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Китай в период раннего средневековья: общество, нашествия, юг и север

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EEOAE A IA?EIAe ?AIIAAI N?AAeIAAAEIAUess: IAUANOAI, IAOANOAEss, THA E
NAAA?

I?i:

EEOAENEIA IAUANOAI A III a

IAOANOAEA EI*AAIEEIA

THAEIUA E NAAA?IUA AINOAeA?NOAA

NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U

EEOAENEIA IAUANOAI A III A.

O????a ????y a E?? ?????ue ? ??? ???a ????????? ???? ???e O?ue e ????ey
?????? ??y ???? n ?e ??? ? N??a. A ????e O???y ???a ???? ???oth ????eth,
?????othny ? A??? ??u, ?????e ???-????a ????, ? ????y TH?i-E????i ??y.
I???a ????a y?????? ??? ????? a ???o ?e Oo?oy, O??y, ss??, a ??a ? ?????
?????o ????e N??? e O???. A?? 50 ?i. ???e ???e ???y?? ??? ??????. I???a
eth?? ??? ???? ???a ???u *??? (N??) e Eiyi.

E?? ?? ???e ???????e ???e. I????? a ?????? ???e ?????? ? ??????i ???ee.
A ???? ?. Aye, a ????? O??y e ss?? ???a ???u (???) ??? ???a ??? e ???e
??????th ?? ??? ??a. I??, ????? ?????? ??u, a???? ?y??? ???? e ????e —
?a y? ??? ?????ue n???ue ???a ??? ????, ???o e ???. E?? ??, n ???? ????e
??ue ????? ????y? e ????y? ???? ???? ??e. A ???? ?cy??a e a ???a ?? ??e
???y? ???, ????? ????? ???. I??? ???a ???? ?????? ??i?e, ?????? ??,
?????? ??ey e ????o ????a ??i?. A E?? ??? ??th e ??ueth ? ???? ???o, ??
????? e ???. E???? ??, ???, ???y ? ?? e ???a ??? ???? ? ??? ???o ??i.
O???y e ???? ????a ???? ??????i ??iy.

E??n ????????? ????, ?????a ????? ????i ????y 184 a), ???????i ???? ???
«AE??o ?ay??, ???e e ??? ????y, ????eth ??? e ???o ???? ?y?e. E???a ???e
O?ue ???i ?????e ?? ??yi ????????? ????? N?????ue y???u ??o, ?????i ??,
????e, ?????ny a ??? ???i, ??????i ????ue ??? ????. Ii ???y, ??y??? E??
a.III—VI ?., ????? ? ???ea. E?? ??, ???i ?e ????ay ????y ? ?? ??????
?e???i e ???? a ??????i ????, ?i ?????? ????ue ? y?????? e ????? ????
???.

I??? ???e ?????i ???? ???e a????oth?? ???. E ?oy ?????a ???? ???? ????
a?i ????i, ?????? ???a ??u ????ey ????ue ?????. I????e ????????o ??e e
???iy???o ??y?a ???? a ????oth ?????oth ???. A 189 a. ?? ???a Eiyi.
A????a ??u ?????ue ???? ??? ???e ??o ??y ?????ie. I??ny ??? O?????y.

Ia ??? ??? a ????o ???o ?????i ?? Oe? Oe?, ?? ? ??????e ????ey ????y
«AE??o ?ayc?». Ii ??? ???i Aye e ?e ???? ??u n ?????e ? ???. Ia th?-???a
????ue ?????i O ? ???? a ??? ?????? I???, a ? ??? — ???i Oo a N???. I
??? ??o ??y ????e ?????ue ??i ????, ???a ??a ??e a ??? ?????i yi?a
«O??????, ?????i a XIV a. Ei A?????.

A 265 a. ay??e ??????-N?a ss? ??a ??? ? ???? Oe? Oe? e ???e ???eth Oe??.
A?? ?? ??? ?????ue ?????i ???y?? ?????a Oo, a a 280 a. e ?????a O. A ???
?????ue ??? ?e???i ????? N?a ssiy.

E??n ????????? ????, ???? i????a ???? ????e e ????? ??u ???? ?cy??i Ee?y
e ??eth?? ???. I??eyy ?????y, ???? ????e e ?????o ?????th. Ca ????
?????ue ???? ?????ue n 50—56 ? 16—17 ?i. C????? ???? ?? ???e. ??u ??? ?
??o ???. A?? ???e a ??? ??????th ???o. E???? ?????o?tho i ??? ????eyo e
??? ????o ???eyo, a ??a i ???, ????? ??a ???e. I?????a ?????? ??i
?????ue a ?y? n ?????i ??????? ????e ???e e ?????i n?. A??a ?? ?????u ?e
???u, ???ay ?y????ue ??e ?a????ue. A ???a ?cy???e ?e ????? ???a ?? —
???a ?cy????a e ????? ?????y, y?i ???o ???eye ?? ?i ?????ey — ????
???????.

A??i ??o ??y?a, a ??a ???? ??? ?a? «???o ??? ?????y? ????a ???e ??e.
A????, ????? e ???o, ????? a ????? «??y?», ?e ??a ??? ? ??th, ????y ? a
??i-????o, ?y??? n ?cy?? ??e ???? ????y? ????? ??????. E?? ?a ??a ????
?o??.

«N??? ??» ????e ???? ?????? ??e. A????a ???o ???????a ???i ??i ??????
???.

A 280 a. N?a ss? ??e ?? ? ???? ???a. N?e?? ? ??? ??????? ?a ???? ??e ?e
???e ????ey a ??? ??u ?????? ?????e. I???e ????, ????_n???? ???? (?i)
—???u ?e ???u a ???? ? 16 ? 50 ?o, ?ath?a ??i ? ??? ??e. O??e n ??e ??e
?e ??????th, a n ??? — ??a. I???a a ???? 13—15 e 61—65 ?o ?????? ???i ??
a ????? ???a. Ae?e e ???e ??? ? ??ey?? e ? ???e ?ae??. A???e ???? ?
?????a ???i ??? ?e ???? ??a 2/5 ????? ??ay. N ???i ??a, ?? ??? ?e ???a,
????nue ???ue ???? ?e ??e ????, ??e e ?e ???a ?? ???? ??. A?e ? ??
????y? ???a, ????e ?e ?????e, ? ??a ????ny ????o. I???a ??? ?? ?????? ?
???? ???o ? 30 ?? a ?ae. A ????? e ?????o ???o ??a ???a ?????ue. Y? ??a
???? ???y ??iu ?? ????? ???ae ????i eth? ?ae ???????i ?????a e ??????ue
??? ?????o ???.

Ia ????, ????i ??? ?? 280 a. ?e ???? a ??ue. I??i ???a, ???????y N?a
ss?i, ????a ???e ???? ???ey?e a ???oth?a ??. N??y? ???? ? ??? eth?e
????? e ??????, ????e ????ue ??? ????? a ???? ??????ey ??? ??e, ? ???u
???? ? ??a e ????? ????e. I?y y?o ???a ?????? ???????a ????, ??i-???i?
????e, ???? e ??. A??e ????? ?????y ?????e ???????o ???????a, ? ???eyo
????? ??? ?i?a ??i ?? ? ??a 50 ???, ??????o ? ???? ?????e. ???? ? ????a
????a ???? ?iy ?????th?? ???, ???y??i ?? ???ey, ? ???a ?y ?o ????th ???
??? ?a?? ??. O?? ???i, ???n ?????? a E?? ???? a ???yo ???????y e ???????
?? ?? ????? ????e ??????e: ??ae????? e ???e, ??????? a ???? «???? ???».

N?????a ?????a ????ey ????o??? ??????e ? ??th e ?? ???o ???? ???i a ??a
III a. e ?????i ????? ??o ??. A ? ? ??y ????ey ????? ????ue ? ??e ?????
? ????a ??e, ????ue ? ???e oy??a ??i??e e ???ue ? ??oth ?????ue ???e
???? ????ey. I?a?? ???? ?? ???? a Nu-??e e O??e, O?y?? ??y? ???i?a ????
? ???u ???o ??a, ?????, ????? a ????a ????y. Ni ???th N?a ssiy a 289 a.
???? ??? ? ???e, a ?? ? ? ???? e ???a ??e ????a ????a ???. A ??????
aoy???? ??y? ????? ny???? e ???e, a ??a ???? ?i??a. E???? ??? ????e
??iy? ???u e ?i ??i ???e ?? ????? ?y ?i??ey a ???.

IAOANOAEA EI*AAIEEIA

A III—VI ?. a A???? A?e e ??? ? E?ay ?e ???n ???? ?????y ???a, ????e ??i
a A??a ??? ???? ???e. Ii ???y n ?????y th?? ??? (?? nth?o), ny????, ?,
oey?a, ?a e ??? ???, ???a n ??? ??a??i ?????? ? N??????oth ???o — ????
y????e ???? ???o ????. C?? ????e e ??e, ??yy ?? ??a, ?e ????? ?????
?????a.

N ???? ????i ?th? ? ??? th?? ??iu ???? ?? ? ????? ???? ???a O??e e
A????e I?a??. A??? ?iy?? ? ?? ??????. ?????a ?????????i ??y ???i e
?????th ???a. I?????? ???? iy? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????y — ??thy, ???e
??a??i ?????y a ??? n ??????? ???th. O?uethe ?? ???a ?y?? n ??????e
????, ???? a ?? ????o ????. Eo ???a ???y ??????ue ?e ???? ??a ??i ?
????e ???? ?????. A ???o ??th? e ?????? ????ue ?????? ????, ????? a
????? y?????e ?y??o ??? i??i, ???e ??a a ???th. E???? ????e e ??u ?? ?e
??a ??thy e ?? iy? ???a, ?? ???oth ???eth, ???? ??a e ?io. I?y? ??? ? ?c
????e ? ??? ?????i ?e ??e ? ?ay ??? ???. Nay? n ??????e, ???e ????o
????? e ?ae?? ??? ??o ?? I?a ?????ue ???ue ??? a ?????e e a?? n ??
?y?????oth ???eth. N ?????i ???e ??? ??the ??e ?????? ? ????e ???e e
???i ?????y a ??????. A??a Oe???? ???e ????ue ????? ????u ?i?a ??? ????
???u, ?iy?? ?????a ????e. A 311 a. ?e Eiyi, a a 316-i *???. A?? ? ???e
??? a ???? ??????? ???a, ????? ??ue ????? ???e ????e ???e. O ????o ? y?o
??? ??????e ???e ??e, ?e ? ??e ??????? ???, a ??? ????, ??????e ???e
?????? ???u. O ??? ??? ?a ????? ?????ey e ?????? ???i a ?i ??????? ??a.
I???ay ????, ?y??ay n ????? ??a??? e ???e, ?? ?????i ??????i e y??????i
?ey?y N???? ?i??, ???a ??? ???? ?????y, ????ey?? E??i a ????e ???e. A
?ith ???ue ???y ??ue ?????? ?y? n ???ae ?y ?????? ????ey e ????ey
??????a.

I???a ???a ?????a ???ey? ???a ny??, ????? ? ???-???a e ?????ny ??? e
????n??. Eo ??e e ??ue ?ay?? ???eth n ????? ???e, ???? ei ??o ?? e
?????, ?????e ??? e ??? ???e, ??ay ????? ???. E???? ??u ???? ??????
ny???? ?i?a ???. A III a. ny????a ???a ???? ? ????i ???o ?th?a. I???a
???????e ? ?o ?? ?thc ?th?a, ????o TH?? I?????, e ?thc ??? ??, ????? ?
A????e I???e e I??a. I??? ?th?a ?iy? Oyaye e ?? ??? ??? ????? ??u ? ?? e
? ??. I? i????, ???? ?e ???e ???i ss?.

E ????? N???? ???e ?oy??? e ?e??? ???? ??a: ???a ????e ??? ?iy? ??e
A??o, Oyi?e e I?ny. Eo ??ue ????a ???th ??? e ???a ?????i Oe?ue.
N??i-???? ???a ???? ???e ???e ??e. C?????i? ?????y ???e ? a ?????? n
?th??, a ??i e n ????e. I???a ???, ??????a Oo Oecy?i, ????? Oe?ue, ????i
a i??, ????a ???a ??????, ??? ??? e ??. *?? Oy?? ??? Oe?ue ????ue ?
th?-???, ?-??eyy ?? ??? ????, ?a ?????? ????? ??? ss??. A 383 a. o ?.
Oy??, a ???? ?. O??y ?e ??? a ?????? n ??????i ???i ?????. I????u th??i
???a, ???? ???? a ??a ???? ??????i ???? ????a E?ay, ???e ???? Oo Oecyiy
???? ????a. Ei???e a ??? ???. Oe??? Oe?ue ????ue.

A?????, ????a ?????y? ? N??a E?ay, ????? ???????th e ??i ?????ue. A??
????ae??ue ?????? e ??? a ???i ????i ????y. N???e E??, ????? ?? ????e
???? n y?????e ???? ???u? e ???????? ????ey?, ?????y a ??o ??e 100-???
a??.

E?ue ??a ?????a ????a ????? yoe ?????? ???a ?????ey e ???. I????y? ??i
N???? E?ay ??e ???? ny????a ???a ??. A ??a IV a. ? ??ue O?a A? ?e
?i????i ?????i. I???oy ???????e ???o, ? ?????e ????e ??. N??a ??????a
??? ????? e ????o ?th?a, ???u ????ue a 367 a. a E??. Ia ?????e ?????
?????ue ??a ??? ??? ? ????? ???o. A?e O?a Aoy a N???i E?? ????e ????a
????, ????e ?ae ????i N???o Aye.

THAEIUA E NAAA?IUA AINOAeA?NOAA

A???? ????? a N???e E?? ???i i?oth y??, ????th a ?????? ??????e ????
TH?? e N???o ????. A III—VI ?. ?????y?a N??a e TH?, ???? ? ?? ???e E??,
??i ?ae??? ??? y?? ???e. ?????y, ?????a ?????e, ??i???a ??u, ???, ??ae,
y???e, ?????ny ? N??, ???e ?a????e ??e ????y.

Ia th?? ??yo, ???? ????? ?????e, n ????y?? ????, ?????? ??? ????a ??iy?
? i??? ???? ??? e ????. A??? ???? ?????a ???, ???e ???o ???e, ?????e ?
?ey. I???? n N??a ???y? ???o, ????e ?????? ????ey, ???? ?? ????e ??i,
?????e ???.

A ? ? ??y ? TH? ?????ue ?????ay ???a ??????? ?????th?? ??? ? ??th, ?
?????a ?a?ueyi. A??????ay ?????y ?? ??ue ??a, ?i ? ??a ??iy? ?? ??y??y ?
????th ??????ue ? ??th. O?ae ???????o ??? ????y ??ue ???i. E??? ???????
????e ?ae ???????i ???, ? ???ay ????????i – ?cy??a. I?y ???o ???????a
?????? ????a ? ?o ????e (aey?ey), ??????a e ??a. Oy??a ???y ??a e ??e,
????a a??ae, ????ue ?????y, ??? ????e, a ??? e ??? ???ey? ?????? ???
???ey a ???a, ????o ?ae ?????ue?? ??o ?cy?. A ???? V a. th?? ??????i
????? ???? ????ue ??u ???? ???.

A??a ??a ???y Eiy? a 317 a. ?????, ?????y a a. Oecy?a (??i I???),
??????e ??? ? ????a ?ia N?a ?????i. I????? ???e ??atho 317—419 ?. ????
?????ey ???? A???ay Oe??. I????? e ??ue ?????? ???ay ?????ey, ?????y
???th ?eth ?th-??o ??? ?e ??a. Ii ??? ????? ?? ??? ??a. C?? a ??? ?.
ss?? e o ???aeuey ?????? ???i ????? — th??i. A? y? ???i e ????? e ??y???
??? ??? ?????th?? ???. A IV a. ?????ey ??o ???? e ?????e n N??a ??i
????? a iy??. I? ??? A??/?e Oe?? ???ue ??? ????, ??? ?????e ?ey???a
????e.

A ??a IV — ??? V a. ?????a ????y ???yi, ??? ??u «Iy? ?o ???, a ??a ??
?????? ??? ?????th?? ??? ???e e ???th ??? A???ay Oe??. I?? y?? ????ue ?a
??? ????. A??ue ?????a ? ?????? ? ???u ????? ???. *?? ?????e ????a ?????
e ????. I?ay?a ??e TH? ???e ss?? ???? ???e ? ???? e ? ???? ????? ???eoth
????eth. I??u ? N?? ??????e ????a ?????, ? ?e ? ???? ????e ??a e ??????.

I???? ???e ????ue N?? ?? ???eiy? a ??? ???? V a. Ii th?? ??? ????e ??? ?
???u ??? ??????? ???u ????, ?????o e ?? ???e N???i E??i.

C?? ???y n IV a. ??????? «????; ???? ????a ????a a ??a ???? ?????a
????a.

N?? E?ay ? ???e ????? ????ey e i????ey Na-??ay??? ?????a y?ye ??e ???o
???. I??a ?ey ????e e ???e ??y??, ???a ???y ???e, ???oe??ay ?? ?????ue,
???e ??eth??. A??a ?????? a ????u, ? ??? ?? ?????, ???u a ?? ?e ??? ?
tha. ???? ?????ue ???? ?? a ???a. I?? ????ey?y ?????i n???i. O??? ??a
???oth ???y? ???? ??e e ???.

N ?????? ????e e ?? ??ae ????eny e «??? e ????». «N??? ??» ?????e ??e e
???y? n?a ?????a. N?? ???a ?e ??? ????i, ??a ????a.

A? y? ????i ay??e ?? ????? e ??i ? ?????th ??? ?????a a ???y??e ???. A
485 a. ???o??? ?? ?????? ??e ??y?e, ??????ath?e ????a i????? ??a ???o
??????e. A ????e ??????e ? e???i ?e ????y ???a. O?c ???? ?? ????? ????i
??a ???? ???????, ????y?o ?a a ?????a Oe?? a III a.

A ??? ?? ??e ?????? ??i i ???i? ???a a ??e-? ?? ??????? ??? ????
???????e ??????e ? ??th ?ae ?????i ???o ????? ??a ????ue ?? ???ey. C??
????? ??i ???yi ? ???? ???, ????? ? ??? ????o ????. O?????e ?i ???u e
?y???? ? ?????. I??? e ???u ? 15 ? 70 ?o ??e ??i ? ???? ???? ???: ???u —
a ???i ???a, ???u — a ???i. Ia ??i ?? ?e ?y?? ?? ????? ???? ????. Ii
????? ???? ???? ?e ??? ???????? ?e ? ???th ????i ??y ?????? ???o ????th.
E?ey-???a e eth?e ?ae ????e ???? ????i ???a ??????. A??th ??ue ???
n???y? ???-????y ??y, ???????y ?y ?????y ?o?? ????, ???e e ???.
N??i-????y ??y, ? ????, ????ue ???, ??????? ??????ueth e ? ??i ?? a
????o ??ayo ???ue ?e ???. I??????e ????ue e ??y, ?iy?y ???-????.

Ca ???? ??? ??a ???? ??????ue ??? ???, ???? ?e ???y?e ??ueth e ??e. E??
??, ??o?e ?????e ?????? ??i ?? a ?? ? ???? ???o. I?i?e ???????y ????ue
?? ????.

A ???a ????ue ???????ay ???a o????y. Iy? ??? ???ey? ??oth ???oth ?????th
??, iyoue ?? — ??ithth ???oth ?????th ?, iy? ?, ?? ???i 125 ???, n???y?
????oth ?????th ?????th (?i). Y? ?????y ???ey?? ????e ?????. A ????
??????ey ??ue ???? a ??yo ???o ??????ue ? ?????e e ???a. Any y? ?????y
???? ????? ?????a ????ue ??e ??? ?? c?????a, ????ue ???????a ?y? e ???a
?????a e n???? ????? a ???a. Ae?? (?) ?e ???ay ???a ? ?a ??e? ???e ??a,
??? ?i ??u ?eth?? ??? ????i ?????o ??e. A??e ????? ??a e ????y ??? ?? e
????ey ????o ??i-???.

O?c ????? ??????a ??? ????a?? ???a, ???y?? a ?? ??????? ???? ??e ???ue?i
??a e ???? ??a, a ??a ??????i. Ia ????o ??? ??e ???y?? 1/4, ? ??—1/8, a
? ?? —1/10 ??ue ???? ???. O?? ??y?e ???e ????i ?????oth??y ??e e ?a
????? ? ???? ???a ??????y. *????i, ??iy?? ? ??????i? ???, ????? ??? ??e
a ???? ?????? ????y. Ia ???y? ?cy???, ?e ???? ??ae n y?o ???a. Ia ??yo
??ia ???? ??, ????e ??e, «???o ??? e ????? ????ae ???? ????? ? ??th
?oethe — ?? e ????, ???y?? ?y???? ?? e ???? ???, a ??a ???a — ey? e ???
????? ????o.

O????th ????e ??????e ? ??th ??????? ???? ???????e ???????? ???e. N?o?a
????ey a ?e ?????? ? ???????? ???o. O?y ?a?y ???y ??ue ????? ????y o
???, ???n ????? ?e ?????? ???. Ay??a ???? ??? ???iy? ??ey e ?? e???a.
A??oth ?? a ???????i ???? ??? ????a ????e. A??????? y??i ?? ????e, a
ny????e ?e ???ai. O???ay ?????ey ????a ???e ? ????? ???o, ??? ???th ???
e ???y?? ???? ????? y???. O??? ????? ? ????a. E??????a ???? ?y ????ey
??e ??? ?e ??e a ????.

I?????? ????a ????e ???? a ???a ?????? n ?????e ????, ???a, ????a a
???-c???a ???, ?????e ??e e ???y? ?? ?????a, ? ? ???? ??? ??????. E VI
a. a ?????a N???o Aye ??????ue ? 50 ?n. ?i???e.

I?????? ????e ???u ??????ei ???o ????i ?cy??a, ????eth ???a, ????eth
??ay ??a. I?????? ????a ???, ???a ?????e ????, ????ue ???ey. I????i
????e ?? ??ye ???? ?ae, ???? o????? ???. N???y??y ???a ?????ue ? C???a e
A???? ?????a. A ???? VI a. e ??? a. ?o ?????? ??? ???u.

N??e ?????:

E??ey ??i A?e e A??e a ???a ??. *.1. I.: E?????i I????? ??????. 1987.

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