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu eaaeia
?aaiethoeeiiiuo i?aia?aciaaiee a ie?iia a?aiy noaee i?e/eiie ?aceiaeaiey
oeaeie eiia?ee. ?ooioee neiaeeaoeany caeanue ca iineaaiaiiua
aeanyoeeaoey aaoi?eoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneea ?aaeeiu. Naiia caia/aoaeueiia
auei oi, /oi a yoeo ?aaeeiao ana auei iai?aaeaii ia iiaeaaeaiea eaeeo-
eeai aunooieaiee ioe?uoie neeie e aeaaeaieai, o ieo auee aeey yoiai ana
n?aaenoaa: caeii, n?aaenoaa iaaeea, a?iey, iieeoeey, nae?aoiua neoaeau.
Niauoey ?acaeaaeenue ia oieueei n a?iiaaeiie auno?ioie, ii e ioee/aeenue
?aaeeeaeueiinoueth ?acoeueoaoia. Iie aoyioee a naith i?aeoo Iieueoo e
Aaia?eth, AAe? e *aoineiaaeeth, Aieaa?eth e ?oiuieth. Anee aea o/anoue,
/oi e THaineaaey oaeaea anooieea a iieino ?aaiethoeeiiiuo ia?aiai, oi
iao?oaeii iiaen/eoaoue, /oi i?ioeannaie iauanoaaiiiai iaiiaeaiey
ieacaeenue ioaa/aiu 7 no?ai n iauei ianaeaieai ieiei 140 ieeeeiiia
/aeiaae.

Aeaenoaeoaeueii, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a?inaaony ianooaaiinoue niauoee.
Nicaeaa ea/anoaaiii iiaue iieeoe/aneee eaiaeoaoo a oeacaiiuo no?aiao,
iie eciaiee ?annoaiiaeo nee ia aa?iiaeneii eiioeiaioa, cao?iioee
aeieiaoth nenoaio neiaeeaoeony ioiioaiee ia ie?iaie a?aia, iinoaaeee ia
iiaanoeo aa?iaineee aii?in, ieacaee aicaeaenoaea ia ia?ano?ia/iua
i?ioeannu a Niaaoneii Nithca, iiaeeyee ia ninoiyiea aeae a
eiiioienoe/aneii aeaeaeaiee. Ana yoi aeaao iniiaaiea iinoaaeoue
?aaiethoeee 1989. aiaea a yoeo no?aiao a iaeei ?yae n e?oiiaeoeie
niauoeyie XX aae. Iie iiaeaaee /a?oo iiae aieaa /ai 40. eaoiei ia?eiaeii
iiiiiieueiie aeanoe eiiia?oee a yoeo no?aiao, a oaeaea ieacaee e
ieaaeoo aieueoia aeeyiea ia aeaeueiaeoea noaeueau Aa?iiu e anaai ie?a.

Aua i?ioae neeoeii ei?ioeee io?acie a?aiaie, /oiau ?annoaaeoue ana oi/ee
iaae i e ioeaieoue i?ieoaaeoaa. ?aaiethoeee a no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu
niauoea naii ii naaa oieeaeueiia e iaeiicia/ii iiaeoiaeeoue e iaio ia
neaaeoao- ieeiaaea aua ?aiueoa a enoi?ee ia inouanoaeyeny ia?aoiae io
nioeeaeecia e eaieoaeecio. Niaia i?aaae- io/eoaeueiue i?ioeann. Aaaeue
iaiythony ia i?inoi neiaa, ae?oaie noaiiaeony any eanoieoea
iioeaaoeeiiiuo e i?eaioe?othueo /aeiaaea a iauanoaaiiie aeecie
oeaiiinoae. Iaeiaei nai i?ioeann iaiiaeaiey i?iaeieaeaaony aei neo ii?;
iaeioi?ua ia?aaeeoee i?ioeiai aei neo ii? ia ioaeeee naay.

Ii iaeuecy io?eoeaoue oiai, /oi i?ioeann iaiiaeaiey aue iaecaaaeai, eae
iaecaaaeii auei a enoi?ee iaaeaiea anao eiia?ee, no?iyueony ia oe?aiee.

Enoi?ey no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu eiaao iaoe?ioth enoi?eia?aoeth- eae
niaaoneoth oae e ca?oaaaeioth. Iao?oaeii caiaoeoue, /oi iiiaia ec oiai,
/oi ienaeinue a i?aaeuaeouea aiaeu (iniaaiii a Niaaoneii Nithca) ia
iiaeoaa?aeaeaeony naaiaeiyoiae aeeciueth. Niaia i?aaae – io/eoaeueiue
i?ioeann, aaaeue iaiyaony ia i?inoi any eanoieoea iioeaaoeeiiiuo
ioiioaiee, iaiyaony e naia aeeciue, iiyoiio e?ooua ia?aiaiu,
i?iecioaaeoea a yoeo n?aiao o?aaotho iiaiai iiaeoiaea e i?iaeaiaoeea.
Iieeoeea aeaiie?aoecaoeee iauanoaa a no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu ioe?uea
iiaoth y?o a i?ioeanna iao/iiai eco/aiey enoi?ee. Enoi?ey noaea
ecaaaeyony io a?oca iieeoe/aneeo e eaeaieiae/aneeo ianeiaiee. Ie? a
o?oaeao enoi?eeia noae auaeyaeaoue aieaa aeeai e iaaeyaeii.

Aieueooth iiiiuue a iaienaiee ?aaiou ieacaea noaouey A. Aieeiaa-
?aaiethoeeiiiua i?aia?aciaaiey a no?aiao oeaio?aeueiie e thai-ainoi/iie
Aa?iiu. Oioy aaoi?, a neeo oiai, /oi ?aaioa iaienaia a 1990. aiaeo, aua
iieiinoueth ia ecaaaeeny io aeeyiey eiiioienoe/aneie eaeaieiaee, noaouey
i?aaenoaaeyao aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioee aiaeec, oa?aeoa?enoeeo e oaeoieiaeth
niauoee.

Aeaa ?aaiou – Ainoi/iay Aa?iia ia enoi?e/aneii ia?aeiia.I,1991 e
Ainoi/iay Aa?iia. Eiioo?u iinoeiiioienoe/aneie iiaeaie ?acaeoey.I, 1992.
iiiiaatho ioeaieoue oiae ?aaiethoeeiiiuo niauoee e i?aaenoaaeoue iiaua
eiioo?u ?acaeoey Ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai.

Iiaeaeoe, naioth aeinoiaa?ioth ea?oeio oiai a?aiaie iiaeii ii/a?iiooue
ec aacao(I?aaaea, Ecaanoey). Iieaieea, aeeneonnee, ino?ua noaouee-i?inoi
ieoiaaoueny aieiaie a oi a?aiy e i?iioneaaoue /?ac naay enoi?eth.

A caiaaeiie enoi?eia?aoee ecaanoii aieueoia eiee/anoai o?oaeia ?acee/iuo
enoi?eeia. Aaoi? aeaiiie ?aaiou eniieueciaae o?oae Crampton, R. Eastern
Europe in the twentieth century.NY,1994, eoi?ue iiaeao eniieuec?aaoueny
aeaaea eae o/aaiee XX aaea Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu, oae i?inoi, aeioiae/eai e
iiiyoii ii iaienai.

The new democracies in Eastern Europe.GB.1993- nai?iee o?oaeia ?acee/iuo
caiaaeiuo enoi?eeia, ?ane?uaathuee i?iaeaiu ca?iaeaeaiey onoaiiaeaiey
iiauo aeaiie?aoee a no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu.

Noaiiaeaiea e yaiethoeey oioaeeoa?iiai

nioeeaeecia a 1945. – 1988.

(i?aaeiinueee e?ecenia)

Ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu no?aiu Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu ieacaeenue a
?aciii iieiaeaiee. Iieueoa, *aoey, Aeaaiey auee ieeoie?iaaiu aa?iaineeie
e eoaeueyineeie aieneaie. Aieaa?ey, Aaia?ey, ?oiuiey, Neiaaeey e
Oi?aaoey, noaee nithcieeaie Aa?iaiee e Eoaeee. Inaiaiaeaeaiea io oaoecia
yoeo no?ai, eae e ia caiaaea Aa?iiu, icia/aei ainnoaiiaeaiea
iacaaeneiinoe oai, aaea iia auea ooa?yia, eee niaio iieeoe/aneiai
?aaeeia, oai aaea iia nio?aieeanue. Ii iineaaiaiiua oneeey anao
i?aaeoaeuenoa auee iai?aaeaiu iaeeiaeiai ia ?aoaiea ia?aii/a?aaeiuo
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiuo caaea/: eeeaeaeaoeeth ainiiaenoaa ieeoiaoeeiiiuo e
ianoiuo oaoenoneeo ?aaeeiia, aic?iaeaeaiea ?ac?ooaiiie aieiie e
ieeoiaoeeae yeiiiieee, ainnoaiiaeaiea aeaiie?aoee. Ainaiia?ao aue i/euai
io i?ioaoenoneeo yeaiaioia, aeayoaeueiinoue oaoenoneeo ia?oee auea
cai?auaia. Ainnoaiaaeeaaeenue aeaiie?aoe/aneea eiinoeoooeee,
oi?acaeiaiiua a 30. aiaeu aaoi?eoa?iuie ?aaeeiaie. Ia/aee
ooieoeeiie?iaaoue ia?eaiaiou. Ia?yaeo n i?aaeieie no?oeoo?aie ainaeanoe
noaee aeaenoaiaaoue iiaua, ?iaeeaoeany a oiaea inaiaiaeeoaeueiie
ai?ueau,- iaoeeiiaeueiua eiieoaou e niaaou. Oaeei ia?acii a ?acoeueoaoa
inaiaiaeaeaiey io oaoecia a no?aiao Oeaio?aeueiie e Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu
ooaa?aeeeny iiaue no?ie, eioi?ue noaee eiaiiaaoue ia?iaeiie
aeaiie?aoeae. A iieeoe/aneie noa?a aai /a?oie auea iiiaiia?oeeiinoue,
i?e eioi?ie ia aeiioneaeanue aeayoaeueiinoue yaii oaoenoneeo ia?oee. A
?oiuiee, Aaia?ee, Aieaa?ee nio?aieeny einoeooo iiia?oee. A noa?a
yeiiiieee nio?aieeenue /anoiua e eiiia?aoeaiua i?aae?eyoey.

?acaeoea niauoee ia Caiaaea e ia Ainoiea Aa?iiu auei a ia?aua
iineaaiaiiua aiaeu aanueia noiaeiui. Ioee/ea aea ninoiyei a oii , /oi
Ainoi/ioth Aa?iio caiyea Niaaoneay A?iey e oai ai?acaei aieaa
cia/eoaeueiie auea ?ieue eiiia?oee. Ai-ia?auo, iioiio /oi a iaeioi?uo ec
ieo (THaineaaey, Aeaaiey) eiiia?oee ?oeiaiaeeee ia?oecaineei aeaeaeaieai
e , iie?aynue ia iaai, noaee naiie aeeyoaeiie iieeoe/aneie neeie.
Ai-aoi?uo, iioiio /oi iieueciaaeenue iiaeaea?aeeie NNN?, iiae aai
aeaaeaieai eiiioienou aioee a ninoaa anao iineaaiaiiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa
yoeo no?ai, caieiay, eae i?aaeei, “neeiaua“ ieienoa?neea iinou.
A-o?aoeo, iioiio /oi auaeaeioee aioeoaoenoneea aeaiie?aoe/aneea eicoiae,
iieuecothueany ianniaie iiaeaea?aeeie. Ii iiiaei aii?inai, eioi?ua
?aoaeenue iiaie aeanoueth aicieeaee iinoiyiii i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo
eiiioienoaie e ia?oeyie Iaoeeiiaeueiuo o?iioia. Ao?aeoaciua e
iaeeiao?aeoaciua ia?oee n/eoaee, /oi ?acaeoea ainoaea?noa Ainoi/iie
Aa?iiu aeieaeii eaeoe ii iooe ao?aeoaciie aeaiie?aoee n
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie i?eaioaoeeae ia Caiaae e n nio?aiaieai ae?oaeaneeo
naycae n NNN?. Eiiia?oee aea iieaaaee, /oi iaioiaeeii oaeoaeoue i?ioeann
i?aia?aciaaiee, e eniieueciaaoue iieiaeaiea aeey iino?iaiey nioeeaeecia.

Iie?aynue ia inoaaoeany a aieueoeinoaa no?ai niaaoneea aienea,
iaoiaeeaoeany a eo ?anii?yaeaiee i?aaiu aaciianiinoe e oaeaea iiae/eiea
naaa nioeeae-aeaiie?aoe/aneea aeaeaeaiey, eiiia?oee noiaee iaianoe
oaea?u ii iieeoe/aneei iiceoeeyi ao?aeoaciuo ia?oee, auioaeaeaiiuo
ia?aeoe a iiiiceoeeth. *eaiu aea iiiiceoeee ia?aaeei iaaeiyeenue a
caaiai?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e a?anoiauaaeenue. A Aaia?ee a ia/aea 1947
aiaea oaeea iaaeiaiey auee auaeaeioou i?ioea ?yaea ?oeiaiaeeoaeae Ia?oee
iaeeeo naeueneeo oicyaa (IINO), a oii /enea e i?ioea aeaau
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. A Aieaa?ee aue eaciai I.Iaoeia, iaeei ec eeaea?ia ACIN
(Aieaa?neee caieaaeae/aneee ia?iaeiue nithc), a a ?oiuiee i?aaeaiu noaeo
?yae aeayoaeae iaoeeiiae-oea?aienoneie (e?anoueyineie) ia?oee.

Oaeei ia?acii a 1947.-1948. aiaeao, iie?aynue ia oaea caaiaaaiiua
iiceoeee e i?yiia aeaaeaiee ec Iineau eiiioienou, oaeaeea naieo
iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeaieeia, oe?aieee nianoaaiiua iiceoeee a ?oeiaiaenoaa
ainoaea?noaii e yeiiiie/aneie aeeciueth e onoaiiaeee naith
aac?acaeaeueioth aeanoue.

I?eaey e aeanoe, eiiia?oee i?enooieee e “no?ieoaeuenoao nioeeaeecia”.
?iaei auaeaeaaaiua a iaeioi?uo eiiia?oeyo eaeae i?eaianaiey
iaoeeiiaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae, auee ioaa?aioou a iieueco eiie?iaaiey iiuoa
NNN?. Auea i?aia?aciaaia iieeoe/aneay nenoaia. Iiiaiia?oeeiinoue eeai
eeeaeaee?iaaeanue (Aaia?ey, ?oiuiey, THaineaaey, Aeaaiey), eeai ia?oee
oa?yee iieeoe/aneoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, noaiiaynue /anoueth
?oeiaiaeeiuo eiiioienoaie eiaeeeoeee, o?iioia ( AAe?, Iieueoa ,
*aoineiaaeey, Aieaa?ey). Any iieiioa aeanoe neiioeaio?e?iaaeanue a ?oeao
eniieieoaeueiiai aiia?aoa, eioi?ue i?aeoe/anee neeeny n aiia?aoii
eiiia?oee. Noaeaaiay e i?aaenoaaeoaeueiay aeanoue iioa?yee
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, n i?eioeeiii ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae auei iieii/aii.
Ana i?aaa e naiaiaeu oaeoe/anee auee ioiaiaiu, oioy oi?iaeueii
nio?aieeenue eiinoeoooeee, anaiauaa ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai, ?aaoey?ii
i?iaiaeeeenue “auai?u”, a ainoaea?noaa n ai?aeinoueth iacuaaeenue
no?aiaie “ia?iaeiie aeaiie?aoee”- n aeaiie?aoeae auei iieii/aii.

Noaeeineay “oai?ey” iaino?aiey eeanniaie ai?ueau ii ia?a aeaeaeaiey e
nioeeaeecio, aini?eiyoay ?oeiaiaenoaii no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu, i?eaaea
ia oieueei e iai?yaeaiiui ioiioaieyi ni no?aiaie Caiaaea, ii e e
?acaeoeth aioo?aiiae ?ai?anneaiie nenoaiu. ?ai?anneyi iiaeaa?aaeenue ia
oieueei i?inoua a?aaeaeaia, ii e aeaeiua ia?oeeiua e ainoaea?noaaiiua
aeayoaee- A.Aiioeea (Iieueoa), E.?aee (Aaia?ey), A.Aonae (*aoineiaaeey),
E.Aeciaeca (Aeaaiey), E.Iao?aoeaio (?oiuiey), O.Einoia (Aieaa?ey) e ae?.

Ai anao no?aiao, iiaeiaii eoeueoo ee/iinoe Noaeeia, neiaeeeny eoeueo
nianoaaiiuo “aiaeaeae”- I.?aeioe (Aaia?ey), E.Aioaaeueaea
(*aoineiaaeey), Y.Oiaeaee (Aeaaiey), A.Aai?aeo-Aeaaea (?oiuiey) e ae?.

A iaeanoe yeiiiieee “no?ieoaeuenoai nioeeaeecia” icia/aei caaa?oaiea
iaoeeiiaeecaoeee i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oeiainia, i?iaaaeaiea
eaeono?eaeecaoeee, eiiia?e?iaaiey naeueneiai oicyenoaa. ?uii/iay
yeiiiieea onooieea ianoi ieaiiaie. I?ienoiaeeea ianooaaiay eiiea
yeiiiie/aneeo e nioeeaeueiuo no?oeoo?.En/acee i?aaei?eieiaoaee e
naiinoiyoaeueiua e?anoueyia.Aieueoay /anoue ac?ineiai ianaeaiey
ieacaeanue caiyoa a ainoaea?noaaiiii naeoi?a yeiiiieee.

No?aiu Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu, ca eneeth/aieai *aoineiaaeee e ainoi/iie /anoe
Aa?iaiee auee aa?a?iuie. I?e/ai e naeueneia oicyenoai iaoiaeeeinue ia
aeiaieueii ionoaeii o?iaia. Oaiiu yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey yoeo no?ai e
aei aieiu auee ieceeie. Nouanoaiaaei aa?a?iia ia?anaeaiea e
aac?aaioeoea. Aiaiiua aeaenoaey aeey yoeo no?ai iaa?ioeenue ?ac?ooie.

Ia/aei “no?ieoaeuenoaa nioeeaeecia” a yoeo no?aiao i?eaaei e ao?iiio
yeiiiie/aneiio ?inoo, i?iaeieaeaaoaiony aei na?aaeeiu 60. aiaeia.
Iioi?ii yoiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa auea eiaeono?eaeecaoeey. Oaiiu ?inoa
i?iiuoeaiiinoe caeanue ia eiaee naaa ?aaiuo aeaaea ia oiia
yeiiiie/aneiai aoia ia Caiaaea. Eiaeono?eaeecaoeey i?eiyea caeanue, eae
e a NNN?, oi?io i?aeiouanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
N?aaenoaa ia iaa auee iieo/aiu aeaaiaea?y iaoeeiiaeecaoeee. E?iia oiai,
iniaaiii ia ia/aeueiie noaaeee eiaeono?eaeecaoeee, eneonnoaaiii
naea?aeeaaeinue iio?aaeaiea. Oae, ainoaea?noai iieo/eei aiciiaeiinoue
aeeoioee?iaaoue n?aaenoaa e iai?aaeyoue eo ia i?iiuoeaiiua eiaanoeoeee.
NNN? acye ia naay iinoaaee iai?oaeiaaiey, iiaeaioiaeo eaae?ia, ii
inoaaaeny iniiaiui iinoaaueeii ieia?aeueiiai nu?uey e yia?ai ?ano?nia.
Ii e?aeiae ia?a aei na?aaeeiu 60. aiaeia ia auei i?iaeaiu n o?oaeiauie
?ano?naie: aa?a?iia ia?aianaeaiea, aac?aaioeoea, a a aeaeueiaeoai
aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaoue aeaineee o?oae aeaaii?eyonoaiaaee
eiaeono?eaeecaoeee. No?aieaiea nicaeaoue iiiaiio?aneaaoth oyaeaeoth
i?iiuoeaiiinoue, eae a NNN?, ca/anooth ia?aaaoeaaei o/ao ?aaeueiuo
aiciiaeiinoae e i?eaiaeeei e aeeni?iii?oeeyi a ?acaeoee ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa. Oi?ne?iaaiiua oaiiu eiaeono?eaeecaoeee, i?e ia cia/eoaeueiuo
aeiaeaieyo a naeueneia oicyenoai e i?iecaiaenoai iio?aaeoaeueneeo
oiaa?ia ii?iaeaeaee ia?aie/aiea iio?aaeaiey e iaaeaiea aeeciaiiiai
o?iaiy. Yoi auei iaeiei ec enoi/ieeia iaaeiaieuenoaa, i?eaaaeoaai e
e?ecenai 50. aiaeia.

Eiaeono?eaeecaoeey i?eaaea e e auno?iio ?inoo ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey. Ai
anao no?aiao, e?iia Aeaaiee nae/an iii ninoaaeyao aieueoeinoai.

Eciaieeanue e nioeeaeueiay no?oeoo?a ianaeaiey. A yoeo no?aiao nia/aea
en/ac neie e?oiiuo caiaeueiuo nianoaaiieeia, caoai e?oiiuo e n?aaeieo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. Iinea i?iaaaeaiey eiiia?e?iaaiey aacaea, e?iia
Iieueoe, en/acei naiinoiyoaeueiia e?anoueyinoai. A eoiaa nioeeaeueiay
no?oeoo?a oi?inoeeanue; aeiieie?othuoth ?ieue noaee ea?aoue aeaa
nioeeaeueiua a?oiiu: caiyoua ii iaeio a ainnaeoi?a e eiiia?e?iaaiiua
e?anoueyia. N?aaee ia?auo i?aiaeaaeatho eeoea oece/aneiai o?oaea,
caiyoua a i?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?a.

Ea?aeeiaeueiua eciaiaiey i?iecioee e ai aiaoiae iieeoeea no?ai Ainoi/iie
Aa?iiu. Ec “naieoa?iiai ei?aeiia” i?ioea NNN? iie i?aa?aoeeenue a aai
naooaeeoia. Yeiiiie/aneea nayce n nicaeaieai a 1949 aiaeo Niaaoa
Yeiiiie/aneie Acaeiiiiiiue (NYA) noaee caiueaoueny ia Niaaoneii Nithca.
NNN? aeiaeaaeny iiiieeoiiai aaeeinoaa e o?aaiaae iieiiai iiae/eiaiey
aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae iieeoeee ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai eo?no niaaoneiai
?oeiaiaenoaa. Anyeia iaiiaeiiaaiea Iineaa aucuaaei aeanoeoth ?aaeoeeth.
Yoa aeanoeay aioo?aiiyy aeenoeeieeia ia oiia aaneiii?iieniie
eiio?iioaoeee n Caiaaeii aeaeaao aiciiaeiui ii?aaeaeaiea yoie nenoaiu
eae “nioeeaeenoe/aneiai eaaa?y”- oa?iei oiaaea oe?iei eniieueciaaeny a
aeieoiaioao eiiia?oee.

A oa/aiea 1947.-1948. a no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu ooaa?aeeeny
oioaeeoa?iue nioeeaeeci ii ia?aco e iiaeiaeth NNN? n oai eeoue
?acee/eai, /oi ia nii?iaiaeaeaeenue a?aaeaeaineie aieiie, a ainno?ie ia
i?eiye iieiinoueth i?iecioee ?aaiethoeee, iauanoaaiiue e iieeoe/aneee
no?ie aue ea?aeeiaeueii i?aia?aciaai. ?aaiethoeee yoe auee
nioeeaeenoe/aneeie, a oii niunea, /oi iie ooaa?aeeee iauanoaaiioth,
ainoaea?noaaiioth nianoaaiiinoue a ea/anoaa aaaeouae, e
aioeaeaiie?aoe/aneeie. Iie i?eaaee e oi?ie?iaaieth a yoeo niaaoneie
oi?iu.

Nia?oue Noaeeia a 1953 aiaeo i?eaaea e e?oiiui ia?aiaiai a NNN? e a
no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu. Inaiaiaeaeaiea io aeaayuaai no?aoa ia?aae iei
iaiaaeeei aeoaieea i?ioeai?a/ey oioaeeoa?iiai nioeeaeecia e ianniaia
iaaeiaieuenoai e aeaaea nii?ioeaeaiea aio. A AAe?, a caoai a Iieueoa e
Aaia?ee aicieeee iieeoe/aneea e?ecenu, i?aiaeaeaiea eioi?uo ieacaeinue
iaaiciiaeiui aac i?eiaiaiey neeu. Aicieeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue
iiaea?iece?iaaoue eo?n eiiia?oee n oai, /oiau niyoue aeaaiua i?e/eiu
iaaeiaieuenoaa. Auee i?ae?auaiu ianniaua ?ai?annee e i?iaaaeaia
/anoe/iay ?aaaeeeoaoeey eo aea?oa.

A 60. aiaeu a aieueoeinoaa no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu enoi/ieee auno?iai
?inoa ca n/ao no?ieoaeuenoaa ana iiauo caaiaeia e oaaee/aiey /enea
?aai/eo ennyeee, aai oaiiu nieceeenue.Yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea oaia?ue
iiaeii auei iaania/eoue eeoue ca n/ao ?inoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea;
ecauoie o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia ooae a i?ioeia. I?aaeiea iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey
yeiiiieeie oaea ia iiaeoiaeeee. A 60. aiaeu ii/oe ai anao no?aiao
inouanoaeythony yeiiiie/aneea ?aoi?iu; ia?aie eo i?iaaea a 1963 aiaeo
AAe?. Eo oeaeue ninoiyea a nicaeaiee oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia,
noeioee?othuaai ?ino i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea. Aeey yoiai
i?iaiaeeeanue aeaoeaio?aeecaoeey oi?aaeaiey, i?aaei?eyoey ia?aaiaeeeenue
ia oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao, ?anoe?yeanue noa?y aeaenoaee oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo
ioiioaiee. *anoe/ii nieiaeenue ia?aie/aiey aeey iaeeiai aeciana. Aianaiu
eciaiaiey a i?aaeoniio?aiiua oaiiu eiaeono?eaeecaoeee, niya/aiu oi?iu
eiiia?e?iaaiey, a a Iieueoa iii auei inoaiiaeaii. Ana yoi aeaeaeinue
aac eciaiaiey oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe e i?e nio?aiaiee oeaio?aeueiiai
ieaie?iaaiey. Oai ia iaiaa aeaaiaea?y yoei ?aoi?iai oaeaeinue
inoaiiaeoue oaiaeaioeeth e iaaeaieth oaiiia ?inoa e aeaenoaeoaeueii
oaaee/eoue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea.

Ai iiiaeo no?aiao i?ioeannu nii?iaiaeaeaeenue “iooaiaeueth” a noa?a
eaeaieiaee e eoeueoo?a.

Eciaieeny oa?aeoa? acaeiiioiioaiee no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu e NNN?: iie
i?eiyee oi?io aiaiii-iieeoe/aneiai nithca- I?aaiecaoeee Aa?oaaneiai
Aeiaiai?a (IAAe), nicaeaiiiai a 1955 aiaeo.

I?ioeannu eiioea 50. ia/aea 60. aiaeia icia/aee iiaoth iieino
enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu. Oioaeeoa?iue nioeeaeeci
ia aue eeeaeaee?iaai, ii aue niya/ai, i?aaei?eieiaeenue iiiuoee
i?eaeaoue aio /a?ou, eioi?ua iiaee au naeaeaoue aai aieaa i?eaieaiui
aeey iann. Ii aeanoaeeiecaoeey eiaea naith eiaeeo ?acaeoey. A nouiinoe
yoi aue i?ioeann ?anoe?aiey naiaiaeu. Ia ii?aaeaeaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey
yoi, anoanoaaiii, noaaeei aii?in e i iieeoe/aneeo naiaiaeao, /oi oaea
iaiin?aaenoaaiii oa?iaeaei iiiiiieee eiiia?oee. Ia yoii yoaia
io?aieoaeueneea iano?iaiey aa?oo aa?o a ?oeiaiaenoaa eiiioienoia.
Iiaaaea ?aoi?ienoneiai, iaiiaeai/aneiai e?uea a Eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee
*aoineiaaeee a 1968, i?iaicaeaoaiea ath eo?na ia iineaaeiaaoaeueioth
aeaiie?aoecaoeeth e ?uii/iua ?aoi?iu, iieacaea anai inoaeueiui
iianiinoue aeaeueiaeoae aeanoaeeiecaoeee e aucaaea eiinieeaeaoeeth
eiina?aaoeaiuo nee. Aaiae aiene 5 no?ai IAAe a *aoineiaaeeth aiai?ee i
?aoeiinoe eo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae i?aaeioa?aoeoue aeaiiioaae oioaeeoa?iiai
nioeeaeecia e noae oi/eie ion/aoa aeaeaeaiey aniyoue. Iinonoaeeieci 50.-
60. aiaeia onooiee ianoi iainoaeeiecio 70. aiaeia.

Yeiiiie/aneea ?aoi?iu auee inoaiiaeaiu. Yeaiaiou aic?iaeeaoeony ?uii/iuo
ioiioaiee no?iai ia?aie/eaaeenue, noaee aica?auaoueny e noa?ui iaoiaeai
oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, a cia/eo e e noa?ui i?iaeaiai.

I/aiue na?ueaciua i?iaeaiu ia?aae nioeeaeenoe/aneeie no?aiaie iinoaaeei
ia/aei iiaiai yoaia iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee. Ni anae ino?ioie
anoaea caaea/a i?aia?aciaaiey yeiiiieee ia iniiaa iiaaeoae oaoieee e
oaoiieiaee, niaiu iaoiaeia oi?aaeaiey. Yenoaineaiue iooue ?acaeoey
yeiiiieee e oiio a?aiaie iieiinoueth en/a?iae naay. Ii
aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeiay nenoaia, neiaeeaoayny ii ia?acoeo niaaoneie
iiaeaee, ieacaeanue /?acau/aeii iaiiai?ioeeaie. Iia noaea oi?iicii ia
iooe iac?aaaaoeo ?aoi?i. Iiyoiio ni aoi?ie iieiaeiu 70. aiaeia ai anao
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao noae ana aieaa oaeoaeyoueny e?ecen
yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo no?oeoo?.

Oaeaeueiue aan nioeno?ai a ie?iaii i?iiuoeaiiii i?iecaiaenoaa,
aeinoeaoee a 60. aiaeu i?eia?ii 1/3, a a iauaie?iaii iaoeeiiaeueiii
aeioiaea- 1/4, a iineaaeothuea aiaeu i?aeoe/anee ia iaiyeny. Aeiey yoeo
no?ai a ie?iaie oi?aiaea ninoaaeyea ieiei 10% e eiaea oaiaeaioeeth e
nie?auaieth. Aua iaiueoae auea eo aeiey a yenii?oa iaoei e
iai?oaeiaaiey, a iaiaia oaoiieiaee. Iauai aiaoiaoi?aiaiai iai?ioa ia
aeooo ianaeaiey a no?aiao NYA aue a /aou?a ?aca iaiueoa, /ai a no?aiao
AYN, a aeaia iaiueoa, /ai a NOA.

Iaeiaei ia yoe eiee/anoaaiiua iieacaoaee auee aeaaiui i?iyaeaieai
e?ecena yeiiiieee a nioeno?aiao. Ai?acaei aieueooth iianiinoue
i?aaenoaaeyei oneeeaaaoaany eo ionoaaaiea ii ea/anoaaiiui iieacaoaeyi io
auniei?acaeouo no?ai. NNN? e Ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneea no?aiu ia aeeth/eeenue
a iiaue yoai iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee, e oaoie/aneay aaca eo
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ia iiaeaa?aeanue iiaea?iecaoeee. Ia?anoathuaa inoaaaiea a
iao/ii-oaoie/aneii iniauaiee aaei e oiio, /oi aieueoeinoai i?iaeoeoeee
eo i?iiuoeaiiinoe ia auaea?aeeaaei eiieo?aioeee. Neaaay yenii?oiay aaca
(nu?uea e yia?aiiineoaee), iaio?aaoee?iaaiiue aiaoiaoi?aiaue iaoaieci,
ianoieeea nayce n Caiaaeii, i?eaioaoeey aiaoaiae oi?aiaee ia
iaeiieo?aioiiniiniaiue ?uiie NYA- ana yoi ec aiaea a aiae iaino?yei
yeiiiie/aneoth neooaoeeth a no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu. Yoe o?oaeiinoe aua
aieaa oneeeaaeenue iinoiyiiui ?inoii aiaoiae caaeieaeaiiinoe.

Aiaoiyy caaeieaeaiiinoue no?aiAinoi/iie Aa?iiu

a 1985 aiaeo (a ie?. aeiee.)

Aieaa?ey 3.1 ?oiuiey
6.5

Aaia?ey 11.7 *aoineiaaeey 3.8

AAe? 13.9

Iieueoa 29.3

A 70. aiaeu oioue iaaeeaiii ii i?iaeieaeaeny ?ino i?iecaiaenoaa iaooe,
aaca, noaee, oeaiaioa, oeii?iaeoeoia, ii aianoa n oai i?iecaiaenoai
iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia ia ia?aueaaeinue, aea e ii ea/anoao e
anni?oeiaioo iie caiaoii ionoaaaee io Caiaaeiuo ia?acoeia. A 80. aiaeu
yoi ionoaaaiea caiaoii oaaee/eeinue. Aeaoeoeeo iiiaeo oiaa?ia ia?aie
iaiaoiaeeiinoe noae i?inoi o?iie/aneei. Noaea ino?ie i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiay
i?iaeaia. Yooaeoeaiinoue ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
nieaeaeanue. Iyoeeaoiea ieaiu, eae i?aaeei ia auiieiyeenue. Oenee
eioeyoeee ana aieaa naeeiaeenue.

A?oaua i?in/aou a ieaie?iaaiee e a eaanoeoeeiiiie iieeoeea ia aeaaaee
aiciiaeiinoe eeeaeaee?iaaoue aeoaieea aeeni?iii?oeee a yeiiiieea,
i?iaanoe iaiaoiaeeiua no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey.

Iieeoe/aneea ?aaeeiu oaeanoi/aeenue, /oi n?aco i?eaaei e iiyaeaieth a
?yaeo no?ai “aeenneaeaioia”. A ioiioaieyo n NNN? oii? noae aeaeaoueny ia
ia noaa?aieoao e ?aaainoai, a ia i?ei?eoao caueou “nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
caaiaaaiee”. Eiaiii yoa eaeay a ii?aaaeaiee eioa?aaioeee a *aoineiaaeee
auea auaeaeiooa E.E.A?aaeiaaui e iieo/eea iacaaiea “aeieo?eia
A?aaeiaaa”.

Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneay ianoaiiaea ai anao nioeno?aiao ana aieaa
iaino?yeanue. O/auaeenue caaanoiaee, ieoeiae, ianniaua aeaiiino?aoeee, a
oiaea eioi?uo au?aaeaeny i?ioano i?ioea oooaeoaiee oneiaee aeecie. A
iauanoaa noaee i?iyaeyoueny eaeaeiay aeaci?eaioaoeey, iaaa?ea a
i?iaicaeaoaiiua, ii ia ?aaeeciaaiiua oeaiiinoe nioeeaeecia, a
niiniaiinoue nioeeaeecia e iaiiaeaieth. Ana aieaa ianoie/eai
auaeaeaaeenue o?aaiaaiey yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo ?aoi?i. ssaii
nie?auaeinue aeiaa?ea e i?aayuei eiiioienoe/aneei e ?aai/ei ia?oeyi.

Iaeaieaa ino?ie auea neooaoeey a Iieueoa. Oaea a ia/aea 70. Aiaeia
i?iecioee ia?aua e?oiiua aunooieaiey ?aai/eo i?ioea yeiiiie/aneie
iieeoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Aue nicaeai iiaue ianniaue i?ionithc
“Nieeaea?iinoue”. Ia ?oaaaea 70.-80. aiaeia ?ac?aceeny iieeoe/aneee
e?ecen. Iiiuoee auoiaea ec iaai i?eaaee e aaaaeaieth a no?aia a aeaeaa?a
1981 aiaea aiaiiiai iieiaeaiey.

Iiiuoee auoiaea ec e?ecena i?aaei?eieiaeenue e a ae?oaeo no?aiao.
Iaiaeiie?aoii auaeaeaaeenue aieaa eee iaiaa ?aaeeeaeueiua ieaiu
yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i. Iaeiaei yoe ?aoi?iu eaaeaeue ?ac eeai
ianeeuenoaaiii i?a?uaaeenue, eeai caoeaauaaeenue a oeneao
aaeieieno?aoeaii-ath?ie?aoe/aneeo ?aoaiee.

E?eceniay neooaoeey ana aieaa ioaaouaaea e noa?o nio?oaeie/anoaa a
?aieao Niaaoa Yeiiiie/aneie Acaeiiiiiiue. Oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
aaeieieno?aoeaiua ?aoaiey ia iaania/eaaee yooaeoeaiiai yeiiiie/aneiai
nio?oaeie/anoaa, iaoaee ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiuo no?oeoo?,
eioaineoeeaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa. Iieiinoueth en/a?iaea naay noa?ay
iiaeaeue oicyenoaaiiuo acaeiinaycae. Iniiaaiiay ia auaica oiieeaa e
nu?uey ec Niaaoneiai Nithca e iinoaaeao a NNN? i?iaeoeoeee
ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe ec ae?oaeo no?ai. ?acei nie?auaeenue
iauaiu acaeiiie oi?aiaee. Iaoaeiaeaoai?aiiinoue aeayoaeueiinoueth NYA
i?iyaeyeanue aoeaaeueii ia eaaeaeie aai nannee.

E?ecen i?yaeyeny e a nioeeaeueiie noa?a. AEeciaiiue o?iaaiue nieaeaeny,
aei caiaaeiuo noaiaea?oia aio auei aeaeaei. Yoi iaoneaaeeaaei iaaeaiea
?iaeaeaaiinoe e oaaee/aiea nia?oiinoe a no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu.

?iaeaeaaiinoue, nia?oiinoue, anoanoaaiiue i?e?ino a no?aiao Ainoi/iie
Aa?iiu a 1950.- 1986. aiaeao ( ia 1000 /aeiaae)

?iaeaeaaiinoue
Nia?oiinoue Anoanoa.i?e?ino

No?aia

1950 1986
1950 1986 1950 1986

Aieaa?ey 22.2 13.5 13.4
11.4 8.8 2.1

Aaia?ey 20.0 12.1 14.3
13.8 5.7 -1.7

AAe? — 13.3
— 13.4 — -0.1

Iieueoa 24.6 17.0 13.9
10.1 10.7 6.9

?oiuiey 26.0 15.8 18.9
10.9 7.1 4.9

*aoineiaaeey 20.6 14.2 14.0
11.8 6.6 2.4

?aaiethoeeiiiua i?aia?aciaaiey

a no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu

Yeiiiie/aneay neooaoeey a no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu a eiioea 70.-ia/aea
80. aiaeia ai?eaaea a eiia/iii n/aoa e iiyaeaieth nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai.
Aicieeea aac?aaioeoea, yaiay eee ne?uoay eioeyoeey iaanoeaieea
ca?aaioioth ieaoo, oooaeoeeinue i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiia iaania/aiea. Noaee
en/acaoue oa /a?ou ia?aca aeecie, eioi?ua a ianniaii niciaiee
cae?aieeenue eae “caaiaaaiey nioeeaeecia”: ionoonoaea aac?aaioeoeu,
nioeeaeueiay noaaeeueiinoue, oaa?aeua oeaiu. Oioaeeoa?iue nioeeaeeci
en/a?iae iineaaeiea a?aoiaiou a naith caueoo eae aieaa “ ia?aaeiaiai
no?iy”. Caiae/eaaoue eee ne?uaaoue i?iaeaiu noaei iaaiciiaeiui a neeo
aieueoae ioe?uoinoe no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu aeey Caiaaea. ?aci/a?iaaiea
a nioeeaeecia naeaeaei iayooaeoeaiui i?aaeiea niiniau eiio?iey iaae
ianniaui niciaieai, aac eioi?uo iaaiciiaeii nouanoaiaaiea oioaeeoa?iiai
iauanoaa. I?e yoii iiiuoee iiaeaaeaiey iaaeiaieuenoaa auee
aania?niaeoeaiu, iineieueeo naii ii naaa oaeanoi/aiea ?aaeeia ia ?aoeei
au yeiiiie/aneeo i?iaeai. E?ecen oioaeeoa?iiai nioeeaeecia noae
anaiauei- yeiiiie/aneei, nioeeaeueiui, iieeoe/aneei e ii?aeueiui.
Oie/eii e ?ac?aoaieth aai noaea ia?ano?ieea, ia/aaoayny a 1985. aiaeo a
Niaaoneii Nithca, ieacaaoay ia no?aiu Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu aieueoia aeeyiea.
Iia ii?iaeaeaea a ia?iaeiuo iannao oaeea aea i?ioeannu, /oi e a
niaaoneii iauanoaa. I?ienoiaeeea auno?ay iieeoecaoeey ?acee/iuo neiaa
ianaeaiey, eioi?ay aaea e au?aaioea iiauo acaeyaeia, iiauo ioeaiie e
naiiioeaiie, e iniciaieth ?aaeueiinoae ia eiii ea/anoaaiiii o?iaia.

A niciaiee ia?iaeia no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu i?i/ii oe?aieeinue niciaiea i
neiaeiinoe ?aoi?i ec-ca “iaonuiiiai iea” ainoi/iiai ninaaea- NNN?
(iiaeaaeaiea aunooieaiee a *aoineiaaeee e Aaia?ee auei iiuiui
i?aoeaaeaioii), e oiio aea ia oa??eoi?ee auoaoiiiyioouo no?ai
iianaianoii iaoiaeeeenue niaaoneea aienea. Iaeiaei iaanneeaiiue
nianoaaiiuie yeiiiie/aneeie, iieeoe/aneeie e nioeeaeueiuie i?iaeaiaie,
oaycoee a aaniieaciie aieia a Aoaaienoaia, Niaaoneee Nithc, anoaaoee
oaea ooaei-aaaeii ia iooue ?aoi?i, ia i?aiyonoaiaae eciaiaieyi a auaoeo
no?aiao- naooaeeoao.

Ai?aa/aa cayaeye a eiioea 80. : “Ainoi/iay Aa?iia ia yaeyaony aieueoa
no?aoaae/anee iaiaoiaeeiie oa??eoi?eae, yoi aei?iaia yeiiiie/aneia a?aiy
e eeth/ iieeoe/aneiai iaoaeianoaa… ii iao iiaeaee ?acaeoey iaeeiaeiaie
aeey anao” A 1987. aiaeo Aai? Eeaa/aa a eioa?aueth Aaiaa?neiio
oaeaaeaeaieth iauyaee : “ Eaaeaeay iaoeey eiaao naie iooue ?acaeoey.”

Iiaeiaiua ?a/e iieacaee anai ia?iaeai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu, /oi a Niaaoneii
Nithca i?iecioae ioeac io “aeieo?eiu A?aaeiaaa” e neea ia aoaeao
eniieueciaaia i?ioea ieo, e iie iiaoo oaia?ue naie auae?aoue aeey naay
eee nioeeaeueioth aeaiie?aoeth eee aeaiie?aoe/aneee nioeeaeeci.

Ai anao no?aiao noaea iinoaiaiii iac?aaaoue ?aaiethoeeiiiay neooaoeey
“iniaiai ?iaea”. Aa ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie auei ionoonoaea iieeoe/aneiai
iaoaiecia, niiniaiiai oeiaeoue naeaeaoaeuenoaa iac?aaaaoeo aioo?aiieo
eiioeeeoia: aiiaue aaoi?eoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneee ?aaeei, eeoaiiue
ia?aoiie nayce, ia iia aaeaeaaoii io?aaae?iaaoue ia i?ienoiaeyuea
iauanoaaiiua naeaeae. ?ino aea iiiiceoeeiiiuo iano?iaiee iuoaeenue
i?eau/ii iiaeaaeoue ?ai?anneaiui aiia?aoii.

Aeaeaeouea neeu ?aaiethoeee 1989. aiaea neeaaeuaaeenue ec iiiaeo
oaeoi?ia: iieeoe/aneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo, nioeeaeueiuo. Ca 45 iineaaiaiiuo
eao iiiaia eciaieeinue a niciaiee ethaeae: niaieeinue aeaa iieieaiey.
Au?in oaeaeueiue aan n?aaeieo neiaa, a oaeaea eeoe caiyouo a
eio?ano?oeoo?a. Eae neaaenoaea yoeo eciaiaiee neiaeeeinue iauanoai n
niaa?oaiii eiui nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneei iaeeeii, /ai iieaaea oiio
iacaae. E ai anao nioeeaeueiuo neiyo iauanoaa iaaeiaieuenoai,
iaeiieaoaany ca aiaeu ainiiaenoaa aaoi?eoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneeo ?aaeeiia,
iiaeioei e iianiie ac?uaiie /a?oa. A aai iniiaa eaaeaei e?eceniua
yaeaiey yeiiiieee, oioaeeoa?iia io/oaeaeaiea i?aeoe/anee anao neiaa
(eneeth/ay i?aayuee) io aeanoe e io nianoaaiiinoe (oioy iineaaeiaa e ia
auei noieue oioaeueiui, eae a NNN?). Ionoonoaea aeaeinoe iieeoe/aneiai
?oeiaiaenoaa yoeo no?ai ia aeaei aiciiaeiinoe ia?aaanoe iac?aaathuee
ac?ua a ?aaeei oi?aaeythuae ?aaeoeee.

Oeaiiay ?aaeoeey ?aaiethoeeiiiuo ac?uaia naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaea i oaniie
nayce i?ienoiaeeaoeo a ?aciuo no?aiao iaeiiiai?aaeaiiuo i?ioeannia e i
aeecinoe eo iieiaeaiey. Iie naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaee ia iauai e?ecena,
ioaaoeaoai aaoi?eoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneea ?aaeeiu a ?yaea no?ai
Oeaio?aeueiie e THai-Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu.

?aaiethoeee auee aeaeii ia?iaeiuo iann. Iiiainioouny/iua aeaiiino?aoeee
ia oeeoeao e ieiuaaeyo I?aae e Aa?eeia, Eaeioeeaa e Nioee
naiiioaa?aeaiiinoue iieiaeaaee, iiaeiyaoaeny ia ai?ueao a Aooa?anoa,
Oaieoia?a e ae?oaeo ai?iaeao ?oiuiee, i?aae?aoeee eo enoiae. Aeoeaiia
o/anoea a niauoeyo nooaeai/aneie iieiaeaaee, a oaeaea ae?oaeo neiaa
ianaeaiey oa?aeoa?ii aeey anao no?ai. A oi aea a?aiy oniao yoeo
?aaiethoeee a?yae ee i?aaiia?ii ioiineoue ia n/ao iaeieo oieueei
noeoeeiuo aunooieaiee. A ieo i?enoonoaiaaea e ii?aaeaeaiiay
i?aaiecaoeey. Aii?in i iieeoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiethoeee eiioea
1989. aiaea ioaeaeaaony a ouaoaeueiii eco/aiee, eai iiea ii ai iiiaii ia
ynai.

Iniiaiui eicoiaii ia?iaeiuo iann a oiaea ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aunooieaiee
auee o?aaiaaiey aeaiie?aoee e eeeaeaeaoeee iiiiiieee i?aayoeo eiiia?oee
ia aeanoue eae yae?a aaoi?eoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneeo ?aaeeiia.E yoa caaea/a
auea a iniiaiii ?aoaia. Aeanoue ia?aoea ec ?oe
ia?oeeii-ainoaea?noaaiiiai eniieieoaeueiiai aiia?aoa a ?oee
i?aaenoaaeoaeiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey, a oi?iu oaeiai ia?aoiaea a eaaeaeie
no?aia i/aiue ?aciiia?aciu. A Iieueoa, Aaia?ee, *aoineiaaeee
n?aaeioi/eai iiaie aeanoe noaee ia?eaiaiou, /oi nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ao?iui
?inoia aeueoa?iaoeaiuo iieeoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeaieai
aiaeiinoeoooeeiiuo no?oeoo? a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa, eioi?ua noaee
aa?aioaie iaia?aoeiinoe i?ienoaaeoeo ia?aiai. Aeeceea ii oi?ia i?ioeannu
oa?aeoa?iu e aeey AAe?, i?e ianeieueei aieueoae ?iee eniieieoaeueiuo
i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey.

Ii/oe ai anao no?aiao niauoey ia/eiaeanue n i?eoiaea e aeanoe
noi?iiieeia (iaiiaeaiey nioeeaeecia( a eiiia?oeyo. Yoi auei eoiaii eeai
ino?ie aioo?eia?oeeiie ai?ueau (Iieueoa, Aaia?ey, Aieaa?ey), eeai
i?iecioei iiae i?yiui aeaaeaieai ia/aaoeony ianniauo aunooieaiee
(?oiuiey, AAe?). Iaiiaeaioeu i?iaicaeaoaee eo?n ia caiaio oioaeeoa?iiai
nioeeaeecia aeaiie?aoe/aneei, caeinoaoth yoio oa?iei ec a?naiaea
nioeeae-aeaiie?aoee. Ia?aui aea eoiaii eo i?eoiaea e aeanoe auei
i?iaicaeaoaiea ieth?aeecia e i?eoiaea e aeanoe auei i?iaicaeaoaiea
ieth?aeecia e iiiaiia?oeeiinoe, iiyaeaiea iiiiceoeeiiiuo iieeoe/aneeo
a?oiie?iaie, no?aieoaeueii ?anoe?yaoeo naia aeeyiea ca n/ao e?eoeee
oioaeeoa?iiai nioeeaeecia e eiiia?oee. Ia ia?auo aea naiaiaeiuo auai?ao
noi?iiieee iaiiaeaiey nioeaeecia, eae i?aaeei, iieo/aee aieueoeinoai e
i?eoiaeeee e aeanoe, iooaniyy eiiia?oee. Iie oaea i?aaeeaaaee
iieeoe/aneea i?ia?aiiu ia (iaiiaeaiey nioeeaeecia(, a (no?ieoaeuenoaa
eaieoaeecia(, aeeth/ay i?eaaoecaoeeth ainnaeoi?a, iiiu?aiea aeciana,
nicaeaiey ?uii/iuo no?oeoo?. A iieeoe/aneie iaeanoe iie i?iaeieaeaee
eeieth iaiiaeaioeaa ia aeaiiioaae oioaeeoa?iiai iauanoaa. Ai aiaoiae
iieeoeea iiai?io aue iniaaiii ?acie: iie o?aaiaaee eeeaeaeaoeee NYA e
IAAe, auaiaea niaaoneeo aiene ni naieo oa??eoi?ee e cayaeee i aeaeaiee
eioaa?e?iaaoueny a Aa?iiaeneia Yeiiiie/aneia Niiauanoai.

Eae aeaiie?aoe/aneea e aioeoioaeeoa?iua ?aaiethoeee iie-
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue ?aaiethoeeyi 40. aiaeia. Oai ia iaiaa o ieo anoue
iauea /a?ou. ?aaiethoeee 40. aiaeia ia/eiaeenue n caoaaoa aeanoe,
oi?ie?iaaiey oioaeeoa?iiai ?aaeeia, a caoai iiae iaai iiaeaiaeeeanue
niioaaonoaothuay nioeeaeueiay, yeiiiie/aneay iii?a a oi?ia
(no?ieoaeuenoaa nioeeaeecia(. Oaeei aea iooai oee e ?aaiethoeee 1989.
aiaea. Nia/aea nie?ooai iieeoe/aneee ?aaeei e e aeanoe i?eoee
iiiiceoeeiiiua neeu, eioi?ua caoai ia/aee “no?ieoaeuenoai eaieoaeecia”,
nicaeaiea niioaaonoaothuae eeaa?aeueiie aeaiie?aoee,
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie aacu- nioeeaeueii-i?eaioe?iaaiiiai ?uii/iiai
oicyenoaa. Iniiaiuie iai?aaeaieyie yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i auee:
ainnoaiiaeaiea ?aaoee?othuae ?iee ?uiea e iieieoeaiiuo oiaa?ii-
aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee, ia?aoiae e eiiaa?oe?oaiie aaethoa, e
iiiaioeeaaeiinoe yeiiiieee e ninouanoaiaaieth ?acee/iuo oi?i
nianoaaiiinoe, aeeth/ay i?eciaiea /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e ?uiea iaaiiie
?aai/ae neeu, aeaiiioaae eiiaiaeii- aaeieieno?aoeaiie nenoaiu,
aeaoeaio?aeecaoeey e aeaiie?aoecaoeey oicyenoaaiiie aeecie.

Eiia/ii, niauoey a eaaeaeie no?aia ioee/aeenue iaoeeiiaeueiuie
iniaaiiinoyie.

Iaaethaeay ca i?ioeannaie a Niaaoneii Nithca, iauanoaaiiinoue no?ai
Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu iaeeaeaea, /oi iieeoe/aneia ?oeiaiaenoai yoeo no?ai
aini?eiao ?aoi?iu. *anoe/ii oaeea iaeeaeaiey ii?aaaeaeenue eeoue a
Aaia?ee e Iieueoa, aaea ?acaeoea niauoee i?eiyei, iaeiaei, ae?oaie
oa?aeoa?, /ai a NNN?, a eiaiii- ia?aoiae i?aaeaoeo oai eiiia?oee e
ia?eaiaioneie iiaeaee ?acaeoey , oi anoue e ioeaco io iiiiiieueiie
aeanoe e i?eciaieth aeueoa?iaoeaiuo iieeoe/aneeo nee. Oaeiio ?acaeoeth
i?aaeoanoaiaaea aeieaay iieeoe/aneay ai?ueaa eae a ?oeiaiaenoaao
i?aayueo ia?oee, oae e ca e i?aaeaeaie.

Iieueoa

A Iieueoa a ?acoeueoaoa e?eceniiai ?acaeoey 1980.-1981. aiaeia e a
iineaaeothuea aiaeu II?I (Iieueneay iauaaeeiaiiay ?aai/ay ia?oey) e ana
iauanoai i?aoa?iaee na?ueaciua eciaiey. A oiaea ?acaeoey niauoee,
iiaeaa?aaeenue ia?aioeaieai enoi?ey nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee,
iinooeaou iieeoe/aneiai e yeiiiie/aneiai ono?ienoaa, auiaoeaaeenue eaeae
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ieth?aeecia, aeaiie?aoecaoeee, ?uii/iie yeiiiieee.
?aaeueii noi?ie?iaaaoayny iiiaiia?oeeiinoue, iaee/ea oaeiai iiuiiai
iiiiceoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey, eae “Nieeaea?iinoue”, e ?aaeueiia
i?enoonoaea a iieeoe/aneie aeecie eaoiee/aneie oea?eae n aa ii?aeueiui
aaoi?eoaoii i?eaaee a eiia/iii eoiaa e eaeaa aeinoeaeaiey iauanoaaiiiai
eiii?iiena. Ia iniiaaiee nianoaaiiiai iiuoa i?aaeaoay II?I i?eoea e
auaiaeo i iaiaoiaeeiinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ieth?aeecia. A 1988. aiaeo
ia?oey iaueyaeea i ia/aea yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i. Auee niyou ia?aie/aiey n
aeayoaeueiinoe /anoiiai aeciana, eeaa?aeece?iaai aaethoiue iaiai,
aini?aaei?eyoey iieo/eee oicyenoaaiioth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. 6. oaa?aey
1989. aiaea ioe?ueenue canaaeaiey “e?oaeiai noiea”, ca eioi?ui
ano?aoeeenue i?aaenoaaeoaee i?aayueo e?oaia e iiiiceoeeiiiuo nee,
aeeth/ay “Nieeaea?iinoue”, ia eioi?uo noaee ianoaeaeaoueny ia?niaeoeau
iieeoe/aneeo ?aoi?i. Aeinoeaiooua oai niaeaoaiey noaee aiciiaeiuie ia
iniiaa i?eciaiey i?eioeeiia ia?eaiaioneie aeaiie?aoee e a?aaeaeaineiai
iauanoaa, /oi nicaeaei aaco aeey i?iaaaeaiey aeoaieeo iieeoe/aneeo
i?aia?aciaaiee. Ia?aie i?iaie noaee auai?u a naiao iieueneiai naeia a
ethia 1989. aiaea. Iie aeaee ianoieueei ioaeiieythuoth iiaaaeo
“Nieeaea?iinoe”, – iia caaiaaaea 99 ec 100 iano. II?I iieeioee aa aueua
nithcieee- Iauaaeeiaiiay e?anoueyineay e Aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oee.
Aia?aua a enoi?ee i?aaeoaeuenoai nioeeaeenoe/aneie no?aiu aicaeaaee
aania?oeeiue iieeoe/aneee aeayoaeue. Ei noae iaeei ec aeoeaiuo aeayoaeae
“Nieeaea?iinoe” O. Iaciaaoeeee. A ninoaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa aioee ana
aaaeouea iieeoe/aneea neeu, neiaieece?oy a?aaeaeaineia niaeanea
ioiineoaeueii iooae auoiaea ec e?ecena. Aioo?eiieeoe/aneae aeeciue
no?aiu ana aieueoa iiaeaa?aaeanue aeaoi?iaoeee. Ec eiinoeoooeee no?aiu
auea eneeth/aia noaouey i “?oeiaiaeyuae e iai?aaeythuae ?iee” II?I, a
yiaa?a 1990. aiaea iia aiiaua ia?anoaea nouanoaiaaoue, i?aia?aciaaauenue
a Nioeeae-aeaiie?aoeth ?anioaeeee Iieueoa. Eciaieeinue iacaaiea no?aiu:
iia noaea iacuaaoueny ?anioaeeeie Iieueoa. A aeaeaa?a 1990. aiaea ia
ia?auo anaiaueo auai?ao i?aceaeaioa ei aue aua?ai Eao Aaeaina.
Oi?ie?iaaiea iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa auei ii?o/aii i?aaenoaaeoaeth
“Nieeaea?iinoe” ss. Aaeaoeeiio.

Aianoa n yoeie iieeoe/aneeie eciaiaieyie i?iecioee nouanoaaiiua ia?aiaiu
e a nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneie noa?a. A Iieueoa aia?aua a Ainoi/iie
Aa?iia auea inouanoaeaia oae iacuaaaiay ”oieiaay oa?aiey” – aiacaiiue
ia?aoiae e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea. Ninoaaiie /anoueth yoie iieeoeee auea
ioiaia eiio?iey ca oeaiaie i?e iaeiia?aiaiiii aaaaeaiee naiaiaeu
oi?aiaee e ia/aei i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai naeoi?a. Oeaiu aciuee
aaa?o, aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue oiae, au?inea aac?aaioeoea, iaeiaei
ca?aaioaee ?uii/iua iaoaieciu. Eioeyoeey nieceeanue, anei?a aue
inoaiiaeai niaae i?iecaiaenoaa. 1993 aiae noae aiaeii, eiaaea yeiiiieea
auoea ec e?ecena.

I?aaeoaeuenoai ia/aei e ianooaaioth ia?ai?aioaoeeth aiaoiae iieeoeee
Iieueoe. Auei cayaeaii i aeaeaiee aieoe a AYN. ?aoai aii?in i auaiaea
niaaoneeo aiene n aa oa??eoi?ee. Iaeaaeaiu aieea oaniua yeiiiie/aneea
nayce eae ni no?aiaie Caiaaea, oae e n iiaiia?aciaaaoeieny iinea
?aniaaea Niaaoneiai Nithca ainoaea?noaaie.

Aaia?ey

Aaia?ey ia?yaeo n Iieueoae ia?aie n?aaee no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu
anooieea ia iooue ?aoi?i. Ia/aa aua a 1968. aiaeo yeiiiie/aneoth
?aoi?io, iia iiae aicaeaenoaeai iaaeaaii?eyoiuo aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo
oaeoi?ia ia ?ac auea auioaeaeaia caoi?iaaeeaaoue aa oiae, a caoai niiaa,
a aua aieaa neiaeiuo oneiaeyo, aica?auaoueny e eaeaa ?aoi?i. Ana yoi
ineiaeiyei aanue oiae nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneiai e iieeoe/aneiai
?acaeoey no?aiu.

E na?aaeeia 80. aiaeia ?ano?nu yenoaineaiiai ?acaeoey auee en/a?iaiu.
Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneay neooaoeey noaea aua aieaa iaaeaaii?eyoiie. Yoi
i?eaaei e ia?aie/aieth eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee a ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, e
nie?auaieth eiii?oa, e nieaeaieth ee/iiai iio?aaeaiey ianaeaiey, e
caiaaeeaieth iaueo oaiiia ?inoa. Auno?i ?inea aiaoiyy caaeieaeaiiinoue:
a 1986.aiaeo iia ninoaaeyea 8 ie?ae. aeiee., a a 1989. aiaeo aic?inea
aei 20 ie?ae. Ana yoi nicaeaaaei iiaua o?oaeiinoe a ?acaeoee oicyenoaa
no?aiu. I?eieiaaoeany ia?u (aeaaaeueaaoeey oi?eioa, naea?aeeaaiea ?inoa
ca?aaioiie ieaou e ae?.) ia aeaaaee iieiaeeoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia.

Ianiio?y ia iaiaeiie?aoiua ?aoaiey aaiaa?neiai ?oeiaiaenoaa i
i?aiaeieaiee iaaaoeaiuo oaiaeaioeee a yeiiiieea, neooaoeey a oicyenoaa
ia oeo/oeeanue. Yoi i?eaaei e iiaui ia?ai ii naea?aeeaaieth ee/iiai

iio?aaeaiey e aeioiaeia ianaeaiey. A 1987. aiaeo auei inouanoaeaii
oeaio?aeece?iaaiiia iiauoaiea oeai ia i?iaeoeou ieoaiey, ia ?yae

i?iiuoeaiiuo oiaa?ia, ia iaeioi?ua aeaeu oneoa. Oeaiu iaiaeiie?aoii
iiauoaeenue e iicaea. Au?inee oeaiu ia oiieeai,aaicei. Iiauneeanue
eaa?oe?iay ieaoa, noieiinoue i?iacaea a o?ainii?oa. ?aaeueiay ca?aaioiay
ieaoa nie?auaeanue aiae ca aiaeii.

Auno?i ?inei iaaeiaieuenoai e e?eoeea canoieiuo yaeaiee a iauanoaa,
noaee ?acaeaaaoueny aieina i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ea?aeeiaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
?aoi?i. I?aia?aciaaiey, i?iaaaeaiiua a iieeoe/aneie noa?a, auee
niaa?oaiii iaaeinoaoi/iuie.Aeoeaecaoeey aeayoaeueiinoe Ainoaea?noaaiiiai
nia?aiey, i?eiyoea ei ?yaea caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia i aeaiie?aoe/aneeo
naiaiaeao e i?aaao a?aaeaeai, i ai?ueaa n oicyenoaaiiuie i?anooieaieyie
e i?iyaeaieyie ei??oioeee ia niiaee oniieieoue ana aic?anoaaoee
e?eoe/aneee iano?ie aaiaa?neie iauanoaaiiinoe. Iaeioi?oth iaaeaaeaeo ia
iaiiaeaiea ii?iaeeee i?iecaaaeaiiua a iaa 1988. aiaea eciaiaiey a
?oeiaiaenoaa no?aiie. Auee iaiiaeaiu iieeoath?i e nae?aoa?eao Aaiaa?neie
nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?aai/ae ia?oee. Aicaeaaeyaoee ia?oeth a oa/aiea o?ao
aeanyoeeaoee ss. Eaaea? onooiee iino aaia?aeueiiai nae?aoa?y ia?oee E.
A?ino.

Iaeiaei ionoonoaea ea?aeeiaeueiuo eciaiaiee a nenoaia iieeoe/aneiai
oi?aaeaiey ana aieueoa iiae?uaaei aaoi?eoao i?aayuae ia?oee e aa
?oeiaiaenoaa.

A no?aia aeoeaece?iaaeenue neeu, o?aaiaaaoea iieeoe/aneiai ieth?aeecia,
eeeaeaeaoeee iiiiiieueiiai iieiaeaiey AN?I, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue yoi auea
eioaeeeaaioeey. A iao/iuo e?oaao iieo/eee ?acaeoea eaeae nicaeaiey iiaie
iiaeaee nioeeaeecia , ioee/iie io nenoaiu noaeeineiai oeia, noaee
auaeaeaaoueny i?iyeou yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i. Ia/aeinue ao?iia
oi?ie?iaaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, iieeoe/aneeo
aeaeaeaiee e ia?oee, o?aaiaaaoeo iieeoe/aneiai ieth?aeecia, eeeaeaeaoeee
iiiiiieueiiai iieiaeaiey AN?I. Yoe o?aaiaaiey ?acaeaeyee e iaeioi?ua
?oeiaiaeeoaee ia?oee, n/eoaaoea, /oi oieueei ia iniiaa iiiaiia?oeeiie
nenoaiu iiaeii i?iaanoe oe?ieoth aeaiie?aoecaoeeth iauanoaaiiie aeecie,
iaiiaeoue ia?eaiaioneoth nenoaio i?aaeaiey, a caoai e aeiaanoe aei
eiioea ?aoi?io yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey. E /eneo ?aoi?iaoi?ia a naiie
AN?I ioiineeenue /eaiu iieeoath?i ?. Iuea?o e E. Iiaeaae,
i?aiuea?-ieieno? I. Iaiao e i?aaenaaeaoaeue Ainoaea?noaaiiiai nia?aiey
I. Nth?ao. Eiaiii iie e aunooieee ca ?inione AN?I e nicaeaiea ia aa
iniiaa iiaie, eaaie ia?oee.

E?oiiie aaoie iieeoe/aneie aeecie noae Ieaioi OeE ANI? a oaa?aea 1989.
aiaea, ia eioi?ii i?iecioea ei?aiiay ia?aioeaiea niauoee 1956. aiaea a
Aaia?ee. Anee ?aiaa eo eiaiiaaee “eio??aaiethoeeiiiui ioo/ai”, oi
oaia?ue “ia?iaeiia ainnoaiea, iai?aaeaiiia ia naa?aeaiea noaeeiecia”
aeaaaei iao?eioe/aneoth ie?aneo niauoeyi. I?ao Ei?a Iaaey aue
oi?aeanoaaiii ia?acaoi?iiai ia Ieiuaaee aa?iaa a Aoaeaiaooa. Oaeaea aue
caoeene?iaai ioeac io aa?aioe?iaaiiie eiinoeoooeeae aaaeouae ?iee ia?oee
a iauanoaa.

A eiioea oaa?aey 1989 a. Ainoaea?noaaiiia nia?aiea Aaia?ee i?eiyei caeii
i i?aaa a?aaeaeai ia nicaeaiea iauaaeeiaiee e annioeeaoeee. Ii e aei
i?eiyoey caeiia iiaua iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee ?acai?a/eaaee naith
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aeoe/anee aani?aiyonoaaiii, ieacuaay ana aieaa
aic?anoathuaa aeeyiea ia iieeoe/aneoth aeeciue a no?aia. N yoei
auioaeaeaia auea n/eoaoueny e inoaaaaoayny o ?oeiaiaenoaa no?aiie
Aaiaa?neay nioeeaeenoe/aneay ?aai/ay ia?oey.

Aaniie 1989. aiaea ii iieueneiio ia?acoeo ia/aeenue canaaeaiey “
e?oaeiai noiea” , ia eioi?uo a ANI? ano?aoeeanue n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie
iiiiceoeeiiiuo ia?oee e a?oii. A ethia eo ?aaioa caaa?oeeanue
niaeaoaieai, eioi?ia noaaeei caaea/e nicaeaiey ia?eaiaioneie
aeaiie?aoee, i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa, ei?aiiie ?ai?aaiecaoeee ANI?.

*?acau/aeiue nuacae AN?I a ieoya?a 1989. aiaea i?iaicaeanee ?inione
ia?oee e nicaeaiea iiaie, Aaiaa?neie nioeeaeeonoe/aneie ia?oee, eioi?ay
ia?yaeo n iiiai/eneaiiuie ia?oeyie ia/aea ai?ueao ca ianoa a aoaeouai
iiaii ia?eaiaioa. Oioy aeiaieueii cia/eoaeueiay /anoue /eaiia AN?I
ioeacaeanue i?eciaoue ?aoaiey /?acau/aeiiai nuacaea e cayaeea i
i?iaeieaeaiee aeayoaeueiinoe aueie ia?oee, nouanoaaiiiai aeeyiey ia
iieeoe/aneoth aeeciue no?aiu aeene?aaeeoe?iaaaoay naay ia?oey oaea ia
ieacuaaea. Aea e Aaiaa?neay nioeeaeenoe/aneay ia?oey, iioa?ya
iiaeaea?aeeo oe?ieeo ?aai/eo iann, oaeaea auea ioiaeaeiooa n aaainoeaiu
iieeoe/aneie aeecie.

Ia ia?aue ieai auaeaeioeenue iiaua iieeoe/aneea neeu, ioe?uoi
i?iaicaeaneaoea eicoia ia?aoiaea ia iiceoeee ia?eaiaioa?ecia aeiaiaiiie
Aaia?ee. E eiioeo 1989 a. a Aaia?ee aeaenoaiaaei ieiei 20 ia?oee. Ii
eeoue ianeieueei ec ieo auee e?oiiuie, iiiai/eneaiiuie. Iaeaieueoei
aeeyieai a no?aia noaee iieueciaaoueny Aaiaa?neee aeaiie?aoe/aneee
oi?oi (AAeO) e Nithc naiaiaeiuo aeaiie?aoia (NNAe).

Nicaeaiiue inaiueth 1987 a. AAeO iauaaeeiee a naieo ?yaeao
i?aaenoaaeoaeae eioaeeeaaioeee — ienaoaeae, aeayoaeae eneonnoaa,
o/aiuo-iauanoaiaaaeia. Eeaea?ii iiaie ia?oee noae enoi?ee E. Aioaee.
AAeO i?eaeae e naaa iiiaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, oe?ieea neie iaeeeo
/anoiuo nianoaaiieeia. Niioaaonoaaiii auea ni?eaioe?iaaia e i?ia?aiia
oi?oia: niaoaiiay ?uii/iay yeiiiieea, aica?auaiea caiee e?anoueyiai.

NNAe i?eaea?aeeaaeny i?eia?ii oie aea i?ia?aiiu, ii oae aua aeaeueoa. Ii
n/eoae, /oi Aaia?ey aeieaeia iieoe ii oiio aea iooe yeiiiie/aneiai
?acaeoey, ii eioi?iio oee ?acaeoua eaieoaeenoe/aneea no?aiu, ii i?e
oneiaee niaethaeaiey nioeeaeueiie caueuaiiinoe oao neiaa iauanoaa,
eioi?ua iaoiaeyony ia a?aie aaaeiinoe.

25. ia?oa 1990. aiaea auee i?iaaaeaiu auai?u a ia?eaiaio. A oiaea
ecae?aoaeueiie eaiiaiee eaaua neeu oaa ca oaaii oa?yee naie iiceoeee.
Eoia ai?ueau aue oaeia Aaiaa?neee aeaiie?aoe/aneee oi?oi iieo/ee 25%
aieinia. Nithc naiaiaeiuo aeaiie?aoia — 20%. Ca ieie oee Iacaaeneiay
ia?oey iaeeeo oicyaa — 13% e Aaiaa?neay nioeeaeenoe/aneay ia?oey —10,4%
aieinia. Eiiioienou (AN?I) e nioeeae-aeaiie?aou (ANAe) iaa?aee
niioaaonoaaiii 3,5 e 3,7% aieinia, /oi cae?uaaei ei iooue a ia?eaiaio,
oae eae aeey o/anoey a ia?eaiaioa iaiaoiaeeii auei iieo/eoue ia iaiaa 4%
aieinia.

Auai?u a aaiaa?neee ia?eaiaio caaa?oeee aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae
iieeoe/aneiai ?oeiaiaenoaa AN?I. Ia/eiaeny iiaue yoai ?acaeoey.
Aeaeueiaeoea i?aia?aciaaiey yeiiiie/aneie e iauanoaaiiie aeecie no?aiu
noaee i?iaiaeeoueny aeieii ?aiaa iiiiceoeeiiiuo ia?oee e a?oii ai aeaaa
n AAeO, ai aeaaa n Eiaeaoii Aioaeii. Io/aoeeaae iaicia/eeenue
aa?iiaeneea i?eaioe?u aiaoiae iieeoeee: Aaia?ey, eae e Iieueoa, cayaeea
i naiai no?aieaiee aieoe a AYN. Auei eciaiaii e iacaaiea no?aiu. Iia
noaea iacuaaoueny Aaiaa?neie ?anioaeeeie. A 1991. aiaeo ec Aaia?ee auee
auaaaeaiu niaaoneea aienea.

* * * * *

Iiiaea ?oeiaiaeeoaee no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu ianoi?iaeaiii iaaethaeaee ca
i?ioeannaie ia?ano?ieee a Niaaoneii Nithca, niauoeyie a Iieueoa e
Aaia?ee, aeaey a ieo oa?ico naiaio iieiaeaieth (eo ?aaeoeey a yoii ieaia
iaiiieiaea ioiioaiea a?aaeiaaneiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaeneie aania 1968.
aiaea). Aianee naith eaioo, ianiio?y ia eo aaia?aoe/aneoth
ioaeaeaiiinoue, e niauoey a Eeoaa ia ieiuaaee Oyiueaiiuiue eaoii 1989.
aiaea. O ?oeiaiaeeoaeae no?ai Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu nicaeaeanue eeethcey i
aiciiaeiinoe iiaa?iooue niauoey aniyoue. Aaoi?eoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneea
?aaeeiu a iaeioi?uo no?aiao, iuouay oa?ico naiaio iieiaeaieth,
iiiuoaeenue nieioeoue naie ?yaeu. A ?acoeueoaoa aaniie 1989. aiaea
caiay/eee eiioo?u oae iacuaaaiiai aioeia?ano?ia/iiai aeiea (eae aai
ie?anoeea caiaaeiay i?anna) ai aeaaa n Oiiiaea?ii, sseaoii-Aonaeii,
AEeaeiaui, *aooaneo. A ia?iaeiuo iannao ?aaeoeey ia niauoey,
i?ienoiaeeaoea a ae?oaeo no?aiao, auea ia?aoiie. Oaeay ?aaeoeey
ii?iaeaeaea ia?aoiua aeaenoaey. E eiaiii a yoie oiiiyiooie a?oiia no?ai
e i?iecioee iaeaieaa ao?iua niauoey.

Neooaoeey, neeaaeuaaaoayny a Aieaa?ee, *aoineiaaeee e AAe?, eiaea iiiai
iauaai. Iaeiaei ecaanoioth iaeiioeiiinoue ei i?eaeaaaea iiceoeey
?oeiaiaenoaa eo i?aayueo ia?oee, eeai ioeacuaaaoeony aiiaua eaeoe ia
eaeea-eeai ?aoi?iu ( oaeia iieiaeaiea, iiieii AAe?, auei oa?aeoa?ii aeey
?oiuiee, a eioi?ie nouanoaiaaaoee ?aaeei ioee/aeny iniaie
aeiaiaoe/iinoueth), eeai eieoe?iaaaoeo aeaenoaey ii i?iaaaeaieth
iac?aaaaoeo i?aia?aciaaiee. Aeey anao ieo auei i?enoua /aoei
iaiaoeaoaany ionoaaaiea ia?oee io i?ienoiaeeaoeo a iauanoaa i?ioeannia.
Iianaianoii, ia/eiay n 1988. aiaea noaee aicieeaoue iaoi?iaeueiua
i?aaiecaoeee . Iauei aeey anao yoeo a?oii auei no?aieaiea e ia?aie/aieth
(a ?aciie ia?a) ?oeiaiaeyuae ?iee ia?oee, eciaiaieth aioo?aiiae e
aiaoiae iieeoeee no?aiu). ?oeiaiaenoaa aea yoeo no?ai ?anoeaiyei
iiaeiaiua a?oiie?iaee eae aioeeiiioienoe/aneea, aioenioeeaeenoe/aneea e
aeaaea oa??i?enoe/aneea e ioaa/aei ?ai?anneaiuie ia?aie (oioy iineaaeiea
e ia i?eiyee e?aeieo oi?i e ianniauo ianooaaia.

*aoineiaaeey

A *aoineiaaeee iinea ionoaaee a aeaeaa?a 1987. aiaea n ia?oeeiuo iinoia
Aonaea e i?eoiaea iiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa EI* ai aeaaa n I. sseaoai ?acei
aeoeaece?iaaeanue iauanoaaiiay aeeciue. Ia/aeenue aeeneonnee i iiaie
iieeoe/aneie aeecie no?aiu, i iiaie eiinoeoooeee *NN?. Iaeiaei
?oeiaiaenoai EI* ia niaoeei n inouanoaeaieai ?aoi?i. Ianoaeeoue eo
eiioeaioeee iii iaia?aaaeinue ia i/a?aaeiii nuacaea ia?oee. Aianoa n oai
?oeiaiaenoai EI* ioeacuaaeinue io ia?aniio?a i?aaeieo e?eoe/aneeo
ioeaiie niauoee 1968. aiaea e iaeciaiii iiae/a?eeaaei ?oeiaiaeyuoth
?ieue ia?oee a iauanoaa. Oaeea onoaiiaee a?ac?ac oee n auno?ie
iieeoecaoeeae no?aiu.

Oa?aeoa?iie iniaaiiinoueth *aoineiaaeee auei iaee/ea a a? iauanoaaiiie
aeecie iieeoe/aneie iiiiceoeee, eioi?ay ioaaouaaea eae aieueoeinoai
o/anoieeia niauoee 1968. aiaea, oae e ae?oaea neie, i?eieioaoeany e iae
iicaea. Iia iaoiaeeeanue a eaoa?ae/aneii ninoiyiee, oioy iinea
ia?aciaaiey iieeoe/aneie a?oiiu, iieo/eaoae iacaaiea “Oa?oey-77”,
ianeieei iaeeaeeanue.

Iieiaeaiea eciaieeinue a 1988. aiaeo. Aeoeaece?iaaaoeany iiiiceoeeiiiua
neeu ia?aoee e ?aoeoaeueiui aeaenoaeyi. Aiaoiei a? i?iyaeaieai noaee
aeaiiino?aoeee a I?aaa e ae?oaeo ai?iaeao a aaaonoa (a nayce n 20.
eaoeai aaaaeaiey a *aoineiaaeeth aiene no?ai Aa?oaaneiai Aeiaiai?a), a
eiioea ieoya?y (a nayce n i?acaeiiaaieai 70. eaoey ia?aciaaiey
iacaaeneiie *aoineiaaeee) e a yiaa?a 1989. aiaea (20. eaoey aiaeiaueia
niaeaeaiey ssia Iaeaoa). 17. iiya?y 1989. aiaea nooaeaiou i?iaaee a
oeaio?a I?aae aeaiiino?aoeeth i?ioanoa n o?aaiaaieai ia?aiai. Iieeoeey
aeanoiei ecaeea o/anoieeia aeaiiino?aoeee. Yoi aucaaei oeaeoth ao?th
i?ioanoa. Oaea 20. iiya?y ia Aaoeeaaneie ieiuaaee a I?aaa nia?aeinue
noieueei ethaeae, /oi ionoeoue a oiae iieeoeeth oaea ia i?aaenoaaeyeinue
aiciiciui. 21. iiya?y ia/aeenue ianniaua aeaiiino?aoeee a I?aaa. A oio
aea aeaiue aue nicaeai «A?aaeaeaineee oi?oi», iauaaeeieaoee ana
iiiiceoeeiiiua neeu a /aoneeo caieyo, e «Iauanoai i?ioea ianeeey» a
Neiaaeee. Iiiuoee aeanoae inoaeeoue aeaiiino?aoeee ia eiaee oniaoa.
Ieaioi OeE EI* (Eiiioienoe/aneay ia?oey *aoineiaaeee) i?eiye ionoaaeo
i?aceaeeoia OeE ia?oee. Caoai auei ii/oe iieiinoueth caiaiaii
?oeiaiaenoai EI*. Aio i?eoeinue anooieoue a aeeaeia n iiiiceoeeae.
Iiiiceoeeiiiua neeu auaeaeioee ?acaa?ioooth i?ia?aiio niaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ia?oeeiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, aunooieee ca aeaeueiaeoea
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey. Iinea iiiuoee ?ai?aaiecaoeee
noa?iai i?aaeoaeuenoaa 10. aeaeaa?y auei nicaeaii iiaia i?aaeoaeuenoai
I. *aeou.

I?aaenaaeaoaeai Oaaea?aeueiiai nia?aiey noae A. Aeoa/ae. Aneaae ca
iineaaeiaaaoae oiaaea aea ionoaaeie Aonaea a eiioea aeaeaa?y
i?aceaeaioii *NN? aue eca?aa Aaoeeaa Aaaae. Ia/aeny i?ioeann aeaiiioaaea
noa?ie nenoaiu, ioiaiaia noaouey eiinoeoooeee i ?oeiaiaeyuae ?iee
ia?oee, i?iaaaeaiu ?uii/iua ?aoi?iu. A 1991. aiaeo ec *aoineaaeee auee
auaaaeaiu niaaoneea aienea. No?aia noaea iacuaaoueny *aoneie e
Neiaaoeeie Oaaea?aoeaiie ?anioaeeeie. Noieue no?aieoaeueiua ia?iaiu a
ianoaiiaea nio?aiythuaainy ie?a aeaee iniiaaiey iacaaoue yoe niauoey
“aa?oaoiie ?aaiethoeeae”. Ii aa ?acaeoea ia iaioeinue aac i?iaeai.
E?ecen i?eaae e iiaiio iaino?aieth acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo aeaoiy
ia?iaeaie- /aoaie e neiaaeaie. A oiaea ?aaiethoeee 1989. aiaea auno?i
auyaeeenue naia?aoenoneea iano?iaiey. A ethia 1992. aiaea ia auai?ao e
a *aoee, e a Neiaaeee iiaaaeo iaea?aeaee ia?oee, aunooieaoea ca ie?iue
“?acaiae” *aoineiaaeee. A oiaea iineaaeothueo ia?aaiai?ia auee ?aoaiu
iniiaiua i?ioeaaeo?iua aii?inu, e n 1. yiaa?y 1993. aiaea *aoineiaaeey
eae aaeeiia ainoaea?noai ia?anoaei nouanoaiaaoue.

AAe?

Ia oiia yaiuo e?eceniuo yaeaiee a ?yaea ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneeo no?ai
iieiaeaiea a AAe? a 70.-80. aiaeu aiaoia auaeyaeaei aeiaieueii
aeaaii?eyoiui. Ia yoii naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaee e ioiineoaeueii noaaeeueiue
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue i?ioeann, e n?aaieoaeueii aunieee ii n?aaiaieth n
ae?oaeie no?aiaie Oeaio?aeueiie e THai-Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu aeeciaiiue
o?iaaiue. Iaeiaei e eiioeo 80. aiaeia neooaoeey ?acei eciaieeanue.
Oooaeoeeinue yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea. I?aaaea, ioeoeeaeueiua
noaoenoe/aneea aeaiiua oeacuaaee ia aaeaaiaeiue ?ino iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea ia 4%, a i?iaeoeoeee i?iiuoeaiiinoe- ia 6%. Iaeiaei, eae
auynieeinue iicaea, yoe aeaiiua a oa/aiea ?yaea eao
oaeueneoeoee?iaaeenue. Ia naiii aeaea ainoaea?noaaiiua ieaiu
nenoaiaoe/anee ia auiieiyeenue, iai?iaeoiaiiay eiaanoeoeeiiiay iieeoeea
i?eaaea e na?ueaciui aeeni?iii?oeeyi a oicyenoaa no?aiu, au?inee
aeaoeoeeo ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa e aiaoiyy caaeieaeaiiinoue.
Ainoaea?noiaiiue aeiea ninoaaee ia?iiioth noiio a 20,6 ie?ae. aeiee.

Aaeaaiaeii aic?anoae iooie eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo ?aai/eo, iieeaeaaoeo AAe?.
E 1989. aiaeo ii aeinoea ?aei?aeiuo ?acia?ia: /enei oaoaaoeo a O?A
aeinoeaei 350 ouny/ /aeiaae. Yoi i?eaaei e nouanoaaiiiio nie?auaieth
iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa. Ieiei 250 ouny/ ?aai/eo iano noaee iacaiyouie.

Iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneee e?ecen a AAe?, auc?aaaaoee aeieaia a?aiy
iiaenioaeii, onoaoaeeny iaaeaeaieai e ianiiniaiinoueth ?oeiaiaenoaa ai
aeaaa n Y. Oiiaeea?ii i?eciaoue ino?oth iaiaoiaeeiinoue iaiiaeaiey anae
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeecie a no?aia. ?inei iaaeiaa?ea e iieeoeea
Nioeeaeenoe/aneie aaeeiie ia?oee Aa?iaiee, ?aci/a?iaaiea a iiaeaee
aaoi?eoa?ii-ath?ie?aoe/aneiai «nioeeaeecia», eioi?oth ionoaeaaei
ia?oeeiia ?oeiaiaenoai. Yoiio niinianoaiaae e aiaoiee oaeoi?-
aicaeaenoaea ia ianaeaiea AAe? ia?ano?ieee, aeaiie?aoecaoeee e aeaniinoe
a NNN?, a oaeaea ea?aeeiaeueiua eciaiaiey a Iieueoa e Aaia?ee, iniaaiii
aaaaeaiea oai iiiaiia?oeeiinoe e ioeac io ?oeiaiaeyuae ?iee eiiia?oee.

Iaeiaei Y. Oiiaeea? e aai ie?oaeaiea ia n/eoaeenue n e?eoeeie,
?acaeaaaaoaeny a eo aae?an, i?aaiciineee “aeinoeaeaiey” AAe?, ne?uaay io
ia?iaea oaeou oaeoaeaiey e?eceniuo yaeaiee a yeiiiieea no?aiu e
iieiinoueth ioai?aaeeaaynue io niaaoneie ia?ano?ieee e eciaiaiee a
ae?oaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao., aunooiay n e?eoeeie i?ienoiaeeaoeo
oai i?ioeannia (iniaaiii a Iieueoa e Aaia?ee). Eoeueo ee/iinoe Y.
Oiiaeea?a i?eia?aoae ana aieaa o?iaeeeaua oi?iu.

?aaeoeeae ia ana yoe yaeaiey noaei oi /oi iiiaea eeoea, oo?aoea
iaaeaaeaeu ia aioo?aiiea eciaiaiey a no?aia noaee naycuaaoue naie
?an/aou ia aoaeouaa n ia?anaeaieai a O?A. Aic?inea aieia aaaeaioeaa. A
yiaa?a 1989. aiaea auei ca?aaeno?e?iaaii 400 oun. cayaeaiee ia auacae.
A ia/aea eaoa 1989 a. yoi aaanoai i?eia?aei ianniaue oa?aeoa?, eiaaea
ioe?ueanue aiciiaeiinoue ooiaea ia Caiaae /a?ac aaiaa?neoth oa??eoi?eth.
Iaeaa/aiea ?aaeeia ia aaiaa?i-aano?eeneie a?aieoea i?eaeaeei aeanyoee
ouny/ oo?enoia ec AAe?, eioi?ua, i?eaoaa a Aaia?eth, caoai iai?aaeyeenue
/a?ac Aano?eth a O?A. A *aoineiaaeee e Iieueoa nioie oo?enoia ec AAe?
i?iieeaee a iinieuenoaa O?A e i?ineee iieeoe/aneiai oaaaeeua.

A ia/aea naioya?y 1989. aiaea ia oeeoeu ai?iaeia auieanioeanue i?iaeaia
ia?anaeaioeaa e aaaeaioeaa. No?iaea aeaia?oe i?aaeoaeuenoaa AAe?,
o?aaiaaaoaai io Aaia?ee auaeai?aiey ouny/ oo?enoia ec AAe?, eioi?ua ia
aeaeaee aica?auaoueny ia ?iaeeio, a oaeaea cai?aou ia auaca ec AAeA e
*aoineiaaeee ia aeaee ieeaeeo ?acoeueoaoia. Iai?ioea, a ?yaea ai?iaeia
no?aiu, iniaaiii a Eaeioeeaa (ia?aay ianaieoeeiie?iaaiiay aeaiiino?aoeey
15. yiaa?y 1989. aiaea.), Ae?acaeaia e Aa?eeia, ana /aua noaee
i?iaiaeeoueny ieoeiae n o?aaiaaieyie iieeoe/aneeo ?aoi?i, aeaiie?aoee e
naiaiaeu. A ioaao ia iiiuoee aeanoae i?eiaieoue neeo aeey ?acaiia
ieoeiaia e ianniauo aeaiiino?aoeee ?inei ia?iaeiia aiciouaiea. Iii
aeinoeaei eoeueieiaoeee, eiaaea aieaa 70 ouny/ aeaiiino?aioia a
Eaeioeeaa 9. ieoya?y 1989 aiaea iio?aaiaaee i?eaea/ue e ioaaonoaaiiinoe
eeoe, aeiiaiuo a ?acaiia eiio?aeaiiino?aoeee a Aa?eeia a aeaiue 40.
eaoey AAe?.

I?aaeoaeuenoai Aaia?ee iinea ia?aaiai?ia n aeanoyie AAe? i?eiyei ?aoaiea
ioe?uoue a?aieoeo n Aano?eae aeey neiieaoeony ia aaiaa?neie oa??eoi?ee
«oo?enoia» ec AAe?, o?aaiaaaoeo auacaea a O?A. Oieueei ca ia?aua o?e
aeiy a?aieoeo ia?anaeei aieaa 15. oun. /aeiaae.

Iuoaynue oaea?aeaoueny o aeanoe, /anoue ?oeiaiaenoaa AAe? ia/aea eneaoue
auoiae ec nicaeaaoaeny neooaoeee ia iooyo iieeoe/aneiai eaae?iaaiey. 11.
ieoya?y auei iioaeeeiaaii cayaeaiea OeE NAIA i aioiaiinoe ianoaeaeaiey
o?aaiaaiee aeaniinoe, aeaiie?aoee, naiaiaeu auacaea ca a?aieoeo e
ae?oaeo aii?inia.

Iaeiaei iai?yaeaiea a no?aia ia niaaeaei. Oiaaea aue naeaeai aua iaeei
oaa. 18. ieoya?y ieaioi OeE NAIA inaiaiaeee Y. Oiiaeea?a io iaycaiiinoae
aaia?aeueiiai nae?aoa?y e auaae ec iieeoath?i aai aeeaeaeoeo noi?iiieeia
A. Ieooaaa e X.-E. Oa?iaiia. Oiiaeea?a inaiaiaeeee oaeaea io iinoa
i?aaenaaeaoaey Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa AAe?. Ia iaa aeieaeiinoe,
eioi?ua aei yoiai caieiae Oiiaeea?, aue eca?ai Yaii E?aioe- iaeei ec
aeeceeo e Oiiaeea?o aeayoaeae, nae?aoa?ue OeE NAIA e /eai iieeoath?i.

Iauyaeaiiua iiaui ?oeiaiaenoaii ia?u ii iaiiaeaieth oi?aaeaiey no?aiie
auee niaa?oaiii iaaeinoaoi/iuie. Oioy aue i?iaicaeaoai eo?n ia ?aoi?iu e
aeaiie?aoecaoeeth, ii ?aaeueii ie/aai ia i?aaei?eieiaeinue. ?oeiaiaenoai
yaii ia iiniaaaei ca oiaeii niauoee, oa?yei iaae ieie eiio?ieue.

Aua iaeia iiiuoea nianoe naay auea i?aaei?eiyoa ?oeiaiaenoaii NAIA 8.
iiya?y. Ieaioi OeE nouanoaaiii iaiiaee ninoaa iieeoath?i. A iaai aioae
Oain Iiae?ia- ia?aue nae?aoa?ue Ae?acaeaineiai ie?oaeiiai eiieoaoa NAIA,
ecaanoiue naiei e?eoe/aneei ioiioaieai e noa?iio ?oeiaiaenoao ia?oee e
iieueciaaaoeeny aaoi?eoaoii n?aaee ianaeaiey.

17. iiya?y Ia?iaeiay iaeaoa AAe? ooaa?aeeea ninoaa iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa
no?aiu. Aai aicaeaaee X. Iiae?ie. I?aaeoaeuenoai auei noi?ie?iaaii ia
eiaeeoeeiiiie iniiaa: ec 28 ieieno?ia 12 i?aaenoaaeyee NAIA, a
inoaeueiua 16 ieieno?ia- ae?oaea ia?oee (O?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneee
nithc, Eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey,
Iaoeeiiaeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey e Aeaiie?aoe/aneay e?anoueyineay
ia?oey).

I?aaeoaeuenoai ia/aei naith aeayoaeueiinoue a niaa?oaiii iiaie
neooaoeee. ?acei eciaieeenue acaeiiioiioaiey n ae?oaei aa?iaineei
ainoaea?noaii- O?A. 9. iiya?y 1989 aiaea ?oeiaiaenoai AAe? i?eiyei
?aoaiea ia ioe?uoee naieo caiaaeiuo a?aieoe aeey naiaiaeiuo iiacaeie a
O?A e Caiaaeiue Aa?eei. «Aa?eeineay noaia» ia?anoaea ea?aoue naith ?ieue
a?iciiai i?aiyonoaey. Aa noaee ?acae?aoue ia noaaie?u.

Iaeiaei e?eceniay ianoaiiaea a no?aia ia niaaeaea. Iai?ioea, iia aua
aieaa oaeoaeeanue a nayce ni noaaoeie ecaanoiuie oaeoaie ceioiio?aaeaiey
aeanoueth e ei??oioeee a aiaeu ?aaeeia Oiiaeea?a. OeE NAIA i?eiye
?aoaiea ia eneeth/aiee ec ia?oee e i?aaeaiee noaeo auaoeo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae
ia?oee Y. Oiiaeea?a e A. Ieooaaa, i?aiuea?-ieieno?a A. Ooioa, ieieno?a
ainaaciianiinoe Y. Ieeueea e ae?oaeo ia?oeeiuo e ainoaea?noaaiiuo
aeayoaeae. E ioaaonoaaiiinoe auee i?eaea/aiu oaeaea ?oeiaiaeeoaee
i?ionithcia. O?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneiai nithca e
Iaoeeiiaeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee.

Iiaia ?oeiaiaenoai NAIA ia niiaei naea?aeaoue ?aniaaea naiae ia?oee. Ca
aeaa iineaaeieo ianyoea 1989. aiaea ec iaa auoei ieiei iieiaeiu /eaiia
(900 oun. ec 2 iei. /aeiaae). Ia?iaeiie iaeaoie AAe? auei i?eiyoi
?aoaiea ecuyoue ec eiinoeoooeee no?aiu iieiaeaiea i “?oeiaiaeyuae ?iee
NAIA”

Iieiay iaaeaaniiniaiinoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeae NAIA a iiauo oneiaeyo i?eaaea
3. aeaeaa?y e eieeaeoeaiie ionoaaea iieeoath?i e OeE ia?oee ai aeaaa n
Y. E?aioeai, a /a?ac o?e aeiy E?aioe auioaeaeai aue inoaaeoue e iino
i?aaenaaeaoaey Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa. Ninoiyaoeeny a na?aaeeia
aeaeaa?y 1989. aiaea /?acau/aeiue nuacae NAIA eca?ae iiaia ?oeiaiaenoai
ia?oee. Ec i?aaeiaai ninoaaa OeE a iiaia i?aaeaiea ia?oee (101 /aeiaae)
aioei anaai o?e /aeiaaea. Eciaieeinue e iacaaiea ia?oee. Iia noaea
iacuaaoueny “Nioeeaeenoe/aneay aaeeiay ia?oey Aa?iaiee — ia?oey
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai nioeeaeecia”. Iaeiaei anei?a ia?aay /anoue iacaaiey
ia?anoaea oeao?e?iaaoue. I?aaenaaeaoaeai ia?oee noae iieiaeie aaeaieao
A.Aece, iauyaeaoee i aa ei?aiiie ia?ano?ieea.

Aneaae ca ?ai?aaiecaoeeae NAIA i?iecioee ae?oaea aaaeiua ia?aiaiu a
iieeoe/aneie aeecie AAe?. Auee nicaeaiu iiaua ia?oee e i?aaiecaoeee,
cayaeaoea i naiai iaia?aiee ai?ioueny ca ianoa a aoaeouai ia?eaiaioa
no?aiu. Aieueooth aeoeaiinoue i?iyaeyee. Nioeeae-aeaiie?aoe/aneay
ia?oey, a oaeaea i?aaiecaoeee “Iiaue oi?oi”, “Aeaiie?aoe/aneia
i?iaoaeaeaiea”, “Iauaaeeiaiea eaauo”, “Eieoeeaoeaa ca ie? e i?aaa
/aeiaaea” e ae?.

A ?acaa?ioaoaeny i?aaeauai?iie ai?ueaa /aou?a auaoeo nithcieea NAIA-
O?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneee nithc, Eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey,
Iaoeeiiaeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey e Aeaiie?aoe/aneay e?anoueyineay
ia?oey- iauyaeee i naiai auoiaea ec o?aaeeoeeiiiiai aeiea n
eiiioienoaie.

Yoe /aou?a ia?oee, a oaeaea iiaua iieeoe/aneea iauaaeeiaiey cayaeee ia
ioeaca io nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iooe ?acaeoey AAe?. Ia?niaeoeao aeeaeaeoaai
?acaeoey iie aeaeaee a “nianaiee no?aiu /a?ac ainniaaeeiaiea Aa?iaiee”.
Eicoia iauaaeeiaiey Aa?iaiee noae aeaaiui i?ia?aiiiui ioieoii anao
iieeoe/aneeo oa/aiee. Ia yoie aieia a no?aia iiaeiyeenue e
i?aai-yeno?aienoneea neeu. Ana iiiiceoeeiiiua e NAIA- IAeN ia?oee
iieueciaaeenue aeoeaiie iiaeaea?aeeie ni noi?iiu iieeoe/aneeo e
ainoaea?noaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee O?A e Caiaaeiiai Aa?eeia. Aaaeouea
aeayoaee O?A, aeeth/ay eaioeea?a A. Eiey, i?eieiaee i?yiia o/anoea a
ieoeiaao e aeaiiino?aoeeyo, i?iaiaeeaoeony ia oa??eoi?ee AAe?.

Aii?in ia iauaaeeiaiee aeaoo aa?iaineeo ainoaea?noa noae a oeaio?a
aieiaiey anae iieeoe/aneie aeecie no?aiu. Iiaeaea?aeeaaaiua
?oeiaiaenoaii O?A iiiaea iieeoe/aneea neeu AAe? aunooieee ca
iaiaaeeaiiua ia?u ii nicaeaieth aaeeiiai aa?iaineiai ainoaea?noaa. Ia
io?eoeay naiie ia?niaeoeau iauaaeeiaiey, iaeioi?ua aieaa oia?aiiua
aeayoaee ?anniao?eaaee yoio i?ioeann eae aeeeoaeueiue, iiyoaiiue n
nicaeaieai “aeiaiai?iiai iauanoaa”, nii?yaeaiiiai n eiioaaea?aoeaiuie
ioiioaieyie aeaoo aa?iaineeo ainoaea?noa e i?aaenoaaeyei naaa
iauaaeeiaiea Aa?iaiee a eiioaenoa iauaaeeiaiey anae Aa?iiu e /a?ac
auoiae Aa?iaiee ec aiaiiuo aeieia.

Ia eciaiaiee naiaai ioiioaiey e aa?iaineiio aii?ino cayaeei e
i?aaeoaeuenoai X. Iiae?iaa. Auea i?eciaia ioeai/iie ioeoeeaeueiay
eiioeaioeey iaee/ey aeaoo iaiaoeeeo iaoeee- nioeeaeenoe/aneie e
eaieoaeenoe/aneie. I?aaeoaeuenoai AAe? cayaeei i no?aieaiee ?acaeaaoue
oe?ieia nio?oaeie/anoai n O?A e Caiaaeiui Aa?eeiii e au?aceei naith
caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a iieo/aiee io O?A yeiiiie/aneie iiiiue.
Iaeiia?aiaiii i?iaicaeaoaeanue aa?iinoue AAe? naiei nithcie/aneei
iaycaoaeuenoaai. I?eciaaaeanue ia?ooeiinoue aa?iiaeneeo a?aieoe.

Aeaeueiaeooth noaeueao no?aiu, oiae aa yeiiiie/aneiai e iieeoe/aneiai
?acaeoey, aa aiaoithth iieeoeeo aeieaeiu auee ?aoeoue auai?u a
Ia?iaeioth iaeaoo AAe?, iacia/aiiua ia 18. ia?oa 1990. aiaea. Aanue oiae
ecae?aoaeueiie eaiiaiee naeaeaoaeuenoaiaae ia iooaniaiee NAIA – IAeN io
?oeiaiaenoaa no?aiie. Yoi iieacaee e ?acoeueoaou auai?ia a ia?eaiaio.
Ia?oey aeaiie?aoe/aneiai nioeeaeecia noaea iiiiceoeeiiiie.

Aieueoeinoai aieinia ia auai?ao iieo/ee O?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneee
nithc (40,9%), caoai neaaeiaaee nioeeae-aeaiie?aou (21,8%). Ia?oey
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai nioeeaeecia caaiaaaea 16,3% aieinia. Niioaaonoaaiii
ii?aaeaeeeinue e ?ani?aaeaeaiea iano, iieo/aiiuo ?acee/iuie ia?oeyie a
Ia?iaeiie iaeaoa. Ia?oee i?aaiai aeiea ai aeaaa n OAeN iaania/eee naaa
193 ianoa ec iauaai /enea 400 iano, NAeIA- 87, a IAeN- 65 iano.
I?aaeoaeuenoai noi?ie?iaae o?enoeaineee aeaiie?ao Eioa? aea Iacuea?.

Ea?aeeiaeueiua eciaiaiey a AAe? a eiioea 1989.- ia/aea 1990. aiaea
iieacaee, /oi aa?iaineee aii?in aiiaue cayaee i naaa ia oieueei eae
caaea/a, noiyaoay ia?aae aeaoiy aa?iaineeie ainoaea?noaaie, ii e eae
neiaeiaeoay iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?iaeaia. Io aa ?aoaiey noaea a i?yiie
caaeneiinoe ii?aaeaeyoueny e noaeueaa Aa?iiu, e iiaay nenoaia
iaania/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaciianiinoe. Aa?iaineay i?iaeaia noaea
i?aaeiaoii ianoaeaeaiey iaaeaeo /aou?ueiy aaeeeeie aea?aeaaaie-
o/anoieeaie ie?iiai o?aaoee?iaaiey iinea ieii/aiey aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu
— NNN?, NOA, Aaeeeia?eoaieae e O?aioeeae.

12. naioya?y 1990. aiaea /aou?a aea?aeaau- iiaaaeeoaeueieoeu e
i?aaenoaaeoaee AAe? e O?A iiaeienaee a Iineaa Aeiaiai? ia ieii/aoaeueiii
o?aaoee?iaaiee a ioiioaiee Aa?iaiee, eioi?ue oaeoe/anee iiaeaae /a?oo
iiae eoiaaie aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu a Aa?iia. Aeiaiai? e ae?oaea
aeieoiaiou caoeene?iaaee i?eciaiea ia?ooeiinoe aa?iiaeneeo a?aieoe,
cai?ao ia iaeaaeaiea Aa?iaieae n?aaenoaaie ianniaiai oie/oiaeaiey,
ii?aaeaeeee i?aaeaeu /eneaiiinoe aoiaeanaa?a e a?aiaiiia nio?aiaiea (aei
eiioea 1994. aiaea) aii?oaeaiiuo nee NNN? a ainoi/iie /anoe
iauaaeeiaiiie Aa?iaiee. N 1. ethiy 1990. aiaea ia anae oa??eoi?ee
Aa?iaiee auea aaaaeaia aaeeiay aaethoa- caiaaeiiaa?iaineay ia?ea.
I?ioeann iauaaeeiaiey Aa?iaiee nii?iaiaeaeaeny i?eiyoeai 1. ieoya?y
ieieno?aie eiino?aiiuo aeae /aou?ao aea?aeaa e aeaoo aa?iaineeo
ainoaea?noa Aeieoiaioa i i?ae?auaiee n iauaaeeiaieai Aa?iaiee aeaenoaey
/aou?aonoi?iiieo, i?aa e ioaaonoaaiiinoe a ioiioaiee Aa?eeia e Aa?iaiee
a oeaeii. Caoai ia oa??eoi?ee AAe? auee ainnoaiiaeaiu 6 caiaeue. 3.
ieoya?y, ii/oe iinea 41. eaoiaai nouanoaiaaiey, AAe? en/acea n
iieeoe/aneie ea?ou ie?a.

?oiuiey

Anee a AAe?, Aieaa?ee e *aoineiaaeee ao?iua niauoey ia nii?iaiaeaeaeenue
e?iaii?ieeoeai e i?ioiaeeee a oeeaeeeciaaiiuo oi?iao, oi a ?oiuiee iie
i?eiyee ae?oaie oa?aeoa?.

Oioaeeoa?iue ?aaeei, onoaiiaeaiiue naiaenoaii *aooaneo, aeaenoaiaaaoae a
aeooa /enoi noaeeineeo o?aaeeoeee e ainiiaenoaiaaaoee ii/oe /aoaa?oue
aaea, i?eaae ?oiuieth e oyaeaeiio e?eceno. Aii?aee ioeoeeaeueiie
noaoenoeea, ?eniaaaoae a 80. aiaeu ?aaeoaeioth ea?oeio ?acaeoey,
yeiiiieea no?aiu iaoiaeeeanue a ninoiyiee noaaiaoeee. Iieiinoueth
i?iaaeeeenue oaioanoe/aneea i?ia?aiiu iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa,
iiauoaiey ea/anoaa e eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee, aiaae?aiey
aeinoeaeaiee iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. No?aia iuouaea ino?oth
iaoaaoeo oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneeo e nu?ueaauo ?ano?nia. Ia 30- 40% auee
iaaeia?oaeaiu i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iiuiinoe a i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

Oyaeaeaeoei a?aiaiai aeey ?oiuineiai ia?iaea auea ana aic?anoaaoay
oeiainiaay caaeieaeaiiinoue caiaaeiui aea?aeaaai. E ia/aeo 80. aiaeia
iia ninoaaeea 10,2 ie?ae. aeieea?ia. Oaaee/aiea aeieaa n iaeaiie
oeaeueth oeo/oaiey yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee, niaa?oaiii iayooaeoeaiia
eniieueciaaiea iieo/aiiuo e?aaeeoia i?eaaee e oaaee/aieth /enea
i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaeoia aac o/aoa iaiaoiaeeiinoe no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee
e iiaea?iecaoeee yeiiiieee.

A aac yoiai iaeuecy auei iaania/eoue iiaaoaiea iieo/aiiuo e?aaeeoia.
Auieaoa aeieaia aaea e nie?auaieth eiii?oa e oaaee/aieth yenii?oa ino?i
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey aioo?aiiaai iio?aaeaiey oiaa?ia, i?aaeaea anaai
i?iaeiaieuenoaey e iaooai?iaeoeoia. N 1975. ii 1989. aiaea ?oiuiey
auieaoeea caiaaeiui e?aaeeoi?ai ieiei 21 ie?ae. aeieea?ia, a oii /enea
aieaa 7 ie?ae. aeieea?ia a n/ao i?ioeaioia ca e?aaeeou.

Iaiaoiaeeiinoueth auieaou aeieaia ?oeiaiaenoai no?aiu iauyniyei iieeoeeo
“caoyaeaaiey iiynia” e oyaeaeaeoea aeeciaiiua oneiaey aieueoeinoaa
?oiuineiai ianaeaiey. Ec aiaea a aiae iaoeeiiii oooaeoaeinue
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiia niaaaeaiea o?oaeyueony. Ii ia oieueei iaiineeueiay
caaeieaeaiiinoue, a e ana ae?oaea i?in/aou a yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeea a
eiia/iii n/aoa ii?aaeaeyeenue ainiiaenoaiaaaoae a no?aia
aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeiie nenoaiie, oioaeeoa?iui ?aaeeiii,
i?ee?uaaaoeiny nioeeaeenoe/aneeie eicoiaaie e iie?aaoeiny ia eiiia?oeth,
i?aa?auaiioth I. *aooaneo a eino?oiaio aeanoe aai naiaeiiai eeaia. A
aaaeue a ia?oee ian/eouaaeinue ieiei 4. iei. /aeiaae, o. a. eaaeaeue
iyoue aeeoaeue e eaaeaeue o?aoee caiyoue ia i?iecaiaenoaa yaeyeny aa
/eaiii.

?oiuineee aeeeoaoi? Ieeieaa *aooaneo eaoaai?e/anee io?eoeae naio
aiciiaeiinoue eaeeo-eeai eciaiaiee a oi?aaeaiee oicyenoaii, aea e aiiaua
a aeecie no?aiu. Ii cayaeye, /oi a ?oiuiee oaea aeaaii yeiau i?iaaaeaiu
?aoi?iu, e eioi?ui a 80. aiaeu i?enooieee ae?oaea ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneea
no?aiu. Iuoaynue iiaeiyoue yooaeoeaiinoue naeueneiai oicyenoaa, *aooaneo
aua aieueoa oaeanoi/ee nenoaio aee?aeoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey ainoicia e
iainoaea?noaeaiiuo eiiia?aoeaia, ?acaa?ioe eaiiaieth “nenoaiaoecaoeee”
aea?aaaiue, i?aaeoniao?eaaaooth eeeaeaeaoeeth 7. ouny/ aea?aaaiue e
ia?anaeaiea eo aeeoaeae a “aa?ii?iiuoeaiiua oeaio?u”. Nenoaiaoe/anee
i?iaiaeeeanue ianeeuenoaaiiay anneieeyoeey aaiaa?neiai ianaeaiey,
i?iaeeaathuaai a O?aineeueaaiee.

Oioaeeoa?iay nenoaia aeanoe, ieceee aeeciaiiue o?iaaiue, iieiaeaiea ia
a?aie aieiaea- ana yoi aucuaaei ?ino nioeeaeueiiai iai?yaeaiey a no?aia,
?aceiai iaaeiaieuenoaa iaoiaeaie no?ieoaeuenoaa “ananoi?iiia ?acaeoiai
nioeeaeecia”, i?iaicaeaoaiiiai ainiiaenoaiaaaoei eeaiii. Ia yoii aea
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei i?eiyaoaa ianniaue oa?aeoa? aaanoai a?aaeaeai
aaiaa?neie e ?oiuineie iaoeeiiaeueiinoae ca i?aaeaeu no?aiu: e ia?oo
1989. aiaea i?eia?ii 30 oun. /aeiaae neiieeinue ia oa??eoi?ee Aaia?ee e
i?eia?ii oaeia aea /enei aaaeaioeaa i?ineaaeiaaei a ae?oaea aa?iiaeneea
no?aiu. Aunooieaiey ?aai/eo ia oaieueiuo oaooao ?aoeoeu, caaiaeao
A?aoiaa e a ae?oaeo ianoao aeanoiei iiaeaaeyeenue. ?iaeea i?ioanou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?oiuineie eioaeeeaaioeee eaii?e?iaaeenue eee aaee e
no?iaui ?ai?anneyi.

A no?aia ia auei i?aaieciaaiiie iiiiceoeee, ii aeaaea caeanue
aunooieaiea ?yaea auaoeo iieeoe/aneeo aeayoaeae — «ienueii oanoe»,
iaia?iaeiaaiiia a ia/aea 1989. aiaea e niaea?aeaaoaa ?aceoth e?eoeeo
ninoiyiey aeae a no?aia, iieacuaaei iai?yaeaiiinoue ianoaiiaee.Ii ana
aea iiaeaaeythuay /anoue ianaeaiey aioiaa auea aunooieoue i?ioea
iaiaaenoiiai ?aaeeia. Iaeiaei ineaieaiiue aeanoueth aeeeoaoi?, oioy e
ec?yaeii iaioaaiiue ?aaeeeaeueiuie eciaiaieyie a ninaaeieo no?aiao,
i?iaeieaeae aa?eoue a iacuaeaiinoue onoaiiaeaiiiai ei no?iy.

Aeaaea ia oiia ia/aaoeony ia?aiai a Ainoi/iie Aa?iia *aooaneo
aeaiiino?e?iaae aaniethoiia iaaeaeaiea iineaaeiaaoue i?eia?o ninaaeae,
nnueuynue ia i?aai ?oiuiee eaeoe naiei iooai. 20. iiya?y 1989. aiaea,
eiaaea oaea ?ooioea aa?eeineay noaia e naa?oeeanue “aa?oaoiay
?aaiethoeey( a *aoineiaaeee, a Aooa?anoa ninoiyeny XIV nuacae ?oiuineie
eiiia?oee. *aooaneo a naiai aeieeaaea ie neiaa ia neacae i oii, /oi
i?iecioei a ninaaeieo no?aiao. Nuacae aue i?iaicaeaoai “nuacaeii aaeeeeo
iiaaae e oi?aeanoaa nioeeaeecia”. Aacoaea?aeii ainoaaeyaiue ia nuacaea
“aa?ie ec aa?iaa”, “ethaeiue nui iaoeee”, “oeoai iunee”, I. *aooaneo
iauyaee i ia?aoiaea no?aiu e “iiaiio yoaio”- caaa?oaieth no?ieoaeuenoaa
“ananoi?iiia ?acaeoiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa”. Nuacae i?eiye
iiaua ieaiu ?acaeoey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa aei 2010. aiaea.

Iiaeeeiii iiaue yoai a ?acaeoee ?oiuiee aeaenoaeoaeueii ia/aeny /a?ac
o?e iaaeaee iinea caaa?oaiey nuacaea. Ii ii aue naycai oaea ia n
i?ia?aiiie nuacaea, ia n naiie ia?oeae e ia n aa eeaea?ii. Ia/aei aio
iieiaeee ainnoaaoee i?ioea aeeeoaoo?u ia?iae.

A na?aaeeia aeaeaa?y *aooaneo ioi?aaeeny n ioeoeeaeueiui aeceoii a E?ai.
A yoi a?aiy 16.-17. aeaeaa?y a O?aineeueaaineii ai?iaea Oaieoia?a, iinea
oiai eae neoaeaa aaciianiinoe iuoaeanue aunaeenue ianoiiai nayuaiieea
Eanei Oaeaoe. Niauoey a Oeieoia?a aneieuoioee anth no?aio. Ia/aeenue
noeoeeiua aeaiiino?aoeee a aai iiaeaea?aeeo. A?iey e neoaeaa
aaciianiinoe aeanoiei iiaeaaeee eo. Aa?ioaoeeny ec E?aia *aooaneo
iauyaee yoe niauoey ?acoeueoaoii i?ienea aiaoieo a?aaia e iacia/ee ia
neaaeothuee aeaiue ieoeia a iiaeaea?aeeo aeaenoaee aeanoae. Nia?aaoeany
ia ieiuaaee ethaee, auneooaa ?a/ue, noaee iaeiaei aue?eeeaaoue
aioei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua eicoiae. I?iecioee ia?aua noieeiiaaiey n
ieeeoeeae. Ia/aeenue noeoeeiua aunooieaiey.

I?ioea ainnoaaoeo auee iai?aaeaiu io?yaeu niaoeiacia/aiey e ee/iie
io?aiu aeeeoaoi?a. A Aooa?anoa ?acaa?ioeenue iaeanoi/aiiua oee/iua aie.
Ia?iaeiia ainnoaiea auei iiaeaea?aeaii a?ieae. Ii neeu, aa?iua *aooaneo,
a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo aeiae i?iaeieaeaee aanoe aie. Aii?oaeaiiua
noieeiiaaiey ?acaa?ioeenue a Oeieoia?a, Aooa?anoa, A?aoiaa, Neaeo.

Aeanoue a no?aia ia?aoea e nicaeaiiiio a ia?aua /anu ainnoaiey Niaaoo
O?iioa iaoeeiiaeueiiai nianaiey (OIN), eioi?ue i?iaicaeanee naa?aeaiea
aaoi?eoa?iiai ?aaeeia I. *aooaneo. Aaaeaaoea ec Aooa?anoa Ieeieaa e
Aeaia *aooaneo anei?a auee noaa/aiu e ii i?eaiai?o niaoeeaeueiiai
aiaiiiai o?eaoiaea auee eaciaiu ca i?anooieaiey ia?aae ia?iaeii. Noieue
niaoiua e ia niioaaonoaothuea yeaiaioa?iui ii?iai i?aaa aeaenoaey
aiaiiua iauyniyee iianiinoueth ni noi?iiu neoaeau aaciianiinoe. A
ethaii neo/aa yoio oaeo naeaeaoaeuenoaiaae i noaiaie iaeanoi/aiiinoe
i?aaia. Iiaaaea ?aaiethoeee noieea iiiaeo aea?oa.

Niaao O?iioa iauyaee i ?inionea anao i?aaeieo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia,
a oii /enea e eiiia?oee. Auea iaia?iaeiaaia iieeoe/aneay ieaooi?ia,
i?aaeoniao?eaaaoay ioeac io ?oeiaiaeyuae ?iee iaeiie ia?oee, nicaeaiea
ieth?aeenoe/aneie nenoaiu, ioeac io eiiaiaeii-aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia
oi?aaeaiey oicyenoaii, ?acaeaeaiea caeiiiaeaoaeueiie, eniieieoaeueiie e
noaeaaiie aeanoe, oaaaeaiea i?aa e naiaiae ee/iinoe, i?aa iaoeeiiaeueiuo
iaiueoeinoa. O?iio i?enooiee e ?ac?aaioea iiaie eiinoeoooeee no?aiu,
iauyaee i i?aaenoiyueo aaniie 1990. aiaea naiaiaeiuo auai?ao. Ia/aeanue
iiaeaioiaea aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu.

?oeiaiaenoai Niaaoa O?iioa auei i/aiue iaiaeii?iaeiui. A iaai aioee a
i?ioeii iiaeueiua ia?oeeiua e ainoaea?noaaiiua aeayoaee, nooaeaiou,
?aai/ea, i?aaenoaaeoaee oai?/aneie e iao/iie eioaeeeaaioeee. Aicaeaaee
Niaao Eii Eeeaneo, auaoee a 70. aiaeu nae?aoa?ai OeE eiiia?oee e
iiaeaa?aaaoeeny caoai aiiaieyi ca e?eoeeo ioeoeeaeueiie iieeoeee.
I?aaeoaeuenoai aicaeaaee i?ioanni? Aooa?anoneiai iieeoaoie/aneiai
einoeoooa Iao?a ?iiai. Niaao O?iioa ia?aciaae eniieieoaeueiia ath?i a
ninoaaa 11 /aeiaae. A oacaeao, ioieoeeieyo, ai?iaeao e eiiioiao
(aea?aaiyo) noi?ie?iaaeenue ianoiua niaaou O?iioa e i?aaiu
naiioi?aaeaiey.

Ino?ioa iie/eoe/aneiai iai?yaeaiey iuouaeanue iianthaeo- e a Niaaoa
O?iioa, e a ianoiuo i?aaiao aeanoe. Iieiinoueth aeene?aaeeoe?iaaaoay
naay eiiia?oey ia oieueei ia iiaea ea?aoue eaeoth-eeai ?ieue a iauanoaa,
ii e iiaeaa?aaeanue ianniaiio aeaaeaieth. A no?aia ?acei aic?inee
aioeeiiioienoe/aneea iano?iaiey.

Ia aieia iieeoe/aneiai iiaeuaia a ?oiuiee iaeia ca ae?oaie aicieeaee
iieeoe/aneea ia?oee. Oaea e na?aaeeia yiaa?y 1990. aiaea eo auei ieiei
aeanyoe. I?aaeaea anaai cayaeee i naaa aeaa noa?ua “enoi?e/aneea” ia?oee
— Iaoeeiiae-oea?aienoneay e Iaoeeiiae-eeaa?aeueiay. Ia?aay ec ieo,
i?eiya iacaaiea Iaoeeiiae-e?anoueyineie o?enoeaineie aeaiie?aoe/aneie
ia?oee,. naith iniiaioth nioeeaeueioth aaco eiaea a aea?aaia, a oaeaea
i?eaeaeaea /anoue eioaeeeaaioeee e iiiaeo aa?othueo. Aeaaiuie
i?ia?aiiiuie iieiaeaieyie yoie ia?oee noaee aaciaiai?i/iue ioeac io
eiiioiecia, aica?ao e /anoiiio caieaiieueciaaieth, “i/euaiea iauanoaa ia
iniiaa o?enoeaineeo oeaiiinoae”. Aicaeaaee ia?oeth iaeei ec auaoeo
eeaea?ia iaoeeiiae-oea?aienoia E. Eiiino.

Auea ainnicaeaia e Iaoeeiiae-eeaa?aeueiay ia?oey, eioi?ay, ii neiaai
iaeiiai ec aa ?oeiaiaeeoaeae, “eiaao iiuo ?oeiaiaenoaa iauanoaii, oae
eae n ia?a?uaaie iaoiaeeeanue o aeanoe a ?oiuiee n 1859 ii 1937 aiae”.
Ia?oey ?ann/eouaaea iie?aoueny ia eioaeeeaaioeeth, nooaeai/aneoth
iieiaeaaeue, /anoue ?aai/eo. Iia noaaeea naiae oeaeueth eeaa?aeecaoeeth
yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo no?oeoo?, eniieueciaaiea
caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai (a /anoiinoe, oaaaeneiai) iiuoa aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
oi?aaeaiey.

Nicaeaiiay a yoi aea a?aiy Yeieiae/aneay ia?oey iniiaiie caaea/ae
n/eoaea ai?ueao ca /enoioo n?aaeu iaeoaiey, niaethaeaiea i?aa /aeiaaea,
ca ?aci?oaeaiea e ie?. Iaoeeiiae-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey i?iaicaeaneea
naiae oeaeueth aica?auaiea e /anoiiio i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoao, ?uii/iie
yeiiiieea. I?aaenoaaeoaee aaiaa?neiai ianaeaiey ?oiuiee iauaaeeieeenue a
Aaiaa?neii aeaiie?aoe/aneii nithca, cayaeaoai i i?aaa ia ainnoaiiaeaiea
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo e eieeaeoeaiuo i?aa aaiaa?neiai iaiueoeinoaa,
?aaeiiaeueioth e eoeueoo?ioth aaoiiiieth aaia?ia a ?aieao ?oiuineiai
ainoaea?noaa. Nooaeai/anoai, iaeaieaa aeoeaiay neea aeaiie?aoe/aneie
?aaiethoeee, iauaaeeieeinue a ?aieao Aeaiie?aoe/aneiai o?iioa nooaeaioia
?oiuiee.

A ?oiuiee noi?ie?iaaeenue oaeaea naiaiaeiua i?ionithcu, “a?oiia ca
iauanoaaiiue aeeaeia”, eoaea aioee i?aaenoaaeoaee oai?/aneie e iao/iie
eioaeeeaaioeee.

Aeaaiie caaea/ae ?aaiethoeee Niaao O?iioa iaoeeiiaeueiiai nianaiey
i?iaicaeanee i?aiaeieaiea oyaeaeiai nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ianeaaeey
oioaeeoa?iiai no?iy. I?ia?aiiie O?iioa auea i?aaeoniio?aia ?aoi?ia
oi?aaeaiey oicyenoaii, ioeac io ath?ie?aoe/aneeo eiiaiaeiuo iaoiaeia,
iiiu?aiea eieoeeaoeau e eiiiaoaioiinoe. I?aaeiieaaaeinue i?iecaanoe
no?oeoo?ioth ia?ano?ieeo i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ii?iaeeciaaoue niaaaeaiea
ianaeaiey iio?aaeoaeueneeie oiaa?aie e yia?aeae. A naeueneii oicyenoaa
auee iiauoaiu caeoii/iua oeaiu, /eaiai naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
eiiia?aoeaia auaeaeaiu a aanieaoiia naiaeiia iieueciaaiea ii 0,5 aa
caiee, i?eonaaeaaiua o/anoee /eaiia eiiia?aoeaia (aei 0,6 aa) iauyaeaiu
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoueth n i?aaii ianeaaeiaaiey.

Aeaeaa?ueneay ?aaiethoeey 1989. aiaea a ?oiuiee niaea oioaeeoa?iue
?aaeei. Iia iuoaeanue iaania/eoue iooue iiaeeeiii aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
?acaeoey. Ii iinea noieue aeeeoaeueiiai iieeoe/aneiai canoiy i?ioeann
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai i?aia?aciaaiey iauanoaa i?iaeaeaaeny n aieueoeie
o?oaeiinoyie. E oiio aea ia aieia aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee
iiaeiyeenue e eiina?aaoeaiua neeu, iuoaaoeany acyoue ?aaaio ca aueua
ii?aaeaiey. I?aaenoiyea neiaeiay e aeeeoaeueiay ai?ueaa ca nio?aiaiea e
?acaeoea aeaiie?aoe/aneeo caaiaaaiee ?aaiethoeee.

A iaa 1990 aiaea a ?oiuiee ninoiyeenue auai?u, ia eioi?uo iiaaaeo
iaea?aeae O?iio iaoeeiiaeueiiai nianaiey. Eeaea? OIN E. Eeeaneo aue
eca?ai i?aceaeaioii no?aiu. I?aaeoaeuenoai ?oiuiee aicaeaaee I. ?iiai.
Ino?ay ai?ueaa ii aii?ino i iooyo aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey ?oiuineiai
iauanoaa i?iaeieaeaeanue e iinea auai?ia.

Caeeth/aiea

Aicieeoee a na?aaeeia 40. aiaeia nioeeaeenoe/aneee no?ie ia noiae
caaiaaaoue oiu e na?aeoea ethaeae. Iaaeaaeaeu ia oi, /oi nioeeaeeci n
aai ainiiaenoaii iauanoaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa
noaiao iauanoaii nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe, i?eaaaeao e oie/oiaeaieth
yenieoaoaoeee /aeiaaea /aeiaaeii e anaiauaio aeaaininoiyieth, ia
ii?aaaeaeenue. Ia i?aeoeea eeeaeaeaoeey /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e
aaniethoiia ainiiaenoai ainnianoaaiiinoe i?eaaei e oiio, /oi o ethaeae
en/acea caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a ?acoeueoaoao naiaai o?oaea.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay nianoaaiiinoue i?eiaaeeaaeaea ii-nouanoao
ath?ie?aoe/aneei no?oeoo?ai, i?enaaeaaaoei ?acoeueoaou iauanoaaiiiai
o?oaea. A ?acoeueoaoa ooaa?aeeeanue yeiiiieea, ia niiniaiay iaania/eoue
ianouiua iio?aaiinoe ianaeaiey. Iiiiiieueiue oa?aeoa? aeanoe
eiiioienoe/aneeo ia?oee iaoneiaee nicaeaiea iaaeaiie?aoe/aneie
iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, eeoeauae ia?iaeiua iannu i?aaa naiaiaeii
auneacuaaoue naia iiaiea e ecae?aoue ii naiae aiea i?aayuea no?oeoo?u.

I?e oaeii nouanoaothuai iieiaeaiee nenoaia eiaiothuay naay “
nioeeaeenoe/aneee eaaa?ue” ia iiaea nouanoaiaaoue aa/ii. Iaaeaiea aa
auei eeoue aeaeii a?aiaie, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey nic?aaaiey aioo?aiieo nee,
iiaoueo ia/aoue ei?aiiua eciaiaiey. *ai iu e noaee naeaeaoaeyie a
1989.-90. aiaeao.

A ethaii neo/aa 40. eaoiyy enoi?ey oioaeeoa?iiai nioeeaeecia a no?aiao
Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu caaa?oeeanue. Oioaeeoa?eci e a oaeie oi?ia aai
i?iyaeaiey ieacaeny yaeaieai i?eoiaeyuei. Iicaieeaoee a ecaanoiie ia?a
inouanoaeoue “aeiaiiythuaa ?acaeoea”, iaania/eoue ?uaie io ionoaeinoe e
ioiineoaeueii ?acaeoie eiaeono?eaeueiie yeiiiieee, oioaeeoa?iue
nioeeaeeci e caeanue, eae a NNN?, ieacaeny ianiiniaiui ?aoeoue i?iaeaiu,
anoaaoea oaea ia?aae aieea c?aeui iauanoaii, ei nicaeaiiui. E?ao
oioaeeoa?iiai nioeeaeecia nicaeaao oieeaeueioth neooaoeeth a Aa?iia- any
iia i?aa?auaaony a aaeeiia iieeoeei-i?aaiaia e oeeaeeeciaaiiia
i?ino?ainoai, iieiyuaany ia i?eciaiee nioeeaeueii- i?eaioe?iaaiiiai
?uii/iiai oicyenoaa, i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa, eeaa?aeueiie aeaiie?aoee e
aa?iiaeneie eaeaa. ?aaiethoeee 1989. aiaea noaee aua iaeiei oaaii a
noaiiaeaiee oeaeinoiiai ie?a.

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