E?ecen e iaaeaiea ?anioaeeee a ?eineii i?aaa
Aaaaeaiea
1. I/a?ee yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee
2. Iaaeaiea ?anioaeeee
AAAAeAIEA
Iooe enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey Ainoi/iie e Caiaaeiie eiia?ee, iinea oiai
eae iie ieii/aoaeueii ?acaeaeeeenue a 395 aiaeo, nouanoaaiii ioee/aeenue
ae?oa io ae?oaa. Ainoi/iay eiia?ey, eioi?ay aiineaaenoaee noaea
iacuaaoueny eiia?eae Aecaioeeneie, i?aa?aoeeanue a ?acoeueoaoa neiaeiuo
i?ioeannia a oaiaeaeueiia ainoaea?noai, eioi?ia niiaei i?inouanoaiaaoue
aua oeaeoth ouny/o eao, aieioue aei na?aaeeiu XV a. (1453 a.).
Eia/a neiaeeeanue enoi?e/aneay noaeueaa Caiaaeiie ?eineie eiia?ee.
E?ooaiea ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai no?iy a aa i?aaeaeao i?ioaeaei iniaaiii
ao?ii, yoi nii?iaiaeaeaeinue e?iaaauie aieiaie, ia?aai?ioaie, ia?iaeiuie
ainnoaieyie, ieii/aoaeueii iiaei?aaaoeie aueia iiaouanoai iaeiiai ec
e?oiiaeoeo ainoaea?noa ae?aaiaai ie?a.
1. I*A?EE YEIIIIE*ANEEO IOIIOAIEE
A noa?a yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee ia?eiae ?anioaeeee yaeyaony ia?eiaeii
eieinnaeueiuo eciaiaiee.
A ia/aea ia?eiaea ?eineia iauanoai ninoieo aua a naiae aeaaiie ianna ec
iaeeeo oicyaa, neaeyueo ia naiae caiea (adsidui), aeeaoueo caieaaeaeeai
e neioiaiaenoaii. Ia oieueei aiaoiee, ii e aioo?aiiee iai?io
iacia/eoaeai. Ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, aiiaua aiai?y, iaoiaeeony aua a
noaaeee oicyenoaa iaoo?aeueiiai. Eae auei ioia/aii auoa, ia yoi
oeacuaaao e iieeoe/aneay i?aaiecaoeey ia?iaea (comitia centuriata), e
iauee oa?aeoa? iinoaiiaeaiee XII oaaeeoe, e iicaeiaa iiyaeaiea iiiaou.
Ii oaea io naiuo ia?auo a?aiai ?anioaeeee aei ian aeioiaeyo ioaieinee
ia/aaoeony yeiiiie/aneeo iao?yaeeoe e yeiiiie/aneie ?ani?e: i/aaeaeii,
yeiiiie/aneia ?anneiaiea iauanoaa, “yeiiiie/aneay aeeooa?aioeeaoeey”
ia/aeanue.
Oaea oi aieueoia aieiaiea, eioi?ia oaeaeyao caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai XII
oaaeeoe aeieaiaiio i?aao, oa aeaoaeueiinoue, n eioi?ith iii noa?aaony
ii?aaeaeeoue ii?yaeie acuneaiey ii aeieaai, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi
caaeieaeaiiinoue iaeieo ae?oaei noaea yaeaieai, a iauanoaaiiie aeecie
aanueia ?ani?ino?aiaiiui. A yoa caaeieaeaiiinoue neoaeeo anaaaea
iieacaoaeai iaeioi?iai ia?aiauaiey yeiiiie/aneiai oeaio?a oyaeanoe.
Any aeaeueiaeoay enoi?ey ia?aie iieiaeiu ?anioaeeee naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
oii, /oi ioia/aiiue i?ioeann ?aceiaeaiey iaino?yaony ana aieaa e aieaa.
Ai?ueaa yeiiiie/aneeo eioa?ania aeeiiiaie?oao ai?ueaa iieeoe/aneie ai
anao aa noaaeeyo. Iniiaiuie iioeaaie aeaeia ni noi?iiu aaaeiaeoaai
ianaeaiey yaeythony oa aea caaeieaeaiiinoue e aaccaiaeea, iniiaiuie
o?aaiaaieyie – iaeaa/aiea aeieaiaie oyaiou e aeiiouaiea e iieueciaaieth
ager publicus. I?aaeaiea niiauaao iai i iaeioi?uo ia?ii?eyoeyo a yoii
iai?aaeaiee, ii oaeoe/aneay aac?acoeueoaoiinoue eo i?eaiaeeo aaaeiaeooth
/anoue ianaeaiey, oi anoue aeaaioth ianno ieaaaaa, e iunee aeiaeaaoueny
iieeoe/aneiai ainiiaenoaa eae n?aaenoaa e ?ac?aoaieth nioeeaeueiiai
aii?ina. Ionthaea o?aaiaaiea ieaaaenoaa i aeiiouaiee aai e
iaaeno?aoo?ai, ionthaea aeaiie?aoe/aneea ?aoi?iu ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee e o.
ae. Ii aaeaa yoe o?aaiaaiey oaeiaeaoai?aiu, ieacuaaaony, /oi
nioeeaeueiue aii?in ana-oaee ia ?ac?aoai, e iiyoue ia/eiaaony iiaoi?aiea
i?aaeiaai – aeaeiau ia caaeieaeaiiinoue, aaccaiaeea e o. ae.
Yeiiiie/aneia ?anneiaiea iauanoaa auno?i i?ia?anne?oao, i?iianoue
iaaeaeo aiaaouie e aaaeiuie oaeoaeyaony. Yeiiiie/aneay yaiethoeey a
eiioea eiioeia i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi iaeeia e n?aaeiaa oicyenoai ii/oe
niaa?oaiii en/acaao, e iauanoai ?aceaaaaony ia aeaa ?acei ioaeaeaiiuo
ae?oa io ae?oaa eeanna: ia iaeiie noi?iia e?oiiua caiaeueiua oicyenoaa e
eieinnaeueiua ninoiyiey, ia ae?oaie noi?iia ianna aaccaiaeueiiai
i?ieaoa?eaoa, ieaaea ia iiaouaai i?eeiaeeoue naieo ?oe e iioiio
eeoaiiiai enoi/ieeia nouanoaiaaiey.
Iauae e iniiaiie i?e/eiie yoiai nioeeaeueiiai i?ioeanna yaeeinue
ei?aiiia eciaiaiea oneiaee yeiiiie/aneie aeecie ?eia a yoii ia?eiaea.
?ei auoae ec naiaai caieiooiai iieiaeaiey; aianoa n ?inoii e ?anoe?aieai
naiaai iieeoe/aneiai aeeyiey ii aoyaeaaeny a iaaeaeoia?iaeiue
yeiiiie/aneee iai?io e iiiaaeae a caaeneiinoue io yoiai iineaaeiaai.
Aeeeooy naie th?eaee/aneea caeiiu ie?o, ?ei nai ieacuaaeny a naoyo
yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia yoiai ie?a.
Oa??eoi?ey Eoaeee ia i?eiaaeeaaeeo e /eneo iniaaiii ieiaei?iaeiuo, e
/eneo i?e?iaeaeaiiuo “aeeoieoe ie?a”; ia?aaioea aa o?aaoao cia/eoaeueiie
cao?aou o?oaea e eaieoaea. Iaaeaeo oai n ?acaeoeai iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
ioiioaiee ?ei ioe?uaaaony aeey ai?acaei aieaa aeaoaaiai oeaaa,
i?eaiceiiai ec aieaa ieiaei?iaeiuo no?ai – Neoeeeee, Ao?eee e o. ae.
Ianna oeaaa iinooiaao oaeaea a iai?io, i?eauaay a ?ei a ea/anoaa
i?iaeioeeaeueiie iiaeaoe (decuma). Aanue yoio eiino?aiiue oeaa nicaeaao
ia?iiioth eiieo?aioeeth ianoiiio, iiieaeay aai oeaio e oai cao?oaeiyy
oicyenoaaiioth aeeciue ianoiiai caieaaeaeueoea. Yoa eiieo?aioeey,
eiia/ii, ai?acaei nei?aa ?ac?ooaea oicyenoaa iaeeea, oai aieaa, /oi e
yoie iniiaiie i?e/eia i?eniaaeeiyeenue ae?oaea, aua aieaa onei?yaoea e
iaino?yaoea yoio i?ioeann.
A /enea yoeo i?e/ei ia ia?aii ianoa aeieaeii auoue iinoaaeaii ?aanoai.
?aau i?aaenoaaeyee e?aeia aeaoaaoth ?aai/oth neeo. Oi oicyenoai, eioi?ia
iiaei yenieoaoe?iaaoue eo a aiciiaeii aoeueoai eiee/anoaa, cia/eoaeueii
nie?auaei yoei naie ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa, a aneaaenoaea yoiai
ieacuaaeinue e aieaa onoie/eaui a yeiiiie/aneie eiieo?aioeee. A oaeeie
oicyenoaaie auee, eiia/ii, oicyenoaa e?oiiua.
Ia?aaii iocuaaeanue ia aiaaouo e aaaeiuo e anaiauay aieineay
iiaeiiinoue. Aneaaenoaea ii/oe iai?a?uaiuo aiei a oa/aiea ia?aie
iieiaeiu ?anioaeeee ii/oe ana o?oaeiniiniaiua a?aaeaeaia aeieaeiu auee
aani?anoaiii – e eiaiii a ?aai/oth ii?o – iieeaeaoue naie o/anoee aeey
iioiaeia. E?oiiua caieaaeaaeaeueoeu ia?aiineee yoi n?aaieoaeueii eaaei:
aeaaiaea?y oai aea ?aaai, eo caiey ia inoaaaeanue aac iaaeeaaeauae
ia?aaioee; ii ia iaeeea oicyenoaa anyeia nie?auaiea ?aai/eo ?oe eee
?aai/eo aeiae aeaenoaoao aoaeoaeueii. Nieioue e ?yaeii aeey iii?aaeaiey
naieo aeae iaeeea oicyaaa i?eioaeaeaiu i?eaaaaoue e caeiai, caeeaaeai e
o. ae. Ionthaea oa caaeieaeaiiinoue, i eioi?ie aiai?eeinue auoa, a yoa
caaeieaeaiiinoue – i?e nio?aiaiee oao aea yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee –
i?eaiaeeo a eiioea eiioeia e oiio, /oi iaeeea oicyaaa eee naie nauaatho
naie o/anoee, eee iie o ieo i?iaeathony n iieioea. E, eiia/ii,
i?eia?aoaoaeyie yaeythony aieaa aiaaoua.
Ei anaio yoiio ai aoi?ie iieiaeia ?anioaeeee i?eniaaeeiyaony aua oi, /oi
ni noi?iiu ?eineie a?enoie?aoee aicieeaao oneeaiiue ni?in ia caieth. Eae
auei oiiiyiooi auoa, eeoeai, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoei e eeanno nobiles,
cai?auaeinue o/anoea a oi?aiaea e i?iiuneao; aaeeinoaaiiui inoathueiny
aeey ieo yeiiiie/aneei iieiaeaieai auei caieaaeaaeaiea. Ii ia?a
oaaee/aiey yoiai eeanna, ii ia?a aic?anoaiey a aai n?aaea aiaaonoa (a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie aeiauouo “ei?ieaieai” a i?iaeioeeyo) oneeeaaaony e
ni?in ia caieth a Eoaeee, aneaaenoaea /aai oeaiu ia iaa iiaeieiathony
niaa?oaiii ianiioaaonoaaiii aa aeioiaeiinoe: iia ioaeia oieueei eae
iaeioi?ia iiiauaiea eaieoaea. Yoe aunieea oeaiu neoaeao aua aoeueoei
niaeaciii aeey oanieiiai e caaeieaeaiiiai iaeeiai caieaaeaaeaeueoea,
aucuaay o iaai aeaeaiea ?acaeaeaoueny ni naiei aacaeioiaeiui oicyenoaii
ca i?aaeeaaaaioth e?oiioth noiio.
?acoeueoaoii anao yoeo i?e/ei yaeyaony iieiia en/aciiaaiea iaeeeo
e?anoueyineeo oicyenoa e eiioeo ?anioaeeee e ?ani?ino?aiaiea oao
eaoeooiaeee, eioi?ua, eae ecaanoii, “iiaoaeee ?ei”. ?aaiui ia?acii
eciaiyaony e naiue oa?aeoa? caieaaeaeue/aneiai oicyenoaa: ?acia?u
caiaoae nie?auathony; ia eo/oeo caieyo aaaeaony oicyenoai naaeiaia, a
ana inoaeueiia i?aa?auaaony a ianoaeua aeey neioa. Caieaaeaaeaiea
ia?anoaao auoue oicyenoaaiiui i?aaei?eyoeai, eiathuei naiath oeaeueth
neoaeeoue ii?iaeueiui enoi/ieeii aeioiaea, a noaiiaeony eeoue o?aieeeuai
ia?oaiai eaieoaea, aeathuei ecaanoiua nioeeaeueiua i?aeiouanoaa.
Naeueneioicyenoaaiiay eoeueoo?a a Eoaeee iaaeaao.
Iaeiia?aiaiii n iienaiiui i?ioeannii ia?ano?iaiey aa?a?iuo ioiioaiee
niaa?oaaony ae?oaie aanueia aaaeiue i?ioeann: ii ia?a oiai, eae
caieaaeaeea oo?a/eaaao naia ia?aainoaothuaa cia/aiea a yeiiiie/aneie
aeecie ?eia (oi anoue Eoaeee), ia noeaio ana aieaa e aieaa aunooiaao
eaieoae aeaeaeeiue, aeaiaaeiue e iaeeaaeuaaao ia ana ioia/aoie
eiiia?/aneee. Oaea e eiioeo ia?aie iieiaeiu ?anioaeeee oi?aiaue e
aeaiaaeiue iai?io ia/eiaao ia oaeiaeaoai?youeny noa?ie iaaeiie iiiaoie
(annii), a n 269 a. aei ?. O. iia caiaiyaony na?aa?yiie – aeaia?eai (=
10 annai; ia iaoe aeaiueae = i?eaeeceoaeueii 1 o?aieo); ?yaeii n
aeaia?eai /aeaieony e aieaa iaeeay iiiaoa – nanoa?oeee, ?aaiue 1/4
aeaia?ey (ieiei 10 eii. ia iaoe aeaiueae). Iaeiiaoe, i?e Oeaca?a
aaiaeeony cieioay iiiaoa, aureus, ?aaiay 100 nanoa?oeeyi.
Aeaiaaeiue eaieoae i?aaeaea anaai i?eeeaaao a ?ei a aeaea aiaiiie
aeiau/e, oae eae ii iauaio i?aaeeo ?ei iinea iiei?aiey eaeiai-eeai a?aaa
eiioeneiauaae a naith iieueco anth aai eacio. Iiea ?ei eiae aeaei ni
naieie iaaiaaouie aeeaeaeoeie ninaaeyie, yoa aeiau/a auea aua iaaaeeea,
ii iinea iiei?aiey aiaaouo caii?neeo no?ai (Neoeeeee, Ao?eee, Acee e o.
ae.), aaea eiaeenue ia?iiiua nie?iaeua, ?ei aue caeeo iaa?aaeaiiui
cieioii e ae?aaioeaiiinoyie. Ana yoi cieioi a cia/eoaeueiie /anoe naiae
?aciuie iooyie iiiaaeaao a ?oee ?oeiaiaeyuaai eeanna ?eineie
a?enoie?aoee e eiioeaio?e?oaony oai a eieinnaeueiua ninoiyiey. Yoe
ninoiyiey aua aieueoa oaaee/eaathony ai a?aiy iiacaeie i?aaenoaaeoaeae
yoiai eeanna a ea/anoaa i?ieiinoeia e i?ii?aoi?ia a i?iaeioeee. Auoa
oaea auei ioia/aii, /oi i?iaeioeeaeueiua iaianoieee, niaaaeaiiua
iaia?aie/aiiith aeanoueth iaae i?iaeioeeaeaie, oe?iei iieueciaaeenue
yoie aeanoueth e a naieo nianoaaiiuo eioa?anao. Ca ieie oyioeenue a
i?iaeioeee e i?aaenoaaeoaee anaaeie/aneiai nineiaey, caae?ay a naie ?oee
ia ioeoi i?iaeioeeaeueiua iiaeaoe, ainoaea?noaaiiua ?oaeieee e o. i.,
iie?uaay, iiae caueoie ?eineie aeanoe, ana i?iaeioeee oeaeie naoueth
naieo aaiee?neeo e oi?aiauo i?aaei?eyoee. Aianoa n oai eciaiyaony e
iauee oicyenoaaiiue iaeee naiiai ?eia. Ii aeaeaaony oeaio?ii ie?iaie
oi?aiaee e ie?iaie niaeoeyoeee, oeaio?aeueiie ae?aeae anaai aioe/iiai
ie?a. A aai noaiao eeieo eiiia?/aneay aeeciue, ?acaeaaaony neiaeiue
aeaiaaeiue iai?io, caaiaeeony oeaeia ninoiyiea i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
aaiee?ia (argentarii), iiyaeyaony niaeoeyoeey ia ana i?aaeiaou oi?aiaee
e i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Ii aeaiaaeiue eaieoae oaeaea inoaaeyao a noi?iia iiaeaaeythuoth ianno
ianaeaiey, iaeeeo ethaeae. A anao oeacaiiuo oi?aiauo, i?iiuoeaiiuo e
aaiee?neeo i?aaei?eyoeyo iie ii/oe aiana ia iaoiaeyo naaa ianoa a
ea/anoaa aieueiiiaaiiuo ?aai/eo; iie ieaaea ia ioaeiu, eai e caeanue
aanue iaiaoiaeeiue ?aai/ee ia?niiae ninoaaeyaony, aeaaiui ia?acii, ec
?aaia; ?aau oeao?e?otho ia oieueei a ea/anoaa iecoae ?aai/ae neeu, ii e
a ea/anoaa aunoeo ioaaonoaaiiuo aaaioia – ia/aeueieeia oeeeaeueiuo
ioaeaeaiee (institores), eaieoaiia oi?aiauo ei?aaeae (magistri navis) e
o. ae. Aeaaea a iaeanoe iaeeiai ?aianea e iaeeie aaca?iie oi?aiaee ?aau
noaniytho naiaiaeiuo ethaeae naiae eiieo?aioeeae, eai e caeanue
iiyaeythony iannu ?aaia-?aianeaiieeia e iaeeeo oi?aiaoeaa, oiaeyueo io
ainiiaeeia ii ia?ieo.
Iiaeii nii?eoue i oii, neaaeoao ee eee iao yeiiiie/aneia ninoiyiea ?eia
e eiioeo ?anioaeeee iacuaaoue nia?aiaiiui oa?ieiii “eaieoaeeci”. Iaeuecy
io?eoeaoue oiai, /oi iaaeaeo eaieoaeii ?eineei e eaieoaeii nia?aiaiiui
anoue ia?iiiay ?acieoea: eaieoae nia?aiaiiue iai?aaeai ii i?aeiouanoao
ia i?iecaiaenoai, aai aeaaiay noa?a – i?iiuoeaiiinoue; eaieoae ?eineee,
iai?ioea, eiaao oa?aeoa? oi?aiaue e niaeoeyoeaiue. Ii i?e anai oii
nioeeaeueiua ?acoeueoaou, a iauai, iaeie e oa aea: e?aeiaa ?anneiaiea
iauanoaa ia aiaaouo e aaaeiuo, eiioeaio?aoeey eaieoaea a ioiineoaeueii
iaiiiaeo ?oeao, ia?aciaaiea ia?iiiie iannu i?ieaoa?eaoa, ia ciathuaai,
eoaea i?eeiaeeoue naie o?oae e aaea eneaoue enoi/ieeia aeey naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey. Aeaaiaea?y iaeeeth ?aaia, yoe yaeaiey a ?eia aua ?ac/a, e
iiaeii neacaoue, /oi e eiioeo ?anioaeeee ?ei noiye ia?aae oae iacuaaaiui
nioeeaeueiui aii?inii a aai aua aieaa ino?ie oi?ia, /ai nia?aiaiiinoue.
?eineia i?aaeoaeuenoai ia iiaei, eiia/ii, ia aeaeaoue anae iianiinoe
oeacaiiiai yeiiiie/aneiai i?ioeanna e ?anoouae i?ieaoa?ecaoeee ia?iaeiuo
iann, e a oa/aiea anaai ?anioaeeeaineiai ia?eiaea iu aeaeei ?yae iiiuoie
inoaiiaeoue yoio i?ioeann e oae eee eia/a iiii/ue aaaeiaeoei yeaiaioai
ianaeaiey. Oeie/iuie, ia?eiaee/anee iiaoi?ythueieny ia?ii?eyoeyie a yoii
iai?aaeaiee yaeythony neaaeothuea:
a) Caeiiu, eanathueany caaeieaeaiiinoe e auniou i?ioeaioia. Oaea caeiiu
XII oaaeeoe onoaiiaeee maximum i?ioeaioia a 8 1/3% aiaeiauo (1/12 /anoue
eaieoaea a aiae, foenus unciarium – ex asse uncia295); e?aaeeoi?u,
aceiaaoea aieueoa yoiai, ?anniao?eaaeenue eae ?inoiaueee – foeneratores,
e aeieaeiu auee aa?iooue eceeoia acyoia a/aoaa?i (in quadruplum). A
iieiaeia IV aaea aei ?. O. aii?in i i?ioeaioao ia?aaeee iniaaiii ino?ue
e?ecen: iaecaanoiue ii eiaie caeii 347 a. iiiecee maximum caeiiia XII
oaaeeoe iaiieiaeio – aei 4 1/6 (lex semiunciaria), a /a?ac ianeieueei
eao (342 a.) caeii Aaiooeey (lex Genucia) aeae?aoe?iaae aeaaea iieiia
cai?auaiea i?ioeaioia. Ii, eiia/ii, caeii yoio iia auoue oieueei
ia?oai?iaeaeaiiui, e e eiioeo ia?eiaea iau/iue maximum % onoaiiaeeny ia
12% aiaeiauo.
A iniaaiii ino?ua ieioou ia?iaeiuo nioo ?eineia i?aaeoaeuenoai ?aoaeinue
aeaaea ia caeiiiaeaoaeueiia oie/oiaeaiea eee iiieaeaiea anao
nouanoaothueo a oio iiiaio aeieaia – oae iac. tabulae novae296. Ii, naii
niaith ?acoiaaony, ie oaeea /?acau/aeiua ia?u, ie caeiiu i
?inoiaue/anoaa ia a neeao auee ia?aeeciaaoue iniiaiuo i?e/ei
yeiiiie/aneeo cao?oaeiaiee e oie/oiaeeoue yeiiiie/aneoth ioaeaeo iaeieo
e yenieoaoaoeeth ae?oaeo: iie yaeyeenue iaeeeaoeaaie, e oiio aea ia
i?aeoeea eaaei iaoiaeeeenue.
b) Iaeioi?ui i?ioeaiaanii ?anoouaio iaaccaiaeaieth iann iiaei au
neoaeeoue oeaeaniia?aciia ?ani?aaeaeaiea oao caiaeue, eioi?ua i?eia?aoae
?ei a ea/anoaa ager publicus. Ii ?ei niio?ae ia yoio caiaeueiue oiiae
eneeth/eoaeueii n oeneaeueiie oi/ee c?aiey eacaiiuo aeioiaeia. Anee yoe
caiee ia ?ani?iaeaaaeenue, oi iie i?aaeinoaaeyeenue eee a a?aiaeo, eee
aeey occupatio ni noi?iiu anao e eaaeaeiai, i?e/ai, eiia/ii, e caeanue
aiaaonoai e eaieoae caoaaouaaee naaa eueaeioth aeieth. Oai ia iaiaa,
aaaeiaeoay /anoue ianaeaiey anaaaea oeacuaaea ia ager publicus eae ia
oio enoi/iee, ec eioi?iai, oioy au io/anoe, iiaea auoue oaeiaeaoai?aia
caiaeueiay ioaeaea ia?iaea. E i?aaeoaeuenoai io ii?u aei ii?u
ieacuaaeinue auioaeaeaiiui oaeiaeaoai?youe yoei o?aaiaaieyi. Ionthaea
iiiai/eneaiiua aa?a?iua caeiiu ?anioaeeeaineiai ia?eiaea, iauath
oeaeueth eioi?uo yaeyaony eee i?yiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea oie eee ae?oaie
/anoe ager publicus iaaeaeo iaeeeie caieaaeaeueoeaie, eee oaeia eee eiia
ia?aie/aiea iieueciaaiey iauanoaaiiuie caieyie aeey aiaaouo. Oeie/iui
caeiiii yoiai ?iaea yaeyaony (anee oieueei niiauaiea i iai niioaaonoaoao
enoi?e/aneie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe) caeii Eeoeeiey e Naenoey (368 a.), a
eioi?ii, e?iia noaouee ia iaeaa/aiee nouanoaothueo aeieaia,
ii?aaeaeyaony, /oi ieeoi ia iiaeao acyoue a iaeie ?oee ec ager
occupatorius297 aieaa 500 thaa?ia e auaiiyoue ia iauanoaaiiia ianoaeua
aieaa 100 aueia e 500 iaaoe. Ii ana caeiiu iiaeiaiiai ?iaea a eo/oai
neo/aa iaeaa/aee iieiaeaiea eeoue ia naiia ei?ioeia a?aiy.
Aieaa yia?ae/ii e ieaiiia?ii i?eiyeinue ca aeaei i?aaeoaeuenoai a yiioo
e ii ianoiyieth A?aeoia:298 auee ia?aciaaiu eiiennee aeey iniiaaiey
oeaeie naoe eieiiee ec iaeeeo caieaaeaeueoeaa ia eacaiiuo caieyo, auee
ioaaaeaiu caiee e o. ae. Ii e yoe ia?u ia i?eianee nouanoaaiiie iieuecu:
iiaua caieaaeaeueoeu ia ianoao naiaai iinaeaiey niiaa ano?a/aeenue n
oaie aea oicyenoaaiiuie oneiaeyie, eioi?ua iaaccaiaeeee eo ?aiueoa.
Iinea ecaanoiiai i?iiaaeooea iinaeaioeu iiyoue a?inaee oicyenoai,
i?iaeaaaea caieth e aica?auaeenue a ?ei. Caeiiu A?aeoia onoaiiaeee auei
aeaaea iaio/oaeaeaaiinoue ioaaaeaiiuo eieiienoai o/anoeia, ii iinea
aeaaee A?aeoia yoio i?eioeei iaio/oaeaeaaiinoe aue ioiaiai. Aianoa n oai
e eiioeo ?anioaeeee ager publicus a Eoaeee ieacaeny nianai ?icaeaiiui;
iineaaeiea inoaoee aai ooee ia iaania/aiea aaoa?aiia.
n) Ii i?aaeaieth, iaeiie ec noaoae oiai aea Eeoeeieaaa caeiia
i?aaeienuaaeinue e?oiiui caieaaeaaeaeueoeai oiio?aaeyoue aeey
aicaeaeuaaiey naieo iieae ii?aaeaeaiiia /enei naiaiaeiuo ?aai/eo
ni?acia?ii n /eneii eo ?aaia299. Anee yoi i?aaeaiea aa?ii, oi ec yoiai
i?aaeienaiey iiaeii caeeth/eoue, /oi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iuoaeinue e
oaeei iooai iaeoe i?eeiaeaiea naiaiaeiiio o?oaeo e ia?aie/eoue
anai?iieeathuoth eiieo?aioeeth ?aaia. Ii, i/aaeaeii, e oaeie i?eai
ia?a/ai aue ia oaeoth aea aac?acoeueoaoiinoue, eae e auoaoeacaiiua.
Aua?anuaaaiua ca ai?o ii?iaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie aeecie, eeoaiiua ?aaiou
e n?aaenoa nouanoaiaaiey, iannu i?ieaoa?eaa neiieythony a ?eia e
caieiatho oai aaniieieiia, a a?aiaiaie e oa?iaeathuaa iieiaeaiea.
I?aaeoaeuenoai iiiaaiea aeieaeii caaioeoueny i ieo, aeaaay ei e oeaa e
c?aeeua. ?acaeaaaony einoeooo frumentatio, oi anoue niaaaeaiea ia?iaea
aeaoaaui, a oi e i?yii aea?iaui oeaaii ca n/ao eaciu. Yoa iineaaeiyy
ia?a, aucuaaaoayny, eiia/ii, i?yiith iaiaoiaeeiinoueth ieioou, aua aieaa
oooaeoaea iauaa iieiaeaiea. Ana oa, eioi?ua aua iai?yaaee naie
iineaaeiea neeu a ai?ueaa ca naiinoiyoaeueiia oicyenoaaiiia
nouanoaiaaiea, aeieaeiu auee oaeaeaoue iaioaeiinoue yoie ai?ueau: eo
neoaeiia e o?oaeiaia nouanoaiaaiea aeieaeii auei eacaoueny ai?ueeie
e?iieae ?yaeii, i?aaaea, n oaeie aea neoaeiie, ii caoi niaa?oaiii
i?acaeiie aeeciueth ?eineie /a?ie, niaea?aeeiie ca n/ao eaciu.
Eiee/anoai oaeeo iaineiia?ia iaoaea?aeeii ?anoao, e i?e Oeaca?a /enei
iieo/athueo eacaiiue oeaa aeioiaeeo oaea aei 320 ouny/300
A oi naiia a?aiy, eiaaea ?ei caaiaauaae naaa ainiiaenoai iaae ie?ii,
eiaaea ii ?acaeaae naie aeaiie?aoe/aneea o/?aaeaeaiey, au?aaaouaae
iauaie?iaia i?aai, – a yoi naiia a?aiy, a naiue aeanoyuee ia?eiae naiae
enoi?ee, ii oaea oaee a naaa ?ieiaoth nioeeaeueioth aieaciue, eioi?ay
aiineea ?aceiaeaiea a noieue iiuiue ii aiaoiinoe i?aaieci e eioi?ay
aeieaeia auea iio?ynoe aai aei naiie aeoaeiu. Eieinnaeueiua aiaaonoaa,
i?acaeiinoue e ?aca?ao aeaii?aeecotho aunoea eeannu ianaeaiey;
aaciaaeaaeiay ieuaoa e oaeay aea i?acaeiinoue aucuaatho ia iaiueooth
aeaii?aeecaoeeth iecoeo; ia?iiiua iannu ?aaia, ?annaeaiiuo a iiianoueyo,
ia/eiatho caieiaoue oa?iaeathuaa iieiaeaiea. Aacaea niooa; aaciianiinoe
e ii?yaeea iao ieaaea. Iauanoai e ainoaea?noai ia?aaeeaatho iauee e
ino?ue e?ecen.
2. IAAeAIEA ?ANIOAEEEE
I?aaiaie no?ie ?eineie ?anioaeeee iaeaaeaao iiiaeie niaa?oaiii
naiaia?aciuie iniaaiiinoyie, eioi?ua yaeyeenue enoi/ieeii e aai aaee/ey,
e aai neaainoe. Anee iu ieeiai iauei acaeyaeii iniiaiua ia/aea yoiai
no?iy, oi iu caiaoei neaaeothuaa.
1) A iaeanoe ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaa iaeaieaa e?oiiuie iniaaiiinoyie
ioee/aaony no?iaiea ?eineeo iaaeno?aoo? e i?aaiecaoeee ia?iaeiuo
nia?aiee.
*oi eanaaony, i?aaeaea anaai, iaaeno?aoo?, oi, eae auei oeacaii auoa, eo
aeanoue, imperium, yaeythuayny i?iaeieaeaieai i?aaeiae oea?neie aeanoe,
iaeaaeaea i?eioeeieaeueiie iieiioie e iaia?aie/aiiinoueth; th?eaee/aneeo
ia?aie/aiee aa i?aaeaeia ii/oe ia nouanoaiaaei. Aeaaea ii ioiioaieth e
ia?iaeo iaaeno?ao a oa/aiea naiaai aeieaeiinoiiai aiaea i?eioeeieaeueii
iacaaenei e naiinoiyoaeai. Ii ni?aaaaeeeaiio caia/aieth Ea?eiaa, ia?iae
nicaeaaae naaa a iaaeno?aoa ia neoao, ia ia/oi iecoaa (minister), a
ainiiaeeia, oi anoue ia/oi aunoaa (magister). N iiiaioa anooieaiey a
aeieaeiinoue ii iieo/ae i?aai ioi?aaeyoue aa ii naiaio, niaa?oaiii
naiaiaeiiio oaaaeaeaieth. Oaeay naiaiaea aeaaaea, eiia/ii, aio
aiciiaeiinoue a eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii neo/aa aeaenoaiaaoue yia?ae/iaa ia
aeaai ia?iaea e ia ii oai eee ae?oaei ca?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiui oaaeiiai, a
niia?acii iniaaiiinoyi neo/ay e iieiaeaiey. A yoii caeeth/aeinue,
aannii?ii, ia?iiiia i?aeiouanoai ?eineeo iaaeno?aoo? ii n?aaiaieth n
aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie nia?aiaiiiai ainoaea?noaa302. Ii, n ae?oaie
noi?iiu, a yoie ii/oe iaia?aie/aiiie naiaiaea caeeth/aeanue e aieueoay
iianiinoue: naiaiaea oaaaeaeaiey eaaei iiaea i?aa?aoeoueny a naiaiaeo
i?iecaiea, e ia?iiiay aeanoue iaaeno?aoa, aianoi neoaeaiey aeaao
ia?iaea, iiaea ieacaoueny iai?aaeaiiie ia neoaeaiea oie eee ae?oaie
ia?oee eee aeaaea oai eee ae?oaei ee/iui eioa?anai.
I?aaaea, aiciiaeiinoue aic?iaeaeaiey aaniethoecia oaeoe/anee
ono?aiyeanue a ?eia e?aoeia?aiaiiinoueth neoaeau, i?aaii intercessio e
o. ae. Ii, ai-ia?auo, ia ono?aiyeanue aiciiaeiinoue ioaeaeueiuo
i?iecaieueiuo aeaenoaee, a ai-aoi?uo, naiua yoe ei??aeoeau aiineee iiaua
iaaeinoaoee a aaeieieno?aoeaiue iaoaieci ?anioaeeee. Iaycaoaeueiay
e?aoeia?aiaiiinoue neoaeau neoaeeea cia/eoaeueiui oi?iicii aeey
i?ioeaaoaiey ioaeaeueiuo aaoaae oi?aaeaiey. Ie iaeei iaaeno?ao, anee ii
eiae i?ia?aiio neieueei-ieaoaeue na?ueaciuo ?aoi?i a oie eee ae?oaie
iaeanoe aaeieieno?aoeee, ia iia a oaeie ei?ioeee n?ie i?iaanoe aa a
aeeciue; yoi i?eaiaeeei oaeoe/anee e oiio, /oi oi?aaeaiea (oeiainiaia,
iieeoeaeneia e o. ae.) oei ii o?aaeeoeeiiiui oaaeiiai e e eiioeo
?anioaeeee ieacaeinue ia ia aunioa iieiaeaiey. – Aiciiaeiinoue
aiaoaoaeuenoaa ni noi?iiu ae?oaiai, ?aaiiai eee aunoaai, iaaeno?aoa (jus
intercessionis) e ionoonoaea oi/ii ?aca?aie/aiiuo eiiiaoaioeee aiineei
oaeaea aieueooth iooaieoeo e iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue a aeayoaeueiinoue
ioaeaeueiuo iineoaeae aeanoe. – Eaaeaeay io?aneue ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey o?aaoao ecaanoiie niaoeeaeueiie, oaoie/aneie iiaeaioiaee e
iiuoiinoe io eeoe, eioi?ui iia aaa?yaony; iaaeaeo oai a ?eia aeey
eca?aiey a iaaeno?aou oaeie niaoeeaeueiie iiaeaioiaee ia o?aaiaaeinue.
Eaaeaeue iia auoue eca?ai a ethaoth aeieaeiinoue, a ii iauaio i?aaeeo
eeoei, iinayuathuaa naay aeieaeiinoiie ea?uea?a, i?ioiaeeei ana eo a
ca?aiaa ii?aaeaeaiiii ii?yaeea; iii/a?aaeii iii ieacuaaeinue oi yaeeeii
– e oiaaea caaaaeiaaei iieeoeeae, oi eaanoi?ii – e oiaaea iieo/aei a
naie ?oee aeaea eaciu e ainoaea?noaaiiiai a?oeaa, oi i?aoi?ii,
?oeiaiaeeaoei noaeii e th?enaeeeoeeae, oi eiinoeii – a ?iee
aiaia/aeueieea. Ii i/aaeaeii, /oi aaeaa ee iiiaea iaeaaeaee anaie
ea/anoaaie, iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey eaaeaeie ec yoeo aeieaeiinoae.
Aiiaua any iino?iaiiay oaeei ia?acii nenoaia iaaeno?aoo? iiaea aua
aiaeeoueny aeey oie iaeaiueeie iaueiu, eaeith aue ?ei a ia/aea
?anioaeeee, n ianeiaeiui auoii e ianeiaeiuie ainoaea?noaaiiuie
caaea/aie; ii iia ieacuaaeanue iai?eaiaeiie aeey oaeiai ia?iiiiai
ainoaea?noaa, eaeei noae ?ei n iiei?aieai Eoaeee e i?iaeioeee. Yoeie
iaaeinoaoeaie a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iauyniyaony oi oneeaiea ?iee
naiaoa, eioi?ia iaaethaeaaony ai aoi?ie iieiaeia ?anioaeeee a ?aciuo
iaeanoyo ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey. Ii yoeie aea iaaeinoaoeaie
iauyniyaony, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, e iiyaeaiea ?acee/iuo /?acau/aeiuo
aeeeoaoo? iineaaeiaai noieaoey: eeoei, i/ooeaoaany o aeanoe, anee iii
iaeaaeaei neeueiui, aeayoaeueiui oa?aeoa?ii e aieaa eee iaiaa oe?ieie
ainoaea?noaaiiie i?ia?aiiie, no?aieony inaiaiaeeoue naay io anao
oeacaiiuo noaniaiee – n?iea, intercessio e o. ae.
Ia iaiaa nouanoaaiiui ii?ieii no?aaeaao e i?aaiecaoeey ia?iaeiuo
nia?aiee. I?e anao eo ?aciiia?aciuo oi?iao e ?aoi?iao, iie a oa/aiea
anaai ?anioaeeeaineiai ia?eiaea inoathony iino?iaiiuie ii oeio nia?aiee
aa/aauo: eaaeaeue a?aaeaeaiei aeieaeai i?eieiaoue o/anoea a nia?aiee
iaiin?aaenoaaiii e ee/ii. Eaeay iieeoe/aneiai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, eaeay
ia?eaiaioa?iiai no?iy, inoaaaeanue aeey anaai aioe/iiai ie?a
iaaeinooiiie. Ia aiai?y oaea i na?ueaciuo iaaeinoaoeao oaeeo ia?iaeiuo
nia?aiee a aeaea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, noaea e o. ae., iaiaoiaeeiinoue
ee/iiai o/anoey eaaeaeiai oaeoe/anee i?eaiaeeea e oiio, /oi aeaeaei ia
ana ianaeaiea iiaei i?eieiaoue o/anoea a iieeoe/aneie aeecie no?aiu:
ianaeaiea ai?iaea ?eia yaeyeinue oaeoe/anee ainiiaeeiii anaai
ainoaea?noaa. E caeanue oaeie ii?yaeie aauae ia i?aaenoaaeye iniaaiiiai
i?ioeai?a/ey eeoue aei oao ii?, iiea ?eineia ainoaea?noai niaiaaeaei n
ai?iaeii ?eiii; ii eiaaea ?eineia a?aaeaeainoai ieacaeinue caieiathuei
anth oa??eoi?eth Eoaeee, ?aoaiea ia?iaeiiai nia?aiey ii nouanoao aeaeaei
ia au?aaeaei niaith enoeiiiai iiaiey anaai ianaeaiey ainoaea?noaa. Anee
aea aua i?eiyoue ai aieiaiea, /oi e eiioeo ia?eiaea a ?eia neiieyaony
ianna i?ieaoa?eaoa, aua?ioaiiiai ec ?aciuo iano, e /oi eiaiii yoa ianna,
aeaii?aeeciaaiiay i?acaeiinoueth e iiaea/eaie, ninoaaeyao iiaeaaeythuaa
aieueoeinoai a ia?iaeiuo nia?aieyo, oi eaaei iiiyoue auno?ue oiaaeie
aaoi?eoaoa yoeo iineaaeieo e auno?ia en/aciiaaiea eo a ia/aea eiia?ee.
2) Anee iu ia?aeaeai e iaeanoe a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa e
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaiai oai?/anoaa, oi e caeanue iu aeieaeiu ioiaoeoue
aiaeiae/iua /a?ou naiaiaeu e iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe. Oi, /oi auei neacaii
auoa ioiineoaeueii iaaeno?aoia aiiaua, iiaeao auoue iiaoi?aii
iieiinoueth e ioiineoaeueii oiai iaaeno?aoa, eioi?ue caaaaeiaae
a?aaeaeaineie th?enaeeeoeeae, – i?aoi?a. Iieiioa aai aeanoe, aeaaaaoay
aio i?aai a?aiaiaie aeaaea iinooiaoue aii?aee caeiio (aeaeaoue jus sine
effectu), iiiiaea aio naeaeaoue aaneiia/ii iiiai aeey a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aai?acaeoey. Ii, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, iaeuecy cae?uaaoue aeaca e ia
oaiaaua noi?iiu oaeie aeanoe. I?aaeaea anaai, naiue aeoaeeci i?aaiauo
nenoai n aai ?aciiia?aciuie nuda jura303 e o. ae. nicaeaaae a?aiaiaie
/?acau/aeioth caiooaiiinoue ia oieueei oai?aoe/aneoth, ii e
i?aeoe/aneoth. Caoai, aiciiaeiinoue aeey i?aoi?a ia n/eoaoueny in
concreto304 n i?aaeienaieyie caeiia nicaeaaaea ecaanoioth iaoaa?aiiinoue
aeey /anoiuo eeoe a oii, eae aoaeao ?ac?aoai ei oio eee ae?oaie
eioa?anothuee eo eiie?aoiue neo/ae, nicaeaaaea iayniinoue e
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue, iniaaiii /oanoaeoaeueioth aeey ?acaeoiai aeaeiaiai
iai?ioa. Iaeiiaoe, e caeanue naiaiaea oniio?aiey eaaei iiaea ia?aeoe a
naiaiaeo i?iecaiea. Eiia/ii, a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa i?aoi?u aeaenoaiaaee
oae, eae iiaeneacuaae ei aeeaie aiein iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey, eioi?ia e
yaeyeinue aeey ieo eo/oei eiio?iea?ii. Ii eiaaea aiein iauanoaaiiiai
iiaiey caiaieeny aanii?yaei/iui ooiii oieiu aac ii?aaeaeaiiuo eioa?ania
e ii?aaeaeaiiuo iauanoaaiiuo eaeaaeia, oaeay naiaiaea oniio?aiey
aeieaeia auea iaia?oaeeoue naie niiieoaeueiua noi?iiu. E
aeaenoaeoaeueii, a iineaaeiai noieaoee ?anioaeeee caia/aaony oaiaeaioeey
e aieueoaio aiaeai?aieth a iaeanoe a?aaeaeaineeo ioiioaiee i?eioeeia
caeiiiinoe: lex Cornelia (ni. § 19) yaeyaony au?aaeaieai yoie
oaiaeaioeee, oioy e ia yaeyaony aa iieiui inouanoaeaieai.
3) Iaeiiaoe, a iaeanoe oaieiaiiai i?aaa e i?ioeanna nouanoaaiiaeoeie
iaaeinoaoeaie yaeyeenue: a) ai-ia?auo, oaeaea iaaeinoaoi/iay
ii?aaeaeaiiinoue oiai, /oi aeicaieaii, /oi cai?auaii, eai onoaau
ioaeaeueiuo quaestiones perpetuae anaai ia ioaaouaaee e inoaaaeanue aua
aieueoay noa?a, aaea aeaenoaiaaea ieeaeeie ii?iaie ia naycaiiay
aaeieieno?aoeaiay coercitio; b) ai-aoi?uo, i?eioeei /anoiie accusatio,
oi anoue caaeneiinoue oaieiaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey eneeth/eoaeueii io
/anoiie eieoeeaoeau ioaeaeueiuo a?aaeaeai. Yoio i?eioeei iia aiaeeoueny
oaeaea eeoue aei oie ii?u, iiea nioeeaeueiua e i?aanoaaiiua onoie
iauanoaa ia auee ?anoaoaiu, iiea iauanoai aeeei ii?iaeueiith e
eioaineaiith iauanoaaiiith aeeciueth. Eiaaea aea ana yoi iieieaaaeinue,
i?eioeei /anoiie accusatio noae oieueei enoi/ieeii iiiai/eneaiiuo e
naiuo iai?eyoiuo ceioiio?aaeaiee.
Oaeei ia?acii, ai anao naiuo iniiaiuo iaeanoyo ainoaea?noaaiiie aeecie
iu ano?a/aainy n oaeeie e?oiiuie iia?aoiinoyie a no?iaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaoaiecia, /oi aeanoyuaa ?acaeoea ?eia a ia?eiae
?anioaeeee iiaeao iieacaoueny ianeieueei iaiiiyoiui. Ii iii noaiao
niaa?oaiii iiiyoiui, anee iu i?eiai ai aieiaiea oo /?acau/aeii
eioaineaioth iauanoaaiioth aeeciue, eioi?ay oae oa?aeoa?ia aeey ?eia.
Aanue ?eineee ainoaea?noaaiiue iaoaieci aeey naiiai naiaai
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey i?aaeiieaaae ?acaeoia, niciathuaa naie eioa?anu e naie
i?aaa iauanoai e iinoiyiiia, iaoeeiiiia o/anoea aai a iieeoe/aneie
aeecie. Yoi iinoiyiiia aeeaia o/anoea yaeyeinue eo/oae aa?aioeae i?ioea
anyeeo iiiuoie naiiaeanoey e i?iecaiea, aneaaenoaea /aai ?eieyia
iieueciaaeenue auaiaeiuie noi?iiaie iacaaeneiiai iieiaeaiey naieo
iaaeno?aoia, ia iianaynue noi?ii iaauaiaeiuo. I?e oaeeo oneiaeyo ana
ioia/aiiua iia?aoiinoe ?eineiai ?anioaeeeaineiai no?iy yaeyeenue oaie
iai?aaeeueiinoyie a aeeaoa e ia?aca aeecie, eioi?ua aei ii?u aei a?aiaie
iia iicaieeoue naaa iaiaueiiaaiii caei?iaue iauanoaaiiue i?aaieci.
Ii iieiaeaiea ?acei aeieaeii auei eciaieoueny, eiaaea iienaiiue auoa
i?ioeann yeiiiie/aneiai e aeooiaiiai ?aceiaeaiey a ei?aiue ?anoaoae
onoie iauanoaaiiie aeecie, iiae?ue oo ?aaeueioth iauanoaaiioth iniiao,
ia eioi?ie noiye aanue ?anioaeeeaineee ainoaea?noaaiiue iaoaieci.
Oiaaea ana aai iaaeinoaoee noaee aeaaaoue naay /oanoaiaaoue, e /ai
aeaeueoa, oai neeueiaa. Ia?aae ?eiii anoaea i?iaeaia: eee aiiaue
aic?iaeeoue iauanoaaiioth aoiinoa?o, eee aea ia?ano?ieoue i?aaiecaoeeth
o/?aaeaeaiee. Ia?aia auei au, auoue iiaeao, oeaeaniia?aciaa e eo/oa, ii
aeey yoiai ioaeiu auee naiua ei?aiiua nioeeaeueiua ?aoi?iu, ia eioi?ua
?eineia iauanoai ?aoeony ia iiaei. Aoi?ia ia aeaaaei ?aaeeeaeueiiai
ecea/aiey aieacie, ii auei n?aaieoaeueii i?iua e eaa/a. E ?eineay
enoi?ey iioea ii yoiio aoi?iio iooe.
Ana iineaaeiaa noieaoea aeeaao yoie io/eoaeueiie iuneueth – ia?ano?ieoue
?anioaeeeo. Niooiia e o?aaiaeiia ninoiyiea iauanoaa ia aeaao ie a?aiaie,
ie aiciiaeiinoe aeey niieieiie ?aaiou a yoii iai?aaeaiee. Acaiai aa
iiyaeythony aeeeoaoo?u n /?acau/aeiuie iieiiii/eyie: Noeea a ea/anoaa
dictator legibus scribundis et rei publicae constituendae305, Oeaca?ue a
ea/anoaa dictator perpetuus306, aoi?ua o?eoiae?u307 a ea/anoaa tresviri
rei publicae constituendae consulari imperio308 e, iaeiiaoe, Ieoaaeai
Aaaono, n eioi?iai ia/eiaaony iiaue ia?eiae ?eineie enoi?ee.
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