????
E?? a ??? ???i N?????uey: n??, ?e??a, ????.
E????? 2010.
IEAI
N????e e ???????e ??e.
A??yy ???? e ???a ????y.
E???a.
N??e ?????.
NIOeEAEUeIUE E AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE NO?IE
A ???yo ?????? E?ay ???????y ?????y ?????? ? ???o ???o ????, a ?????
?????a ???? ??i ???e ?y ???ey ???e ??????e ???u.
A ???? ?e ??? ???a, ?e e ??? ????? ??i ????ue ???y ???ey n ?e ?????ueth,
?i ?a ????ue ????e ??? nth??? — ?????a, ?????????? a ??a ?????. E??y
??????y ???ue (a ??i ? ?? ???) ??a ?? ???a ????y e y???, ?? y??????
?????a, ?? ?i ???, ????e e ??u.
A??th ??? ?????th?? ??? ???? ???ey? ????????y ??????ay ?????ey. C?? ????
???? ????yi ????? ???a e ???. E??e ??e ??????y ?????oth?i ???? ??e.
E ??????e ??e ???ey?? ????a ?????u ?c ???a, «??i ??????, ? ?????u ?
???eth. A E?? ? ?????? ???? e ???????? ??e ???? ????a e ????th ???o
??????e e ??? ??o ?????? ??ueth.
C?????th ????o ?????th?? ??? ???ey? ????e, ?????? ??? ??y??i ?????i
E?ay, ????a ??? ???????? ???. I? ???? ????a ?o?? ? ??????e ???? ??a e
???? ? ?ay? ???,, a ??? ???? ??i — ? ??a ??? ??????y. Ii ??i e ??? ?ee
???a ??????y, e ???o ??o ???????a ?????y i??a a ?? ????? ???ey ?e ????y.
Ie ???, ? ??, ? ??i ? ?????a ??????a ? ?????? ? ?????. I?? ?e??ey
??????a ???y?? ? ?? ??e ?o ? ?????: ?? n??? y???u e ????? ???ue ???? ?a
??ue ????? ? ????ue, a ???????i ????. O??i ?????i ??????o ?ey???io ????o
?? ?ae ?? ????? ??o ????a ??? y????e??a ???e. O? ????ey?? ???????ue a
?iy?e ??? ?n?????? ????? ??????y? ?????th?? ???, ????i ????e ?y?? ??a
?????ey.
E?? y??????? ??a ? ?e ???. A??ay ??ue ???yi a VII a. ???ey?? e ?e ?????o
«???o ???». A ? ?y???? ???e ????a ??e e ??????a ????? ?? ??a ?????e.
I??eyth?a ?????i «???i ???» ???ey? ??y?. E ???e ??? ?????? ?????a ????,
???e, ??u ??a, ???o ??i ?? ???iy? e ?????????i ??? ?i???. I???? ??e ?
«???i ???», ???a ?????? ??/??i ??e, ?????? ?? ??i-????o, «???? e ??a. A
E?aa ?iy?a ?????i ????ue ????.
E?eth????y ??????y, ?? e ????ue?? a ?cy????a ?? ???yi ?????otho ????a
????? ????. I???? ???? e ??? ??? ????. C????oe – ???? ?e ????? ?n???i e
? ?a ???? ??a ????. E «???o ???» ???ey? e ??????a, e ???, ????? ??oy? e
????oy? ?e ?, ?e e ???yi.
A ??i ?? ????? ???? ????y «?ae?e ???, ?eth??? ????? ??e ???o ?oe,
??i-????o, ??, ??a. A? ?e ?? ????? ????u.
N????y ????a ?????i ???? E?ay, ????y ? ????a ? ??? e ????? ????? ??? e
?????? ??o ?? ?????e, ? ??th?? ?????ey ? ??????e ????. Ae?a ???oe ?
?y??o ????????? ?????? ?a ???? a ?y? ??? ??a ?????th?? ???. E?? ??i e
???? ????, ??a ????a ???? a ????e ?e, ??a ??, ?????e a ???eth??.
N??? ???????? ????? e ath??????e ???o ?????? ? ??? ???ey ??a, ?????? a
ae??? ??. I?????? ????a n y?i ?????e ????? ?n??e ????? ?????e ???
??????o ???e.
A???ay ??? ????????ue a ??a ?i???a, ???e, ???y ???????e ???e, ??? ?e
???ue ???e ? ??? ???? e ???a, ??ay? ? ??????e ath???e??? ???o. Ii ????,
???? ???ny ??i I?a, ??a ???y, i??????i ??? ???? ?e e ?????i ? ??. Io ??
???a??, ??u ? ???e a ???o n ???? ????.
I? Ee O??a ???? ???????e ??o, ?? ???e ?????? ????? e ??? ????e. A????e
?????e ?? I?a ?? ?a ?ayny?. Eo ????e ???? ??u ???o???i ?? ?e ?ey???a
????e. O????a ???e ????ey?? ??c ?e ???. A??ay ? ?o ??? ???? ???????
?a?e, a ?a ??? ???? e ?????? ??u ?????, ????? a ?i ??ue ??? e ??????a
????e.
I??e ??? ?? ????u ??ue ????. A???? ??a ????i e ???y? ?????, ????? ?
????e e ?????. A???? ??y?a ???i ? ??th??? y??? e ??y?a, ? ???????th,
??????, ?????? ?????y?, ????? — ?? ?? ???? e ???a, ???i ? ????? e ???
???a.
A??? ????i ????? ???? ???, ????, ???e ???, ???? ????y? ? ???? ???e.
A?i??o ????e ?? ????u ??, oth??, ????????. A???ai ??o ?? ?? ???? ???u,
???ey? ???? ????? e ?a???eth ??o ??o ? ??????a, ?e ????? ??a e ????ao.
I? ??? ?? ??? ????ey ? ????a?th ???u ?????, ??????o ??o, ???a, ??? ????a
e??, ?????e ??? ?????o ??? e ???e ????a.
I??a ??i ???? ??? ?????a e ?i??o. Iay????th ?????a ?? ?????? ath???????
???? ?e a ???a, ?e e a ????e. I? ???? ???u ?????a?? ????th, ??y ??????a
????e. N?i ??????a ??ai ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???ue ??????e ??? e
??e??????ue ??????? ????yi ????? e ????? ?????e.
A ??? ???? O? ???y ?? ????a ? 10 ????e, a ?ith ???ue ????ey??ny ? ??? e
??u, ????o?ny ? ????yi a ?????e ? ??a ???? e ??u ????o ?i?a.
A??e ???? ???????? ???? ?ea ?????y y???? ?? ????. E???ey ????e ?????
???e ??????e; ????a y???u ?????ue ?e ?????e? ??a. Y??????ay ???a e ????
?????ey ???e ??????? ?????? y?????th ?????ue ?? ????. A??y ???ue ????
??? ??i ? 1, 2 e 3-e ??e ??a, a ??? n ?i e ? ????a ???o ???. Y??????ay
???a ???a ???i ??a?e ???????e ????? a ????e e ?????y ? ????i? ?? ??????
??e ????.
I?a ???o ???a ?iy? ?????a ??i???, ????y?? ?????? ??ey? — ?????. I???ay
a??o n ???i-???e ??????, ??? ???? ??? ???? i????? ???o ?e iy? ???, ??a
?e ??a ?????? ???i – ???????? ?????a ?????e.
N???u ?? ?? ????y, ??th?? ? ??????i ??e e ??????i, ? ??????e ???e ???a,
???? ?????th, ?????? ???? ???, ???? ? ??y?e e ?????a a ???a, ?????a
?????o ????e. Ei ????i ???ue, ??u ? ?? ??? ?????a e ???????a.
I? O?? ??????ue ???????a ??i????i ??a. A 653 a. ?e ????i, a a 737 a.
?????i «O? ethe ?? — ????eth?e ???, ????e ?ey?a ? ??? ? th????oth ??ue
Ee?y ? ??y??e ????? ????, ? e ???e ???? a ????o???a ?????? n E??i ??i
Ae???i A???.
A? ??????e ???e ?? ??????i, ???th?a ??? th????? ?????? ?? ?????. A???
i???? ????? ????y ??a ???? ??????y ????o?ey ?? ??? ??e, ???y ????ay
???ey e ???????ay ?????ey. AE??? ???? ???? ????y ??y?a ? ??? e i???? ???
?? I?a.
A ?? th????? ??, ?????? ?a a ??i??, ??? ?????ye y???? ????y a ?????a n
y??e ????. E?????ay ??? ??a ????a a ????e ?????? oy???i ??????i. N?ae
????o ???a ???eye ??? ??i ????y ??o ???????, ?cy??e e ???. A????? ??ae
???a ??y?? ????eyi e ?y???oyi «eth??o ???? ?? I?a e ?????? «???? ???» —
?????. O???y, ????ny y?e ????e, ???? a ???a ???u e ??????, ?????? ?a
???????o.
N ??e ???u, ??????i, ????? ??a?, ???? ????????a ????a: ??? ?? ???eye
????ue e ???? ???? ??? ????a. *???? ??e ???? ????? ????e ??i ????y ?
??a, ????e ?e ???. I??a, y? ???? ??????th ?y ?????? «???th ??», ?i ???ii
????? ??????ny. ???? n ????? ?????ue ???e?i ?????.
N ??? ???u, ???ey ????a ????? ?ae ????i ????i. E? ????a ?????ey ??i
?????i??? ?e ???? e ???e, ?e e ????y ?????o ??? ????e ?????.
E??n ?iye ? ??? ????a ?????th?? ???. N??? ????y ??a ?????? ???? e ???? ?
n??? ????i e ???. O?, ?cy?a ? ???? ??????ny ?? ????? ?a ???e ???e ??e, a
?????? ???? ????a ??i ?e ???e ???? ???? ??ueth.
O??ay ???y ???? ??????e ???ie ???; ??y ??iy? ? ???yi, ???a ?????ue ?
???th ?o?o e ????e ????. E??y ????y e ??a ???ey? ???, ????? ????e
?????y?. A??i ????? ???e O? ??o ???? ??????? ???a. A?ey ?? ????a ?
????ey, ???a ??e ??? ?e a ???a, ?e e a ????e. E?????? ??? e ???o ??iy?
????u. Ia ???? ??u ???o ????e ??i??ue ??????? e ??e ???. O??i ???????
???a ?/???a. A???, ?????y ?? ?????o ?????, ??e ???a y?????? ?????a.
AIAOIssss IIEEOEEA E AIAOIEA IOIIOAIEss
E?????y ???? ????y ???????ue ??y?i ???i ?e ???? ????y ??o ???e ??? ???.
O? ? ?eyi ???a e ae????y: ??????a ??o ??? ? ???, ????? ???????e ??e,
?????? ???? e ????e ????e ????, ?????a ??e, ?????a ??? ??y?o ??a ????e
?????e ? ??o ?????a. Y? ??? ???? y?i ?iy?y?? a ????yo n Oth??? ????i,
?????y ? A???? e C???e ? ???e i????ey a E?? ??? ???e N?. A ??? ? ?????a
??? a e?? VI a. ????a ????a ???u ????? ?????ue ? oth?e. I??a ???a ?i???u
?? ??y ?? ???e ? ??. Ii ?a a 628 — 630 ?. ?e ?????i ?????e ??ae ???
oth?e. Ca ?i ?????a ??y ??y ??????? ???a ? A???o ????o ??. A 640 a. ???a
??? ????? ??? ?????i A??i, ??????a a O????e ?????e. C?? ?? ????ithth ??o
??? ???. A 657 a. n ? ???th, a a 679 a. a ?th? n A???? ????i ?e ???e
??????e ?? C???? ????.
E???? ????u ?? ????u a ????uo ???o ? A???o ????o ?? ??? ? O??e. A??a n
????? ? ????? N??? A?e a E?? e ? ???e ???u a N??thth A?th e ??a ? ??ae
?e ??u, ???????e, ????e. A 648 a. ???a ??e??y ??ey ? ????.
I????? ???? a Oe????oth A?th ?????ue ???? ???u N????. I???? ?????e ??
E????ae III ??? ??????? o E?ay.
Ae???y ???? ? ???-???a ???e ?eueth ???? Ey??? e ???? ?oy? a AE??i ??.
I???i ??????? ???? ???e N? n?? ?????a E??? e Iy?a (a ???? e th?-????
??yo E??n?? ?????a). A????? N?? (? th?-???a ?????a) ????i ?th??? ????. A
???? ?????? ??a 612—614 ?. ???u ??? ????e ????a ??? a E?ath. Oy?? ???o
???a e ???? ???a ????o ?? ????e ??i ? ???a e ???? ???e?eth ???? ??, ???a
???i e ???th ???? N?.
I? ???i Ee O??a ?????? ????? E??. A 645 a. ????a ??? ?????? e a. I??y?,
? ?ae ???? ?e ????? ?? ????u ????ue. A 660 a. 130-?ny?ay ????y ??y
a????ue ? th? E?? e ????? Iy?a. A? ??????a ???a ?i??? a 663 a., ??a ???u
a ?th? n ?????? N?? ???e ????a y???? ??o, ????? ? ??? Iy?a. I?????i
????a ??e ????ue e n ???. A 668 a. ????a ??? ????e I??yi. A??a??i N??
???? ?ay ???? E?ay. O????e E??? e Iy?a ?? ????u ? ?ay? ???o ??????a e
????i ?????? e E?ath. A??a ????? ??? ??? ??????e ???a e ?????th E?? ?
??a n ?????? N??. E???i ???? ????ue. Oo ? ?????oth ???? ????ey ??? ??o
????e ????a ??? ?? a ????e ???e e ?oy. E?? ? a 698 a. ?? ??????i i??
?????i A??, ????a ????u ??? ???? ????a?ue ?i ??? ????. A 705 e 713 ?.
??o A??i e O??? ???? ?ay?e?ue ???? ????y.
N ??? VII a. E?? ????e ??? ?????a ?y? n ss???. A 607 a. ??? ???e ??u ?y
?????a. N??? ????e ?? ???? y????e ? ???a O??? e ?theth. I??? n ????y??
??????? ????? ????y.
A ??? VII a. ????a ??? ????? ??y ????, ?????o ny???? (a ??? ????e
Oe??e), ?eth?a ? ??e a ??? O?n?e ???e. A 634 a. a *??? ???e ??u ? O??a.
I???? ?o ??o E??i e O??? ?a ??? ?-? ????, e ?? a 647 a. ?e ??th?i ??,
?????? ??? N?????? n ????e ????? Ay? *yi. A E?? i????ue ????a ????e,
???a, ??u.
I??i ????e ??o E??i e E??e ????y e VII a. A 641 a. a *?u?ue ???e ??u ?
????i ?????a O??. I????e ??i ?e i??? ???? ???u O??. E?? ????a ??u A?
Nth??y e Oecyi O?y? a 645 a. ?????ue a E?eth ? E??, ? ?o ?? ????i ????a.
A? Nth??y ???ue ??? a O??, ??? ? ????? ?????? i?? a ??? A??. A VII —
VIII ?. ????? a E?? ?e??? ? E???, I???, A???u, ? ?y??a TH?? E?? e Oe???.
*??a ???a ?????ey n ????e ????e ?????e ? th?-??? n ????e ??i, ??????e a
TH??? ?????i I???i. Y? ??u, ?e ???i, ????ue ????? E?ay.
C??????y ???? ????o ???? ?n????y?? ? tha. A 602 — 603 ?. ? ??? ????ue a
???oth ??ue ??a???i A???a, a ??i ?????ue e ?????o Oy?a, ??? ?e ??? ??
????u. A N???i A???a a 679 a. ?? ????i ??????? A??? (O??????e THa).
N E????, ????e ???? O?????, *?o (? th? I???) E?? ?????e ????? ?y?.
E???? ??????i ???? ?????? ??i ?????? ?y ?????y ??? ????? ?e ? ????i??
??a, ?e e ??? ???. I??u ?????, ?????? ?a a ?a???, a VII — IX ?. ????e
??i????, ????ue a ???oth ???o. N?ueth ? ?e ??????i, o. a. i???? E?ay
?????th?i a ?? ??????, ???? a ?? ????? ??? ???y?ny ?a ????? ???.
I???th?a ?y?? a?e ?uy?y? ????? E?ath, a ?????a ?? ???? ??th. N???y ???
????? ??? ???, ?????th?e ???????ue nth????o E?ay. A????e ??i, ?????
?????, ?uy?y?? ????e ?????. A ?? ??? ???e ? ????? ????? ???e ???, ???e,
????th ???. O?? ??i ???e e ????i? nth????o ?????y ?? ????e. N?e ?????a
????e?? ?? ????y n ???? ?e ???. I??i a ????o ??ayo ?? ??i ????? ?e
?????ay ??a ?????e, ??????y ????i e ???e ???e ? ???u E?ay.
A??a ????e ?? ?????ue ? E?ay ??? ????o oth??? e ??? ??? ??a ? ????,
????e ??a??o ?????a N?? e ?????a I???i a ??? ?i ????ey.
??o ???o ?y?e E?ay a VII—VIII ?. ???? ?????i?a e ????? ?y? n ?????e
????. A E?? ????e ???n?a ??????i ?????, ?????? ????e e ???? ??n?o ???a.
I????a ???? ?y? ??????? n I???i A???i ? ??? ??c A??? ???? ??, ? e ??i.
I?i ?. ??o ??e ??y??y ? A???o ? A???. I?????i n ????e ???e a Ee?e ???? e
??????i, ?y??? ?????? ?????? ?n?????i ??a.
C?????a ????? ?y?e n ???i ??i ?uy?y?? ???ii y???? e ???? ? ??? E?ay, ? e
??? ????? A???.
EOEUeOO?A
N????a ????u e ????y ?????, ??????a ?e ???? ? ?????ey e ?????, ? ????
???????e ????e ????, ?oy e ???e ????e ? ???. A?e ?????u ????a ???a e
???a ?????. Ec ???? ???a n ?????ey? ???o ???a ????e ?? ??? e ??e. I???y
? ???a ???y, ia N??a, ?e e ? TH?, ???????ay ?y????ue ??????. A Oecy??? —
???a A???? Oe?? — ?? ??? ??? e ????. A ?e?? ??????? ??? ?????y ??? Oe?
*??e. E???? ???o O?ue *aey? ????? ???? e ???o: a ???? «I ????? ??» (507)
? ????? ??n i ????? ??. E???e ???? ????u — ?iy??e ???o ?o — e ?? ??? i
?????o ? ???yo. A??i ??? a y?e ???e ??? ?e O?ue A — ?????ue «I??? ???e
O??. N?e ??a ????? ?y?, ???e. I???a y?? ???? ??ey?y O? TH??? (365—427) —
??? ??? «I????e ????».
TH?? ?????i ??i ???? ???a ?y? n ???? E???ay e E??. A??a n ?????? ?????e
??eyie ????e ??u ? ???o ??i. A E?eth ? E?ay ??iy?i ???eye?ue ? ?????
?y?i ??? ????? ???. A??? ?y? ??????e ???? ?????ey e ?????ey. E V a.
??ny?y ?????y a ???e ??? ????.
N ?????? ??? ????ue ??a ?????e ?y ???ey ???o ???, ????a, ?????; ???y??
??ey i ??? ???u. A???e a ???o y???a ????ey ????? n???a ???? e ????a.
E??e ????e ???? ???? ??a?e, ???????? ????, ????y ???a ??ey ?????i e ???.
N?????? ???? e ????? ?????? ??? ??a?y? ?e ??????a ???a, ???a e ????? ??.
I?eth??y ca ???e ???a, ? ????e ????e ???y? ???????a ??ey. A???? ???ey?
????u e ?????ey. A????e ??o E O? (VIII a.) ?? ?i?? ??ae a ????eth.
????a ??????? ??? ?? ?y?? n i??????i ???-???a e ?y?i ???. E???? ??o Oa
Ny?, n???a ?????a a E?eth a 399—415 ?., ???? «C??? i ????? ????». A VII
a. ??o Nth???i ?ia ?????a a N??thth A?th e N???th E?eth (??c A???o) ???
a «C???o i ???? ???o ???a ???e ???? O?» — ????i e???? ?y ???ey ???e ???a
N??? A?e e E??. C????e a?? ????y ? ???? ?????, ???ny a ????ue, ?a ???i
???ny ?ae ????? ?????? e ??? ?????. I?? E Oe?i ???e ??a ?ay «I?????? i
???? ? th?? ??yi e i ????? ???», a ???i ??? ?????a ? A???o e ???i N??? e
??c A????? ??a — a E?eth. O??i ????ue a VII a. ???????. I? Ee O??a
??????a ?????i ???????? ?????a ???e. *????-???? ?????e ?y ??????y ???e
????eo y?o, ?????a ? ? ???o «E?????o ???e N?a Oeyiy». Ia ? ?? ???i 13
???e, ?????? ??? I — ??? VII a. i. y. E???e-?????u ???? e ?????? ???ey i
???o ???yo e ????o ?y?eyo. I????i ?y ?o ???e ??????a ??u, ??? ????, ???u
n ?? e ??? ????u. N?????a ?e ???? ????ue ? ??a ?????ey ????. I?ay ???ey
?????? ?????? ? e ????a a ?? ???e ?????ey ??o ????????. E?i???? ??u
????e ???ey ? y????, ???????i ??e??, ????, ????a, y??, ???, ???? ????yo,
????o a???yo, ?????o y??eyo, i ??aeyo E?ay e i ???o ???o. I?a? ????
?????? ??? ?? Eth *??e, ????ue a 710 a. ??a «I??????a a ???th».
O??a ???? ?ae ???????i ???o ???. A???i ???a ???? ????i ?????e. I??????ui
???? a y?e ???e ?e A? N?? (307—365).
Aeey ????? ???ny e y???? ? ???o e?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?ae ??i
i???? «*??????».
I? ??a ????? a VIII a. ?? ???i ??? ?a??a ???, ??a ????? ???? ????
O???ue. A?a ???eiy? ????ey ??e ??? e ???y??e, ???y ?????, ?????? a
?????? ????????e ???e. O??e Aeo TH (755—812) ??a?e ??? ???e y????????i
????a «O?aey?».
A???i ???? ???? ?y?y. Aa ????ea ??y ?ay? ??oy?o ????. O???e O? TH???a,
??? ???ue?e ??? «I????e ????» ????? ???a ?y? Ee Ai (699-762) e Aeo Oo
(712-770).
A ???? ??oth ??o ??? A? Aye. ????????ue ???? ? ??a e ? ??? a ?? ???. Ia
???? ????a e ?????u ????ue ?ey?a ????. N?????? ?? — ??iy??? ???? ???,
?????? ?????y ?? e ?????y ???? ???? ????? ???. I? ??????i ??a ?????ue
???? ????i, a ??? e ???o ????y?? ???ue ??e, ???a e ???a. Iiy??y ???
????u. N ?????i ???o ?y?e a ???th ???? e ??e ??iy?? E?ay ????ey ???? ???
???a. A ????a, a ??eyo e ????o ???yo ?????? (??e??, ??????e) ?????
????a, ???????a ?ey?y, a ?e? ?ey?a ???? ??? ???a.
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U
1. E??ey ??i A?e e A??e a ???a ??. *.1. I.: E????o? I????? ??????. 1987.
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