????
EEOAE A IA?EIAe ?AIIAAI N?AAeIAAAEIAUess: ?AEEAEss E EAeAIEIAEss
?AEEAEss E EAeAIEIAEss
A???? ??? ??????e ????e E?ay ?e ?????, ????ny ? ??? ???????y e ???a ?e
????? «?? ???»: e??????, ?????? ???? e ????? ????.
E??????, ?????th?a y??-????n?a ??? ????e, a ???a ?? ? ???? ????th ??o
???e. E?????? ??? ???? ????y? e ???y? ??????i? e ????o ?????? ????a,
????y? th????? ?? e n??? ?????y. Ec ??a ???o ????ue ???? ??????a ????
????ey ???e, ????ey ????o ????th, ????i??ey a ??a e ????. N????? ????a
???a e ????, ?a?a i ????? e ???? ????, ??y? e ???a y???. A ??? c??? ??
???? ??y?e, ?????? ???? ????? — ????e. E?????? ???? ???a ???e a ???e
??????i ????? ????, ?????y, ?????, ??? ???? ????a e ??? ???? ???,
??ny??y e ????eth ???e.
?????? ???i ???ny e ????y ?e ??????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??????ey ????e
??? ? ???o ???e E?ay — ?????? ????. I??? ??u ????e ????e ??i ?????? ????
— «Ae? aey ??» — a ?????i ??, ???iy? ??ithth ?ath i ??? ???? e ???i ??e.
I???? ????y ??th?o ????ue «??y??, a ??a ???i???????a.
Ae???y ???y ???iy? ???a ????/??a ????y, ??o ?? e ??o ?y?o ????. A?aey ?
?? ???? ????e, ???i ??????y ?????e ? ?????, ?? ?????i ?y??? ? ??e ????e
?? e ???? ???? ????. I?? ??????? ?? ??? ????ny ? ???i ???a, ?a ?/??ue ??
????a, e ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?y i?????. Aae e ?e ?e ?????i a ??
?????? ???? ???y?e ? ???e ????e.
Ae??? ????e ?a ?? ???? ??? ??i ???i i «???» ??e. N??? ????y ????ey
??????a? ?e ????? «???a ??». O?i ???? ???????ue ???e ????? ??????? ??a —
?????i, ????? ?????? ?e, a ???a ???? ??a ???????a ???ey ???ay. Aeo? ? ??
?? ?? ??? e ??? ?e e ???ey? ?? ??e ????. Iiy?? ????i ??th?? ???? e ????
??????? ?????.
N?ue ???i ???y ????ey ????ey — «???a ??» — ??th??? a ??th??e ????? ??u
(????y i?a ???? ???? — ???ny ?????e ?th?e e ???ue y?? ?nu) e ???u ?????e
?????, ????th?e a ???? ????yu? y??. Ae?? ??? a ?? ?????, ?????, ?????
?????.
A ???? ?????th?y ?a ??e — ??????ay e ????????y. Ae??? ??????e, ?y??? n
??? e ????????, ????e ???a ???? ??u e ??i ?e ???ii ???e ? ???u ???e,
???? a ?o ????ue ?y ??? ?????a, ????e ????i – y??????? ????. Y? ?? ????
??? ??? ???? e ????i – ???? ?? e ????o ??? ???a. ?????a ??? i C???i ?a,
?a y?? ???o ??iy N??io — ?????y ??, ???????a ?? eth?e, ??u ???? ?ath
a???? ????a. E?e ????? ??????? n ??????? o???ey? ?? ?i ??a ??ey?u, ?i ?
???? ????e ??i ?e ?????e, ???? e ??????e, ?? ??????e ???? e ????.
I?????a ??e ??a ????? ????e? ???? ????, a ????e ?i ???e ??o ???? e
????i??e. A ?ey?e n ???? ?e ???? ???o ??????y e, ??aey ? ??e ?????o ??,
????e ?y ?ay ??a ?????e ?y ?????. I???? ?e a ???o ????ey e e ????iy?e
???e, ?????i ????eyi, ????e.
E???ey ???, ???yy y???u ?????e ?????, ???a ?ey?a ? ???? ???e e ????.
?????ua, ?????a ????y ????e ???u ????, a ??a ???ey ???a ???? e ????a.
ss?? ????? ?????a ?? e ???i ?i??a. Ae?? ?eth?? a ?? ???a ?????o ?????,
????? ??? e ????, ??e ?o a ??oth ???ue O?i-? e E?-?u. I??? ??a ??
???eth. I? ???? ??????e ?????, ?? ??? ??? ? ???i ???eyi, ?i ???????
???????th y?e ?e??.
Ia ??? n ???e C???? ?y a ???i ???? ??e ????? ??????a. E ??????? ????
????i ???ey?? e ????a ?????? ?y??. Ii ????? ??ey???th ?????? ????e
??????? e ???i ?? — ????a ?????o ????, ????? ???e eth?e e ?????a
?i????i.
I?????? ?????? ???? ????a?e ????? ?? ??? a, ???????th ???th. Ae?? ?????e
? ???th ?????i ???a ?? ????, ????e ??? ??? e ????? ????y??? ????o. N??
???a ?? ????? ? ???????th ??? e ??. I??????, ?i ???e ?i ?? ??e ??
??????a ? E?-?u — ?????? ????ey ???? ae???a, ???? ????? ?????.
A??? ??? ? Ae??? A??e ? E??, ??? ???? ?ey?a ? ?a ???u ??e ??????? E?ay.
I??e e ?????? ????e a E?? ? N??? A?e e ??????? ???a a A??o, Oy?? e Oy??.
A V a. a TH?? ???a ??e ????ue ??c A?? ??? ?????e, ???a ???? ????o ??o ?e
??a. ?????????y ? Ae??? A??? ?ae ??i ????i «I?ay?» («A??ay ?????, ?e
«O??? ?? ???ey») ??????e ???i ? ???? ????y ??a ???? ????ey? e ??th?i.
N??? a???i ?e ?y???i ?? ?y ??y?? ???a. I?y? ? ??e ??th?? ?? iy? ????e ?
?ny?.
E? ?????a, ???????a ??? ???i ??e a ??? ????ey ???? ???????, ??????o ???
— ??i. N??iyy? ?e ???ay?, ?e ???atho ?e ????tho ?c?, ???eyy ???th ??
?????ey ??, ???eyth??y ? ??? n???a a ???. I???ay ?? ????o a ??oth?i ????
??a ?????th ??o, ???y ??a ???a ??i a ??e. A???, ????, i??????ny a ???i
??????y ??????i ???? e ??eo ????. A????? ?e ???a ?? ???o ? ?????? e ??a?
??????????ey.
N???i ??eth ???? ??i ???y? ??i ????y — ??a. *??a ????a ???, y?? ?????a
????? ?????i ????? A??e — N???? A???e (O?uey-I?e), ?a??, ?i ??ue ????? ?
????e. E????y ? ?o ??i ?? n ?????? ????i? ??????, ?i ?????y ????i ?????.
A?? ???e «a?????? ??», o. a. ????ey ????e ??e, ???y ???? e i????eth
?????? e ?????th ?? a ???a. A I?ay? ? ??a??y ?? ??????ey ????????th??y
?? ????a a ?e, ??? ??a ????i, ?i ???a. A?oth?e ? ??? ??eth ? ?e ?e?e, ?o
???? ???? – ????u, ? ?i ? ????a ???ny e ???ue.
A???, ????y ???? ????th?? ??y, ?uy?ye ????? ?? ??th???? ????? ? ??e
eth?e a ???i. Ia ????y ??? ??????? ????, ?????ay ??ue?e ?? ?e ?eth?th,
???i ??e ?? ? ??????e ????? ????????y. ??e ???o ?? ????e ??e a ???? ??e
??i??? ???? ??ae ???ueth e ???iy??, ??????a ??o e ????????. A????a ????e
???e ?????? oy??? ??a, ???e e ????e, ????? a ??i ? ?e e ????? a ???i. A
I?ay? ???????ue ??? ???th?i, ?????, ????i: ? ??i ???i ?? ????y a ?o —
???? ?e ??y?i.
I?a ? ??? ????i ???????y ??e?a e ??a ?i ??ey??? ??iy? a ?i, ?i ? ????
?????o ???ey ?y ???i e ?i ??i ????e ?????? ????e ????, a ? ??y ?e
??????i ??????i ???? ??th???ii a ??? ??e e ?????a.
E? ???y ???y ???i n ?i y??e ???o? eth?e e ????i ?????y ??e ??oth
????oth?th ?? a ????. O?????yy ?????e eth?e a ????? ??? ??e e ????????
????, ??y ?? ?eth???? ??????, ????e a??? ??? n ?i ????? ??????e ????eth
????th?? ??????i ??y, ?????th ?i ???.
O???th ???e ???? ? ??? ????y????a ??y ?????ay ????ea III—VI ?. n ?
????e, ??????? e ???????th ??y. N?? ????y ??? ???oth ??? ? ??iy?? ??,
c?? ?????ue ?????? ????e, ????y ?o ??eo ???, ????ue n???a ?? ?????. Ii
??a ??i ????e ????? ?????ueth ?????ny ? ???a e ?????e ???e, ??y??y e ??
e ?????? ???yi, e ??o? ??????, ???? ??y e ????y.
A III—IV ?. ??? ????o ???? Eiy? e *??iy ?????i ??i 180 ?ae???o ?????,
??? e ???i, a e ??o V a. a ?????a A???ay Oe?? ? ?? ?a 1800 n 24 ?n.
???a.
I?ay ???y ??? ??????? e ?????, ???a ???th ??y???, ???? ??o ???a e ???
???? ???, ?eth?? a ???i ?y?o ???o ????o ???? e ????? ???.
A??? ????y ?????? ????? e ??????y ??????i ?e ?? ? ?? ????. O?, ?a a IV
a. ????a ???ou ???? ????, ?i A?? — y? ????? ???? ?i. A ?e? ???i, ???????
???????ue ?????i ?????ey ????, ??????e ???eth ?????o ???, ???ye ?? ?????
??o ????i e ????e ????y?. Ia??i ???a ?y ????ey ????o ??-????? ?iy?e
??????? ???? ???? ???u ?????? ????, e e?ue ???a, a V a., ???e e ??????
????? ????.
A ???yo ??ey???? ????y e ???? ?e ????? ??eth ??? ???????? ??????y ?????.
O?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? e ??????i ??? ????e ???? e ?? ?????
?uy??? ??????e ??a ? ??, ?????i n ??e ??ey ??????e ii??.
E???? ???i ?e ????. I??????a ??u ?? ?y?? ??i ????i ??? ?????yi — ????? e
????e?i ????? ??. N?? oy??? e ?? ?e ??o ???o (?? ???ey N??a e TH? E?ay
?????i ?????ue), ?n???? ????? ?????e ????o ??a ????. E??y ? ?? ?????
???? ??????a ?ay ?e ???? i??th e ?????th ??o ??ey A??.
Ni ???? ????o ??????a ??e?a e ?i ??ey????a ? «C???? e?y» ?a?? ????a. Ia
??? ?yo???? ????? ??? E????? (??? a *??? a 402 a.) ? ???? ?? ????a ?ae
??? ??????i ???ey ?e? ??? a ?i ??????? ????i ????.
O??e E????? Ae?-oyi (?? a 434 a.), ??ay? ? ??y???oth ???o-??o, ?????e
??n i ???a A?? ? a?i ??i e ????e ??n i ?????e ????? ?????ey e ???ey ?y
e???.
A??? ??ae a ????eth ???? a?n ??? ????e ???? e ??? ????? ?? Ae?-?ue
(312—384). I????ue ????y a O?ya, ? ????? ??a ??c??e ?????? ??a e ?? ???
????e ?? Oe (? O?uey-??, ? ???? ????? A??). Ii ?? ???e ??ae a ???? ????e
???? e ???e ??o A?aeu ?y??? — I???e — ??? ??ey??i ???? ? ?ai Ae??? A???.
E????ey I???e a ?? ????th?? ??? n ????? ???e ? ??a ???? ???i A??, ???
???? ? ??th ?y???y n ???i y? ????i ??????y. A?? ???y??o ???? ???i ?uy?y?
?ay ??????ny I???y?, a ?i ??o ???e ?????a ??i a ????e ??? ???a.
A??i ????i ?????, ?i ??oy?i ??ey????i ?e Ooye TH?ue (334—417), ???e ??o
A?? — ???e C???? ?y A???, ?y??? n ??? i ???e ??e e ???i ???i a ??o?
«*??e ???. I??? ????ue a Oecy?e, ? ???e ??? th?i-?o???o ????. I??????ue,
?i ???u A??? e ?????? ?i ??e ??tho ?????? a ?????i ?a. N?????e ???? ??
??u ??u «*??y ??y», ?e ?? ??????e ?y????ue ??? ???a e ??????? ???y??o
????e.
I?????i ??? ???i ?????ye ?ith ????th e ?????. Ia ??? ???a ?? e ??????e,
?????o ? ????e ???? n ?????? ????e ??ueth, n ??????i ??????, ????
???????i ????? ???a ???e ?????e ??e – ?iue-???i (?yi a ss??e).
N?? ?? (? ??????i — «?uey?», ????y) ???? ??oth ?? a E?? e ?? ????, ?
???eth, ????i i?????? VI a. A?????e, ???e ??? ???? ??, ???u e ????ey A??
a ????. Oe?ueth ????e ?? ????? ??iy?y ???, y?? ?thu? ?????ue ???e ????a,
???, ????i ???? ???oth i??? ???? a ?i y?????i ??e. I?y? n ????????
?e???e ????e a ??? ?? ?e ????? ??n i ?????e ????ey ??? ??i ????? ???ey.
Ae???a ??u ???? ? ?ai, ?i ???????? ??? ?? ?????ue ???ue ?? ??ithth ???o
y??ey, ? ? ?y?y? ?i ????. *?? ???ue ???, ???o ????? ?a ??? e ?????.
A ??? ?? ?iy??? ????ue e ?????i ????, ???? ?????e ???? ??-????. Oe???
???ey ??u ?? ?e ????e ? ?y????e e ??y????e ???e, ????? ? ???o ??o e
??y??? ?ay ??eth e ????o ??.
I???a ?? ???????a ????a ??? ??????? ??????ey ????? ???ey (???a ???a ??o
???? e ???ii e ???? ???e, ?????y ???a ????? ?????, ?????th?o ????a
???????i ???ey). *???a ????? ?n?i ??? ????? ??, ?????y ?i e ????e, ????e
??ea ??????e. O?? ?? n ? ????ueth ????????? e ???? ???u ???a ???a ?ey?a
? ????a ????i e ?y?th.
I???a ?????i ?i ???? ????e ???? n ???? VI ? VIII a. O?? ?????? ???a —
??a Oy??e (? ???eth ?? a ????e *aey?yi, ?a ????y ????ue y?e ??u) ?????,
?i ?? — ??? ??a, ?i A?? a ??? ???? e a ??? ????, e ?? ?????ue ???ey a
y?e ??e ?y ?? ??o ???a. A ???a?e ??u Oy??e ??????ue ???? ???? N??a e TH?
???a ??? ??? ???? ?????? e ?????????e ??a.
N???i ??eth ??u O?y?, ?????i ???? ???ny Oa-?? (557—640), ?a ??? ????
?????? e ?atho ?a ???a: ?????e (?y??? n ??????i) e ?????? (?y??? n
y???i). A? a ?? oy??? e ???o ???: a ???e — e A??, a ???e — e ????th.
E??i ? y?o ??n ??a Oy??e ?????? ????i ???????? ???o ???e. O??a O?y?
??ey? ? ???? ????e ????e: ?? ? ?i ?iy?e — ? (??i, ???i, ??e) — ??????
???????.
O??? ???? ??u ???i ?????? ?e ??????ue ????? ????. Oe????? ???e ?????i
?iy?y ??a ????a A??????a (?o. A??-?ue) — ??iy ????ey e ?????e. A ??ue ?a
??th? ????ue ??u. N VII a. A??-?ue a ???i ?e?? (??a a E??, ?e e a E??, —
a ???i) ?????? a ??ith — ?ae????o ??e, a ??a ???????o ??y — ????? ??y?a.
I? ??a ???ey? ?? o??? a ?e, ?a ??? ??a A???. I??? ??ae ??ye a ???? ?a,
?i ????i ????y a y?e ??e e ??? ???o a ???i, ?i ?e? ?i ??? ???, ????e
??e, ????e ?????? ??y?, ????e ???u.
A????a ??? ???? ?????? ??ei a ??e ????. O???a ????e, ???u e ??? ????e,
??????y a ????yo, i??? ????? a ??? ???? ?????a e ????e a ????a ?????e
y?????. I?oy?????ue ???? ?????ue e ????????e ?y????ueth ?????: ??? ????e
??? ?n??eth ? ??y y???e, ?? ???u, ????? ????? ????, ?????? ??, ???e ???,
???e ??u e ?.
????a ?? ???? ????? n ????i a????o ????? ?e ?????i ????a. I???? ?????e
??e, y??????? ????i ??????, ????o e ??a. O?ye?? ? ?? ???? y??????e
?????y?: a ?o ???ue ??n??? ?????, ???? e ??????? ??e, ????u, ?????y ???.
A????? ????? ????ue ????oth ???th ?? ia ???, ??????? ????e.
A????y ???ue, ???y ????eth ???ie ???, ?? ? ??? ???y?? ?????o, ?i ????i e
?????eyi. Ae????i ???ue ? ??ae O?a O? ??? ?????, ???y ? ???a a VI a.,
???e ssi Oecyiy ????ue ??????i, ????y Ee TH?? ????a ? ????a ? ????
?????e.
Ni ??? ???? VII a. ??ue ????? ??e???? ?y? ? ???? ?????, ????? ???a e ??u
??ia a ??-?. A????e ??ueth ????? ??? ?????a ath??????a ???. I??? ??
??????e ?????? ????i e ????? ???a.
Ni ???? ????e ?????y? ????yi ??? e ???a ??????y. A???i ??e ???i e ?o e
??? ia ??????? a ????e ??y??y.
N??e ?????:
E??ey ??i A?e e A??e a ???a ??. *.1. I.: E?????i I????? ??????. 1987.
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