?????e ?????a?? ?????o ??e E. E??
????
E?AUAIEA IO?IINEIE CAIEE
Au???:
N??? I ??a
E?????? ?????
N?????? ???y
E????? 2009a.
E??i? I???? ??e
A?? I?? y?y?y ???i ????e ????e i??? ??e, ??????e a ??? e ???i ???e I? e
????? i??????? ???e — ??-???i ???i, ???i ???, a ??a ??y?? — ????e ?
????? ???.
Ia ????e a ?????? A????i Nay????? ????y I???? ??e ??????ny a ?? ???nyo —
I?i???e e A??????. N???i I????? ????, ?y? A???? ???e I???oth ??th, ?
A?????? — ??? ???e ??? I??a.
I??i ? ??? ???e ??i «AE?? ?ycy E????? I????? ??????, ?e ??atho ??????e,
a XVI ????. A ?i ??ue ????e ???? a ?????? ??????y ?ycth E????? Nay????o
e ?i ???yi I??? e O??o. «AE?? E????? I????? — ???e ????. A? ?????ue, ?
??eth ???, ?????e ???a ????a ???ey i ??? ?????? e y???? a I???? ??a. I?
y?i ? ???y ?-???, ???i ??????ue ????a ?????? ???, ??y ?i ??i ???? a ??
??????. O?, ???a?, a ??i ??? ???? ? ?y?e, ?i ???? «I??» ????i ? ???? e
????o ??, ???? ?e ???i ???e ??ae. ???? i ?i, ?e ????? ?o ???ey ????, a
???e ???e y?y?ny ???i n ????i «I??? ????o ?? i ???? ??eyi e ???? ?????,
?i ? ?e???? ???i ? ????, ?oy, ?? ??o, ???? ? ?? ???o i??oyo ?????i ????
????i, a ?nth? e ???? ????o n???e.
A ??e ????y, ?i ?y? A?a A?????/, ?e?? ??????a ? ??? ?? A????, «??a… ?
??o I??o e ?? ?ae ???, e a I??a ??a ???? eth? ??? ?????y e ????ny, e
?iya ?ae ??? I??? e ??a. E ???? eth?a ?ycth A?? ? c??ny, e ?????e ?y?
A?a ?o ???? eth?e ? ???, ? ??a Io?? ??a 12 ??? e ?o ?… a ???? ????o ?a
??».
Ii ????o ??e ???: a ?????e ? ??ae I?? a ??a O-??? XI a.? «I??? ????o ??
???? ? y?o ??? ????a??. A??? y?o ??ae a ?e ??y?o ?ae 6370 (862) a.
Ii ???????a ????y, ??????y a I??a, ????e A.E. A?th??e ????, ?i a VIII—IX
?. ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????i ?ia. «I??? y???? ???u ??? a
??? ?????? ???, — ??? ????????a, — y?y?ny ????i ??????? ??, ?i ? XI a.
I?? ? a ??e ?? ? ?e ???i ???i… a IX e ?? a ??? XI a. ? ??a I??a ?e
?yae ????o ??ay?? ????». Ai?th?? ???o, ?i ?y? A?a ???e ? ?? a ???? ?
??ae I??, a ??th, ????oth ???e. A ?e ? ??? ????, ??a ???e ??e n???y ????
??????. «N ??? XI a. a ????? ?? I??a ?y?yth?y ??, ????, ????i, ??o ??
?y?? ? ??y??i ?????, ?y???ny ??ue ? ??a y?? ????. «AE?? E????? I?????
????, ?i ??????i I?? ?e ????? «? ? ?i ??a, ?a ?? ??, ? ?e ??a a ?i ?
??a, ??iy?a ?ay ???i ? ????i ???.
I????? ??? ? ??? ??i ??i ??ue ???? ??, ?i ????e ? ??e ???? I??a. E?? ??,
???e a?? IX—X ?. ?yae ? ?e ???? ??e??i, ? ???i ????a ??ue e e ???? ????e
???, ???i?a ??????? e ?????. Ii ?a ?? ??? ?????? ???u? – ????, ?? ????a
????a ????ue ??? ? ??y ????e. I??o ?i e ????? ??ue ???, ?? ??? ????. Ai
?y?i ??? ?, ?i ????e ? ??e I?? — ??ae IX—X ?., ? ????, ?i ? ??a ?
?????e. A????a ????e — ???? e ??a ????tho ????, e ?o ????e ? ? ???.
Ec «AE?ey E????? I????? ??i ??th?oue, ?i A?a ?y?e a I???? ??a a 1013
(1011)—1015 ?., ??a ?? ?? a E?a. I???i ? ? ?? ?? ?i e «E??ey ?????y»
A.I. O???a, ?? ? ?o? ? ?????? ????u, ????? ?ae 6518 (1010) a.: «I????y a
I????a A???a, ?i A????a. E ?e A???? I???ae ss???o, a A??o ???a, ss???eth
???, A??, ??o ?i, —I??, ??? A???o, ?e ? ????a ?e ?? ?????. Ii A. I.
O???o, ? 1010 a. I???ay ??y ?e????a A??o, ? ? ?i ? ?e, a ????y a E?? ?e
??; ??a ??? A???? ????e ???e ?y??? ????, a ????? ???? A?? ???ny I??. A?a
?a ? ??o ???ue ? ?y??a a I???oth ??th, a ??c ?a-o? ??, ?y?? ????a ?i
????ey ?i ???? ? ????. N?ae????i, ?????? A?? n «????? ????e ??i ??i a
1013(1014)—1015 ?.
Ae?? a ??e ????y, ?i ??a ??? A????a Nay????a, A??a e A?? (?a ?? ??? a
1015 a.— a eth? — ??y?a) «???a ?? ?? ? ???? ?ycy A???? e ? ? ??? ??o
?????e ?y? E????i Nay????ue e n ?i ?i?a ?i ?y? I??e e ?y? O???, ??a ?
E?? ? ??o I??o, e ??? ?ae ?? I??, e ? ??a I??a ???? eth?e ?????y ? ???e
eth??, e ??ue o i? ?? ??? ?ae ??? I??? e ??a o ?????? ?ycy E????? ?? ?i
???? ?????? ?ycy I???. E ??? ? ?o ??o ????ue e ?? e ???eth ??th ?????e
?y? E????i n ??i ?i? ?y?i O???i ?? I?? ?ye e ???? eth?e ? ??a I??a ???e
e ???? ?????, e ???a ???i ?y?i a ??? ???? ??????? ?? A?????y ????e
A????u e ?? ??? ?a????i ?ycy I??? o A?????y ????y A????u ???e…».
Ae?? a ??e ????y, ?i ?????a ????a ???u «????… ?y?? ???ey, e ?a ???e
???a ?». Ec ????a ? y?i, ??? ??? ???, ??? ?i ????a y???a ??????a
?y?yi-????eyi, ??a a???i ???? ??ue ?????e. I?a a ??e ????ny, ?i ?y?
E????i a ?? ? ?? ????? ? ???? ??e ? I? ????ny, ??a ? ??o ???ue ? ???
???e. Y?o ??o ???i ?y???ny n ????i i ?y?e I??a ?y?i E?????i. I??? ??? ??
????u ??e ? ?? Ieo ????ny, ?i E????i ???e ? ????y?, a ? ?-? ??, ?i ?e
«????» ??ue ?????e. O??a i ???e ???? ????ny y?y?ny ????e ???? ?????i
?????y a ??ithth ??n? ? ????e a ?????? ???e I??a. I?? ???ey ???e ??? ?y?
E????i «i??a ? eth?i ???e ??? ?y?y ? ??o ??o e ?nyi, e ?i ???a ????a??th
???ue ? ?y ????e A????u, ???? e ???? ? A??a??ey, e ???? ???e ???a e ?iy?
? ?y?o ???o ??y?, ??? e ????e ?????a ?a?i ????e ???ey; e ???a ??? ?? ?
?y ??????oe A??a e A?? e ???e o ? ??a ????…». Eiy? E????i Nay???? ?
??e ??e ??? ?e a I??a e ?e ????i o ??? A?????y ?y?i ? ??? ???y?.
I?? ?i ??? ??? y???? e ???? a I???? ??a ??????: «Ii ?????? ? ?????? ????
eiycy E????? ??? ??i ???? e ? ????? ??a I??a ? i???o eth?e ??? a I?? ??
?????e ?y? A??? ss????ue e ???e ?? ?? a I??a, ??? e ?y? ?i e ?e ??e
????e, e ??? ???a e ???a…».
O??i ?n? y?? ???u ??? ? y???? e ?????? ??a ?e ??a ??? ?????ue e I??n?e
??a. A ??e ? ???? ??y ?e ?????ny ??? ?????? ?ae y????i a I??a: «O? ?
????a ??i e ??? ??u ???, ???? ??ay?? ??e e ???? ????? e ? ???y?y, ?a
????. E ??ycyi e ???i ???yth??y, ??y ?? ??? ??ath??y e ?????e a ?
???ath?e, ?a ????. A? ?iy ???th?e e ? ???o ???ay ????y ?????y n ?? a
??th ???ath?e, e ??u e ???y e ?oe ?????y o??y?e?» I?? ? ???y? ?? y?i
????yi ??y? I? ????ey?ny, ???. E?? ??e ?a? ??oy ??i ???? ????? ?a y?
???y? *?? ???ue ???e I??a? Ii ??i y? ??i ?? ???? N 1392 a. I?? ??? a ???
I????? ?????a, e ? ae????a ? ??i, ??u ?i ????a ????? a ??e-?? ????e e
I??a. AE?? y?i ???ey?? ??i-? ???i ??i?? ???i a ?eyo ?y??ey e ??????ey
???o ????o ?yo? — ?ycy E????? Nay????a e ?i ???e. A?? ?????e ?e ?i
?????e ??e-? ??? ???e ????, ?? ??o, ??? ?e ??e ? ????o ???e, a ??a ???e
a ??a ?a-?i ? ?ay. I???? ??i ???????y ?e ???a ?iy??a.
Ii ??a ?????e ?a ????a ?? ???y?
I??a ?n????? ???? ???? ? y?o ???. I? ????? ?y?? ??a ??y??o a ??e ?y?e n
?? ?y?y?, ???a ?i ???? ? ???nyi.
O?, ????, Ae. E. E????e ???, ?i E????i Nay???? ??y ?????o? ss???o
Nay????o, ????? ?ycth, ??o ss???a I???, ???y??o I???? ??? a ??? XII a.
Iiy?? e ????? ?????? a I?? ? ???e ??a e ??? XII a. A? ???? ???a ????? o
I. I. O????a, ???e ???i ???e, ?i ?????? ??? ss???a Nay????a, ?e ?i ????
? «I????ey ???a Ae??? ? Nay?e ??a a ??? XII a.», ?? I????, a ? E????i.
E.E. E??? e A.A. A????? (????e ??? ???c i ???? ????, ??u??e a ??e, ???
????) ????, ?i ??? I??a ?? ???? a ?????? a ??a XI a. A??u «N???a ? A????
e ???i A?????e ????» ???? ???? ???? e ??o XII — ??? XIII a., ????o, ? ?
???, E????i Nay???? ?? a 1205 a. I. N???y??e, ??ay? ? ?? ? ????e ??y, ?a
?? ?????u ?? ??? E????? e ?i ?? O??a, e ???y, ?i ?e ?????otho ????????,
????? ???, ?i ???? ???? ??i ??i ?? a OO a. I. I. O???? ??a ?e ???i ???y?
???? ??i ????y ?y?e (1224 e 1232 ?.), ??????i a ??e, ?e ?e «??? ??y ???o
i ???? ???, ????o ? ??? ?y?e, ?a ??e ?? ???? ? ??a e ?? ? ????. A ? ?
??y ??????ue ?y?e, ?i ???? ???? e ??? OO a. ?? ?a ??iy??ny ???, a E????i
Nay???? ?e ????i a ????? ???? ?? ? ???? n E?????i A???, «????? ?? e
?????? ?i ?? ???? ? 21 ?y, ??a ??????ue ???????? E????i e A??».
Ie ???i???, ie ?????ue ??y, ??? a XVI a., ? ???? ???ey ? ?, ?i a ????a
E????i Nay???? e ?i ???y ?oy e ???u ???? ??????? ?ycy A???? («???a ?? ??
? ???? ?ycy A????»), ? ? ???yo ? ???????e ?y?e e ??, o. a. E????i
Nay???? e ?i ???y ????ey? ??e ??a-? ???a ?a???? ? ?? ???? ????i ?ycy.
I?? ??i ? ????a ? i??? ???ey e ? ?, ?i E????i Nay???? ??? ? ??? ?i?uey?
?y??y a I???? ??a «? ? ??? ??? ??a ??? A?ae??a, A??a e A??. N??????, ?e
???? a ???? I???oth c?eth a ??? XI a.
Ec «E??? ?????? A.I. O???a ?i ???? ??a, ?i a 1023 a. ?? ss???a I???
I???a A?????/ O???, ?y? ???????, ????? ? ????? ?????? ??e ?????y e ?i
???yi, ???? ? ?a ???e. A ??o ? y? ????? ss??? ?e ??o I?i??th ??th «?i
In??? ? ?oy ?? ???i, ??e ??? ???? ? ss???a…». N?? ??o ??uey? ?-? ????o
???? ????ny E????? ???, e e??? ss??? I??e ?e ???, e A????i ??i, ? ????
I??e?o ??? ?a ???a ???e, ??????a ? ??th ???o ? Ae??a, e ?i ??a e I???ay.
Ec ??y ? ?i ????, ?i E????i Nay???? ?? ? ?y??e a I??a e ?e ????i ??a ??o
???e (???a???, ?i ???e ?i O?? ????y ??? ??). Ii ss??? I??e ? ?? ?
???y??ny ?e ??? a 1023 a. I???? ???, ?? ? ?a ? yaey?? e y?? ???e ?????
???. I???a ? a ????? ??ae y?e ??? ? ??e ??? (1036).
C?? ???o ????, ?i ?a ??— 1023 e 1036 ?.— ???y?y ?? ? ??????o ??????th.
I? ??i ? ???yth?y, e ?o ?????e a ?i, ?i ????, ? ???? ?e ?? ?????? i?
???? ???????e ??e «I??? ????o ??, ? ?e ??i???i ? ?????? ??????a. O?,
????? ?ae 1024 a. a «I??oe ????o ?? ???? i ????e a N????? ??a, ?????a
??ae ? ????? ????a i ??? I???aa O???i a E???th ??th, ???o ????? ? 1024,
a 1032 ??i. Iiy?? ??? ????, ?i ss??? I??e ?e ??? ??o a ???? I???oth ??th
? a 1023, a a 1031 a., a I???a O??? ??? ? ? ? 1036, a ? 1044 a.
O?? ???i, ????ny, ?i ????y a ??e ??? E????? Nay????a n «????? ?????
eth?? ???a? a ????? «? ? ??? ??? ??a 1015 a. e ???? ? 1023 (1031?) a.
E??e, I???a O???, ?e y? ??i ? Eth???? ????, ?? ?????? ?y «E?????. Ii n
?i ?y?? ????a a ??e ???y ????? ? ??oth?i ????: 1) I???a ?e A?ae?????, a
? Nay?????; 2) I???a ?e ? ?? ? ??, ?i e A??i? Nay?e, A?? e A?a, a «???a
?? ?? ?»; 3) I???a ?e e ?? a *???? e ?i ? ?e ????i a N???i ??? a ???a ?
E????? I????i.
Ii ??th ????ny, ?i E????i Nay???? ae??u ??? a I??a ???ue A?????y: a ???
?c ??o ? ??a c??? ???, a ? ??? ?c — ??a ???ey ????. Ii y? ??iy???? ?
???y ????. Ae??????, ??o ? ??a ?y?y I??a ? ???o ?ycy ?a? ?? ?????a ?
??oth ?? ????a-??y?a, ???a ? ???e ??a ?????a e ??????a ?????.
A ??e ??a ????y, ?i ?i ? ?y?i a I??a ?e ????i e A??????e ???. I??i ?? ?
a y? ??y A?? e A?a, ???y A???? Nay????a, ?a ???????? I?? ? ?? o? ??a
???ue ??u a ? ??ue?
A ????o ????? XI a., a ????e a «N???e i ???o A??a e A??», a ??a a «AE??
A??a e A??» ????ny ??ue, /? ?????y ???e A???? ?? ????y? a ?y??a ss???a
I??? e a ?e ??ye ???a ???? ????? (n 1007 a.) E??. N???y? ss???a e E??a a
A???? ?ae E??i ???ny ???ue-?????a, ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? a ????a?e ??? ??
???a, ???y ???? ?????? A??????ai ???, a ??a ???????y ?? ?????y ?y?o — 24
ethey. Iiy?? e ????? a I??a A??????? ??? E?????i Nay??a??i a 20-a ?e a
??? 30-o ??e XI a. (?? a ????a ????i ?????? ??????a) a???i.
I???a O???, ???? ???e I??, ?i ? ?e, a ??? ??e ?????e ??ae *???a. Iiy??
??????i, ?i ????? ?ycy a I???? ??a, a ??a ???? ???ey ? ???i?i ? ???u
?y??? ??????e ???i e ??, ?i ?i ??ue ?n??????e y???? ????y, a ?????? ??u
????ue a ????? ??iy?e. Ii ??th, ????a ?? ????? ?? ??oy ??i ?o ??a ???
E????? Nay????a ?e ?y? A??? ss???e?, ????i a I??a ?ith ????eth, ????? ?i
??o ?y? e ??ia, ????? e ????? ????a ??? ? ???u.
*? ? y? ?e ? ?y? e ??a ? ?y??y a I??a?
E????e ???????ue ???e ?????oue ?i n ????i ?y?i TH?? ss?????, ???e, ?e ?i
???? ? e????, ??? I???oth ??th a 1129—1143 ?. I??i ? ????? ???e?a ?i
???? e ???: ?a ? ??? ??? ? XI — ??? XII a. a I??a ??iy?i ?y?? ???a ?y?y:
??? E???, Ae??, I?a e ss??? Nay????e — ???y ???? ????i ?ycy Nay???a
ss????a, a ??a Ecy?? A?????/ — ?i A???? I???a. Y? ??????? ????e ? ????e
? ???y y???? a ???a ??? ?y???.
A.E. A?th?? ????, ?i ??? ?e ??ae a XI a. ?????ny ???e ???ey?e ? ???u
???? ??y??? ???iey e ??y? ?? «??ue ???????e ?y ?????, ?????, ???e
??????? ????y? ??th?. E ??a ????????a ?????: «E???? ????? XI— XII ?., ?e
???i, ?tho ?? ??yae — ???????. O?????ey ???tho a y? ??y ??e ?????i. Eo
????? y?y?ny ??? ????ue ?????? ???, ? ??e ???? e ?????y ?? ????…». Ii
? ??eth, ???ey?y ??? ?? ???? ?ey?? ???? ??? ? ???a ????a, ????i ??????,
a ??a ??????? ???????e ???i ???a.
E ??????i, ?c ??????? ????? i???ey ???ey?y ????y, ?????? a ??? e ???i
???e I?, ? ??a ? ??e ??ue ???? ???e. N??????, ?i ??i e??ue ?ycy, ????i
?y A??? ss???? e ???i ???? a ???? XI ???ey.
A?ue ??o, y? ?e ?? ? n??? ss???a I???? O?????a ??a ?????a ???e ss???a ?i
????: Ecy??-Ae???, Nay???-I???, A???ae-A??e, Ay???-I???e. I?????e ??th?y
?????? ??a ?? ?? ???e ss???a: A????, ????? ?th ??ue ? ?y??e a I????
A???, ??? ???i ? I???? ??e (?. a 1052 a.), a ??a E??y. I ????i ?i ????,
?i a 1054 a. ss??? I??e ??ae ??e ???th ???e ?i A????-A???? ???ueth,
?????e n I???, ???e E?? ???ye ?e ??. I?? ??? ???? ?a? Ay???a-I???y a
1057 a. E?? ?e ????i ???i ???? ?y?i Ecy??? ss????? ? ?y??a a N???e, ?a e
????y a 1060 a.
E????, ?i ???? ???o XIV a. ssi Ae??o, ??????? ?e ????e ??? ????i ??????i
??a ???a ????? ???o ????e e ???? ???, ???? E??y ss????a A????, ?i a ????
? ???e y?e ???? A??? ?e A???e. Ae??? ?? ??? ???? e ?y «E??». Ei ? ?????,
????, ???? e???? ?ycy E??y N???. N??????, Ae??o ?? ?????? ?y E??y
ss????a, ???a ???i «A???».
Ii ?? y? ?e, ? ????o ???: ??a E?? ss????/ ?a ???ue I???? Ii ???y a 1036
a. I? ???? ?i ???ey n 1054 ? 1060 a. I?? 1054 a. I???ay ??y ? ????th
ss???a I??? ???e??a Nay???o e ?i ????, a ??? ath E?? ???ue ? ?a. I???y
??? ??: I?? E?? ss???? ???e ?a ?e ??e ?? ? 1054 a. E yoi ??y?o ?e ??????
y???. Ia ??e ?????? ???, ??a ?y?y ???ey? ??o 6-8-??? ???e ?ae ????? ???o
?y?-??? ? ?y??a a ???a ???. A ??? ????y?i, ??u E?? ? 18-???i ???? ? ??
?????? ?y??y. N??a ??i, ? ?e ????i ??i a I?? a e?? 40-o ?e a ??? 50-o
??a XI a. A y?i ??? ??????a ?????a ?????? a Io?? ???o ????? ??? ??? ????
XI a. E ?? E????i Nay??a?/ ?? a ??? 20-o ??a XI a., ? ? ??y??y a I??a
E??y ss????a ??????i ??? ??? ???e: 25—30 ?o.
O?? ???i, e a ????i ???a ? ?????ny n ??iy??? ????? a ?????? ????y. Ia
??th??, ?i ??????i ?????? ???? a I???oth ??th ?a a ????a A???? Nay????a,
o. a. a ??a X ?e a ??i ??? XI a. C?? a ?? ? ????o ?i ??? ???u ???e?ue ?
??????, e ?? ?? A???? A?? a 1014—1015 ?. ? ???ue ? i???? ? ?? ???????.
O??i ?ycth E????? Nay????o, ?????? e ???? ???th ??, ???ue ????ue ???e
y?e ???e ????? ???u ??e ??ue ????ny e ??????. I??i ? ???th E?????
Nay????a y???? ??ue ?????i a Io??. «I???e eth?» ??????? ????eth ??a I??a
e ???a?? a ?i ?????? ???. I?? y?i ????e ?????? a I?i??th ??th ???y ?? a
??a ??? ???? XI a. Ai ??? ???? XI—??? XII ???ey ?????? n ?i?ueth ?y???
??? ?????ny a I???? ???e, ?oy ????ua ?????e ????e y???? a y? ??y
?iy?yth?y ???? y?i. Y? ???o, ????, i ???e ????y o ????? ???i ???a. A??a
????i ??a, ?i a I???? ??a e a XII a. a ???, n?? ??ath??y ?y???o ???eth,
?????? ????a ?????, ?-???? ????th?a y???oth ???th.
N??e ?????:
1. ??? I. I. ???ay Oe??? a IX – ??? ??e XII a. I?iy?a ??????. – I.: A?o.
Oe., 1988a. – 416 n.
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